Ccna Total Farsi

2
OSICh.6
and TCP/IP
OSPF Model
Part 1 of 2: Single Area OSPF
CCNP 1 version 3.0
Rick Graziani
Cabrillo College
OSI
Layer
Ch.6
OSPF
and Area OSPF
Part 1 of 2: Single
TCP/IP Layer
CCNP 1 version 3.0
Rick Graziani
Cabrillo College
. OSI
. TCP/IP
?Why a Layered Network Model
Reduces complexity
Standardizes interfaces
Facilitates modular engineering
Ensures interoperable technology
Accelerates evolution
Simplifies teaching and learning
ICND v2.02-
2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

.
.
?Why a Layered Network Model
Reduces complexity
Standardizes interfaces
Facilitates modular engineering
Ensures interoperable technology
Accelerates evolution
Simplifies teaching and learning
ICND v2.02-
) ( :

.
.
OSI ) ( ISO
.
OSI Layer
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)

Developed by the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) in 1984
The primary architectural model for intercomputer
communications.
A conceptual model composed of seven layers, each
specifying particular network functions.
Describes how information from a software application in
one computer moves through a network medium to a
software application in another computer.
ICND v2.02-
ISO
.
: .
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
:Application Layer
Application OSI .

.
web
.
Email
.
10
Presentation Layer
Network processes to
applications
Data representation
ICND v2.02-
Application
Presentation
:Presentation Layer
.
.

.
MP3 JPEG GIF .
Session Layer
applications
Data representation
Interhost communication
ICND v2.02-
Application
Presentation
Session
: Session Layer
Session Station .
) ( Authentication Session Session session
) (Accounting .
Session .
User Data
.
12
Transport Layer
applications
Data representation
End-to-end connections
ICND v2.02-
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
: Transport Layer
end-to-end .
Station Station
.
Data User ) (Encapsulate
. .
Network Layer
applications
Data representation
Addresses and best path
ICND v2.02-
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
: Network Layer
.
. Device
.
.
IPX IP Apple talk .
.
) ( Transport .
.
14
Data Link Layer

applications
Data representation
Access to media
ICND v2.02-
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
: Data Link Layer
LAN . LAN

.
OSI .

) ( MAC Address .

. .
Physical Layer
applications
Data representation
Access to media
Binary transmission
ICND v2.02-
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
: Physical Layer

.
.
.

.
16
Encapsulating Data
Application
PDU
Segment
Presentation
Session
Upper-Layer Data
Transport
Packet
Network
Frame
Data-Link
Bits
Physical
Upper-Layer Data
TCP Header
Data
IP Header
FCS
Data
LLC Header
FCS
Data
MAC Header
0101110101001000010
ICND v2.02-
.
Data User .
.
TCP Header UDP Header .
Network Layer
. IP . IP Header
Data Link .
Packet Network .
Data Link Layer LLC Header Mac Header Frame

.
Encapsulating Data
Application
Presentation
Session
Upper-Layer Data
TCP Header
Transport
Upper-Layer Data
IP Header
Data
LLC Header
Data
FCS
MAC Header
Data
FCS
0101110101001000010
PDU
Segment
Network
Packet
Data-Link
Frame
Physical
Bits
ICND v2.02-
: ( )
. Encapsulation
Physical Layer
.
18
De-encapsulating Data
Application
Presentation
Session
Upper-Layer Data
Transport
Upper-Layer Data
TCP+ Upper-Layer Data
IP + TCP + Upper-Layer Data
LLC Hdr + IP + TCP + Upper-Layer Data
er
d
Hea
LLC
er
ead
CH
MA
0101110101001000010
ICND v2.02-
der
Hea
TCP
er
ead
IP H
Network
Data-Link
Physical
OSI .
) (Physical Layer MAC
Header LLC Header .
Transport Layer .
TCP Header UDP Header
Web
.
Introduction to TCP/IP
Host
Host
Internet
TCP/IP
Early protocol suite

Universal
ICND v2.02-
: TCP/IP
( DARPA) ARPANET TCP/IP

.

:
Application
Transport
Internet
( Network Access) Network Interface
20
TCP/IP Protocol Stack
Application
Presentation
Application
Session
Transport
Transport
Internet
Network
Network
Access
ICND v2.02-
Data-Link
Physical
: TCP/IP
OIS TCP/IP .
OSI Application TCP/IP
Network Access TCP/IP .
OSI .
OSI
Network Layer Data Link Layer Physical Layer Transport Layer
.
Physical Layer Functions
Defines
V.35
EIA/TIA-232
802.3
Ethernet
Physical
ICND v2.02-
Media type
Connector type
Signaling type
:Physical Layer
) (...
) ( ...
.
( 802.3) LAN ( V.35 ) WAN .
22
Data-Link Layer Functions

Frame Relay
HDLC
Ethernet
Data-Link
802.3
Physical
EIA/TIA-232
V.35
802.2
Defines:
Physical source and
destination addresses
Higher-layer protocol
)(service access point
associated with frame
Network topology
Frame sequencing
logical link control
media access control
LLC: The upper component of the data-link layer that provides data
repackaging functions for operations between different network types.
The media access control is the lower component that gives access
to the transmission medium itself.
ICND v2.02-
:Data-Link Layer
Data-Link Layer OSI Station

LAN . )(MAC Address
.
.
( LLC MAC) LAN (Frame Relay HDLC) WAN
.
LAN LLC MAC .
( Logical Link Control ) LLC .
.
LLC
.
Data-Link Layer Functions (cont.)

