I HC CNG NGH KHOA CNG NGH THNG TIN

Bi ging H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

Ni dung Nhp mn v ACCESS. Khi nim v CSDL Cc bng v cc biu mu: Thit k, tnh cht, view, wizart Thng tin t c s d liu: Cc bo co v cc truy vn C s d liu quan h; Cc d liu bn ngoi; Biu ; Switchboard Cc lin kt mt - nhiu: Mu biu con v cc truy vn nhiu bng Cc mi lin kt nhiu - nhiu: Mt h thng phc tp hn Xy dng cc ng dng: Switchboard, Macro, v Prototyping To ra cc ng dng mnh hn: Nhp mn VBA

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

Chng 1: Nhp mn v ACCESS. Khi nim v C S D Liu (CSDL)

Mc tiu: nh ngha cc thut ng: trng, bn ghi, bng, c s d liu Khi ng Microsoft Access; m t ca s c s d liu v cc i tng trong mt c s d liu Access. Thm vo, sa i, loi b cc bn ghi bn trong mt bng; s dng lnh Find nh v mt bn ghi c th. M t mt b chn bn ghi; gii thch khi no cc thay i c ghi vo mt bng. Gii thch tm quan trng ca ca vic lm c gi tr ca d liu trong bo tr bng. p dng b lc (Filter) i vi mt bng; sp xp mt bng trn mt hoc nhiu trng. M t mt c s d liu quan h; xc nh cc mi lin kt mt - nhiu tn ti trong mt c s d liu.

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

I. Khi nim v C S D Liu (CSDL)

1.

nh ngha H Qun Tr (HQT) CSDL HQT CSDL l 1 phn mm cho php m t, lu gi, thao tc v x l cc d liu trong CSDL ng thi phi m bo s an ton v b mt ca d liu. Chc nng ca mt HQT CSDL: Cho php to ra cc cu trc lu gi d liu Cho php nhp, lu gi, xem, xa, sa i, chn cc d liu vo CSDL. Cho php thao tc trn cc d liu ca CSDL a ra cc thng tin. Cho php to bo co, bng biu t chc a thng tin ra theo 1 mu no Cung cp cc cng c m bo s an ton d liu

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

I. Khi nim v C S D Liu

2. nh ngha CSDL: CSDL l 1 tp hp cc d liu v 1 t chc no (v d d liu Th Vin), c lu gi trong my tnh, c nhiu ngi s dng v c t chc theo m hnh d liu. Cc tiu chun ca 1 CSDL: - Phn nh ng n hot ng ca t chc - Khng c s d tha thng tin (cng 1 thng tin c lu tr nhiu ni v 1 thng tin mang nhiu tn khc nhau) v n lm tn b nh v d gy ra cc thng tin khng ng khi cp nht d liu. - m bo an ton d liu (v c nhiu ngi s dng) - C s c lp gia CSDL v cc chng trnh m bo cho vic bo tr - Hiu qu s dng tt: khai thc trn cc my khc nhau cho kt qu nh nhau.

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

I. Khi nim v C S D Liu 3. nh ngha h thng thng tin (HTTT) HTTT l 1 tp hp bao gm cc cng c v phn cng, phn mm, con ngi nhm qun l t chc no . Cc thnh phn ca 1 HTTT: - Phn cng (My tnh, thit b mng,) - Phn mm: HH, HQT CSDL, chng trnh ng dng, CSDL, tin ch, - Con ngi: Qun l h thng, phn tch v thit k, lp trnh vin, ngi s dng.

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

I. Khi nim v C S D Liu

4. nh ngha m hnh CSDL M hnh CSDL l tp cc khi nim cho php th hin hot ng ca 1 t chc. Cc loi m hnh CSDL: a. M hnh CSDL mc khi nim: - biu din cc i tng trong th gii thc v mi lin quan gia cc i tng . - Khi nim s dng trong mc ny l: thc th, lin kt, - C 2 loi: + M hnh Quan h - Thc Th + M hnh hng i tng

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

I. Khi nim v C S D Liu

b. M hnh CSDL mc th hin: - S dng trong mc ny l cc cu trc - C 3 loi: + M hnh CSDL quan h: D liu c phn vo cc bng. C th kt ni cc bng vi nhau. - Cu trc: Bng - Lin kt: Thuc tnh kha + M hnh phn cp: Cy - Cu trc: Bn ghi - Lin kt: Phn cp + M hnh mng: th - Cu trc: Bn ghi - Lin kt: Mng

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

I. Khi nim v C S D Liu

5. nh ngha mt s thut ng: Mt trng (field) l mt s kin c bn (hoc mt phn t d liu) nh l Tn ca cun sch hoc S my in thoi ca mt nh xut bn. Mt bn ghi (record) l mt tp hp cc trng. Mt bng (table) l mt tp hp cc bn ghi. Mi mt bn ghi cha cc trng nh nhau theo mt th t nh nhau. Mt c s d liu bao gm mt hoc nhiu bng. V d mi bn ghi trong bng SACH cha ng su trng: M sch, Tn sch, Nm xut bn, Gi v Nh xut bn. Tng t, mi bn ghi trong bng NHAXUATBAN s c cc trng ging nhau cho mi nh xut bn,... Cc thut ng trng, bn ghi, bng, c s d liu rt quan trng v c s dng thng xuyn.

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

II. Nhp mn v Microsoft Access

1. Ca s c s d liu: hin th cc i tng khc nhau trong mt CSDL Access. C by kiu i tng: - Bng (table) - Truy vn (query) - Biu mu (form) - Bo co (report) - Trang (page) - Macro - Module Mi CSDL phi cha t nht mt bng, v n c th cha (hoc khng) mt hoc nhiu cc i tng khc.

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

1. Ca s c s d liu

Mt bng (table) lu tr cc d liu v thc th (con ngi, a im, vt, ) v l phn t c s trong CSDL. Mt bng c to thnh t cc bn ghi, mi bn ghi c to thnh t cc trng. Bng xut hin di dng ct, mi bn ghi nm trn mt dng ca bng v mi trng ct nm trn mi ct ring r. Mt mu biu (form) cung cp mt cch thun tin v hp dn nhp, hin th, hoc in cc d liu trong bng. Mt truy vn (query) tr li mt cu hi v CSDL. Kiu chung nht ca cc query l ch ra mt tp tiu chun, sau tm trong CSDL rt ra cc bn ghi tha mn tiu chun.

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

1. Ca s c s d liu

Mt bo co (report) trnh by cc d liu trong mt bng hoc trong mt truy vn di dng mt bng in c. Mt trang (page) l mt ti liu HTML c th gi n mt Web Server hoc mt mng LAN v c th dng Web browser nhn thy n. Mt macro tng t nh mt chng trnh my tnh v bao gm cc lnh c th c thc hin mt cch t ng lnh ny n lnh khc. Mt module cung cp mt chng trnh vit bng ngn ng VBA (Visual Basic for Applications). Trong chng ny chng ta tp trung vo bng, cc i tng khc s c ln lt trnh by v nghin cu trong cc chng sau.

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

2. Bng
Bng l trung tm ca mi CSDL v n cha cc d liu. Trong Access mt bng c hin th di dng mt trong hai khung nhn (view): - Khung nhn thit k (Design view) - Hoc khung nhn trang d liu (Datasheet view). Khung nhn thit k c dng nh ngha bng ban u v ch ra cc trng ca n. Khung nhn trang d liu c s dng thm vo, sa i, hoc loi b cc bn ghi. Trong chng ny ta nghin cu k khung nhn trang d liu.

