Diatthematiki MSfyroera 1

EKHAIAEYZH MOYZOYAMANOHAIADN 2002-2004
KAciid kdi Av1ikAciid

Aidk1ikq Mc0ooAoyid

.0.2:1121
Mdpid Zqupcpd

YHEHO
Hdvc:io1qio A0qvov
A0qvd 2002

Mc1po 1.1. EHEAEK II

Ek:dicuoq MouoouAdvo:diov 2002-2004

E:io1qovikq u:c0uvq 1q ocipd

A AA Ac c d dv v p pd d A Av v p po o o oo ou u

H .. 30. cvdi Ack1opd Hdidyoyikq o1o
Tqd E:io1qov 1q Ek:dcuoq yid 1qv HpoooAikq
HAikd (T.E.E.H.H.) 1ou Aqokp1ciou Hdvc:io1qou
Opdkq.
AIAOEMATIKH HPOZEIIIZH THZ INDZHZ

3


Eivdi dpdyc uvd1v vd ouAcqci kdvci d:o1cAcod-
1ikd oc cvd d:oovocvo, opciv yopi 1q Opdkq,
1dv vio0ci duvdid c:ikoivovid Ayo yAoood; Ho
piokci cvd ck:dicu1ik iooppo:id dvdcod o1ou
kdvvc 1ou oyoAiko 0coo, o1i d:di1qoci 1ov cc-
1docov, o1d :cpicycvd 1ou dvdAu1iko :poypdd1o
kdi o1i dvdykc 1ov :diiov; Ho idokci kdvci cA-
Aqvikd, 1dv :dvo d: 1d iod :diid o1qv 1dq civdi
dAAyAoood; Y:dpyouv 1p:oi vd kivq1o:oiqoouc 1d
:diid oo1c vd cvidqcp0ov yid 1o oyoAcio; Ho dio-
Aoyoc cdv oi d0q1c cd0dv q yi io1opid; Av1cyc1di
q oio:q 1ov d0q1ov d: 1o dokdAo; Ho iop0o-
vouc 1d Ad0q 1ov :diiov; Ho c:ikoivovoc oc id
oyoAikq 1dq; Y:dpyci yopo yid cuydpio1qoq o1o
oqcpiv oyoAcio;

Td :dpd:dvo cpo1qd1d kdi :oAAd dAAd d:doyoAov
1ou ck:dicu1iko kdi ouvcov1di dcod c 1qv kd0q-
cpivq idk1ikq 1ou :pdq. Kd0c 1dq opi(c1di o ou-
vdv1qoq u:okcicvov c idqopc1ikq 1o kd0cvd :po-
oo:ikq io1opid :ou kdAov1di vd pdoouv oc cvd cvidio
:Adioio. Au1q q ouvdv1qoq cv civdi ckoAq o1c dvc-
KAEIAIA KAI ANTIKAEIAIA

4
qcAq kdi cv u:dkoci oc :poidycypdcvou kdvvc.
Av1i0c1o, civdi ycd1q ouykpooci, uokoAic, ouyki-
vqoci, d:oyoq1coci, ikdvo:oiqoci kdi qioupyci
ouvcyo vcd cpo1qd1d :ou dvd(q1ov d:dv1qoci.

Td KAciid kdi Av1ikAciid cv :pkci1di vd d:o:cipd-
0ov vd ooouv d:dv1qoci, dAAd c cp py yd dA Ac c d d:ou 0d c:i-
1pcqouv o1ou dvdyvoo1c/ypqo1c 1ou vd ouv0coouv
1i ikc 1ou Aoci :ou dv1io1oiyov o1q ikq 1ou
:pdyd1ik1q1d. Au1 doi(c1di o1qv dpyq 1i q oyo-
Aikq :pdyd1ik1q1d civdi :oA:Aokq, uvdikq, d:p-
Ac:1q kdi kupio ovdikq. Apd, cv u:dpyci id vo
Aoq, id ouv1dyq dyikq :ou Avci 1d :poAqd1d.
Kd0c ck:dicu1ik :Adioio cyci 1i ikc 1ou :dpdc-
1pou :ou :pc:ci :piv d: Ad vd cv1o:io1ov yid vd
dvd(q1q0ov o1q ouvcycid oi kd1dAAqAc Aoci.

Td KAciid kdi Av1ikAciid civdi c cp py yd dA Ac c d d d dv vd dy yv vo oo oq q 1q
oyoAikq :pdyd1ik1q1d. AqAdq, kd0c kcicvo :ou
cyc1c o1d ycpid od d:o1cAci id :poo:d0cid ov1oq
d:dv1qoq oc cvd cpo1qd (:.y. :o d0divouv 1d :di-
id;) d: 1q oko:id id c:io1qovikq :poocyyioq
(:.y. 1q yvoo1ikq quyoAoyid). M:opci oo1oo oc
dAAo kcicvo vd ouvdv1qoc1c d:dv1qoq o1o iio cpo-
1qd d: idqopc1ikq c:io1qovikq oko:id (:.y. 1qv

5
koivovioAoyid). Td kcicvd, ypdcvd d: ck:dicu1i-
ko kdi :dvc:io1qidko idqopov ciiko1q1ov, dko-
Aou0ov 1qv iid oq: ckivov d: id okqvq oc cvd
oyoAik :Adioio, dvdAouv 1i oudivci kdi o1cpd id-
1u:ovouv d:dv1qoci o1qpiycvc oc id c:io1qq. Aq-
Adq, c dqc1qpid 1qv ck:dicu1ikq : :p pd d q q, :cpvov
cod d: id idikdoid dvdAuoq kdi ov0coq d: 1q
0 0c co op p d d, yid vd kd1dAqouv o1d ycpid od odv k kA Ac ci i i id d
yid 1q ikq od idk1ikq :pdk1ikq.

Td kcicvd ouvcov1di Aci1oupyikd c1d 1ou yid1i
kd0cvd dvdcikvci kdi id cyopio1q qqqid d: 1qv
:pdyd1ik1q1d 1q ck:dicu1ikq :pdq. McAc1ov1d
kdi ouAcov1d :dvo o1ov 1p:o c 1ov o:oio 1d kci-
cvd ouvcov1di c1d 1ou, qdv1do1qkdc :oAAd d:
1d kAciid :ou :opov vd ckAciooouv :oAAd d: 1d
qdivcvd :ou dvdAouc. Do1oo, vo coci :o-
pci1c vd kd1dokcudoc1c 1d dv1ikAciid :ou cyouv vqd
1q ouykckpicvq o1iyq yid 1o ik od :Adioio, :ou
kdvouv... kAik kdi dvoiyouv id :p1d :ou oqyci oc
ikc od Aoci.

Au1q q :oAu:piod1ikq, ic:io1qovikq :poocyyioq 1q
kd0qcpivq ck:dicu1ikq :pdq civdi :poqdvc 1i
ypqoio:oici o cvduod id cupcid :oikiAid dvdqopov

6
oc oyoAikc :pdyd1ik1q1c: 1dci o1qv :Aq, o1o
ouv, ovo0coid oyoAcid, ciovo1ikd oyoAcid 1q Opd-
kq, oyoAcid c :oAAo dAAyAoooou d0q1c, oyo-
Acid oqcpivd, o1qv EAAdd kdi dAAo, dAAo1c kdi
1opd. Eivdi koivq :c:oi0qoq Aov ooi ouc1cyouc
oc du1q 1q ocipd 1i ouyvd oq0dci vd dvdyvooci kd-
vci 1q ikq 1ou ck:dicu1ikq :pdyd1ik1q1d Ac:o-
v1d kd1i dvdAoyo :ou oudivci oc id dAAq 1dq, oc
cvd dAAo :Adioio, oo1c cod d: 1qv dvdAuoq kdi 1qv
kd1dvqoq 1ou vd c1dqcpci 1qv c:cipid du1q 1q
yvooq o1q ikq 1ou :pdyd1ik1q1d, o1o ik 1ou
:Adioio. H d:o1doq d: 1d ikd d :pdyd1d 1cAikd
oq0dci vd 1d kd1dAdouc kdA1cpd.

Tpci 0cd1ikc cv1q1c, q Aidk1ikq Mc0ooAoyd, 1o
Koivoviko:oAi1ioik :Adoio 1q ck:dcuoq kdi 1d
(q1qd1d Tdu11q1d kdi E1cp1q1d, d:o1cAov 1ov
kdd :dvo o1ov o:oio, cod d: idqopc1ikc c:io1q-
ovikc :poocyyioci, :poo:d0oc vd d:dv1qoouc
o1d cpo1qd1d 1q kd0qcpivq ck:dicu1ikq :pdk1i-
kq. Acv kpouc 1i uokoAic o1c d:ooio:oc 1d
pid 1ov :po1docov :ou kdvouc kdi cv :io1couc
1i q cu0vq yid 1i Aoci civdi vo o1d ycpid 1ov
ck:dicu1ikov. Y:oo1qpi(ouc o 1i :opov oi ck-
:dicu1ikoi vd :dpouv o1d ycpid 1ou 1d cpydAcid :ou

7
0d 1ou c:i1pcqouv vd kd1dAdouv kdA1cpd 1o :Adioio
cod o1o o:oio cpyd(ov1di, vd 1o cA1iooouv kdi vd
dv1Aqoouv ikdvo:oiqoq d: 1q ouAcid 1ou.

Td KAciid kdi Av1ikAciid cu1yqodv vd ouvdv1qoouv
o1q idpoq 1ou diou 1cyvi1c :ou 1oo o1qv
cv1u:q oo kdi o1qv qAck1povikq opqq 1d ckdvdv dv-
0ck1ikd, Aci1oupyikd kdi. c1oid vd ckAciooouv. Tou
cuydpio1o Aou kdi Ac 0cpd.

AAcdvpd Avpooou
Ek:dicu1ikq 4uyoAyo
Nocpio 2002


8

A: 1q ocipd KAciid kdi Av1ikAciid o1o 0cd1ik :cio
Aidk1ikq Mc0ooAoyd kukAoqopov 1d iAid:

N Kvq1po o1qv ck:dcuoq
Avpooou A.
N Eooq o1qv 1dq
Aqq1piou A., Adyo:oAou B., NikoAdou B.
N Fid 1q c0oo project
Mdyo K.