MAC Layer802.3
Number of Bytes
Preamble Destination Address Source Address
0000.0C
IEEE Assigned
xx.xxxx
Vendor
Assigned
2
Length
Variable
Data
4
FCS
Ethernet II
uses Type
here and
does not use
802.2.
MAC Address
ICND v2.02-
:( )Data-Link Layer
Source MAC Address LLC FCS MAC

. Destination MAC Address
. MAC Address
IEEE
.
24
Interconnects
multiple data links
802.3
Frame Relay
802.2
HDLC
IP, IPX
Ethernet
Data-Link
Defines paths
through network
Physical
Defines logical
source and
destination
addresses
associated with a
specific protocol
Network
Network Layer Functions
EIA/TIA-232
V.35
ICND v2.02-
:Network Layer
OSI Network Layer

.
Apple talk IPX IP
. OSPF RIP
Network Layer Functions (cont.)

Network Layer End-Station Packet
IP Header
Logical
Address
Source
Address
Data
172.15.1.1
Network
Destination
Address
Node
ICND v2.02-
:( )Network Layer
. IPV6 IPV4 IP . IP
. IP Address V6 IP Address V4
IP
.
26
Summary
Internetworking evolves to support current and future
applications
The OSI reference model organizes network functions
into seven categories called layers
Data flows from upper-level user applications to lowerlevel bits transmitted over network media
Peer-to-peer functions use encapsulation and
de-encapsulation at layer interfaces
Most network manager tasks configure the lower three
layers
ICND v2.02-

.
OSI TCP/IP .

.
) ( Encapsulation
.

Ch.6 OSPF
Cisco IOS
Part 1 of 2: Single
Area OSPF
CCNP 1 version 3.0
Rick Graziani
Cabrillo College
28
Device
) ( Cisco IOS .
Device router switch .

Ch.6
OSPF
Cisco IOS
Part 1 of 2: Single
Area OSPF
CCNP 1 version 3.0
Rick Graziani
Cabrillo College
30
:
.
IOS .
CLI ) ( Mode .
Cisco IOS Software Features
Cisco IOS software delivers network

services and enables networked
applications.
ICND v2.01-5
:IOS
) Internetwork operating System (IOS 2950
.
.
UI
.
IOS mode set up mode .CLI
:Set UP Mode
2950
set up mode .

. Mode
32
Cisco IOS Software Features
Cisco IOS software delivers network

services and enables networked
applications.
ICND v2.01-5
) IOS (:
. Setup Mode
.
:(Common Line Interface) CLI
) Cisco IOS Command-line interface (CLI
CLI . text Base user type .
.
Configuring Network Devices

Configuration sets up the device with the
following:
Network policy of the functions required
Protocol addressing and parameter settings
Options for administration and management
Catalyst switch memory has initial configuration
with default settings
Cisco router will prompt for initial configuration
if there is no configuration in memory
ICND v2.01-7
:
Device .

LAN .
.
Setup Mode
.
Mode
34
An Overview of Cisco Device Startup
ICND v2.01-8
:
Device Cisco
.
power .
IOS . IOS load
Load .
. device
External Configuration Sources
Configurations can come

from many sources.
Configurations will act in
device memory.
ICND v2.01-9
:
. CLI
TFTP Server Web Browser .
CLI :
console port
Auxiliary port
Telnet
:Console port
device
IOS configure console .
Rollover PC
.
Hyper Terminal
36

from many sources.
device memory.
ICND v2.01-9
) ( :
Console
Console .
: Rollover Rj 45 Console
9 pin Com Port .
:Auxiliary port
AUX
. .
Dial up
.

from many sources.
device memory.
ICND v2.01-9
) ( :
:Telnet
) ( IP address
TCP/IP .
Telnet Telnet .
) ( IP Address Telnet
telnet .
:TFTP
TFTP Server .
TFTP IOS TFTP Server
.
38

from many sources.
device memory.
ICND v2.01-9
: ( )
:Web Browser
Device . Web Browser
IP Address . TCP/IP
. Browse Web Page
Cisco IOS User Interface Functions

A CLI is used to enter commands.
Operations vary on different
internetworking devices.
Users type or paste entries in the
console command modes.
Enter key instructs device to parse
and execute the command.
Two primary EXEC modes are user
mode and privileged mode.
Command modes have distinctive
prompts.
ICND v2.01-10
:CLI
CLI Common Line Interface Text Base
.
CLI IOS mode :
user mode
privileged mode
mode .
:User Mode
Mode . Mode
. Mode Monitoring .
Mode
.
40
Cisco IOS User Interface Functions

A CLI is used to enter commands.
Operations vary on different
internetworking devices.
Users type or paste entries in the
console command modes.
Enter key instructs device to parse
and execute the command.
Two primary EXEC modes are user
mode and privileged mode.
Command modes have distinctive
prompts.
ICND v2.01-10
) CLI (:
Mode Mode . Mode
.
:Privileged Mode
Mode
. Mode
Mode
Mode .
Mode .
Cisco IOS Software EXEC Mode

There are two main EXEC modes for
entering commands.
ICND v2.01-11
:User Mode
Boot IOS Load User Mode CLI .
Command prompt :
> Hostname
user mode mode . Mode

.