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

3. Khung nhn trang d liu

Dng u tin cha cc tn trng. Mi dng tip theo cha mt bn ghi. Mi ct biu din mt trng. Mi bn ghi trong bng cha cc trng nh nhau v chng c th t nh nhau. Thanh ghi trng thi y ca s ch ra bng c bao nhiu dng v chng ta ang nh v trn dng no. Dng ta ang lm vic gi l dng hin ti. Ti mt thi im chng ta ch c th lm vic vi mt dng. C mt k hiu chn bn ghi (mt tam gic, du sao hoc ci bt ch) bn cnh bn ghi hin ti ch ra trng thi ca n. Mt tam gic ch ra bn ghi c ghi vo a, ci bt ch ch ra rng ta ang lm vic vi bn ghi v nhng thay i cn cha c lu li.

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

3. Khung nhn trang d liu

-

Khi ta dch chuyn sang bn ghi tip theo, k hiu ci bt ch s chuyn thnh tam gic ch ra bn ghi ta va lm vic c lu vo a. Du sao xut hin bn cnh bn ghi trng cui mi bng. Khi ta ang thm mt bn ghi vo cui bng, d liu a vo s xut hin ti im nhn (l mt gch thng ng nhp nhy) cn k hiu chn bn ghi lc l ci bt ch. Du sao s chuyn xung bn ghi trng cui bng. Mi mt bng nht thit phi c mt kho chnh (Primary key). l mt trng hoc mt nhm cc trng c gi tr khc nhau trn mi bn ghi.

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

Bi thc hnh 1:

M mt CSDL c sn, thm mt bn ghi vo mt bng trong CSDL

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

III. Duy tr c s d liu

Chng ta cn cn phi sa i, xo cc bn ghi c. lm iu cn phi tm ra bn ghi cn sa hoc cn xo bng cch tm kim ln lt trn bng mt cch th cng hoc s dng cc lnh tm kim (Find) v thay th (Replace). 1. Cc lnh tm kim ( Find ) v thay th ( Replace). (Xem bi thc hnh 2) Ch : Khi a gi tr c th vo cc lnh trn tm kim hoc thay th cn phi ch n s tng thch gia gi tr a vo v gi tr cn tm trong bng. Chng phi ph hp nhau v cch s dng k t, ch hoa hoc ch thng. Nu khng c s ph hp th d s dn n tm kim v thay th tht bi.

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

2. Kim tra tnh hp l ca d liu (data validation)

-

Thut ng GIGO (Garbage in, garbare out) Mt my tnh lm mt cch chnh xc nhng ci bn bo n lm ch khng phi nhng ci bn mun n lm. V vy bn phi kim tra tnh hp l ca d liu s c a vo h thng, nu khng, thng tin lin quan c th s khng ng. Khng c mt h thng no, d c tinh vi n u, c th to ra cc d liu ra ng n t cc d liu vo khng hp l. Ni cch khc, vo khng ng th ra khng ng.

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

IV. Cc mu biu, truy vn v bo co

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

Bi thc hnh 2:

M mt bng CSDL c sn, thc hin vic thm, sa i, xo mt bn ghi v minh ho vic lm c gi tr d liu, gii thiu cc form, query,v report. Ch : Access lu tr mi thay i trong bn ghi hin ti mt cch t ng ngay sau khi chng ta chuyn n bn ghi tip theo hoc khi ta ng bng. Lnh Undo Current Record s xo b mi thay i i vi mt bn ghi c lu tr trc .

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

V. Lc v sp xp (Filter and Sort)

Filter lm hin th mt tp con cc bn ghi ca mt bng theo mt tiu chun c th. Sort lit k cc bn ghi ca theo theo mt th t no , v d sp xp theo th t a, b, c ca h tn hay theo th t gim dn ca lng,.. .

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

Bi thc hnh 3:

M mt bng c v thc hin cc php ton: Filter by Selection, Filter by Form v Sort. Ch : Mt b lc (filter) l mt tp hp cc tiu chun c p dng cho mt bng hin th mt tp con cc bn ghi trong bng . Microsoft Access cho php ta lc bng la chn hoc lc bng mu biu. p dng ca mt b lc khng loi b cc bn ghi ra khi bng m ch ngn cn n xut hin khung nhn. Cc bn ghi trong mt bng c th hin th theo mt th t tng dn hoc gim dn bng cch nhp cc nt thch hp trn thanh cng c ca CSDL.

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

VI. C s d liu quan h

1.

C s d liu dng quan h l CSDL bao gm cc bng hai chiu cha d liu. nh ngha bng CSDL: L 1 tp cc thc th c cng 1 s c trng. Bng c tn Bng c cc ct: Tn ct: Tn thuc tnh (Tn ct phi khc nhau) Gi tr ct: Thuc ca min gi tr ca thuc tnh. Cc hng: Mi hng gm 1 b gi tr ca cc thuc tnh (mi hng biu din 1 thc th) cc hng, cc ct c th t ty . Mi hng c kha chnh xc nh cc thuc tnh khc 1 cch duy nht.

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

2. nh ngha kha chnh, kha ngoi, vai tr ca cc kha trong CSDL

a.

nh ngha kha chnh: L 1 tp cc thuc tnh, nh n c th phn bit c i tng ny vi i tng khc.

M PB

Tn PB

in thoi 7680461 7680463 7680465

HC Phng HC TNCNTT Phng TN CNTT DT

Phng o To

Rng buc: Kha chnh phi xc inh: Lun lun c gi tr xc nh (Not null) Phi duy nht: Cc b gi tr ca kha chnh trn cc hng phi khc nhau.

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

2. nh ngha kha chnh, kha ngoi, vai tr ca cc kha trong CSDL

b. nh ngha kha ngoi: L kha chnh ca 1 bng c s dng nh 1 thuc tnh 1 bng khc. N th hin mi lin h gia cc bng vi nhau. Rng buc: - Gi tr ca kha ngoi phi tng thch vi cc gi tr ca kha chnh m n quy chiu ti. - C th c nhng gi tr khng xc nh (Null)

M NV NV1 NV2
-

H tn Trch Vn onh Quch Vn Qu

a ch HN HP

M PB HC HC

Vai tr ca kha trong CSDL gip d dng to mi lien h gia cc bng trong CSDL quan h.

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

3. Cc php ton trn bng CSDL

3. Cc php ton trn bng CSDL Bng l 1 quan h nn cc php ton trn bng l cc php ton trn quan h. Cc php ton: Chiu, chn, ni, tch, hp, giao, tr (c HQT CSDL thc hin).

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

4. Cc mi lin kt 1-1, 1-n, m-n

Cc bng PhngBan v bng NhnVin trn lin kt vi nhau thng qua mt mi lin kt mt - nhiu (1n). Mt PhngBan c th c nhiu nhn vin lm vic nhng mi nhn vin ch lm vic ti mt PhngBan. Trong CSDL quan h, cc bng c th c cc lin kt vi nhau thng qua cc mi lin kt mt-nhiu (1-n), mt-mt (1-1), nhiu-nhiu (m-n). Chng ta s nghin cu dn dn trong cc chng sau.

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

Bi thc hnh 4:

M mt CSDL c nhiu bng; xc nh cc kiu lin kt mt-nhiu bn trong CSDL to ra cc bn ghi da trn cc kiu lin kt . Ch : Mt CSDL quan h cha nhiu bng v cho php ta ly ra cc thng tin t cc bng trong mt truy vn n. Cc bng phi lin kt vi cc bng khc, theo mt rng buc gi l ton vn quy chiu. Nh vy, Access ci t mt cch t ng mt s kiu lm c gi tr cc d liu ngn nga cc vi phm rng buc ny.