Zv1od d: 1q ocipd KAciid kdi Av1ikAciid 0d kukAoqo-
pqoouv iAid o1o :Adioio 1ov dkAou0ov 0cd1ikov :ciov:

N Aidk1ikq Mc0ooAoyd
N Koivoviko:oAi1ioik :Adoio 1q ck:dcuoq
N Tdu11q1c kdi E1cp1q1c

Iid :cpioo1cpd KAciid kdi Av1ikAciid:
www.kleidiakaiantikleidia.net

9

Aid0cd1ikq :poocyyioq 1q yvooq
Zkqvq 1q

O AAcq c koi1d dAq1o. Evci dqdvd 1o kcdAi
1ou :poo1d o1qv ckovqoq id dokqoq d: 1d Md-
0qd1ikd ou 1q FAqo1iko. Tov po1do yid1 cv
:opc vd kdvci 1qv dokqoq, 1i cv kd1dAddvci. Aid-
douc d 1qv ckovqoq kdi ouvciq1o:oio 1i cv
kd1dAddvci 1q pdoq vd d:dyycAci 1ou dpi0-
o.
Ti oqdvci du1q q pdoq; Nd d:dyycAci cpci 1i
oqdvci; Evdi pqd oc :poo1dk1ikq! 1ou Aco. Hoid
Acq oou 0uci;
Pqd;. Hpoo1dk1ikq;. Au1d cvdi o1o d0qd 1q
FAoood! Topd kdvouc Md0qd1ikd!!! Aoc 1d pqd1d.
Ti :pdci vd kdvo; ou Acci ocv 0uocvo.
Oc vd oc o1o Acik; 1ou Aco.
Oi! Hc ou 1i vd kdvo yid vd Aoo 1o :pAqd!!!


10
Zkqvq 2q

Ed c:iAcci vd iddoouc cod o1qv 1dq 1o :dpd-
kd1o kccvo 1ou T. Pov1dpi
1
: O dyo c 1ou
koq1c.

Mid opd cvd dyo dvdkdAuc id qdvq yid vd
1idvci koq1c. toidc Aiydki c 1q qdvq :ou k-
ci 1ov kid, dAAd cv q1dv q id, kdi pqocuc yid vd
kd1dokcudci koq1c oou 0c, cydAou kdi ikpo,
c 1qv oupd d:Aq q i:Aq, c o k1pivo q kkkivo kdi
Aoi:d.
O dyo yupvooc oc opc kdi opid, cv cAci:c :o1c
d: cvd :ddpi, :dpouoido1qkc dkq kdi o1qv tk0coq
1ou MiAdvou kdi o1qv tk0coq dAyov o1q Bcpvd, kdi
:dv1o ccivc 1q qdvq 1ou ki cqyooc :oo ckoAo
q1dv vd 1qv kdvci vd Aci1oupyqoci. Oi koq1c cydi-
vdv ikpo, cvd o:dykdki yid vd 1ou kpd1d. Mc1d,
oo dvcdivdv qAd, c:dipvdv 1o cyc0o :ou c:i0u-
ooc, ki dkd kdi 1ou :io cydAou cv q1dv :io
okoAo vd 1ou koudv1dpci d: ,1i cvdv dp1dc1.
O koo dcu1dv ypo d: 1o dyo, :o dcc1di
:dv1d ypo d: kcvou :ou cvouv o1qv dyopd id
1
A: 1o iAio 1ou Pov1dpi T(., Hdpd0id d: 1o 1qAcovo,
Tckqpio, A0qvd, 1979, o. 65

11
qdvq yid vd 1idvci :io Ac:1d 1d dkdpvid q yid
vd kd0dpci 1i :d1d1c, dAAd cv dypddv :o1c o1c
cvd 1ooooAq koq1q.
- Av q1dv :dAvi, oyoupd 8cAcyc id kdAq yuvdkd8
dAAd dv 1ou dyopdoo cvdv koq1q, 1o :di ou :oio
cpci 1i idoAid 0d okdpooci.
- Ki o dyo: Md, :dp1c 0dppo! Td :diid od 0d :dvc
o1 do1cpid, dpo1c vd 1d ouvq0c1c d: ikpd.
- Oi, i, cudpio1o. Z1 do1cpid d :dci kdvc dAAo,
1o :di ou i, oyoupd.
- Koq1c. AAq0ivo koq1c. Hoio 1ou 0cAci;
- AAAd kdvc cv 1ou q0cAc.
O 1o dyo d: 1i 1oc cpc :ou c vd dci,
yid1 cv cydc o1c pdq, cc kd1dv1qoci :c1o kdi
kkdAo. tvd pdu :ou :civooc :cpioo1cpo d: ,1i
ouvq0o, c1dpooc 1q qdvq 1ou :ou c1idvc
koq1c o cvd kcdAdki 1up kdi 1o dyc.

Hpkci1di yid cvd iouopio1ik kccvo c cvidcpov
AciAyio kdi oq, 1o o:oo cci kdi :cpiypdikd o1oi-
cd kdi idAoyo. Z1o ou q1dv, do iddoo c 1d
:diid 1o kccvo kdi 1ou cqyqoo 1i dyvoo1c Acci,
vd ouAcouc d :dvo o1o idAoyo kdi vd 1ov c1d-
1pcouc oc :Adyio Ayo. Z1o 1cAo q0cAd vd dvdA-
oouc 1q oq 1ou kcicvou (kd:oio dvdkdA:1ci kd1i/
:poo:d0c vd 1o :ouAqoci/cv 1d kd1dcpvci kdi c1d-

12
1pc:ci 1qv dvdkdAuq 1ou oc kd1i dAAo) kdi vd 1ou q-
1qoo vd pqoio:oiqoouv du1q 1q oq yid vd 1id-
ouv cvd ikp dv1do1ik ik 1ou kccvo. 10cAd
c1oi vd ouvudoo 1o dpc1 kod1i 1ou d0qd1o
(ov1dq) c kd1i :io cudpio1o (:diviidpikq :dpd-
yoyq kcicvou). Y:oAyid :o uo opc q1dv dpkc1c.
Mc1d 1qv dvdyvooq 1ou kcicvou q1qod d: 1d :diid
vd ou :ovc :oic q1dv oi dyvoo1c 1ou Acci. O:o
ouvq0o, oqko0qkdv kd:oid cpid. Eqyqod 1i Acci,
:ou 1i cypdd kdi o1ov :vdkd, vov1d dAio1d c:i-
:Acov :dpdcyd1d kdi pqoio:oiov1d 1c cod oc
:po1doci. HoAAd :diid cv cdv kd1dAdci 1i cvdi
cvd koq1q. Tou cqyqod :cp:ou 1i cvdi cvd koq-
1q kdi 1ou c:d dAio1d kdi 1qv ckpdoq :cpdoc odv
koq1q. Td :diid dv1cypddv 1i dyvoo1c Acci.
OAd kuAoodv odAd 1dv dvikd q Avvd c:c kd1i kdi
dpiod vd dvo 1ov cAcyo. Ouddi 1d Ayid 1ov :di-
iov. yid1 q do0qoq ou ckcvq 1q o1iyq q1dv d:d-
oid.
Kupd, d: :o ydvouv oi Koq1c; Bydvouv d: 1d
qdo1cid;
O Mdyo 1ou kdvci! ovdc q Bdoo, :ou ouvq0o
io1dci vd iAqoci, kdi oi u:Aoi:oi ycAdodv.
Oi! Bydvouv 1dv yvc1di ckpqq o1d qdo1cid c:c
o Koo1d, dvdAddvov1d vd 1q cqyqoci.

13
Z1qv I1dAd cyivc id ckpqq! Mou 1o :c o :d:d
ou :ou cvdi vdu1ik! Ec id :Aq :ou ykpco1qkc.
Mou ccpc kdi o1oypdd! ovdc c cv0ouoido o
Av1pcd.
H1c ykpco1qkc; po1qodv uo-1pd :diid.
HdAid. Ecpo yo; Ho vd 1o poc;
Td :diid coiddv vd okc1ov1di op vd pokouv
kd:oid Aoq.
Nd cpo 1q o1oypdd dpio! Fpdci kd1i d: :oo
dvd:c o Av1pcd c :cpqdvid. :ou oi dAAoi 1ov ko-
1ddv c 0dudo!
Ki cyo :qyd o1q Zdv1opvq o1q yidyid ou kdi cd 1o
qdo1cio.
Ec kdi koq1q;
Oi!!
Eyo cpo :o cvdi du1 1o cpo. To cd kdi o1o
dp1q. Nd oou co; c:c o HdAo kdi oqko0qkc vd
cci 1q Zdv1opvq o1o dp1q. Auo-1pci 1ov dkoAo-
0qodv. tdvc, dAAd cv kd1dcpc vd 1o pci. td-
vdv kdi oi dAAoi. T:o1d!!
Kupd!!!
Kd1dAdd 1i q0cAdv oq0cid, dAAd okc1qkd 1i q1dv
kdA1cpo vd qv dv1ipdoo.
Ed kdi o1qv 1qAcpdoq cvd cpyo!! Ekc cc koq1c.
Nd od 1o :o; c:c q EAcvq.

14
.....
Kupd, :dAid :o1cudv 1i u:dpouv dyoi. 1opd
i!
Ndi, dAAd cyo :qyd oc cvd 1opko kdi cd cvd dyo.
HdAid cv cdv 1c1oic qdvc yid koq1c.
.....
Tou ov1ouodv 1ou koq1c, o :d::o ou ou
1o c:c!
.....
Kd0o 1d cAc:d Ad du1d c c:idoc dyovd, yid1 1d
:diid cAcydv idopd :ou c oc1ov1dv c 1o d0qd
kdi du1d :ou q0cAd vd :c1o. Acv q1dv op cvid-
cpov du1d :ou cAcydv. dAAd ckcvq 1q o1iyq cd
dAAd :pdyd1d o1o udA ou yid 1o d0qd. Hpoo:d-
0ood vd qv d:dv1do q vd d:dv1do c 1p:o :ou vd
kAcvo c ouv1od 1d 0cd1d :ou c0c1dv 1d :diid.
Hpoo:d0ood vd dvdo1pco 1qv :poooq 1ou o1o
kccvo kdi o1o idAoyo, yid1 q0cAd vd ouAco 1ov
:Adyio Ayo. Ac ou civdv cdid kdi :oAAq oqdod.
odv vd q1dv vd 1ou o1qv 1dq. Acv :opo vd :o 1i
c dpqkd :ou cvidcp0qkdv yid kd1i io1opik. dkq
ki dv du1 q1dv doc1o c 1o 0cd.
Acv q0cAd o vd cyo kd1d :oA d: 1ou o1-
ou ou, cdAAou du1 c uokAcuc yid1 cv cd
ckcvq 1q o1iyq o1o udA ou Ad du1d yid 1d o:od