.
Hostname > show flash
42
)Cisco IOS Software EXEC Mode (Cont.
ICND v2.01-12
:Privileged Mode
mode enable mode
. User Mode Privilade Mode :
Hostname > enable
command prompt :
Hostname #
mode .
Hostname # exit
privileged mode mode global mode interface mode .
mode .
password mode .
Summary
The Cisco IOS software platform is implemented on all
Cisco hardware platforms.
You will use Cisco IOS software to communicate the
configuration details that implement the learning
objectives of this course.
You can configure a switch or router from sources that
are external to the device.
Cisco IOS software uses a CLI as its traditional console
environment. While Cisco IOS software is a core
technology, Cisco IOS software operation details vary on
different internetworking devices.
The Cisco IOS software supports two EXEC command
modes: user and privileged.
ICND v2.01-13
:
Text Base IOS . ( Cisco IOS)
CLI . .
Web TFTP Server
. Browser
: mode text-base CLI
user mode
privileged mode
user mode
Mode privileged mode
.
44
Router
IOS
CLI .
CLI help .
46
Initial Startup of the Cisco Router

System startup routines initiate router software
Router falls back to startup alternatives if needed
ICND v2.01-4
:
rollover
.
: rollover RJ-45
console 9 pin COM port .
CLI .
Hyper Terminal .
:
.
Hyper terminal :
Start -> all programs -> accessories -> communications -> Hyper Terminal
Connection Description OK .
Connect To Connect Using Rollover

.
Initial Startup of the Cisco Router

System startup routines initiate router software
Router falls back to startup alternatives if needed
ICND v2.01-4
) ( :
.
Port Setting .
9600 .
Hyper Terminal power on .

Hyper Terminal IOS
User Mode .
48
Bootup Output from the Router
Unconfigured Versus Configured Router

ICND v2.01-5
Set up Mode :
Set up Mode .

Boot Mode .
safe
load Setup Mode .
.
.
. No
User Mode .
]Continue with configuration Dialog? [Yes/no
Setup: The Initial

Configuration Dialog
Router#setup
--- System Configuration Dialog --Continue with configuration dialog? [yes/no]: yes
At any point you may enter a question mark '?' for help.
Use ctrl-c to abort configuration dialog at any prompt.
Default settings are in square brackets '[]'.
Basic management setup configures only enough connectivity

for management of the system, extended setup will ask you
to configure each interface on the system
Would you like to enter basic management setup? [yes/no]: no
ICND v2.01-6
: Set up Mode
boot
. Yes
Continue with configuration Dialog? [Yes/no] yes
. extended setup
.
. no
Would you like to enter basic management setup? [Yes/no]: no
50
Setup Interface Summary

First,
First, would
would you
you like
like to
to see
see the
the current
current interface
interface summary?
summary? [yes]:
[yes]:
Interface
Interface
IP-Address
IP-Address
OK?
OK?
Method
Method
Status
Status
BRI0
BRI0
unassigned
unassigned
YES
YES
unset
unset
administratively
administratively down
down
Protocol
Protocol
down
down
BRI0:1
BRI0:1
unassigned
unassigned
YES
YES
unset
unset
administratively
down
down
down
BRI0:2
BRI0:2
unassigned
unassigned
YES
YES
unset
unset
administratively
down
down
down
Ethernet0
Ethernet0
unassigned
unassigned
YES
YES
unset
unset
administratively
down
down
down
Serial0
Serial0
unassigned
unassigned
YES
YES
unset
unset
administratively
down
down
down
Interfaces Found During Startup
ICND v2.01-7
: Set up Mode
down up

First, would you like to see the current interface summary? [Yes]:
state
.
Setup Initial
Global Parameters
Configuring
Configuring global
global parameters:
parameters:
Enter
Enter host
host name
name [Router]:wg_ro_c
[Router]:wg_ro_c
The
The enable
enable secret
secret is
is aa password
password used
used to
to protect
protect access
access to
to
privileged
privileged EXEC
EXEC and
and configuration
configuration modes.
modes. This
This password,
password, after
after
entered,
entered, becomes
becomes encrypted
encrypted in
in the
the configuration.
configuration.
Enter
Enter enable
enable secret:
secret: cisco
cisco
The
The enable
enable password
password is
is used
used when
when you
you do
do not
not specify
specify an
an
enable
enable secret
secret password,
password, with
with some
some older
older software
software versions,
versions, and
and
some
some boot
boot images.
images.
Enter
Enter enable
enable password:
password: sanfran
sanfran
The
The virtual
virtual terminal
terminal password
password is
is used
used to
to protect
protect
access
access to
to the
the router
router over
over aa network
network interface.
interface.
Enter
Enter virtual
virtual terminal
terminal password:
password: sanjose
sanjose
Configure
Configure SNMP
SNMP Network
Network Management?
Management? [no]:
[no]:
ICND v2.01-8
: Set up Mode

Enter host name [Router] :
ENTER
.
CLI .
.
. authentication
:
enable password
secret password
telnet password
console password
52
Setup Initial
Global Parameters
Configuring
Configuring global
global parameters:
parameters:
Enter
Enter host
host name
name [Router]:wg_ro_c
[Router]:wg_ro_c
The
The enable
enable secret
secret is
is aa password
password used
used to
to protect
protect access
access to
to
privileged
privileged EXEC
EXEC and
and configuration
configuration modes.
modes. This
This password,
password, after
after
entered,
entered, becomes
becomes encrypted
encrypted in
in the
the configuration.
configuration.
Enter
Enter enable
enable secret:
secret: cisco
cisco
The
The enable
enable password
password is
is used
used when
when you
you do
do not
not specify
specify an
an
enable
enable secret
secret password,
password, with
with some
some older
older software
software versions,
versions, and
and
some
some boot
boot images.
images.
Enter
enable
password:
sanfran
Enter enable password: sanfran
The
The virtual
virtual terminal
terminal password
password is
is used
used to
to protect
protect
access
access to
to the
the router
router over
over aa network
network interface.
interface.
Enter
Enter virtual
virtual terminal
terminal password:
password: sanjose
sanjose
Configure
Configure SNMP
SNMP Network
Network Management?
Management? [no]:
[no]:
ICND v2.01-8
: ( )Set up Mode
.
. setup mode
. telnet password secret password enable password
SNMP . manage SNMP