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

Chng 2: Cc bng v cc biu mu:Thit k, tnh cht, view, wizart

1. M t chung v vic thit k mt bng Trng hp nghin cu : C s d liu Sinhvin Gi s bn mun thit k mt bng cha cc d liu v sinh vin. Ni chung, phng php thit k nh sau: Trc ht, bn phi suy ngh v nhng d liu m nh trng yu cu i vi mt sinh vin, chng hn: m s, h tn, a ch, s in thoi, chuyn ngnh, s cc n v hc trnh hc,v vit chng ra giy. Sau bn phi tng tng nhng d liu ra (output) m nhng ngi s dng s yu cu xc nh cc d liu vo (input) nhm to ra cc d liu ra .

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

1. M t chung v vic thit k mt bng

Hy suy ngh n cc trng (field) c th v c gng m t tng trng ph hp vi kiu d liu (v d: kiu s, kiu vn bn,... ) v kch c ( di) ca n. Cui cng, chng ta c th c mt bng gm cc trng c lit k nh sau: Tn trng Kiu Ms Text Htn Text ach Text S in thoi Text Ngysinh Date Hcbng Number ...

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

1. M t chung v vic thit k mt bng

c mt bng tt, chng ta phi tin hnh mt qu trnh thit k cn thn da trn ba nguyn tc ch o sau: - Bao gm tt c cc d liu cn thit: Cch tt nht l ta to ra cc bn th ca cc bo co m bn s cn v sau thit k bng sao cho n cha cc trng cn thit to ra cc bo co . - Lu tr d liu trong tng phn nh nht ca n: iu c ngha l nu cc trng c th phn chia ra c th ta nn phn chia cho n mc cui cng. V d: H v tn ta phn chia (H m, Tn) - Khng s dng cc trng tnh c: Gi tr ca n c th tnh c thng qua mt cng thc hoc mt hm tham chiu n cc trng c. V d, TB (thng qua cc mn hc).

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

1. M t chung v vic thit k mt bng

Tm li, bn phi thit k bng mt cch cn thn khi b tht vng khi n c ci t. Bn phi hon ton chc chn rng cc d liu c a vo h thng l cung cp cc thng tin cn thit, nu khng, h thng s b tht bi. Khi xy dng h thng, bn phi ngh n vic h thng s tn ti kh lu, v vy chng ta phi quan tm n nhng yu cu trong tng lai ca h thng.

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

1. M t chung v vic thit k mt bng

Mt bng c hai khung nhn: Khung nhn thit k v khung nhn bng d liu. Khung nhn thit k c s dng to bng v nh ngha cc trng bn trong bng cng nh l kiu d liu v cc tnh cht ca mi trng. Khung nhn bng d liu c s dng sau khi bng c to thm, sa i v xo cc bn ghi

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

2. To mt bng

C hai cch to mt bng: L Table Wizart v Design View D bng c to ra bng cch no, bn cng c th sa i n a vo cc trng mi v loi b cc trng c. Mi mt trng c mt tn trng xc nh d liu c a vo trng. Tn trng l mt dy k t c di ln nht l 64 k t. Cc k t c s dng trong tn trng l ch ci, ch s. Ch ci u tin c vit hoa.

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

3. Kiu d liu

Mi mt trng c mt kiu d liu xc nh kiu ca d liu c a vo v cc php ton c th c thc hin trn d liu . Access tha nhn chn kiu d liu : - S ( Number): Gm cc ch s, du chm thp phn, v du cng hoc du tr. - Vn bn (Text): Cc trng cha cc s nhng khng s dng vo tnh ton (S in thoi) cng c xem nh trng vn bn. Mt trng vn bn c th lu gi ti 255 k t - K c (Memo): Cha n 64000 k t. Cc trng k c c s dng lu gi cc d liu di, c tnh cht m t. - Ngy/gi (Date/Time) - Tin t (Currency) - C/Khng (Yes/No): S dng mt trong hai gi tr Yes hoc No, True hoc False, On hoc Off - OLE Object: Bao gm nh ting ni v ho - Hyperlink cha cc a ch Web ( URL).

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

3. Kiu d liu
+ AutoNumber: Kiu s (t ng nh s). + Lookup Winzard: Kiu danh sch (Combobox, Listbox). * Desciption: Dng m t (ct ny c th nhp hoc khng).

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

4. Cc tnh cht (Property)

Cc tnh cht l cc c trng hoc cc thuc tnh ca mt i tng, chng xc nh hnh dng v ng x ca i tng. Mi mt i tng Access (bng, mu biu, truy vn, bo co) c mt tp hp cc tnh cht xc nh ng x ca cc i tng . Cc tnh cht ca mt i tng c hin th v c sa i trong bng tnh cht (property sheet), chng s c m t chi tit sau y: Mi mt trng c mt tp hp cc tnh cht ca n. Cc tnh cht ny xc nh cc d liu trong trng c lu gi v c hin th nh th no. Cc tnh cht c gn cc gi tr mc nh ph hp vi kiu d liu nhng c th c sa i nu cn. Cc tnh cht s c hin th trong khung nhn thit k v c mt t vn tt nh sau:

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

4. Cc tnh cht (Property)

-

C ca trng (Field size property): iu chnh c ca mt trng vn bn hoc gii hn gi tr cho php trong mt trng s. Microsoft Access ch s dng mt s lng ch m n cn mc d c trng cho php mt s ln hn. nh dng (Format property) Thay i cch mt trng c hin th hoc c in nhng khng c nh hng trn gi tr lu gi. Mt n d liu vo (Input Mask property) lm d vic nhp d liu bng vic hin th cc k t nh l du ni, du gch xin,... N cng bt phc tng lm c gi tr d liu bng vic m bo rng cc d liu c cc ngi dng nhp vo va vn bn trong mt n.

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

4. Cc tnh cht (Property)

-

Thuyt minh (Caption property) ch mt nhn (label) khc vi tn trng i vi cc form v cc report. Gi tri mc nh (Default value property) t ng nhp cc gi tr mc nh cho cc trng trong mi bn ghi c thm vo bng. Quy tc lm c gi tr (Validation Rule property) loi b cc bn ghi m d liu c nhp vo khng ph hp vi cc quy tc c th ca vic nhp d liu. Yu cu (Required property) loi b cc bn ghi khng c gi tr nhp vo cho trng ny. Cho php di 0 (Allow Zero Length property) cho php cc dng vn bn hoc k c c di 0 Ch s (Indexed property) lm tng tnh hiu qu ca vic tm kim trn trng c ch nh. (Kho chnh trong mt bng lun lun c ch s ho).

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

5. To mi kt hp (Relationship)

- Vic to ra cc mi kt hp (Relationship) gia cc quan h s lm cho c s d liu c tnh nht qun v bo ton thng tin. 1. Vo trnh n Tool\Relationship hoc c th Click biu t-ng trn thanh cng c. 2. Trong hp thoi Show Table, chn cc quan h cn to mi kt hp.

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

5. To mi kt hp (Relationship)

3. thit lp mi kt hp cho 2 quan h (kho ngoi ca quan h ny l kho ca quan h kia), chn thuc tnh kho ca quan h ny Click & Drag -a vo thuc tnh kho ngoi ca quan h kia.