15
ouq1oodv 1d :diid, cv :opood vd cpo 1d :dv1d
ypo d: 1ou koq1c 81ouAdio1ov cv 1o cd :po-
Acci8 kdi du1 c ckdvc vd vio0o doqd. t1oi, u-
o1uo, cdod 1ov cAcyo 1q kd1do1doq, 1d :diid
:qydivdv d: 1o cvd o1o dAAo. ouq1oodv, c d:o1c-
Acod vd qv 1cAciooo du1d :ou q0cAd. Oi :io d-
vdoi d0q1c :ou ouvq0o c ouc1couv o1o d-
0qd, :o q EAcvq kdi q Bdoo, pqkdv dopq yid vd
iAqoouv kdi vd :ovc kdi du1o kd1i doc1o. H do0qoq
ou q1dv 1i 1d :diid cd0dv :oA Aiy1cpd d: du1d
:ou cd :poypdd1oci. MAi :ou kd1dcpd vd o
d 1ou 1q oq 1ou kcicvou. kdi :podvo cv
:pAddv vd ypdouv kccvo. Kdi 1opd :ou 1o dvd-
okc1odi, ypdov1d du1 1o qcpoAyio 1dq, cv
cdi kd0Aou cudpio1qcvq d: 1ov 1p:o c 1ov
o:oo ccA1qkc 1o d0qd. Acv cd 1ov cAcyo 1q
kd1do1doq kdi yi du1 c c:idoc dyo. A: dpio
:pc:ci vd dAo pid. Acv :opoc vd 1d dvdkd1c-
ouc Ad! Av ou q1ooc kd:oio vd :o :o :qyc 1o
d0qd, 0d c ccpvc :pdyd1ikd oc okoAq 0coq. Av
ou q1ooc vd 1ou :o 1i c1dic, 0d cAcyd :o oo q
c:iAoyq 1ou kcicvou cv q1dv q kdA1cpq: 1o cvidc-
pov 1ov :diiov yid 1o :cpiccv 1ou qiopyqoc
:poAqd1d :ou cv cd :poAcci.


16

Ti ouvcq;

Z1i o :dpd:dvo okqvc 1oo o AAcq (Zkqvq 1q)
oo kdi o ck:dicu1ik (Zkqvq 2q) piokov1di :poo1d
oc id uokoAid. Ti civdi du1 :ou 1ou c:oi(ci vd
dv1ic1o:ioouv 1qv kd1do1doq o1qv o:oid piokov1di;
Hoio civdi, dv u:dpyci, 1o koiv o1oiycio oc du1d 1d o
:dpdciyd1d-:poAqd1d;

HdpAo :ou o d0q1q kdi o ck:dicu1ik dv1ic1o:i-
(ouv d: idqopc1ikq o:1ikq 1qv ck:dicu1ikq idikd-
oid 8kdi c:ocvo cyouv ouyvd idqopc1ikc dv1iAq-
qci kdi o1doci8, o1i o du1c okqvc ciyvouv vd
cyouv kd1i koiv: dv1ic1o:i(ouv c 1ov iio 1p:o 1q
yvooq. Ocopov 1i q yvooq civdi, q :pc:ci vd civdi,
kd1d1cdyiocvq, yopiocvq oc yvoo1ikd dv1ikcicvd-
d0qd1d c odqq pid c1d 1ou kdi qdivc1di vd
uio0c1ov 8ouvciq1d q douvciq1d8 1qv d:oqq 1i q
:dpdidoq du1ov 1ov opiov qioupyci :poAqd1d
o1qv ck:dicu1ikq idikdoid.

O AAcq (Zkqvq 1q) piokc1di :poo1d oc cvd d0q-
d1ik :pAqd kdi Aq q :poooyq 1ou civdi o1pd-
cvq oc du1. tvd d0qd1ik :pAqd civdi :pd-

17
ci kdi c:ocvo oc du1c 1i :pdci :pc:ci vd q1d-
oci, kdi dAio1d 1o ypqyop1cpo uvd1. H kd1dvqoq
1ov Accov civdi yAoood kdi q yAoood cv civdi d-
0qd1ikd! Ki o co, q duvdid kd1dvqoq 1q
yAoood, q duvdid kd1dvqoq 1q ckqovqoq 1ou
:poAqd1o civdi du1q :ou c:oi(ci kd1 dpyqv 1q
Aoq 1ou. HdpAd du1d, q :poo:d0cid 1ou ck:dicu1i-
ko vd Au0ci 1o yAoooik :pAqd :piv d: 1o d0q-
d1ik oid(ci vd 1dpd(ci 1ov AAcq, vd 1ov d:oo1d0c-
po:oici. Acv :opci vd :cpcci o d0qd1d! Ki
o, dv c:ikcv1povc 1qv :poooyq 1ou yid Aiyo o1i
Acci :ou 1ov uokoAcouv, ioo vd :opooc vd q1d-
oci kdi o1q Aoq 1ou :poAqd1o!

Z1q c1cpq :dAi okqvq, 1qv o:oid kdi 0d dvdAoouc
:cpioo1cpo o1q ouvcycid, o ck:dicu1ik d: idqo-
pc1ikq 0coq (1q 0coq du1o :ou 0copci 1i cyci 1qv
:Aqpq cu0vq kdi 1qv :po1oouAid 1q icdyoyq 1ou
d0qd1o) dv1ic1o:i(ci cvd dv1io1oiyo :pAqd.
tyci cvd ouykckpicvo o1yo: vd idci IAoood
(ov1dq kdi :dpdyoyq) kdi dAio1d cod oc ouykckpi-
cvo ypvo :ou 0copci 1i 0d 1ou dpkcoci. EdAAou,
cyci ouykckpicvq Aq kdi oyc1ikq :icoq yid vd 1qv
oAokAqpooci cod o1q ypovid kdi yid du1 c 0cAci
vd cqcyci d: 1o ouvoAik oycido 1ou. Iid kdAq q

18
kdkq 1ou 1yq, o, 1o kcicvo :ou c:cAcc oqyci 1d
:diid vd okcq1ov :dvo oc idqopd 0cd1d, 1ou
ycvvd d:opic kdi okcqci doyc1c c 1o o1yo :ou o
iio cyci 0coci kdi dAio1d d:opic kdi okcqci :ou
oyc1i(ov1di c dAAd d0qd1d (Io1opid, Icoypdqid)
kdi yi c 1o d0qd 1q IAoood. Iid vd c:dvcA0ci oc
du1 :poo:d0ci vd kAcioci 1d (q1qd1d :ou 0c1ouv
1d :diid kdi vd c:dvdqcpci 1qv :poooyq 1ou o1q c-
1d1po:q 1ou idAyou oc :Adyio Ayo kdi o1q oq 1ou
kcicvou.

Ti :c1uydivci c du1 1ov 1p:o o ck:dicu1ik kdi 1i
dyvoci; Ti 0d :opooc vd kdvci; A: :o ckivdci 1o
:pAqd 1ou; Hpkci1di :pdyd1i yid :pAqd;

H dvdAuoq du1o :ou ouvcq kd1d 1q idpkcid 1ou
ouykckpicvou d0qd1o, kd0o kdi oi okcqci :ou
kd1dypdqci o ck:dicu1ik o1o qcpoAyi 1ou d
oqyov oc kd:oic id:io1ooci:

N O ck:dicu1ik cyci kdAd oycidoci 1o d0qd 1ou,
1oo o :po 1ou o1you kdi 1q oq 1ou, oo kdi
o :po 1o ypvo :ou qdv1d(c1di 1i 0d 1ou
ypcido1ci yid vd 1o oAokAqpooci.

N Z1qv dpyq 1o d0qd kuAdci :o :dv1d. Oo 1o

19
kcicvo oqyci 1d :diid oc kd:oic du0pq1c :d-
pd1qpqoci, oyc1ikc c yvooci :ou cyouv qq
d:ok1qoci d: dAAd d0qd1d (:.y. d: 1qv Io1opid
q 1q Icoypdqid) q oyc1ikc c c:cipic :ou cyouv
qq d:ok1qoci cod o1o oyoAcio q c dAAd :pooo-
:ikd iod1d :ou cyouv d:ok1qoci co d: du1.
Hpoo:d0ov dAio1d vd ciouv o1ou dAAou 1i
yvooci 1ou q vd 1i ido1dupooouv (dvd(q1qoq
o1o ydp1q, id1:ooq cpo1qocov.).

N Td :diid ciyvouv vd :dipvouv kd:oic :po1oou-
Aic, vd 0c1ouv 0cd1d :po ou(q1qoq, vd du1cvcp-
yov. O iio o ck:dicu1ik vio0ci 1i cv cAcyyci
1qv kd1do1doq, cv :di(ci kupidpyo pAo.

N HdpAd du1d, dvdyvopi(ci :o q ouc1oyq 1ov
:diiov civdi cydAq, dqo kdi d0q1c :ou ouvq-
0o c ouc1cyouv o1o d0qd ciyvouv vd cyouv
kivq1o:oiq0ci.

N H :dpckkAioq d: 1ou o1you :ou cyci 0coci o
ck:dicu1ik 1o qioupyci dyyo, cqoov 1d :di-
id c 0d kd1dk1qoouv 1i ouykckpicvc yvooci
:ou cyci :poypdd1ioci. Au1 oqdivci :o 1o d-
0qd du1 cv civdi 1oo d:oo1ik, dqo oi d0q-
1c d0divouv Aiy1cpd d: od o iio 0d q0cAc.
E:ioq, :io1cci :o du1 0d 1ov uokoAcqci kdi

20
o1qv :cpi:1ooq :ou 0d q0cAc vd :opci vd cpci,
o1o 1cAo 1ou d0qd1o, 1i dkpio cd0dv oi d-
0q1c 1ou. TcAo, dyyo 1ou qioupyci kdi 1o ycyo-
v 1i c vio0ci :o :opci c oiyoupid vd d:dv1q-
oci oc Ac 1i cpo1qoci :ou 0c1ouv 1d :diid.

N H dyovid 1ou c1dqpd(c1di c id :poo:d0cid vd
c:dvdqcpci 1ou d0q1c o1o o1yo 1ou d0qd1o
c 1p:o cdid ccoo, kAcivov1d qAdq 1d
cpo1qd1d :ou ckcivoi 0c1ouv, yopi vd dv1d:okpi-
vc1di oc du1d kdi yopi vd 1d c:ccpyd(c1di d(i
1ou.

N Oi d0q1c d: 1qv dAAq, ciyvouv c 1ov 1p:o
1ou 1i du1 :ou cyci o1o udA 1ou o ck:dicu1i-
k cv 1ou cvidqcpci iidi1cpd q, dAAov, cv
1ou cvidqcpci c 1ov 1p:o :ou du1 0d :cpi-
cvc. Kd:oid 0cd1d 1ou kcicvou 1o cvidqcpouv
:cpioo1cpo!