. option
. no
Setup Initial
Protocol Configurations
Configure LAT? [yes]: no

Configure AppleTalk? [no]:
Configure DECnet? [no]:
Configure IP? [yes]:
Configure IGRP routing? [yes]: no
Configure RIP routing? [no]:
Configure CLNS? [no]:
Configure IPX? [no]:
Configure Vines? [no]:
Configure XNS? [no]:
Configure Apollo? [no]:
ICND v2.01-9
: Set up Mode
Routing protocol
. Interface
. no IP
.
Configure IP? [Yes]:
54
Setup Interface
Parameters
BRI
BRI interface
interface needs
needs isdn
isdn switch-type
switch-type to
to be
be configured
configured
Valid
Valid switch
switch types
types are
are ::
[0]
[0] none..........Only
none..........Only if
if you
you don't
don't want
want to
to configure
configure BRI.
BRI.
[1]
basic-1tr6....1TR6
switch
type
for
[1] basic-1tr6....1TR6 switch type for Germany
Germany
[2]
[2] basic-5ess....AT&T
basic-5ess....AT&T 5ESS
5ESS switch
switch type
type for
for the
the US/Canada
US/Canada
[3]
[3] basic-dms100..Northern
basic-dms100..Northern DMS-100
DMS-100 switch
switch type
type for
for US/Canada
US/Canada
[4]
[4] basic-net3....NET3
basic-net3....NET3 switch
switch type
type for
for UK
UK and
and Europe
Europe
[5]
[5] basic-ni......National
basic-ni......National ISDN
ISDN switch
switch type
type
[6]
[6] basic-ts013...TS013
basic-ts013...TS013 switch
switch type
type for
for Australia
Australia
[7]
[7] ntt...........NTT
ntt...........NTT switch
switch type
type for
for Japan
Japan
[8]
[8] vn3...........VN3
vn3...........VN3 and
and VN4
VN4 switch
switch types
types for
for France
France
Choose
Choose ISDN
ISDN BRI
BRI Switch
Switch Type
Type [2]:
[2]:
Configuring
Configuring interface
interface parameters:
parameters:
Do
Do you
you want
want to
to configure
configure BRI0
BRI0 (BRI
(BRI d-channel)
d-channel) interface?
interface? [no]:
[no]:
Do
Do you
you want
want to
to configure
configure Ethernet0
Ethernet0 interface?
interface? [no]:
[no]: yes
yes
Configure
Configure IP
IP on
on this
this interface?
interface? [no]:
[no]: yes
yes
IP
IP address
address for
for this
this interface:
interface: 10.1.1.33
10.1.1.33
Subnet
Subnet mask
mask for
for this
this interface
interface [255.0.0.0]
[255.0.0.0] :: 255.255.255.0
255.255.255.0
Class
Class AA network
network is
is 10.0.0.0,
10.0.0.0, 24
24 subnet
subnet bits;
bits; mask
mask is
is /24
/24
Do
Do you
you want
want to
to configure
configure Serial0
Serial0
interface?
interface? [no]:
[no]:
ICND v2.01-10
: Set up Mode
. IP address
. subnet mask IP address
Subnet mask IP address
. subnet mask
Do you want to configure Ethernet0 interface? [No]: yes
Configure IP on this interface? [No]: yes
IP address for this interface: 10.1.1.33
Subnet mask for this interface [255.0.0.0]: 255.255.255.0
Setup Script
Review and Use
The following configuration command script was created:
hostname Router interface BRI0
enable secret 5 shutdown
$1$/CCk$4r7zDwDNeqkxFO.kJxC3G0
enable password no
sanfran
ip address
line vty 0 4
!
password sanjose
interface Ethernet0
no snmp-server no shutdown
!
ip address 10.1.1.31 255.255.255.0
no appletalk routing
no mop enabled
no decnet routing
!
ip routing
interface Serial0
no clns routing shutdown
no ipx routing no ip address
no vines routing
<text omitted>
no xns routing end
no apollo routing
isdn switch-type
[0]basic-5ess
Go to the IOS command prompt without saving this config.
[1] Return back to the setup without saving this config.
[2] Save this configuration to nvram and exit.
Enter your selection [2]:
ICND v2.01-11
: Set up Mode
.
:
[0] Go to the IOS command prompt without saving this config.
[1] Return back to the setup without saving this config.
[2] Save this configuration to nvram and exit.
. CLI [ 0]
. user mode
[ 1]
. set up mode
[ 2]
. ( nvram )
56
Logging In to the Router
ICND v2.01-12
User Mode :Privileged Mode

boot CLI mode user-mode .
>wg_ro_c
mode .
mode . privileged mode . mode
. mode user mode enable
:
wg_ro_c> enable
type . enable
type . en command prompt privileged mode :
wg_ro_c #
mode exit disable .
wg_ro_c # exit
Router User-Mode
Command List
wg_ro_c>?
Exec commands:
access-enable
atmsig
cd
clear
connect
dir
disable
disconnect
enable
exit
help
lat
lock
login
logout
-- More --
Create a temporary Access-List entry