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

5. To mi kt hp (Relationship)

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

5. To mi kt hp (Relationship)
4. Trong hp thoi Relationship:- Chn Enforce Referential Integrity, to mi kt hp cho 2 thuc tnh ca 2 quan h (2 thuc tnh phi cng kiu d liu). - C th chn: thit lp rng buc cho 2 quan h. + Cascade Update Related Field: Nu khi thay i d liu trn kho chnh th cc d liu trn kho ngoi cng -c thay i theo. + Cascade Delete Related Record: Nu khi xo d liu trn kho chnh th cc mu tin trn kho ngoi (c cng d liu) s b xo. 5. Click Create thc hin to mi kt hp.

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

Bi thc hnh 1:

To mt bng. S dng Table Wizard to mt bng; thm v bt cc trng c trong bng; thay i kho chnh ca mt bng; thit lp mt n d liu vo v quy tc lm c gi tr cho cc trng trong bng; chuyn i gia khung nhn bng d liu v khung nhn thit k.

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

III. Cc mu biu (form)

Mt Form cung cp mt cch thn thin vi ngi dng nhp v hin th cc d liu. N c th c lm ging vi mt biu mu bng giy. Form Wizard l cch d nht to ra mt form. Khung nhn thit k cho ta c kh nng sa i mt form tn ti. Mt form cha cc i tng c gi l cc iu chnh (control). Mt iu chnh c gii hn c mt ngun d liu nh l mt trng trong bng lin kt. Mt iu chnh khng gii hn khng c ngun d liu. Mt iu chnh tnh ton c cha mt biu thc. Cc iu chnh c la chn, c di chuyn, v c t kch thc theo cch ging nh mt i tng Windows khc.

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

II. Cc mu biu (form)

Mt tnh cht l mt c trng hoc mt thuc tnh ca mt i tng, chng xc nh hnh dng v ng x ca i tng. Mi i tng Access (bng, trng, form, iu chnh) c mt tp hp cc tnh cht xc nh hnh vi ca i tng. Cc tnh cht ca mt i tng c hin th trong bng tnh cht.

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

Thanh Toolbox
Trn thanh Toolbox theo th t t tri qua phi, t trn xung d-i nh- sau: - i t-ng Select Object: Chn cc i t-ng to. - i t-ng Control Wizard: M trnh h-ng dn thit lp i t-ng. - i t-ng Label: To nhn. - i t-ng Textbox: To khung nhp liu. - i t-ng Option Group: To nhm la chn. - i t-ng Toggle Botton: To nt nhn. - i t-ng Option Button: To cc la chn. - i t-ng Check Box: To cc hp kim tra. - i t-ng Combo Box: To danh sch dng tri xung.

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

Thanh Toolbox
i t-ng List Box: To danh sch. - i t-ng Command Button: To nt lnh. - i t-ng Image: Ly tp tin hnh. - Hp cng c cha cc i t-ng chun. - i t-ng Page Break: Chn du ngt trang (vi Form c nhiu trang). - i t-ng Tab Control: To i t-ng lp (trang). - i t-ng Sub Form: To cc Form con. - i t-ng Line: V cc -ng thng. - i t-ng Rectangle: V hnh ch nht. - i t-ng More Control: M cc i t-ng khc.

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

1. Cc iu chnh (control)

Tt c cc mu biu gm cc iu chnh (cc i tng ), chng nhn v hin th d liu, thc hin mt hnh ng c th, trang tr mu biu, hoc thm thng tin m t. C ba loi iu chnh: Mt iu chnh c gii hn (nh mt hp vn b) c mt d liu ngun (mt trng trong bng nn) v c s dng nhp d liu hoc sa i d liu trong bng . Mt iu chnh khng gii hn c s dng hin th cc mc, cc nhn, cc ng, cc th hoc cc hnh nh. rng mi mt iu chnh c gii hn ( text box) lun lun gn vi mt iu chnh khng gii hn (label). Mt iu chnh tnh ton c ngun d liu ca n thng l mt biu thc. Mt biu thc l mt t hp cc php ton (v d +, -, *, / ), cc tn trng, cc hng, v cc hm.

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

2. Cc tnh cht

C nhiu tnh cht khc nhau iu chnh tng kha cnh ca dng iu ca nhn. Cc tnh cht ny c xc nh mt cch t ng khi i tng c to ra; nh vy, nu bn dch chuyn v nh kch thc nhn trn mu biu th cc tnh cht lin quan n kch thc v v tr (Left, Top, Width, Height) ca n cng c thit lp cho bn. Cc hnh ng khc, chng hn cc lnh nh dng khc nhau, lp cc tnh cht v tn font v c. Chng ta c th thay i hnh dng ca mt i tng bng hai cch: bng vic thc hin cc lnh thay i i tng trn form v cc i tng lm thay i trn bng tnh cht hoc bng vic thay i cc tnh cht bn trong bng tnh cht v bng tnh cht s lm thay i hnh dng ca i tng trn form.

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

2. Cc tnh cht

* Lp nh dng (Format): nh dng b mt ca i t-ng nh-: to nh, hnh nh, chn Font v cc thuc tnh hin th khc ca i t-ng* Lp d liu (Data): lin kt d liu trong c s d liu (Table, Report, Form) vi cc i t-ng. * Lp bin c (Event): Thit lp bin c cho i t-ng khi Form kch hot (y l lp dnh cho vic Coding). * Lp khc (Other): nh dng thm tnh cht ca i t-ng . * Lp tt c (All): Lit k tt c cc thuc tnh, tnh cht v cc bin c ca i t-ng .

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

2. Cc tnh cht

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

3. Form Wizard

Cch d nht to mt form l vi form wizard. Form Wizard hi mt lot cc cu hi v sau xy dng mt form ph hp vi cc tr li ca ta. Chng ta c th s dng form nh n c xy dng hoc chng ta c th hoc ta c th lm li theo mnh ph hp vi yu cu ca ta. Vic to mt form vi Form Wizard c thc hin nh sau: T ca s CSDL ta gi Form Wizard. Form Wizard s yu cu ta ch ra bng hoc truy vn m form s da ln .

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

3. Form Wizard

To Form Form bng Wizard: T lp Form trong ca s Database, chn New. Trong hp thoi New Form chn kiu thit k Form (ta chn Form Wizard). Sau chn ngun d liu cho Form nhTable hay Query trong hp Choose the table or query where the objects data comes from. Sau cng Click OK thit lp Form.

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

3. Form Wizard

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

3. Form Wizard

Trong hp thoi Form Wizard, chn cc tr-ng d liu cn thit lp Form, Click Next hp thoi k chn cch b tr cho Form, Click Next. Tip theo chn kiu dng hin th cho Form, Click Next. Sau cng t tn cho Form v Click Finish.

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

3. Form Wizard

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

3. Form Wizard

Tuy nhin vic to Form bng Wizard ch-a hon ho, do vy bn cn chnh sa thuc tnh cho Form cng nh- cho cc i t-ng nh- Font ch, kch c, mu sc v.v..

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

3. Form Wizard

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

4. Sa i mt form

Form Wizard cung cp mt im xut pht rt tt nhng chng ta cn lm c nhn ho Form bng cch thm vo cc iu chnh khc (v d iu chnh tnh ton i vi im trung bnh) hoc bng cch sa i cc iu chnh c Wizard to.