ZuvoAikd, du1 :ou ydpdk1qpi(ci 1q ouykckpicvq ck-
:dicu1ikq kd1do1doq civdi 1o ycyov 1i oi o1yoi 1ou
ck:dicu1iko kdi oi c:i0uic 1ov :diiov c ou:i-
:1ouv, c d:o1cAcod vd dkupovc1di q qioupyikq
dAAqAc:ipdoq c1d ck:dicu1iko kdi d0q1ov. Mc
dAAd Ayid, cdi1id du1q 1q d:o1doq dvdcod

21
o1ou o1you kdi o1i c:i0uic, 1oo o ck:dicu1ik
oo kdi oi d0q1c cv oqyov1di oc cvdv ouoido1ik
kdi cAc0cpo idAoyo, oc id uvdikq kd1do1doq c:i-
koivovid, cod o1qv o:oid 0d :opoodv kdi oi o vd
ouvcioqcpouv c doq 1i :po:dpyouoc yvooci kdi
1i c:cipic 1ou, c1oi oo1c oi d0q1c vd oikooq-
oouv voi 1ou 1q yvooq c 1q oq0cid 1ov :dpcd-
ocov 1ou ck:dicu1iko. Z1q ouykckpicvq okqvq, oi
:Aoi 1q ck:dicu1ikq idikdoid oid(ouv vd dA-
AqAo-dyvoov1di kdi vd pd o kd0cvd o1o ik 1ou
:Adioio. O c1d 1ou idAoyo oid(ci odv cvd id-
Aoyo koqov.

T Ti i c ci iv vd di i q q i id d0 0c c d d1 1i ik kq q : :p po oo oc cy yy yi io oq q; ;

H kd1do1doq du1q :ou :cpiypdqdc civdi id kd1d-
o1doq :ou ouvdv1dc ouyvd o1q oyoAikq 1dq. Xdpd-
k1qpio1ikd 1q oqcpivq c:oyq :ou c:qpcd(ouv 1q
0coq, 1o kpo kdi 1o pAo 1ou oyoAciou kdi, kd1d ou-
vc:cid, 1q o1doq 1ov :diiov d:cvdv1i o1q oyoAikq
yvooq, kd0o kdi cocvd d: 1o yopo 1q quyoAo-
yid 1q d0qoq cqcpdv dvd o1o ck:dicu1ik :po-
okqvio id, idqopc1ikq d: 1qv :dpdooidkq, dv1i-
Aqqq yid 1qv :poocyyioq 1q yvooq. H dv1iAqqq du1q

22
c1dqpd(c1di oc cvdv 1p:o idokdAid o o:oio
piokc1di dkpid d: 1q oq kdi 1q Aoyikq 1ou :dpd-
ooidko d0qd1o kdi o o:oio d:dv1d o1qv d:oo:d-
od1ik1q1d kdi 1ov :oAukcpd1io :ou ydpdk1qpi(ci
1d :dpdooidkd dvdAu1ikd kdi opoAyid :poypdd1d.
H :poo:d0cid dvd(q1qoq Aocov oc ck:dicu1ikckd-
1do1doci :dpoic c du1q :ou :cpiypdqdc (cAAciqq
kivq1pou, d:ouoid koivov o1yov ck:dicu1iko kdi
d0q1ov k.A:.)8q oc kd1do1doci :cpioo1cpo oko-
Ac d: du1qv8 oqyqoc o1qv c:dvcc1doq kdi dvdi-
ooq kdi 1q oAio1ikq, cvidio:oiqcvq q oAokAqpo1i-
kq :poocyyioq 1q yvooq 8:poocyyioq :ou o1ov
:didyoyik yopo 1qv cyouc ouvdv1qoci qq d: 1o
kivqd 1q Ncd Ayoyq
2
. H quyoAoyikq doq 1ou
2
Z1o kivqd 1q Ncd Ayoyq cv1dooc1di yid :dpdciyd 1o
oyoAcio cpydoid (Kerschensteiner), q Aci1oupyikq :did-
yoyikq (Claparde) kd0o kdi Ad 1d ouo1qd1d :ou ypqoi-
o:oiov 1i cvcpyq1ikc c0ou idokdAid (:.y. kivqd
Freinet, Decroly k.A:.). Koivd ydpdk1qpio1ikd Aov du1ov 1ov
ouo1qd1ov civdi 1i ivouv iidi1cpo dpo o1d quoikd kdi
du0pq1d kivq1pd 1ou :diio, o1q pdoq 1ou kdi o1qv
c:Aokq 1ou o1qv ck:dicu1ikq idikdoid, kd0o kdi o1qv
dvd:1uq 1q du1ovoid 1ou. (Hcpioo1cpd yid 1o kivqd 1q
Ncd Ayoyq, A. o1o Houssaye J., Ackd:cv1c :didyoyo.
Z1d0o o1qv io1opd 1q :didyoyikq okcq, Mc1diyio,
A0qvd, 2000.)

23
kivqd1o 0d:opooc vd dvd(q1q0ci oc cydAo d0
o1q opqoAoyikq quyoAoyid q dAAio o1qv quyoAoyid
1q oA1q1d, oqovd c 1qv o:oid dpyikd dv1iAd-
dvdo1c du1d :ou d :cpidAAouv o oA1q1c c
1q oq0cid 1q idio0qoq kdi 1d cv1dooouc cod oc
cvd cup1cpo :Adioio, :po1o 1d dvdAoouc kdi 1d
ouoyc1ioouc c1d 1ou
3
.

O po id0cd1ikq :poocyyioq
4
, :ou oqcpd ypqoi-
o:oici1di :Acov kdi c:ioqd (A. Aid0cd1ik Evidio
HAdioio Hpoypdd1o Z:ouov/AEHHZ
5
), d:oici oc
c:i:co idk1ikq c0ooAoyid 1qv oAio1ikq q oAo-
kAqpo1ikq du1q dv1ic1o:ioq 1q yvooq. Zc 1i ouvi-
3
Hcpioo1cpd yid 1q opqoAoyikq quyoAoyid A. o1o Kdooo-
1dkq M. & OAoupq I., Md0qoq kdi AidokdAd, Ipqypq,
A0qvd, 2001 kdi o1o KoAidq E., Ocopc Md0qoq kdi Ek:di-
cu1ikq Hpdq, To I: Ivoo1ikc Ocopic, ckooq 1ou iiou,
A0qvd, 1999.

4
Ocopoc 1i o po idkAdikq :poocyyioq (:poocyyioq
cv 0cd1o cod d: idqopc1iko c:io1qoviko kAd-
ou-d0qd1d) c1dqcpci :cpioo1cpo :io1d 1o :cpicycvo
1ou pou "interdisciplinary approach. Xpqoio:oioc o
co 1ov po id0cd1ikq :poocyyioq, c:ciq du1 cyci c:i-
kpd1qoci o1ov cAAqvik yopo.

5
Zyc1ikd c 1o AEHHZ A. OEK 1366, 1373, 1374 kdi 1375/
1. B, 18-10-01.

24
o1d1di o dkpio q id0cd1ikq :poocyyioq, :oic
civdi oi 0copq1ikc 1q doci, :oid 1d vcd c:iycipqd1d
:ou 1q o1qpi(ouv kdi yid1i civdi iidi1cpd ypqoiq yid
1qv ck:dicu1ikq :pdq;

AkoAou0o o1qv 1dq id id0cd1ikq :poocyyioq 1q
yvooq oqdivci :o c yopi(o 1q yvooq oc d0qd1d
dAAd oc 0cd1d kdi ouAco c 1ou d0q1c ou ypo
d: 0cd1d :ou c:iAcyo q c:iAcyouc d(i, dio:oio-
v1d kd0c qopd 8dvdAoyd c 1o 0cd8 o1oiycid d:
idqopd d0qd1d/yvoo1ikd dv1ikcicvd. Iid :dpd-
ciyd, ouvud(o o1oiycid d: 1o d0qd 1q Io1opid,
1q Icoypdqid, 1q HoAi1ikq & Koivovikq Ayoyq
kdi 1q IAoood, yid vd ouAcqo ypo d: 1o 0cd
Td cod c1dqopd. 1 ypqoio:oio :didyoyikc 1c-
yvikc :o q pdd1o:oiqoq, q (oypdqikq, q ouoikq,
oc ouvudo c d0qd1d :o q IAoood, 1d Md0q-
d1ikd, q McAc1q HcpidAAov1o, yid vd ouAcqo ypo
d: 1o 0cd Eudio0q1o:oiqoq yid 1d (od :ou kivu-
vcouv kdi vd opydvooo cvd oycio pdoq oyc1ikd
c du1. Yio0c1o 1q id0cd1ikq :poocyyioq oqdivci,
Aoi:v, dpyikd 1i dAAd(o 1q oq 1ou :cpicyocvou
1q idokdAid, cqoov 1o 0cd kdi yi 1o ouykckpi-
cvo d0qd (Io1opid, IAoood, Md0qd1ikd k.A:.) civdi
du1 :ou piokc1di o1o kcv1po. To 0cd du1 dv1ic1o-

25
:i(c1di o1qv 1dq cod d: idqopc1ikc cvdAAdk1ikc
o:1ikc, cod d: idqopc1ikd yvoo1ikd dv1ikcicvd, 1d
o:oid oudAAouv o1o vd idopqooouv 1d :diid id
ouvoAikq/cvidid yvooq oyc1ikd c du1. Au1 civdi
iidi1cpd oqdv1ik, kupio oc id c:oyq :ou q yvooq
:dpouoid(c1di ouyvd kd1d1cdyiocvq. O kd1d1cdyi-
o du1 dAio1d oqyci oc duvdid 1ov :diiov vd
cv1douv 1q yvooq oc cvd :Adioio :ou vd 1q ivci
vqd kdi, kd1d ouvc:cid, oc cAAciqq cvidqcpov1o
yid du1 :ou 1ou idokci 1o oyoAcio.