Execute Atm Signalling Commands
Change current device
Reset functions
Open a terminal connection
List files on given device
Turn off privileged commands
Disconnect an existing network connection
Turn on privileged commands
Exit from the EXEC
Description of the interactive help system
Open a lat connection
Lock the terminal
Log in as a particular user
Exit from the EXEC
You can abbreviate a command to the fewest

characters that make a unique character string.
ICND v2.01-13
:User Mode Help

help . mode
. Mode
enter space
.
character
e . e .
.
wg_ro_c > e ?
enable, exit
command user mode
: prompt
wg_ro_c>?
58
Router Privileged-Mode
Command List
wg_ro_c#?
Exec commands:
access-enable
access-profile
access-template
bfe
cd
clear
clock
configure
connect
copy
debug
delete
dir
disable
disconnect
enable
erase
exit
help
-- More --

Apply user-profile to interface
For manual emergency modes setting
Change current directory
Reset functions
Manage the system clock
Enter configuration mode
Open a terminal connection
Copy from one file to another
Debugging functions (see also 'undebug')
Delete a file
List files on a filesystem
Turn off privileged commands
Disconnect an existing network connection
Turn on privileged commands
Erase a filesystem
Exit from the EXEC
Description of the interactive help system
You can complete a command string by entering the

unique character string, then pressing the Tab key.
ICND v2.01-14
:Privileged Mode Help

. privileged mode Help
. Privilede Mode User Mode
user mode privileged mode ping
. Mode Privileged Mode
Router Context-Sensitive Help

Router# clok
"Translating "CLOK
% Unknown command or computer name, or unable to find computer address
?Router# cl
clock
Symbolic Translation
clear
Router# clock
Command Prompting
% Incomplete command.
Last Command Recall
? Router# clock
Set the time and date
set
Router# clock set

? Router# <Ctrl-P>clock set
Current Time
ICND v2.01-16
hh:mm:ss
Help :
Command History Context-Sensitive Help .
. .
privileged mode Clok type .

.
help .
Clear: . clock
clock type enter .
.
% incomplete command.
.
help space help :
60
Router Context-Sensitive Help

Router# clok
Translating "CLOK"
% Unknown command or computer name, or unable to find computer address
Router# cl?
clear
clock
Symbolic Translation
Router# clock
Command Prompting
Router# clock ?
Last Command Recall
set
Router# clock set

Router# <Ctrl-P>clock set ?
hh:mm:ss
Current Time
ICND v2.01-16
: ( )Help
set
. enter set
type .
. History . history
. Ctrl-P
.
. history
Router# show history
Router Context-Sensitive Help (cont.)

Router#
clok
Translating "CLOK"
% Unknown command
or clock
computerset
name,19:56:00
or unable to find computer address
Router#
Router#
clear
Router#
clock
Router# clock
<1-31>
MONTH
Command
Prompting
set 19:56:00 ?
Day of the month

Month of the year
Router# clock set 19:56:00 04 8

^
Router#
set
Set%the
time and input
date
Invalid
detected at the '^' marker
Syntax Checking
Command
Prompting
Router#
%
Router# clock set 19:56:00 04 August

Incomplete
% command.
Incomplete command.
Router#
Router# clock set 19:56:00 04 August ?

Year
hh:mm:ss <1993-2035>
Current Time
ICND v2.01-17
: ( )Help
Context-Sensitive Help Command History
.
62
Enhanced Editing Commands (cont.)

Router>$ value for customers, employees, and partners.
(Automatic scrolling of long lines.)

Ctrl-A
Move to the beginning of the command line.
Ctrl-E
Move to the end of the command line.
Esc-B
Move back one word.
Esc-F
Move forward one word.
Ctrl-B
Move back one character.
Ctrl-F
Move forward one character.
Ctrl-D
Delete a single character.
ICND v2.01-19
: CLI
.
: IOS
. :Ctrl-A
. :Ctrl-E
. :Esc-B
. :Esc-F
. :Ctrl-B
. :Ctrl-F
. :Ctrl-D
. History :Ctrl-N Ctrl-P
show version Command
wg_ro_a#show version
Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software
IOS (tm) 2500 Software (C2500-JS-L), Version 12.0(3), RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)
Copyright (c) 1986-1999 by cisco Systems, Inc.
Compiled Mon 08-Feb-99 18:18 by phanguye
Image text-base: 0x03050C84, data-base: 0x00001000
ROM: System Bootstrap, Version 11.0(10c), SOFTWARE
BOOTFLASH: 3000 Bootstrap Software (IGS-BOOT-R), Version 11.0(10c), RELEASE SOFTWARE(fc1)
wg_ro_a uptime is 20 minutes
System restarted by reload
System image file is "flash:c2500 -js-l_120-3.bin"
(output omitted)
--More-Configuration register is 0x2102
ICND v2.01-
: Show Version
.
device up platform FLASH NVRAM RAM IOS
.
flash binary IOS : (C2500-JS-L)
:
. device :C2500
. enterprise IOS :JS
. flash move :L
. IOS :Version 12.0(3)
IOS DRAM flash
.
64
show version Command
BOOTFLASH: 3000 Bootstrap Software (IGS-BOOT-R), Version 11.0(10c), RELEASE SOFTWARE(fc1)
System image file is "flash:c2500 -js-l_120-3.bin"
(output omitted)
ICND v2.01-
: Show Version
Registry password recovery . Registry
.
Configuration register is 0x2102
Viewing the Configuration
ICND v2.01-
RAM : NVRAM
Flash ROM RAM : . NVRAM
power-on self-test POST load
IOS NVRAM .
RAM
set up mode .