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

5. To Form bng Design View

Trong phn ny chng ta s bit thm v cch to Form bng Design View. Cch to Form ny th-ng s dng v i hi s kho lo ca bn. T lp Form trong ca s Database, chn New. Hp thoi New Form chn kiu thit k Form (ta chn Design View). Sau chn ngun d liu cho Form nh- Table hay Query trong hp Choose the table or query where the objects data comes from. Sau cng Click OK thit lp Form.

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

5. To Form bng Design View

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

5. To Form bng Design View

Mc nhin Form -c to ra khng cha nhm Header /Footer. Do vy bn c th vo trnh n View chn Form Header/Footer hin th. thit k Form dng Design View bn cn s dng cc cng c trn hp Toolbox. Ngoi ra bn cn nh dng cc thuc tnh cho Form cng nh- cho cc i t-ng trong Form ng thi cn xc nh ngun d liu cho cc i t-ng.

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

5. To Form bng Design View

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

5. To Form bng Design View

* Cc thuc tnh gm c: Caption: To nhn Form Default View: Hin th dng Form nh sn. + Single Form: Hin th tng mu tin. + Continuous Forms: Hin th cc mu tin. + Datasheet: Hin th mu tin theo dng bng. View Allowed: Kiu hin th Form. Scroll Bar: Thanh cun trn Form. + Neither: Khng xut hin thanh cun. + Horizontal Only: Thanh cun ng. + Vertical Only: Thanh cun ngang. + Both: Xut hin hai thanh cun. Record Selector: Dng hin th du con tr trn Form. Navigation Button: Dng hin th cc nt lin kt d liu (ti, lui, ).

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

Bi thc hnh 2:

S dng Form Wizard to mt form; di chuyn v t kch thc cc iu chnh bn trong mt form; s dng mt form y nhp d liu vo bng lin kt vi n.

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

III. Cc mu biu phc tp

Form Wizard cung cp mt im xut pht rt tt nhng dng li gn vi vic to ra mt form m ta thc s mong mun. Chng ta c th thm vo Form cc iu chnh khng c trong bng lin kt, cc hp danh sch th xung (drop-down list box), cc hp kim tra (check box), cc nhm tu chn (option group) v cc nt lnh (command button).

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

Bi thc hnh 3:

Thm cc trng vo mt bng c; s dng Lookup Wizard to ra mt combo box; thm cc iu chnh vo mt form c chng minh tnh tha k; thm cc nt lnh vo mt form.

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

Chng 3: Thng tin t c s d liu: cc bo co v cc truy vn

I. Bo co (Report) Mt bo co l mt ti liu in c, n hin th cc thng tin t CSDL. C cc loi mu bo co: - Bo co ct: Lit k ca mi bn ghi thnh mt ct - Bo co bng: Hin th cc trng thnh cc dng. - Bo co bng la chn: Lit k mt tp hp theo iu kin - Bo co nhm: Lit k theo tng nhm.

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

I. Bo co (Report)

Cu trc chi tit ca mt bo co: C 7 loi on nhng khng nht thit phi c c 7: u bo co (report header) xut hin mt ln u bo co. Chn bo co ( report footer) xut hin mt ln cui bo co trn chn trang (page footer) trang cui cng ca bo co. u trang (page header) xut hin u mi trang trong mt bo co v c th c s dng hin th s trang. Chn trang (page footer) xut hin cui mi trang v c th cha s trang. u nhm (group header) xut hin u nhm bn ghi xc nh nhm. Chn nhm (group footer ) xut hin sau bn ghi cui cng ca nhm v cha thng tin tng v nhm. on chi tit (detail section) xut hin trong thn chnh ca bo co v c in ra mt ln i vi mi bn ghi trong bng (hoc truy vn) nn.

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

Report Wizard

Report Wizard l cch d nht to mt bo co, ging nh Form Wizard l cch d nht to mt mu biu. Report Wizard hi bn cc cu hi v bo co m bn mun v sau xy dng bo co cho bn. Bn c th chp nhn bo co hoc bn c th c nhn ho n ph hp hn vi s cn thit ca bn. p dng nhng ci bit: c th sa i mt bo co do Report Wizard to ra cng ging nh sa i mt mu biu do Form Wizard to ra. Cc iu chnh xut hin trong bo co cng ging ht nh trong biu mu. Mt iu chnh c gii hn (bound control) c d liu ca n l mt trng trong bng nn. Mt iu chnh khng gii hn (unbound control) khng c d liu v c dng hin th cc u , cc nhn, th,.. .

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

Bi thc hnh 1:

S dng Report Wizard to ra mt bo co mi; sa i mt bo co tn ti bng cch thm, xo v sa i cc iu chnh.

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

II. Nhp mn v truy vn

Mt truy vn (query) cho bn nhn thy cc d liu m ta mun theo mt th t no y. N cho php ta chn cc bn ghi c th t mt bng (hoc t nhiu bng) v hin th mt vi hoc ton b cc trng ca cc bn ghi c la chn. N cng cho ta thc hin cc tnh ton hin th cc d liu khng c lu tr trong cc bng nn (chng hn TB ca sinh vin). Mt truy vn biu th mt cu hi v mt cu tr li. Cu hi c thit k bng cch s dng mt cng c ho gi l li thit k (design grid). Cu tr li c hin th trong mt tp ng (dynaset), l tp hp cha cc bn ghi tho mn cc tiu chun la chn ch ra trong truy vn.

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

II. Nhp mn v truy vn

Li thit k c cc dng v cc ct. Mi trng trong truy vn c mt ct cho n v c nhiu dng. Dng Field hin th tn trng Dng Sort cho php ta sp xp theo th t tng dn hoc gim dn. Dng Show kim tra xem trng s c hin th trong tp ng hay khng. Dng Criteria xc ng cc bn ghi s c la chn v d nh cc sinh vin vi chuyn ngnh cha xc nh.

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

II. Nhp mn v truy vn

Ca s truy vn (Query Windows) Mt ca s truy vn c ba khung nhn: Khung nhn thit k c hin th theo ngm nh v c dng to ra (hoc sa i) mt truy vn la chn. Khung nhn bng d liu hin th tp ng kt qu. Khung nhn SQL cho php ta s dng cc lnh SQL sa i truy vn. Chng ta khng xem xt khung nhn SQL y. Nt View trn thanh cng c Query Design cho php ta lm hin th c ba khung nhn.

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

II. Nhp mn v truy vn

-

Tiu chun la chn: ch ra tiu chun la chon trong li thit k, hy nhp vo mt gi tr hoc mt biu thc trong dng Criteria ca ct thch hp. Cc gi tr nhp vo trong nhiu ct ca cng mt dng Criteria th hin mt iu kin AND, trong cc bn ghi c la chon phi tho mn tt c cc tiu chun c ch ra. Cc gi tr nhp vo trong cc dng Criteria khc nhau c lin kt bng iu kin OR, trong cc bn ghi c la chn c th tho mn mt trong cc tiu chun c ch ra.

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

II. Nhp mn v truy vn

Cc php ton quan h(>, <, >=, <=, =, <>) c s dng vi cc trng s v ngy tr li cc bn ghi bn trong phm vi c ch ra. Cc tiu chun c th tr nn phc tp hn bng cch lin hp nhiu iu kin AND v OR. Cc hm khc nh hm Between, hm NOT cng c s dng to nn cc tiu chun. Cc truy vn la chn nhn bit c cc du hiu nhm nh du sao (*) v du hi (?). Du sao thay cho mt dy k t cha bit, cn du ? thay cho mt k t cha bit.