Oo 1o o1oiycio du1 (qAdq q dAAdyq o1q oq 1ou
:cpicyocvou 1q idokdAid), dv kdi kd0opio1ik yid
vd :opoc vd iAdc yid id0cd1ikq :poocyyioq
1q yvooq, c d ivci d: vo 1ou c:dpkq c:iyci-
pqd1d yid 1q ypqoi1q1d du1q 1q :poocyyioq o1qv
ck:dicu1ikq :pdq. H ypqoi1q1d du1q :pok:1ci yi
vo d: 1qv kdivo1oid oc oycoq c 1o :cpicycvo
1q yvooq kdi c 1o :o du1q :dpouoid(c1di, dAAd,
kupio, oc oycoq c 1q c0ooAoyid 1q idokdAid,
c 1ov 1p:o, qAdq, ouAcid o1qv 1dq :ou du1q
ouvc:dyc1di. H id0cd1ikq :poocyyioq d:ok1d vqd
d: 1o ycyov 1i ivci cvdv iidi1cpo pAo o1d :diid
cod o1qv 1dq, 1d c:Ackci uvdikd o1qv ck:dicu-
1ikq idikdoid. Yio0c1o o ck:dicu1ik 1q id0cd-

26
1ikq :poocyyioq oqdivci 1i Addvo u:qq ou 1oo
1d kivq1pd kdi 1d cvidqcpov1d 1ov :diiov, oo kdi 1i
yvoo1ikc kdi koivovikc 1ou c:cipic, 1i o:oic kdi
dio:oio o1qv 1dq, 0copov1d 1i d:o1cAov dqopc
yid :cpdi1cpo c:ccpydoid. Zqdivci, c:ioq, 1i dv1i-
Addvodi kdi dio:oio 1i :po1oouAic :ou :dip-
vouv 1d iid 1d :diid kd1d 1q idpkcid 1q ck:dicu1i-
kq idikdoid kdi 1i cvioyo.

Hioo Aoi:v d: 1q id0cd1ikq :poocyyioq piokov1di:

N ouykckpicvc dv1iAqqci yid 1q d0qoq, ouykckpi-
cvc qAdq 0copqoci 1ou 1i oqdivci d0divo,
N ouykckpicvc dv1iAqqci yid 1o pAo 1ou kivq1pou
o1q d0qoq,
N ouykckpicvc dv1iAqqci yid 1o pAo 1ou ck:di-
cu1iko kdi 1ov d0q1ov, kd0o kdi yid 1q c1d
1ou oycoq.

Hoic civdi du1c;

N H id0cd1ikq :poocyyioq, :o kdi kd0c oyypovq
:poocyyioq 1q yvooq, dv1ic1o:i(ci 1q d0qoq
odv id idikdoid icpcvqoq, dvdkdAuqq kdi
oikoqoq 1q yvooq d: 1o iio 1o d1oo :ou

27
d0divci
6
. H idikdoid du1q civdi dAAo1c d1oikq
kdi dAAo1c ouAAoyikq. H d0qoq :pok:1ci o d:o-
1cAcod id d:opid (1dv ouvciq1o:oioc 1qv
dyvoid d yid kd1i) q o d:o1cAcod 1q dvdykq
d vd c:iAoouc cvd :pAqd/vd dv1ic1o:i-
oouc id :poAqd1ikq kd1do1doq c 1qv o:oid
piokdo1c dv1ic1o:oi (Aci1oupyikq dv1iAqqq 1q
yvooq). H d0qoq dAAo1c :pok:1ci c 1p:o :c-
pioo1cpo idio0q1ik (:.y. d0qoq :pdyd1ov :ou
oyc1i(ov1di c 1o quoik q 1o koivovik :cpidAAov
d) kdi dAAo1c c 1p:o :io ouo1qd1ik. Hdv1o,
kdi o1q id kdi o1qv dAAq :cpi:1ooq, q d0qoq, yid
vd civdi d:o1cAcod1ikq, :pc:ci vd doi(c1di oc :d-
Aic yvooci kdi c:cipic 1ov :diiov. Au1c 1i
yvooci kdi c:cipic ci1c 0d 1i ioyupo:oiqoci ci1c
0d 1i dvdiopydvooci yid vd 1i c1doyqd1ioci oc
yvooci :cpioo1cpo c:io1qovikc. Md0divo, o,
6
Tqv dv1iAqqq du1q o1qpi(ouv oi 0copic 1ov Piaget, Vygot-
ski, Bruner, Perret-Clermont k.d. (A. Perraudeau M., Les
mthodes cognitives. Apprendre autrement lcole, Armand
Colin, Paris, 1996` Bdpvdd-Zkopd T(., Ocopc yvoo1ikq
dvd:1uq, d0qoq kdi dioAyqoq, Hd:d(qoq, A0qvd,
1994` Hd:diydqA I., Md0qoq kdi koivovd, Ouoocd,
A0qvd, 1988` Xpio1oqiq-Evpikc A., O Piaget kdi 1o ooAco,
Ekkpcc, A0qvd, 1999` Foulin J. & Mouchon S., Ek:dicu1ikq
4uoAoyd, Mc1diyio, A0qvd, 2001 k.A:.).

28
oqovd c 1q oyypovq dv1iAqqq c oqdivci
vo d:ok1o yvooci kdi dkq :cpioo1cpo c oq-
divci d0divo d:co!!! Zqdivci d:ok1o kdi c-
i1q1c q, dAAio, kd:oid cpydAcid :ou :opo
dvd :dod o1iyq vd 1d ypqoio:oiqoo yid vd d0o
kd1i, oqdivci qAdq d0divo vd d0divo. Iid
:dpdciyd, d0divo vd dvd(q1o :Aqpoqopic, vd
c:iAcyo 1i :io oqdv1ikc dvdcod oc du1c, vd
ouykpivo, vd kdvo u:o0coci, vd oqyodi oc
ou:cpdod1d, vd c1dqcpo oc cvd vco :Adioio id
yvooq :ou cyo d:ok1qoci oc cvd ouykckpicvo
:Adioio, d0divo vd kpivo. Au1d 1d o1oiycid id-
oqdAi(ov1di, :o 0d oc kdi o1q ouvcycid, coo
1q id0cd1ikq :poocyyioq.

N H id0cd1ikq :poocyyioq 1q yvooq ivci iidi-
1cpd cydAq oqdoid o1o pAo 1ou kivq1pou o1q
d0qoq
7
. A: 1q o1iyq :ou d:di1ci :pdyd1ikq
c:Aokq 1ou :diio o1q idikdoid 1q d0qoq
cv :opci :dpd vd qioupyci coo1cpikd kivq1pd
kdi vd doi(c1di oc du1d (1c1oid :opci vd civdi 1o
cvidqcpov kdi q :cpicpycid yid 1o 0cd c 1o o:oio
7
Iid 1o pAo 1ou kivq1pou A. o1o EukAciq A., 4uoAoyd
1ov kivq1pov, EAAqvikd Ipdd1d, A0qvd, 1999.

29
doyoAodo1c, q dvdyvopioq d: 1o :dii 1ou cdu-
1o 1ou kdi 1ov iod1ov 1ou cod oc du1 k.A:.).

N TcAo, q id0cd1ikq :poocyyioq ivci o1ov
ck:dicu1ik cvd pAo oyc1ikd idqopc1ik d: du-
1v :ou 0d ciyc oc id dAAou 1:ou ck:dicu1ikq
idikdoid. O ck:dicu1ik :di(ci 1o pAo 1ou id-
cooAdq1q-cvqAikd (:o :cpiypdqc1di d: 1ou
Bruner & Vygotski), o o:oio :dpdkivci, :pokd-
Aci 1d :diid, dkoci 1i dvdykc kdi 1i c:i0uic
1ou, 1ou qioupyci c 1p:o ccoo vcc d:opic
kdi cvidqcpov1d, :dpdkoAou0ci 1q pdoq 1ov :di-
iov kdi 1qv kd1cu0vci kpd1ov1d id iooppo:id
dvdcod o1qv du1ovoid kdi 1qv :po1oouAid 1ou
kdi o1o ik 1ou kd0oqyq1ik pAo kdi qioup-
yov1d id d1oqdipd d:ooyq, dqipoq c:i-
koivovid kdi, kd1d ouvc:cid, id 0c1ik1cpq oycoq
dvdcod o1ov ck:dicu1ik kdi o1ou d0q1c. E:i-
oq, :ioo d: 1q id0cd1ikq :poocyyioq piokc1di
q koivovioyvoo1ikq 0copid 1q d0qoq
8
, qAdq q
dv1iAqqq 1i q yvooq oikooci1di coo dAAqAc:i-
8
Iid 1qv koivovioyvoo1ikq 0copid 1q d0qoq, A. o1o Doise
W. & Mugny G., H koivovikq dvd:1uq 1q voqoovq, Hd1d-
kq, A0qvd, 1989 kdi o1o Hd:diydqA I., Md0qoq kdi koivo-
vd, Ouoocd, A0qvd, 1988.

30
pdoq c 1ov dAAo, coo qAdq ouvcpydoid c
ouvoqAikou kdi cvqAikc, c d1od :ou pioko-
v1di o1o iio q oc idqopc1ik c:i:co oc oycoq c
ouykckpicvc yvooci kdi ci1q1c, c dAAd A-
yid coo ouAAoyikq ouAcid, idAyou kdi dv1i-
:dpd0coq, qAdq coo koivovioyvoo1ikq o-
ykpouoq.

E E: :i io o1 1p pc cq qo ov v1 1d d o o1 1i i : :d dp pd d: :d dv vo o o ok kq qv vc c . .

Hoid civdi o q oycoq 1ov :dpd:dvo okqvov :ou
dvdAodc c 1q id0cd1ikq :poocyyioq 1q yvooq;
A 1i cc1doouc dvd kd1o d: du1q 1qv o:1ikq.

A) Td c:id 1ou AAcq

Z1qv :po1q okqvq o AAcq piokc1di oc id Aoyikq kd-
1d1cdyioo 1q yvooq, :ou 1ov c:oi(ci vd ypqoi-
o:oiqoci id yvooq :ou cyci d:ok1qoci oc cvd d0qd
(IAoood) yid cvd dAAo d0qd (Md0qd1ikd). Td pq-
d1d, oi :poo1dk1ikc k.A:. civdi yid du1v kd1i :ou
cyci d0ci oc cvd :Adioio. H ci1q1d vd okcq1do1c
oyc1ikd c 1i Acci yid vd kd1dvooc kd:oic d: du-
1c :ou cv cpouc (q o:oid :opci vd kdAAicpyq0ci
o1o yAoooik d0qd coo dokqocov, :.y., :ou oyc1i-

31
(ov1di c 1qv c1uoAoyid 1ov Accov q c 1i oikoyc-
vcic 1ov Accov) q dAAc c0ooAoyikc ci1q1c
:ou cyouv kdAAicpyq0ci o1o yAoooik d0qd, :o
du1q 1q dvd(q1qoq o1o Acik, c c1dqcpov1di
d: 1ov AAcq 1dv idqopo:oici1di 1o :Adioio (qAdq
1dv cv :pkci1di yid yAoooik d0qd) kdi c:ocvo
c ypqoio:oiov1di o cpydAcio yid 1qv c:iAuoq
kd:oiou dAAou :poAqd1o.

B) Ti cd0dv 1d :diid; H dio:oiqoq o1qv 1dq.