. .
NVRAM startup-config RAM
. running-config
66
show running-config and

show startup-config Commands
In RAM
In NVRAM
wg_ro_c#show running-config
Building configuration...
wg_ro_c#show startup-config
Using 1359 out of 32762 bytes
!
version 12.0
!
-- More --
Current configuration:
!
version 12.0
!
-- More --
Displays the current and saved configuration
ICND v2.01-
: NVRAM RAM
: NVRAM startup-config
: RAM running-config
Summary
The startup of a Cisco router requires that you verify the

physical installation, power up the router, and view the
Cisco IOS software output on the console.
The router startup sequence is similar to the startup
sequence of the Catalyst switch. The router first performs
POST, then it finds and loads the IOS image. Finally, it
finds and loads the device configuration file.
Use the enable command to access the privileged EXEC
mode from the user EXEC mode.
ICND v2.01-
:
Power-on self-test
. NVARM IOS load .
. NVRAM startup-config
NVRAM
. setup mode
. RAM NVRAM
IOS Flash DRAM
. show version
68
IP
Cisco Router
:
.
CLI Mode .
70
Overview of Router Modes
ICND v2.01-
CLI Mode :
mode user mode . privileged mode
mode global mode .
mode Routing Protocol .
global mode privileged mode Configure
terminal mode.
Router# Configure terminal
mode command prompt .
Router(config)#
global mode exit mode .
Saving Configurations
wg_ro_c#
wg_ro_c#
wg_ro_c#copy
wg_ro_c#copy running-config
running-config startup-config
startup-config
Destination
Destination filename
filename [startup-config]?
[startup-config]?
Building
Building configuration
configuration
wg_ro_c#
wg_ro_c#
Copies the current configuration to NVRAM
ICND v2.01-
:
running- .
. config
running-config copy . NVRAM
. startup-config
wg_ro_c# copy running-config startup-config
. NVRAM startup-config
: privileged mode
wg_ro_c# erase startup-config
72
Configuring Router Identification
Sets the local identity or message for the accessed

router or interface
ICND v2.01-
:Dscription
:Hostname .
.
.
MOTD :MOTD Banner Message of the day login
user .
console port auxiliary port telnet
.
login .
:Hostname Description hostname
.
description show running-config .
Configuring a Router Password
ICND v2.01-
:
.
authentication .
:
:
Enable Password
Secret Password
AUX Password
Telnet Password
Console Password
74
Configuring a Router Password
ICND v2.01-
) ( :
:Enable password privileged mode . user
mode enable privileged mode password .
Router(config)#enable password cisco
clear text show run clear
.
:Secret Password enable password .
Running-config startup-config clear-text .
Router(config)#enable password cisco
secret password
secret password
enable Password Priviledeg Mode

Secret Password .
)Configuring a Router Password ( continue
ICND v2.01-
)( :
:Telnet Password Virtual Terminal Telnet .
Telnet Authentiction .
telnet password global mode :

Router(config)#line vty 0 4
Telnet Session Line IOS
Telnet Session .
Line IOS Help .
? Router(config-line)#line vty 0
<1-4> Last Line Number
><cr
76
ICND v2.01-
)( :
login . telnet device
.
Router(config-line)#login
no login telnet device
.
Router(config-line)#no login
:
Router(config-line)#password sanjose
telnet password user user mode .
show session session connect
.
Router# show session
ICND v2.01-
)( :
disconnect session .
.
Router# disconnect connection-number
resume connection connection disconnect.
Router# resume connection-number
:AUX Password
remote AUX
dial-up remote
Aux password . user mode .
Router(config)# line aux 0
Router(config-line)# login
Router(config-line)# password cisco
78
ICND v2.01-
)( :
:Console password
console port .
telnet Browser
.
admin
Console Password User Mode

.
Router(config)# line console 0
Router(config-line)# login
Router(config-line)# password Cisco
Other Console-Line Commands
Router(config)#line console 0
Router(config-line)#exec-timeout 0 0
Prevents console session timeout
Router(config-line)#logging synchronous
Redisplays interrupted console input
ICND v2.01-
: Console
console . console
.
packet .
.
80
Other Console-Line Commands
Prevents console session timeout
Redisplays interrupted console input
ICND v2.01-
: Console

command prompt
show run
up .
.
.
Configuring an Interface
Router(config)#interface type number
Router(config-if)#
type includes serial, ethernet, token ring, fddi, hssi,

loopback, dialer, null, async, atm, bri, tunnel, and so on
number is used to identify individual interfaces
Router(config)#interface type slot/port
Router(config-if)#
For modular routers, selects an interface

Router(config-if)#exit
Quits from current interface configuration mode
ICND v2.01-
Interface Mode :
.
.
.
built-in slat
.
.
IP Address
mode interface Mode .
.
Router(config-if)#
82
Configuring an Interface
Router(config-if)#
type includes serial, ethernet, token ring, fddi, hssi,

loopback, dialer, null, async, atm, bri, tunnel, and so on
number is used to identify individual interfaces
Router(config)#interface type slot/port
Router(config-if)#
For modular routers, selects an interface

Quits from current interface configuration mode
ICND v2.01-
: ( )Interface Mode
serial .
. global mode .
Router(config)#interface serial
Router(config-if)#
slat
. slat
serial serial slat
.serial 0/1 0/0
. Exit interface mode
Router(config)#
Configuring a Serial Interface