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

Bi thc hnh 2:

To mt truy vn la chn bng cch s dng li thit k. Ch ra vic thay i gi tr trong mt tp ng thay i cc gi tr trong bng nn nh th no; to ra mt bo co da trn mt truy vn.

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

III. Nhm cc bn ghi

Cc bn ghi trong mt bo co thng c nhm li theo mt gi tr ca mt trng c th. Trn khung nhn thit k c cc on nh sau: - u bo co cha tiu ca bo co v xut hin mt ln u ca bo co in c. - u trang cha cc u ct xut hin nh ca mi trang. Cc u ct l cc nhn (hoc cc iu chnh khng gii hn) v c nh dng bng ch m. - u nhm cha mt iu chnh c gii hn, n hin th gi tr ca trng m cc bn ghi s c nhm theo trng . - on chi tit cha cc iu chnh c gii hn, n xut hin trc tip bn di u tng ng trong u trang. on chi tit c in mt ln cho mi bn ghi trong mi nhm.

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

III. Nhm cc bn ghi

-

Chn nhm xut hin sau mi nhm cc bn ghi chi tit. N gm c mt iu chnh khng gii hn (im trung bnh theo chuyn ngnh) theo sau l mt iu chnh tnh c, n tnh im trung bnh cho mi nhm sinh vin. Chn trang xut hin y ca mi trang v cha ngy, s trang, v tng s trang trong bo co. Chn bo co xut hin cui bn bo co. N bao gm mt iu chnh khng gii hn (im trung bnh cho mi sinh vin) theo sau l mt iu chnh tnh c, n tnh im trung bnh cho mi sinh vin. Vic nhm cc bn ghi bn trong mt bo co cho php ta thc hin cc tnh ton trn mi mt nhm, ging nh c thc hin trong chn nhm

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

III. Nhm cc bn ghi

Vic tnh ton nh vy c thc hin bng cch s dng cc hm nhm sau: Hm Avg tnh trung bnh i vi mt trng c th cho tt c cc bn ghi trong nhm. Hm Sum tnh tng i vi mt trng c th cho tt c cc bn ghi tronh nhm. Hm Min xc nh gi tr nh nht cho mi bn ghi trong nhm Hm Max xc nh gi tr ln nht cho mi bn ghi trong nhm Hm Count m s cc bn ghi trong nhm.

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

Bi thc hnh 3:

To mt truy vn cha mt iu chnh tnh c, sau to mt bo co da trn truy vn . S dng cc lnh Sorting v Grouping thm mt u nhm v mt chn nhm vo mt bo co.

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

IV. Cc truy vn Crosstab

Mt crosstab query c th c to ra trong Query Design View nhng nu s dng Crosstab Query Wizard th s d hn. Wizard cho php ta chn bng (hoc query) lm nn cho crosstab query, sau nhc nh ta v cc trng s c s dng cho cc gi tr hng v ct . Sau ta s chn trng s c tnh tng v chn tnh ton mong mun.

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

V. Cc truy vn hnh ng

Ni chung cc truy vn c s dng rt ra thng tin t mt CSDL. C mt loi truy vn, gi l truy vn hnh ng (action query), cho ta kh nng cp nht CSDL bng cch thay i nhiu bn ghi trong mt thao tc. C bn loi truy vn hnh ng: cp nht, thm, xo v to bng. Mt truy vn cp nht (update query) lm thay i nhiu bn ghi bn trong mt bng. Mt truy vn ni (append query) thm cc bn ghi t mt bng vo cui mt bng khc. Mt truy vn xo (delete query) xo mt hoc nhiu bn ghi ra khi mt bng theo mt tiu chun ch nh. Mt truy vn to bng (make-table query) to ra mt bng mi t cc bn ghi trong mt bng c sn. Kiu truy vn ny rt c li chy mt truy vn xo m trong ta mun lu gi li cc bn ghi b xo.

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

Bi thc hnh 4

S dng cc truy vn hnh ng sa i mt CSDL; To mt truy vn crostab hin th cc gi tr c tng kt t mt bng

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

Chng 4: C S D Liu Quan H; Cc d liu bn ngoi; Biu ; Switchboard

1.

2.

3.

4.

M t cc mi lin kt mt-nhiu trong mt CSDL Access; gii thch cc mi lin kt ny lm d vic rt ra cc thng tin nh th no. S dng ca s Relationships to ra mt mi lin kt mt-nhiu; in cc mi lin kt trong CSDL. S dng lnh Get Extenal Data nhp v/hoc kt ni d liu t mt ngun bn ngoi vo trong mt CSDL Access; Xut cc i tng CSDL n mt workbook ca Excel. To v sa i mt truy vn la chn trn nhiu

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

Chng 4: C S D Liu Quan H; Cc d liu bn ngoi; Biu ; Switchboard

5.

6.

7.

8.

S dng cc hm nhm to mt truy vn tng. S dng Microsoft Graph to mt biu da trn mt bng hoc mt truy vn a vo mt bo co. S dng Switchboard Manager to v/hoc sa i mt switchboard. S dng cc tin ch Access gn kt v sa cha mt CSDL, v chuyn i mt CSDL thnh mt phin bn trc ca Access.

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

C S D Liu Quan H

Mt c s d liu quan h cha nhiu bng. Mi bng lu tr cc d liu v mt kiu thc th nh l cc khch hng v cc nh t vn trong c s d liu u t. Cc bng lin h vi nhau thng qua mi lin kt 1N; v d, mt nh t vn c th c nhiu khch hng. Lin kt c to ra trong ca s Relationship bng vic ko trng ni t mt bng n bng c lin h. Ton vn quy chiu m bo rng cc d liu trong hai bng l c kt. Mt truy vn la chn c th cha cc trng t nhiu bng. Mi lin kt gia cc bng ny c biu din bng th trong khung nhn Query Design. Dng Tables hin th tn ca bng cha mi trng trong truy vn.

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

C S D Liu Quan H

Lnh Get External Data khi ng mt Wizard, n s nhp (hoc kt ni) cc d liu t ngun bn ngoi nh l Bng tnh Excel vo trong c s d liu Access. Lnh Export lm ngc li v sao chp mt i tng Access n mt ni nhn bn ngoi. Mt truy vn tng thc hin cc tnh ton trn mt nhn bn ghi bng cch s dng cc hm nhm. Vic thc hin mt truy vn lm hi th mt bn ghi tng cho mi nhm v cc bn ghi ring r khng xut hin. Cc kt qu ca mt truy vn tng c th a vo Microsoft Graph hin th thng tin bng th trong mt mu biu hoc mt bo co.

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

Giao din ng-i s dng

Vn :

H CSDL gm nhiu bng, truy vn, biu mu, bo co, ... Thng th-ng: Ng-i dng nhp d liu vo CSDL (cc bng) bng cch s dng mt s biu mu, v ly thng tin ra bng cch s dng cc bo co (vi ngun d liu l mt hay nhiu bng hay truy vn) Lm th no xy dng 1 giao din d s dng cho ng-i dng ???

Gii php: Xy dng switchboard - bng chuyn

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

Switchboard

L thc n (menu) ch-ng trnh ca h CSDL C th -c xy dng bng cch s dng Switchboard Manager Thc cht l 1 biu mu, vi cc iu chnh v cc cu lnh cho php m biu mu hay bo co khc

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

Thit k ca 1 switchboard

Cu lnh gn vi nt lnh (command button) Categories

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

Mt s tin ch CSDL

Compact & Repair Database: Nn v s li trong file CSDL. Switchboard Manager: To v s cc bng switchboard

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

Mt s tin ch CSDL

Lnh Convert Database lm thay i dng tp ca c s d liu Access 2000 thnh dng c s dng trong cc phin bn trc. Qu trnh compact loi b vic phn on v cc khng gian a lng ph c mt trong khi ta thm, sa i, v loi b cc i tng khc nhau trong c s d liu. Chc nng Repair hot ng mt cch t ng nu Acces khng th c mt c s d liu khi c s d liu c m t u.