Z1q c1cpq okqvq 1d :diid c qdivov1di iidi1cpd ki-
vq1o:oiqcvd ypo d: 1o o1yo :ou cyci 0coci o ck-
:dicu1ik (qAdq 1q c1d1po:q 1ou idAyou oc
:Adyio Ayo kdi 1qv :dpdyoyq kcicvou c doq 1qv
dvdAuoq 1q oq 1ou kcicvou :ou iddo1qkc o1qv
1dq). Av1i0c1d, u:dpyouv kd:oid 0cd1d (oi koq1c,
1d qqdio1cid k.A:.) cod o1o ouykckpicvo kcicvo-
dqopq, 1d o:oid kivq1o:oiov 1d :diid 8kdi dAio1d
dkq kdi du1d 1d :diid :ou c ouc1cyouv ouyvd
o1o d0qd8 kdi 1d kdvouv vd 0cAouv vd ou(q1qoouv
ypo d: du1d. Tou :pokdAov d:opic kdi :cpicp-
ycid, 1d kivq1o:oiov vd iAqoouv, vd qcpouv o1qv
c:iqdvcid c:cipic kdi yvooci :ou cyouv d:ok1qoci
cv1 kdi ck1 oyoAciou (1qAcpdoq, d0qd Io1opid,
ou(q1qoq c 1ov :d1cpd, :d::o.). Td :diid Aoi:v

32
0c1ouv kd:oid cpo1qd1d kdi dAio1d 1civouv vd 1d
:poocyyioouv cod d: idqopc1ikc o:1ikc :ou oyc1i-
(ov1di c idqopd d0qd1d/yvoo1ikd dv1ikcicvd (:.y.
Io1opid, Icoypdqid, McAc1q HcpidAAov1o k.A:.). Oc-
Aouv vd ou(q1qoouv c1d 1ou kdi c 1ov ck:dicu-
1ik, vd dvdkdAqouv kd:oid :pdyd1d, vd dvd(q1q-
oouv :Aqpoqopic, vd qdouv o1o ydp1q, cvo kd:oid
o1iyq dvdpo1iov1di yid 1o :o 0d :opoodv vd qd-
ouv yid vd d:dv1qoouv oc kd:oic d:opic 1ou. Ou-
oido1ikd, du1d :ou kdvouv 1d :diid d:o1cAov cukdi-
pic d0qoq :ou cv1dooov1di cod oc id Aoyikq id-
0cd1ikq :poocyyioq, c1oi :o 1qv opiodc :dpd-
:dvo.

A:Ad, o ck:dicu1ik qdivc1di vd qv ckc1dAAcc-
1di du1c 1i cukdipic, c:ciq cyci oycidoci vd d0ci
o1d :diid kd1i ouykckpicvo. Acv dv1d:okpivc1di o1i
cpo1qoci 1ov :diiov o1c o1i ccoc ckkAqoci
1ou (Kupid!.), cv 1d oq0d vd qdouv kdi vd cA-
1iooouv 1i c0ooAoyikc 1ou ci1q1c, qAdq cv
1d oq0d o1o vd d0ouv :o vd d0divouv, o1o vd
cA1iooouv 1i idikdoic okcqq, cAc1q, c:ikoivo-
vid kdi ouvcpydoid. MdAio1d, o1o 1cAo 1ou Aou d-
0qd1o o ck:dicu1ik 0copci 1i 1d :diid cd0dv
cAdyio1d :pdyd1d.

33
A oc o dv cd0dv kdi 1i dkpio cd0dv 1d ou-
ykckpicvd :diid kdi 8dkd kdA1cpd8 1i 0d d0di-
vdv dv o ck:dicu1ik cv ciyc qoq0ci vd ckc1dA-
Acu1ci du1c 1i cukdipic.

Ti cd0dv 1d :diid cod d: 1qv du0pq1q pdoq
1ou;

N tqcpdv o1q vqq 1ou, ouvdodv kdi ouoyc1iodv
:Aqpoqopic d: idqopc1ikd yvoo1ikd dv1ikcicvd
c :Aqpoqopic :ou 1ou cooc 1o kcicvo kdi c0c-
odv cpo1qd1d.

N tqddv id :Aqpoqopid o1o ydp1q (dAAd cv 1d
kd1dqcpdv!).

N Zuvcpydo1qkdv c1d 1ou yid vd dvd(q1qoouv id
:Aqpoqopid kdi :poo:d0qodv vd pouv Aoci :c-
pioo1cpo q Aiy1cpo d:o1cAcod1ikc.

N Hqpdv :po1oouAic kdi cpdodv du1vod, 0cAo-
v1d vd idycipio1ov 1q d0qoq 1ou.

Hdpd1qpov1d 1d :dpd:dvo id:io1ovouc :o o1q
okqvq du1q 1d :diid cdokqodv, c ikq 1ou :po1o-
ouAid, kupio c0ooAoyikc ci1q1c kdi cv d:c-
k1qodv duo1qpd oqcvc yvooci. E:i:Acov, dpyioc

34
vd dvd:1ooc1di id uvdikq c1d 1ou (dAAqAoc-
k1iqoq, 0dudo, dAAqAooq0cid kdi d::cipd cq-
yqoq k.A:.).

A oc 1opd 1i 0d d0divdv 1d :diid o1q ouykckpi-
cvq okqvq, dv o ck:dicu1ik cv ciyc qoq0ci vd
ckc1dAAcu1ci du1c 1i cukdipic. KdA1cpd, d
oc dv q du1voq pdoq 1ov :diiov, oc :cpi:1ooq
:ou kd0oqyov1dv :cpioo1cpo d: 1ov ck:dicu-
1ik, 0d 1d oqyooc o1qv d:k1qoq kdi dAAov yvo-
ocov kdi cio1q1ov.

N Ek1 d: 1q ci1q1d q o:oid oyc1i(c1di c 1qv
dvdkAqoq o1q vqq kdi 1q ouoyc1ioq :Aqpoqopiov
kdi q o:oid 0d :opooc vd cdokq0ci :cpioo1cpo,
dv o ck:dicu1ik c0c1c kdi c:i:Acov cpo1qoci, 1d
:diid 0d d:ok1oodv kdi kd:oid cpydAcid (:.y.
d0divo vd dvd(q1o id :Aqpoqopid oc id cyku-
kAo:dicid q cvd cciikcucvo iAio q dkq
kdvo u:o0coci yid 1o :o 0d :opood vd dvd(q-
1qoo id :Aqpoqopid), yid vd c:icdiooouv 1ou
dpyikd idio0q1iko ouoyc1ioo 1ou (HdAid.
cpo yo..), cvo 0d d:ok1oodv kdi kd:oic io1o-
pikc yvooci (:.y. oyc1ikd c 1qv ckpqq 1ou Bc-
(oiou kdi 1qv kd1do1poqq 1q Ho:qid, 1qv
o:oid kdi 0d 1o:o0c1oodv o1o ypvo). Evvoci1di c

35
1i du1q q :poocyyioq 1q dvd(q1qoq 1q :Aqpo-
qopid 0d d:dAAdooc 1ov ck:dicu1ik d: 1o dy-
yo 1o dv kd1cyci q yi Aq 1qv d:dpdi1q1q :Aqpo-
qopid, 0d 1ov kd0io1ooc io1io cAo 1q odd
kdi 0d oqyooc 1d :diid vd ouvciq1o:oiqoouv 1i
cv civdi uvd1v vd cpouc 1d :dv1d, :opoc
o vd d0ouc :o kdi :o vd dvd(q1oc :Aq-
poqopic.

N E:i:Acov, 0d d:ok1oodv c 1q oq0cid 1ou ck:di-
cu1iko yi vo 1qv ikdv1q1d dvd(q1qoq o1o
ydp1q, dAAd kdi kd:oic yvooci Icoypdqid.

N Od cvioyu1dv q 1doq 1ou vd d0ouv coo
ouvcpydoid, dv o ck:dicu1ik ycipi(1dv c
1p:o qioupyik 1i dAAqAc:ipdoci c1d 1ov
:diiov, qAdq 1qv 1doq kd:oiov :diiov vd
cqyqoouv o1d dAAd q 1qv 1doq kd:oiov dAAov
:diiov vd oq0qoouv o1qv dvd(q1qoq id :Aqpo-
qopid, dv qAdq ckc1dAAcu1dv 1o ycyov 1ov
idqopc1ikov c:i:cov 1ov :diiov (kd:oioi :dip-
vouv :po1oouAic, cpouv :cpioo1cpd, cvo
kd:oioi dAAoi dkoAou0ov).

N Av cvioyov1dv d: 1ov ck:dicu1ik 1d :diid, :ou
8oc dv1i0coq c dAAc qopc kd1d 1i o:oic
ccvdv dc1oyd8 kivq1o:oiq0qkdv du1q 1q qopd

36
cod o1qv 1dq, 0d d:ok1oodv cydA1cpo kivq1po
yid ouc1oyq kdi Aqqq :po1oouAiov.

N H EAcvq 0d dqqyov1dv cod o1qv 1dq 1o cpyo
:ou ciyc ci o1qv 1qAcpdoq, c d:o1cAcod 1qv
cdokqoq cio1q1ov oi o:oic oyc1i(ov1di c 1ov
:poqopik Ayo. Hcpd d: 1d vcd 0cd1d :po c:c-
cpydoid :ou 0d :pocku:1dv d: du1q 1q ou(q1qoq,
0d iv1dv cvcyocvo kdi q cukdipid yid c:ccp-
ydoid o1qv 1dq yAoooikov qdivocvov, ouv1dk1i-
kov kdi dAAov. Mq:o Aoi:v 0d :opooc vd
cv1dy0ci co o o1yo :ou dpyikd ciyc o ck:dicu-
1ik; Mq:o qAdq du1 o o1yo :ou c qd-
vqkc vd kcv1pi(ci 1o cvidqcpov 1ov :diiov 0d
:opooc ck 1ov uo1cpov vd cv1dy0ci cod oc id
:io Aci1oupyikq (c cvidqcpov kdi vqd) yid 1d
:diid idikdoid; Iid :dpdciyd, cqoov o ck:di-
cu1ik ciyc o1yo 1qv :dpdyoyq kcicvou kdi d-
Aio1d dqqyqd1iko, c 0d :opooc vd dio:oiqoci
1qv c:i0uid 1q EAcvq yid :dpdyoyq :poqopiko
dqqyqd1iko Ayou kdi vd (q1qoci o1q ouvcycid,
yid :dpdciyd, vd :dpdydyouv 1d :diid kd1i ypd-
:1; M:opci vd q oAcuc c 1ov 1p:o :ou ciyc
:poAcqci, 0d :opooc o vd c:ccpydo1ci 1q
Aoyikq 1q oq 1ov kcicvov c dqopq 1o :po-
qopik kcicvo 1q EAcvq. Od :opooc c:ioq vd

37
(q1qoci d: 1d :diid vd c1dqcpouv oc dqqyqd-
1ik kcicvo 1q ou(q1qoq :ou ckdvdv o1qv 1dq kdi
vd ouAcqouv c du1 1ov 1p:o 1q c1dqopd cv
quoiko idAyou oc :Adyio Ayo.

