SPEECH AND WRITING

Group members : Nurhidayah Mohd Khalid Norsyafiqah Ahmad Nurul Solehah Md Zulfakar Nadia Shahira Saidi

Differences between speech and writing

SPEECH Acquired in L1 by everyone WRITING Learned in L1 not necessary by everyone

Speaker and listener share same time/place Speaker and listener can see one another meaning may be carried by gesture, facial expression Takes place in a shared context May contain deictic references to outside world (over there / this one) Speaker and listener may know one another already

Reader and writer separated in time /space Reader and writer cant see one another all meaning must be conveyed by text

Has to create its own context References must be built into the text

Reader and writer may not know one another

Speaker and listener may interact and change roles Immediate feedback (verbal or non-verbal) expected and given What is spoken is temporary and transient Not planned in advance Utterances may contain strings of clauses with little subordination Grammatically incomplete or inaccurate utterances accepted Contains hesitations, paused, fillers, repetition Contractions used

No immediate interaction or exchange of roles between reader and writer No immediate feedback possible

What is written is permanent and retrievable May be planned and edited More subordination and complex sentence structure High degree of accuracy expected

Full form used

Boundaries of utterances marked by intonation, Grammatical boundaries of sentences marked pauses Prosodic features volume, pace, stress, rhythm- communicate meaning as well as words May show marked regional variation Changes more quickly Basic unit phonemes by punctuation, layout Capitalisation, font variation, underlining etc used to stress items. Attitude may also be conveyed via punctuation! Little regional variation Changes more slowly Basic unit morphemes