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

Quan h 1-nhiu: Khch hng v khon vay

Vn :

Ngn hng cn qun l -c v khch hng v cc khon vay ca khch hng Xy dng 2 thc th (bng) Khch hng v khon vay Thit lp quan h 1-nhiu gia chng

Gii php:

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

Bi thc hnh 3

To ra mt switchboard v giao din ng-i s dng; compact mt c s d liu.

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

Chng 5: Cc lin kt mtnhiu: Mu biu con v cc truy vn nhiu bng.

1.

2. 3. 4.

5. 6.

Gii thch mt lin kt mtnhiu l cn thit nh th no trong vic thit k mt CSDL; S khc nhau gia kho chnh v kho ngoi. S dng ca s Relationships th hin mt lin kt mt nhiu bn trong CSDL Access. Xc nh ton vn quy chiu; gii thch vic tun theo ton vn quy chiu lm duy tr tnh c kt bn trong CSDL nh th no Phn bit gia mu biu chnh v mu biu con; gii thch mu biu con c s dng kt hp vi lin kt mt-nhiu nh th no. To mt truy vn da trn nhiu bng, sau to mt bo co da trn truy vn . To mt mu biu chnh cha hai mu biu con lin kt vi nhau.

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

1. Quan h mt-nhiu

Th hin quan h s l-ng 1 thc th ny (cha) t-ng ng vi khng hoc nhiu thc th kia (con) -c thit lp thng qua kho chnh hay cc thuc tnh xc nh duy nht ca thc th cha vi kho ngoi hay tp thuc tnh t-ng ng thc th con Th-ng l kt qu phn tch cc thc th trong qa trnh phn tch d liu (th-ng giai on -a v dng chun); Nh d liu -c l-u tr tt: Trnh d- tha, gip d dng v chnh xc qu trnh cp nht, ... Vn :

Lm sao nhp d liu vo cc bng lin quan tch ri ? Lm sao tng hp thng tin t cc bng lin quan tch ri ?

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

V d quan h 1-nhiu: Khch hng v khon vay

Vn :

Ngn hng cn qun l -c v khch hng v cc khon vay ca khch hng Xy dng 2 thc th (bng) Khch hng v khon vay Thit lp quan h 1-nhiu gia chng

Gii php:

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

2. Ton vn tham chiu

Microsoft Access ci t t ng mt s kiu kim tra d liu khi nhp d liu m bo rng CSDL s sn xut ra cc thng tin ng n. Access lun lun cho php ta nhp mt bn ghi vo bng mt, bng Khchhng trong v d ny, v n ph hp vi cc quy tc kim tra d liu. Tuy nhin ta khng th nhp mt bn ghi vo bng nhiu (bng Vay trong v d ny) nu bn ghi cha mt gi tr khng ng (khng tn ti) cho KhchhngID. Kiu kim tra d liu nh vy gi l ton vn tham chiu v n m bo rng cc bng bn trong mt CSDL l ph hp vi nhau

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

3. Ci t trong Access

Hin th mt ca s Relationships c s dng to ra mt lin kt mt nhiu gia cc khch hng v cc vay. Cc bng cha cc d liu v cc ch c th nh l cc khch hng v cc vay. Mi bng c mt kho chnh(primary key), n l mt trng (hoc mt t hp cc trng) xc nh mt cch duy nht mi bn ghi. KhchhngID l kho chnh trong bng Khchhng, VayID l kho chnh trong bng Vay. Lin kt mt nhiu gia cc bng da trn s kin l cng mt trng (KhchhngID) xut hin c trong hai bng. KhchhngID l kho chnh trong bng Khchhng, n c gi tr duy nht nhng n l kho ngoi trong bng Vay, n khng c gi tr duy nht. (Mt kho ngoi n gin l mt kho chnh ca bng khc). Ni cch khc, nhiu bn ghi trong bng Vay c th c cng mt KhchhngID th hin lin kt mt nhiu gia cc khch hng v cc vay.

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

3. Ci t trong Access

to ra mt lin kt mt nhiu , ta m ca s Relationship v thm vo cc bng cn thit. Sau chng ta ko trng m lin kt c xy dng trn t danh sch cc trng ca bng mt (Khchhng) n trng ph hp trong bng lin kt (bng Vay). Mi khi lin kt c thit lp, chng ta s nhn thy ng lin kt (relationship line) ni cc bng pha mt v pha nhiu ca lin kt. ng ny ko t kho chnh trong bng mt n kho ngoi trong bng nhiu.

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

Bi tp thc hnh 1

To mt lin kt mt nhiu gia cc bng tn ti trong mt c s d liu; Minh ho ton vn tham chiu gia cc bng trong mt lin kt mt nhiu.

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

4. Biu mu con (Subform)

L cch gip xem/nhp d liu cng lc vo cc bng c quan h mt-nhiu C th -c xy dng bng cch s dng form wizard; Gm 2 b-c:

Xy dng cc form cho bng pha quan h nhiu Xy dng form cho bng pha quan h mt, trong c chn cha cc form pha quan h nhiu xy dng d-i dng cc subform; Mi quan h khi dch chuyn bn ghi chng da trn quan h cc tr-ng lin kt (th-ng l gia kho chnh v kho ngoi)

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

Sub form

Main Form

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

Bi thc hnh 2:
To mt mu biu con hin th nhiu bn ghi trong mt lin kt mt - nhiu; dch chuyn v t kch thc cc iu chnh trong mt mu biu tn ti; nhp d liu cho mt mu biu con.

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

5. Truy vn trn nhiu bng

Gip gii ly thng tin t nhiu bng tch ri C th to sinh bng l-i QBE T-ng -ng vi cu lnh SQL vi mnh FROM cha ngun t nhiu bng, c kt ni (JOIN) vi nhau

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

Bi thc hnh 3:
To mt truy vn ni hai bng vi nhau, sau to mt bo co da trn truy vn .

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

M rng c s d liu

Vic m rng/thay i CSDL nn hn ch, nh-ng th-ng khng trnh khi:

Khi ngn hng c thm khch hng mi ? Khi ngn hng c thm hnh thc vay vi k hn mi ?

Khi ngn hng m thm dch v mi (kinh doanh ngoi t) ?

Vic phn tch thit k d liu tt gip gim thiu, cng nhlm thun li vic m rng/thay i CSDL
CSDL theo m hnh quan h gip vic sa i c th -c tin hnh thun li. Cch tip cn d liu c lp ch-ng trnh gip vic s i ch-ng trnh c th tin hnh -c thun li.

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

Bi thc hnh 4:
To mt mu biu chnh vi hai mc mu biu con; Hin th mt mu biu con trong Form view hoc Datasheet view.

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

Chng 6: Cc mi lin kt nhiu-nhiu: Mt h thng phc tp hn

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S dng cc tu chn Cascade Update v Cascade Delete trong Relationship Windows ni lng s bt buc ton vn tham chiu. Gii thch kiu trng AutoNumber lm n gin vic nhp kho chnh cho cho mt bn ghi mi nh th no. To mu biu chnh v mu biu con da trn mt truy vn; tho lun u im ca vic s dng cc truy vn lm nn cho mt mu biu hoc mt bo co so vi vic s dng bng.