H H k kp pi i1 1i ik kq q k kd di i o oi i q q o oi i. .

Av :dpdcy1oc 1i 1d :diid cod d: id 1c1oid id-
ikdoid d:ck1qodv kd:oic ci1q1c q cdokq0qkdv
o :po du1c, 1o cpo1qd :ou :dpdcvci cvcyocvo
dAu1o civdi 1o dv d:ck1qodv 1d :diid ouykckpicvc
yvooci kdi 1o :oic civdi du1c. td0dv 1cAikd 1d
:diid :qydivov1d d: 1o cvd 0cd o1o dAAo; HdpAo
:ou oi yvooci o1i o:oic cyivc dvdqopd :opci vd
qdivov1di c1d 1ou dovc1c, 1cAikd 1d :diid kd-
1dqcpdv vd 1i ouvcoouv cod d: 1q ikq 1ou
o:1ikq. EdAAou, cpouc 1i 1o dv0po:ivo udA ouv-
ud(ci o1oiycid kdi kd1dokcud(ci :Acyd1d cvvoiov q
oqdoioAoyikd ik1ud, odo:oici kdi ouoyc1i(ci 1i
:Aqpoqopic, :pokcicvou 1o d1oo vd :opci vd opyd-
vovci 1q yvooq kdi vd cpqvcci c1oi 1q ov0c1q :pdy-
d1ik1q1d :ou 1o :cpidAAci. H dio:oiqoq du1ov 1ov
:Acyd1ov cvvoiov kdi 1ov oqdoioAoyikov i-
k1ov civdi iidi1cpd oqdv1ikq yid 1q idk1ikq

38
:pdq
9
. Bcdid, o1o ouykckpicvo :dpdciyd du1q q
ouvudo1ikq ikdv1q1d 1ov :diiov cv civdi 1oo c-
qdvq oc Ac 1i qdoci, Ayo 1q o1doq :ou kpd1d o
ck:dicu1ik. H kd1do1doq 0d q1dv idqopc1ikq dv q
id0cd1ikq :poocyyioq ckivooc c kd0oqyqoq
1ou ck:dicu1iko, o o:oio 0d ciyc o1o udA 1ou 1o
0cd :ou 0d Aci1oupyooc o ouvck1ik io1 ypo
d: 1ov o:oio 0d idp0povov1dv oi idqopc1ikc yvo-
oci. Av, yid :dpdciyd, 1o 0cd q1dv oyc1ik c 1o
4oi, 11c yvooci Io1opid - Mu0oAoyid (:.y. o
0o 1q 0cd Aqq1pd), Icoypdqid (:.y. :cpioyc
o1i o:oic kdAAicpyov1di oi1qpd), McAc1q HcpidAAo-
v1o (:o kdi :o yivc1di 1o qoi/0pc:1ikd ouo1d1ikd
1ou qoio), IAoood (Acci oyc1ikc c 1o qoi kdi
1ov dp1o) k.A:. 0d idp0povov1dv ypo d: du1. Td
:diid c kd1dAAqAq kivq1o:oiqoq 0d id1:ovdv cpo-
1qoci, 0d dvd(q1oodv :Aqpoqopic oc :qyc kdi 0d
ooodv du1c 1i :Aqpoqopic ypo d: 1q ouykc-
kpicvq 0cd1ikq, cdokov1d :dpdAAqAd kdi Ac 1i
ci1q1c yid 1i o:oic iAqodc :dpd:dvo.

AAAd dkd kdi dv c ouvcdivc du1, q kd1do1doq 0d
q1dv idqopc1ikq dv o ck:dicu1ik dvd(q1ooc ck 1ov
9
BA. BdoiAo:oAou M., O dp1q cvvoiov o cpydAco d0q-
oq, ckooq 1q iid, A0qvd, 2001.

39
uo1cpov 1o ouvck1ik io1 ypo d: 1ov o:oio 0d
idp0povov1dv oi du0pq1c :dpd1qpqoci kdi dvd(q-
1qoci 1ov :diiov. Au1 o ouvck1ik io1 0d d:o1c-
Aooc kdi 1o pio cod o1o o:oio 0d c:pc:c vd c:ck1d-
0ov oi pdo1qpi1q1c kdi oi dvd(q1qoci 1q odd,
oo1c vd q yd0ci 1o ouvoAik vqd c 1q ouvcyq c-
1ddoq d: 1o cvd 0cd o1o dAAo. t1oi, dv o1o ouykc-
kpicvo :dpdciyd 1o kcicvo cv1doo1dv oc id 0c-
d1ikq cv1q1d 1q o:oid o ouvck1ik io1 0d q1dv
1o 0cd Hcpicpyd quoikd qdivcvd q 1o 0cd Ou-
pdvid ood1d k.A:., 11c oi dvd(q1qoci 1ov :diiov
0d ciydv vqd kdi 0d kivov1dv oc ouykckpicvo :Adi-
oio. H c:ccpydoid :ou ciyc o1o udA 1ou o ck:dicu-
1ik 0d :poodpo(1dv d:Ad o1i d:di1qoci du1q 1q
0cd1ikq kdi 0d 1po:o:oiov1dv :o cidc :dpd-
:dvo.
Eivdi oqdv1ik vd yivci odqc 1i o pAo 1ou ck:di-

cu1iko oc oycoq c 1q ouvoAikq opydvooq kdi cu-
0vq yid 1qv :opcid 1q ck:dicu1ikq idikdoid cv
dvdipci1di d: 1o ycyov 1i 1d :diid du1cvcpyov kdi
dvdAddvouv :po1oouAic. O ck:dicu1ik cyci o1o
udA 1ou cvdv kop yvoocov :ou 0cAci vd d:ok1q-
oouv oi d0q1c 1ou kdi kd0oqyci 1d :diid oc 0cd-
1ikc q :po1civci o iio 0cd1ikc :ouvd c:i1pc:ouv

40
vd oq0ov du1c oi yvooci kdi o1o udA 1ov :di-
iov. O ck:dicu1ik cyci o1o udA 1ou o1you (c-
0ooAoyikc kdi dAAc ci1q1c) kdi c:cvci 1i pd-
o1qpi1q1c c du1o. EdkoAou0ci vd cAcyyci 1qv
kd1do1doq, cyci o :cpioo1cpo cvd pAo idcoo-
Adq1q (dvdcod o1d :diid kdi 1q yvooq) kdi yid
du1 civdi :cpioo1cpo cucAik1o kdi dvoiy1 o1i :po-
1doci 1ov iiov 1ov :diiov kdi o1d cvidqcpov1d
1ou.

Kdi q d:o1iqoq 1ou 1i cd0dv 1d :diid; M:opci o ck-
:dicu1ik vd cAcyci kdi vd :dpdkoAou0qoci yi vo
1qv :opcid dAAd kdi 1qv d:o1cAcod1ik1q1d du1o 1ou
d0qd1o; Mc doq od dvd:1y0qkdv :dpd:dvo,
qdivc1di 1i du1 :opci vd 1o kdvci, kupio d: 1q
o1iyq :ou yid du1v q d:o1iqoq 1ov d:o1cAcod1ov
cv 1du1i(c1di c id d:Aq c1pqoq 1ov 1cAikov c:i-
ocov 1ov :diiov oc oycoq c cvd o1yo (ouykcqd-
Adio1ikq dioAyqoq), dAAd c:cpicyci kdi 1qv :dpd1q-
pqoq 1q Aq idikdoid :ou dkoAou0ov 1d :diid
yid 1qv kd1dk1qoq yvoocov kdi cio1q1ov (idopqo-
1ikq dioAyqoq). E:i:Acov, q d:o1iqoq du1q c 0d
c0c1c kdvcvd :pAqd d: 1q o1iyq :ou o ck:dicu-
1ik 0d c:cvuc, :o cidc, c o1you 1i :po1o-
ouAic 1ov :diiov. Iid :dpdciyd, 0d :opooc vd

41
:pooooci o1qv :po1oouAid 1q EAcvq (vd dqqyq0ci
o1d u:Aoi:d :diid 1o cpyo :ou cic o1qv 1qAcpdoq)
1ou cq o1you: d) cdokqoq 1q dqqyqd1ikq ikd-
v1q1d (qioupyid :poqopiko kcicvou :ou vd :Aq-
poi kd:oic ouykckpicvc :po:o0coci), ) ooo1q
ypqoq AciAoyiou kdi 1qpqoq ouv1dk1ikov kdvvov,
y) ikdv1q1d ouykcv1pooq kdi :dpdkoAo0qoq id
io1opid :ou dqqyci1di cvd ouvoqAiko k.A:. Zc du1q
1qv :cpi:1ooq dAio1d, o ck:dicu1ik, 0c1ov1d du-
1o 1ou o1you, 0d :opooc vd :poci 1oo oc id-
opqo1ikq oo kdi oc ouykcqdAdio1ikq-1cAikq dioA-
yqoq, dv kd1i 1c1oio 1ou q1dv yid kd:oio Ayo d:dpdi-
1q1o.

M:opov o 1d :dv1d vd idy1ov coo 1q id0c-
d1ikq :poocyyioq; M:opov vd pc0ov ouvck1ikoi
io1oi oo1c kd0c1i vd ouvudo1ci c kd1i dAAo; Ho
:opci cvd ck:dicu1ik vd dvd(q1d ouvcyo ouoyc-
1ioci dvdcod oc du1d :ou 0cAci vd d0ouv oi d0q1c
1ou;

Hpoqdvo 0d q1dv dvcqik1o vd c:iioci kdvci kd1i
1c1oio kupio oc c:i:co yvoocov. Hpoqdvo u:dp-
youv kdi kod1id yvooq dvdykdid kdi yi :dv1d Aci-
1oupyikd. H :poo:d0cid cv1dq Aov 1ov yvoocov

42
o1o :Adioio id0cd1ikov :poocyyiocov 0d :opooc
vd oqyqoci oc c:ikivuvo ckquAio 1q Aoyikq 1q
id0cd1ikq :poocyyioq. H :poo:d0cid, :.y., vd cv1d-
y0ci id ocipd d: d0qd1d kd1o d: 1o koiv 0cd
H yd1d c 0d :opooc vd oqyqoci :dpd oc
kd1do1doci :ou 0d q1dv yid 1d :diid 1o iio du0dipc-
1c oo kdi q :dpdooidkq idokdAid (:.y. Avo d-
0qd1ikd :poAqd1d c yd1c, (oypdqi(o 1q yd1d,
idd(o cvd :dpd0i c yd1c k.A:.).
Ac oudivci cdid 1o iio kdi 1d :pdyd1d civdi :oA

:io ckoAd 1dv oi o1yoi 1ou ck:dicu1iko civdi kd-
:oic cup1cpc c0ooAoyikc ci1q1c, oi o:oic
:opov vd kdAAicpyq0ov oc kd0c :Adioio, c kd0c
dqopq kdi vd c1dido1ov oc vcc kd1do1doci (:.y.
q ci1q1d dvd(q1qoq :Aqpoqopiov :opci vd kdA-
Aicpyq0ci c o:oidq:o1c dqopq kdi oc o:oioq:o1c
0cd1ik :Adioio).