Router#configure terminal
Router(config)#
Enter Global
Configuration Mode
Router(config)#interface serial 0
Router(config-if)#
Specify Interface
Router(config-if)#clock rate 64000

Router(config-if)#
Set Clock Rate

)(on DCE interfaces only
Router(config-if)#bandwidth 64
Router(config)#exit
Router#
Set Bandwidth
)(recommended
ICND v2.01-
Serial Interface :
Point-to-Point serial .
:
.
back-to-back
.
CSU/DSU
.
back-to-back DTE/DCE
. DTE DCE .
clock rate DCE .
DTE DCE .
84
Configuring a Serial Interface

Enter Global
Configuration Mode
Router(config)#
Specify Interface
Router(config-if)#
Set Clock Rate

(on DCE interfaces only)
Router(config-if)#clock rate 64000

Router(config-if)#
Set Bandwidth
(recommended)
Router(config)#exit
Router#
ICND v2.01-
:( )Serial Interface
. Serial DCE DTE
Router> show controller serial 0
: serial clock rate
Router(config-if)#Clock rate 64000
. serial Bandwidth
routing protocol
routing .
.
. 1.544 Mbps serial :
Ethernet media-type Command
Router(config)#interface
Router(config)#interface ethernet
ethernet 22
Router(config-if)#media-type
Router(config-if)#media-type 10baset
10baset
Selects the media-type connector for the

Ethernet interface
ICND v2.01-
Interface Ethernet Interface Fast Ethernet :

Ethernet Fast Ethernet
LAN .
Ethernet 10/100 Mbps Fast Ethernet 10/100/1000 Mbps
LAN .
Ethernet 10/100 Mbps .
10 100
. 10 Mbps
. .
Router(config-if)#media-type 10baset
86
Disabling or Enabling an Interface

Router(config-if)#shutdown
%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0, changed state to administratively down
%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0, changed state to down
Administratively turns off an interface

Router(config-if)#no shutdown
%LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface Seria0, changed state to up
%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line Protocol on Interface Serial0, changed state to up
Enables an interface that is administratively shut down
ICND v2.01-
:
.( Shut Down) default
.
.
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
. state up
:
Router(config-if)#shutdown
. shutdown :
Introducing IP Addresses
Unique addressing allows communication

between end stations.
Path choice is based on destination address.
Location is represented by an address
ICND v2.01-
: IP Address
bandwidth
.

Telnet console

.

.
.
TCP/IP IP IPX .
.
88

ICND v2.01-
) IP Address ( :
) (source address )
(destination address .
IP Address
.
.
.
(Internet Corporation Assigned Name and Number) ICANN IP
.
ICANN ) (Region region

IP .

ICND v2.01-
:( )IP Address
:
. : RIP NCC
. : ARIN
.
.
. : APNIC
. : AfriNIC
. : LACNIC
90
IP Addressing
ICND v2.01-
: IP Address
IP Address
.
IP V4 IP Version 4 . ) (octet
Octet .
octet
Octet
.
IP Address .
. IP Address :
network . host
IP Addressing
ICND v2.01-
) IP Address(:

:Network ID Network . station
.
station IP Address 172.16.1.1 172.16.255.254
. network 172.16.0.0 .
.
:Host ID IP Address . network ID IP
Address IP Host ID .
network ID Host ID
IP Address .
network ID octet host ID
.
Network ID
92
IP Address Classes
ICND v2.01-
: IP
IP
IP Address ) (octet
.
IP Address .
:
.
Class A
Class B
Class C
Class D
: Class A octet . octet

.
IP Address Classes
ICND v2.01-
) IP( :
IP Address A octet network ID octet
Host ID .
Network ID IP address network .
station network IP Address 10.0.0.1 10.255.255.254
. IP Address

octet octet .
.
octet network host .
10.0.0.0 network ID .
IP Address A octet
network ID octet Host ID .
94
IP Address Classes
ICND v2.01-
) IP( :
: Class B octet .
octet .
IP Address B octet network ID octet
Host ID .
: Class C octet
octet .
IP Address C octet network ID octet
Host ID .
IP Address Classes
ICND v2.01-
) IP(:
: Class D octet
. octet .
multicasting .
station
D .
Routing . octet multicast Group .
: class D
.
A B octet .
. .
127.0.0.1 loopback Address A B
.
96
Host Addresses
ICND v2.01-
:Host Address
. IP Address .
IP A B .
station IP Address .
octet octet
network ID 10.0.0.0 . 172.16.0.0 IP address
. station network ID
. station 172.16.2.2 station 172.16.12.12
. station 172.16.2.2 station
10.1.1.1 .
IP
Routing .
.
Host Addresses
ICND v2.01-
) Host Address (:
.
.
. Table
.
table :
.
Network ID . network
172.16.0.0 ID 10.0.0.0 .
network ID
.
routing table .
98
Host Addresses
ICND v2.01-
) Host Address (:
.
connect connect .
E0 172.16.0.0 E1
10.0.0.0 .
Routing Routing Table

.
IP Address . Network ID
Host ID .
.
Subnet mask . Subnet mask
.
Subnet Mask
ICND v2.01-
:Subnet mask
Subnet Mask Network host IP Address
station subnet mask Network ID Host ID . Subnet mask