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

nh ngha mt lin kt nhiu-nhiu

Vic th hin ca mt lin kt nhiu nhiu i hi mt bng ph thm, kho chnh ca bng cha (t nht) l cc kho chnh ca cc bng tham gia lin kt. Bng nhiu-nhiu cng c th cha cc trng ph thm, gi tr ca cc trng ny ph thuc vo kho t hp.

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

Lin kt nhiu-nhiu c th hin trong Access

Mi kiu lin kt u c to ra trong ca s lin kt ( Relationships window) bng cch ko trng ni t bng chnh n bng lin kt. Mt lin kt nhiu-nhiu trong h thng vt l c th hin bng mt cp lin kt mt-nhiu trong c s d liu Access.

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

Lin kt nhiu-nhiu c th hin trong Access

Vic bt tun theo ton vn tham chiu ngn nga chng ta khi vic thm mt bn ghi vo bng lin kt nu bn ghi cha mt gi tr khng c hiu lc ca kho ngoi. N cng ngn nga vic loi b v/hoc cp nht cc bn ghi pha mt ca mt lin kt mt-nhiu khi c nhng bn ghi ph hp trong bng lin kt. Tuy nhin, vic loi b hoc cp nht c th thc hin nu lin kt c sa i cho php loi b (cp nht) lan truyn cc bn ghi c lin quan.

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

To mu biu chnh v mu biu con da trn mt truy vn

C nhiu l do da mt mu biu hoc mt mu biu con vo mt truy vn hn l mt bng. Mt truy vn c th cha mt trng tnh ton, cn mt bng th khng th c. Mt truy vn c th cha cc trng t nhiu bng v dng c u im ca AutoLookup. Mt truy vn cng c th cha cc bn ghi c la chn t mt bng v hin th cc bn ghi theo mt th t khc vi th t ca chng trong bng m truy vn da vo.

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

To mt truy vn tham s

Mt truy vn tham s nhc ta v tiu chun mi khi ta thc hin truy vn. Li nhc c t trong cp du ngoc vung v c nhp vo trong dng Criteria bn trong khung nhn thit k truy vn. Bn trong mt truy vn c th ch ra nhiu tham s. Cc hm nhm ( Avg, Min, Max, Sum, v Count) thc hin cc tnh ton trn cc nhm bn ghi. Vic thc hin truy vn lm hin th mt bn ghi nhm cho mi nhm v cc bn ghi ring r khng c xut hin. Vic cp nht cc bn ghi ring r l khng thc hin c i vi kiu truy vn ny. Cc bng c th c thm vo mt c s d liu Access m khng lm nh hng dn cc d liu trong cc bng tn ti. Lnh Get External Data cho php ta nhp khu cc i tng t c s d liu khc.

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

Chng 7: Xy dng cc ng dng: Switchboard, Macro, v Prototyping

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S dng Switchboard Manager to v/hoc sa i mt switchboard; gii thch ti sao bn trong mt ng dng c th yu cu nhiu switchboard. S dng lnh Link Tables kt hp cc bng vo trong mt CSDL vi cc i tng trong mt CSDL khc. M t vic s dng cc Macro t ng ho mt ng dng; gii thch vai tr c bit ca macro AutoExec. M t cc thnh phn ca ca s Macro; phn bit gia mt hnh ng macro v mt i s.

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

Chng 7: Xy dng cc ng dng: Switchboard, Macro, v Prototyping

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Gii thch bn mu lm d vic xy dng mt ng dng nh th no; s dng hnh ng MsgBox nh l c s ca mt macro bn mu. S dng Unmatched Query Wizard xc nh cc bn ghi trong mt bng khng c mt bn ghi tng ng trong mt bng khc. To mt nhm Macro; gii thch cc nhm macro lm n gin vic t chc cc macro bn trong mt CSDL nh th no.

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

Chng 7: Xy dng cc ng dng

Mt ng dng Access khc vi mt c s d liu nguyn thu ch n cha mt giao din ngi dng trc quan gi l Switchboard. Switchboard c th c to ra mt cch t ng bng cch s dng Switchboard Manager, l mt cng c nhc ta i vi mi mc m ta mun vo. Chng ta cung cp vn bn ca mc chn ging nh n xut hin trn Switchboard cng vi lnh nn. Access lm nhng vic cn li v to ra mu biu Switchboard v bng lin quan n cc mc chn ca Switchboard. Cc bng trong mt c s d liu c th ctch ring vi cc i tng khc cho php phn tn cc phin bn c sa i ca ng dng m khng lm nh hng n d liu. Cc bng c lu tr trong mt c s d liu v cc i tng c lu gi trong mt c s d liu khc. Lnh Link Tables lin kt cc bng vi cc i tng.

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

Chng 7: Xy dng cc ng dng

Mt macro lm t ng mt dy lnh v cha mt hoc nhiu hnh ng. Ca s macro c hai phn, Phn trn cha tn ca macro ( nu c) v cc hnh ng (cc lnh) to nn macro. Phn di ch ra cc i s cho cc hnh ng khc nhau. Mt nhm macro bao gm nhiu macro v n c s dng vi mc ch t chc. Mt macro AutoExec c thc hin mt cch t ng khi mt c s d liu c cha macro c m. Mi c s d liu c th c macro AutoExec ring ca n nhng khng c i hi no i phi c macro AutoExec.

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

Chng 7: Xy dng cc ng dng

Unmatched Query Wizard xc nh cc bn ghi trong mt bng nhng khng c cc bn ghi ph hp trong bng khc. Mt bn mu ( prototype) l mt m hnh ca mt ng dng , n minh ho nhn v cm thy (look and feel) ca mt ng dng. Cc bn mu c th c pht trin nhanh chng v d dng thng qua vic s dng cc macro n gin cha hnh ng MsgBox. Vic kim tra lin tip thng qua bn mu l iu ch yu dn n thnh cng ca mt h thng. Mt c s d liu c th c bo v trnh cc s dng khng cho php thng qua vic bt theo mt password.

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

Chng 8: To ra cc ng dng mnh hn: Nhp mn VBA

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M t mi quan h gia VBA v Microsoft 2000; lit k cc l do s dng VBA trong vic to mt ng dng Access. M t cc thnh phn ca ca s Module; lm phn bit gia khung nhn th tc v khung nhn Full Module. M t hai cch khc nhau to mt th tc s kin; gii thch lm th no di chuyn gia cc th tc tn ti. Gii thch cc c trng ca Quick Info v Complete Word lm d vic s tip nhn cc lnh VBA nh th no.

Mn H Qun Tr CSDL Microsoft Access

Chng 8: To ra cc ng dng mnh hn: Nhp mn VBA

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To ra mt combo box nh v mt bn ghi trn mt mu biu; gii thch v sao mt th tc s kin c i hi cho mt combo box hot ng mt cch ng n. M t cc i s ca hm combo box; gii thch vic s dng hng VBA lm th hin mt thng ip trong thanh tiu ca mi hp thng ip nh th no. To mt th tc s kin lm d vic nhp d liu thng qua cc cc phm tt. To mt th tc s kin lm thay th cc thng ip ng dng c th i vi cc thng bo li ca Acces chun. M t nhiu kiu kim tra d liu; to mt th tc s kin thng bo cho ngi dng bit mt trng b b qua, cho ngi dng tu chn lu tr mt bn ghi m khng cn nhp d liu.