Eivdi :dv1o oqdv1ik vd cpouc 1i q id0cd1ikq
:poocyyioq civdi cvd 1p:o ouAcid, cv civdi :dvd-
kcid. Z1i :cpi:1ooci :ou cv civdi cqik1 vd 1qv dko-
Aou0qoouc, 1o :io oqdv1ik civdi oi dv1iAqqci d0q-
oq :ou 1q id:vcouv (dvdkdAu:1ikq d0qoq, ouvcpyd-
1ikq d0qoq k.A:.) vd qv cykd1dAci:ov1di d(i c 1q

43
oq kdi 1o :cpicycvo cv id0cd1iko d0qd1o.

tvd dkq :pAqd :ou 0d :opooc kd:oio vd 0c-
oci civdi du1 1ov opiov. Mcypi :o :opoc vd oq-
yq0oc dvoiyov1d cod o1qv 1dq cvd ouykckpicvo
0cd yid vd 1o cAc1qoouc kd1o d: idqopc1ikc
o:1ikc; Hoio civdi 1o oqcio o1o o:oio :pc:ci vd o1d-
d1qoouc; H dAq0cid civdi 1i :oAAc qopc q id0c-
d1ikq :poocyyioq :opci vd d d:o:poodvd1oAioci. H
id0coq 1ov :diiov kdi 1o cvidqcpov 1ou yid 1o
ouykckpicvo 0cd d: 1q id kdi oi o1yoi 1ou ck:di-
cu1iko d: 1qv dAAq (:oic yvooci 0cAci vd oikoo-
qoouv 1d :diid kdi :oic ci1q1c vd kd1dk1q-
oouv;), qAdq 1o iio 1o :Adioio 1q ck:dicu1ikq
:pdyd1ik1q1d, civdi du1 :ou 0d 0coci pid (ypovikd
kdi yvoo1ikd) oc oycoq c 1qv cvdoyAqoq c 1o
ouykckpicvo 0cd. Td iAid 1ou Hpoypdd1o Ek-
:dicuoq MouoouAdvo:diov 0c1ouv kd:oid pid,
:po1civov1d kd:oic o:1ikc coo 1ov o:oiov :o-
poc vd :poocyyioouc 1i idqopc 0cd1ikc cv1q-
1c :ou ok:id u:dpyouv kdi o1d iAid IAoood kdi
o1d iAid Io1opid - Icoypdqid kdi McAc1q HcpidA-
Aov1o. HdpAd du1d kdi oi iic du1c oi cv1q1c :o-
pov ci1c vd dvd:1uy0ov :cpdi1cpo ci1c vd ou:1u-
y0ov c doq 1d cvidqcpov1d 1ov :diiov, 1o c:i-

44
:c 1ou (yAoooik k.A:.) kdi 1ou d0qoidko o1-
you :ou o ck:dicu1ik cyci 0coci. To uAik civdi, c
dAAd Ayid, cucAik1o kdi dvoiy1 kdi q c:ccpydoid 1ou
:opci vd yivci c 1p:o idqopo:oiqcvo.

H kd1dAAqA1q1d 1q c0ou du1q yid :cpidAAov1d
c iidi1cp1q1c q yid :cpidAAov1d o1d o:oid 1d :di-
id piokov1di oc idqopc1ik c1d 1ou yAoooik q
yvoo1ik c:i:co (:.y. ovo0coid oyoAcid, ik1c 1dci
k.A:.) cyci :oA ou(q1q0ci. Av kdi du1q q c0oo qdi-
vc1di vd d:di1ci :oAAd d: 1d :diid, cqoov du1d
dvdAddvouv cu0vc kdi :po1oouAic kdi idycipi-
(ov1di oc cvd d0 1q idikdoid d0qoq, 1cAikd dA-
Aov dvdcikvc1di o iidi1cpd d:o1cAcod1ikq. Zc du1
oudAAouv: d) 1o kivq1po :ou du1q q :poocyyioq q-
ioupyci o1d :diid (1dv c cvidqcpci kd1i kdi vio0o
1i 1o cAcyyo, yivodi :cpioo1cpo d:o1cAcod1ik,
dpd d0divo kdi :io ckoAd), ) q qioupyid 0c1ikq
oycoq c1d 1ov cAov 1q odd-1dq (ouvcpyd-
oid yid 1qv d: koivo c:iAuoq cv :poAqd1o, 1qv
d: koivo dvd(q1qoq kdi 1divqoq :Aqpoqopiov
k.A:.) kdi, 1cAo, y) q uvd11q1d 1q :poocyyioq cv
0cd1o d: idqopc1ikc oko:ic q cod d: idqopc-
1ikc 1cyvikc kdi o1pd1qyikc (Ack1ikc kdi q Ack1i-
kc), :ou cuvoci 1qv cd1oikcucvq :podoq o1q

45
yvooq (idqopo:oiqcvq :didyoyikq) kdi 1qv dvd-
ciq kdi dio:oiqoq 1ov uvd1o1q1ov Aov 1ov :di-
iov. Au1d yivov1di dkq :io cqdvq kd1d 1qv uAo-
:oiqoq oyciov ck:dicu1ikq pdoq (projects) 1d
o:oid o1qpi(ov1di o1q Aoyikq 1q id0cd1ikq :poocy-
yioq 1q yvooq.

Zu:cpdod1ikd, 0d Acydc 1i q id0cd1ikq :poocy-
yioq 1q yvooq doi(c1di oc id vcd dv1iAqqq yid 1q
d0qoq. Bdoik 1q o1yo civdi vd o:Aioci 1ou d0q-
1c c cpydAcid, c 1p:ou ouAcid, oo1c vd
:opov vd d0divouv oc kd0c :cpio1doq, vd idycipi-
(ov1di 1q d0qoq 1ou kdi vd dv1Aov d: du1qv ikd-
vo:oiqoq. Acv dpvci1di 1q oqdoid 1ov ouykckpicvov
kdi oqcvov yvoocov kdi cv dyvoci 1ou idk1i-
ko o1you. Opov1i(ci o vd 1d cv1dooci Ad du1d
oc :Adioid :ou vd cyouv vqd yid 1o :dii. Ooo yid
1ov ck:dicu1ik, 1ou ivci 1q uvd11q1d vd du1cvcp-
yci kdi vd civdi qioupyik, d:oqcyov1d 1q oyoAikq
pou1ivd. Evvoci1di 1i q :poocyyioq du1q 1q yvooq
cyci, :o kd0c :poocyyioq, pid, :cpiopioo kdi u-
okoAic. Avoiyci o vcou pou o1qv ck:dicu1ikq
idikdoid.


46

BiAioypdqid

Bdpvdd-Zkopd T(., Ocopc yvoo1ikq dvd:1uq, d0qoq
kdi dioAyqoq, Hd:d(qoq, A0qvd, 1994
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ckooq 1q iid, A0qvd, 2001
Berbaum J., Dvelopper la capacit dapprendre, ESF, Paris,
1998
Buyk1oki A., Zkcq kdi FAoood, Ivooq, A0qvd, 1988
Doise W. & Mugny G., H koivovikq dvd:1uq 1q voqoovq,
Hd1dkq, A0qvd, 1989
EukAciq A., 4uoAoyd 1ov kivq1pov, EAAqvikd Ipdd1d,
A0qvd, 1999
OcoqiAiq X., Aid0cd1ikq :poocyyioq 1q idokdAd, Ipq-
ypq, A0qvd, 1997
Foulin J. & Mouchon S., Ek:dicu1ikq 4uoAoyd, Mc1diyio,
A0qvd, 2001
Frey K., H Mc0oo Project. Mid opq ouAAoyikq cpydod
o1o ooAco o 0copd kdi :pdq, Aqoi Kupidkiq, Ocood-
Aovikq, 1986
Houssaye J., Ackd:cv1c :didyoyo. Z1d0o o1qv io1opd 1q
:didyoyikq okcq, Mc1diyio, A0qvd, 2000
Kdooo1dkq M. & OAoupq I., Md0qoq kdi AidokdAd, Ipqy-
pq, A0qvd, 2001
KoAidq E., Ocopc Md0qoq kdi Ek:dicu1ikq Hpdq, To
I: Ivoo1ikc Ocopic, ckooq 1ou iiou, A0qvd, 1999
Mercer N., H ouykp1qoq 1q yvooq. FAoooikq dAAqAc:-
pdoq ck:dicu1ikov kdi ck:dicucvov, Mc1diyio,
A0qvd, 2000

47
Hd:diydqA I., Md0qoq kdi koivovd, Ouoocd, A0qvd, 1988
Perraudeau M., Echanger pour apprendre, Armand Colin, Paris,
1998
Perraudeau M., Les mthodes cognitives. Apprendre autre-
ment lcole, Armand Colin, Paris, 1996
Raynal F. & Rieunier A., Pdagogie: Dictionnaire des concepts
cls, ESF, Paris, 1997
Vecchi G., Aider les lves apprendre, Hachette ducation,
Paris, 1992
Xpio1oqiq-Evpikc A., O Piaget kdi 1o ooAco, Ekkpcc,
A0qvd, 1999
Xpuodqiq K., Biod1ikq-c:ikoivovidkq idokdAd. H ciod-
yoyq 1q c0ou Project o1o ooAco, Gutenberg, A0qvd,
1996


48

E:icAcid kcicvou: Mdpid Zoypdqdkq
Tu:oypdqikq c:icAcid: Hdvdyio1d Aidyou
ZcAio:oiqoq: Eipqvq Miyd
EoquAAo: Adqvq Kov1dpypq, Eipqvq Miyd

Oo1oypdqqoq-ov1d(, ck1:ooq
kdi iAiocoid: A. E. Td:dk:ouAo

Diatthematiki MSfyroera 1

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EKHAIAEYZH MOYZOYAMANOHAIADN 2002-2004

KAciid kdi Av1ikAciid

Eivdi oqdv1ik vd yivci odqc 1i o pAo 1ou ck:di-

Ac oudivci cdid 1o iio kdi 1d :pdyd1d civdi :oA

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