. subnet mask
network host subnet mask. default
IP :
:Class A A octet network octet
host . subnet mask Octet
. subnet mask :
11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000
Binary:
Decimal: 255.0.0.0
100
Subnet Mask
ICND v2.01-
) Subnet mask (:
:Class B octet network octet
host . subnet mask default :
11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
Binary:
Decimal: 255.255.0.0
:Class C octet network octet

host . subnet mask default :
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
Binary:
Decimal: 255.255.255.0
subnet mask .
IP Address station network ID subnet mask
.
Subnet Mask
ICND v2.01-
) Subnet mask (:
IP Address 172.16.12.12 station
subnet mask
255.255.0.0 subnet mask network ID 172.16.0.0

.
:Prefix Notation
subnet mask .
subnet mask IP Address A :
11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000
Binary:
Decimal: 255.0.0.0
subnet mask network host .
host
.
102
Subnet Mask
ICND v2.01-
) Subnet mask (:
subnet mask . subnet
mask .
subnet mask IP Address A (/8) . Octet
Network Octet Host .
Network .
Subnetmask B A C /16 /8 /24 .
Decimal Equivalents of Bit Patterns
ICND v2.01-21
:
Subnetting Binary Decimal .
Octet
.
:
.
:

)
(.
104
ICND v2.01-21
) (:
: Octet Octet
.
: Octet
Octet .
: ) ( Octet
Octet .
: Octet
Octet .
: Octet
Octet .
: Octet
Octet .
ICND v2.01-21
) (:
: Octet
Octet .
: Octet
Octet .
: Octet Octet
.
106
=0
=1
=3
=7
= 15
= 31
= 63
= 127
= 255
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
ICND v2.01-21
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
:

Subnetting .
:Subnet
subnet mask network host .
.
Network host .
Host IP Address
. Subnet mask
IP Address .
network ID subnet mask :
Network ID: 192.168.1.0
Subnet mask: 111111111.11111111.11111111.000000000
=0
=1
=3
=7
= 15
= 31
= 63
= 127
= 255
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
ICND v2.01-21
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
) (:
subnet mask subnet mask
IP Address . IP
Address .
octet subnet mask octet
192.168.1.128 octet Subnet mask
octet 192.168.1.127
.
subnet mask IP Address
IP Address .
host Subnet mask
IP Address
. host IP Address .
108
=0
=1
=3
=7
= 15
= 31
= 63
= 127
= 255
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
ICND v2.01-21
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
) (:
host Subnet mask subnet
.
network host .
network ID subnet mask :
Network ID: 192.168.1.0
Subnet mask: 111111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
Subnetting .
divide network 192.128.129.0 to 2 networks

129
10000001 00000000
11111111 00000000
128
172
1100000010000000
Network ID
Default mask 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
11111111 10000000
Subnet
Host
Network ID
10000001 00000000
1100000010000000
11111111 10000000
Default mask 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
) Subnet mask = 255.255.255.192 ( /25
ICND v2.01-2
Subnetting :
. network Address subnet mask :
Network ID: 192.168.1.0
Subnet mask: 111111111.11111111.11111111.100000000
Host .
host . Host
subnet .
110

)Subnet mask is : 255.255.255.192 ( / 25
10000001 00000000
0
1
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 01 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Network ID
If subnet is 00000000 then

Network ID : 192.168.129.0
First valid host : 192.168.129.1
Last valid host : 192.168.129.126
Broadcast address : 192.168.129.127
Network ID : 192.168.129.128
Last valid host : 192.168.129.254
ICND v2.01-3
Subnetting )(:
subnet
.
subnet network .
network 256 network .
Octet
:
:
IP address
192.168.1.1 192.168.1.127 .
network ID 192.168.1.0 IP Address .

)Subnet mask is : 255.255.255.192 ( / 25
10000001 00000000
0
1
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 01 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Network ID

Network ID : 192.168.129.0
Last valid host : 192.168.129.126
Network ID : 192.168.129.128
Last valid host : 192.168.129.254
ICND v2.01-3
Subnetting )(:
:
IP address
192.168.1.129 192.168.1.254 .
network Address
Network Address IP Address Host
. network Address 192.168.1.128 .
IP Address Network Address
126 Broadcast Address .
subnetting network network
network host Network 126 host .
subnet .
112

)Subnet mask is : 255.255.255.192 ( / 25
10000001 00000000
0
1
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 01 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Network ID

Network ID : 192.168.129.0
Last valid host : 192.168.129.126
Network ID : 192.168.129.128
Last valid host : 192.168.129.254
ICND v2.01-3
Subnetting )(:

:
.
Routing table Convergence .

Cisco .
host
.
broad cast
.
Subnetting in Class C
One bit can not be use for host
ICND v2.01-4
Subnetting :C
Subnetting . Subnetting
.
.
Subnet mask Network

.
Subnet mask . C
Subnet mask /25
IP Address Host IP Address .
c subnet mask /30 host
Subnet .
114
Subnetting in Class C
One bit can not be use for host
ICND v2.01-4
Subnetting ) C (:
Valid IP Address station
Network Address Broadcast Address .
/31 . Host
IP Address Host .
network address
broadcast address .
Subnetting in Class B
ICND v2.01-5
:B Subnetting
Host B Subnet mask
.
116
Subnetting in Class A
ICND v2.01-6
Subnetting :A
Subnet mask A Host
.
Computing Usable Subnetworks & hosts

Number of host address = 2^m -2
)(m is the number of host bits
Number of subnets
= 2^n
)(n is the number of subnet bits
Increment of subnets
= 2^p
M,P
Example :
Class C:
11000000
Host
11111111
11111111
Subnet
11111111
Network
Count of hosts = (2^ 6) - 2=62

Count of subnet = (2^ 2) =4
Increment = 2 ^ 6 = 64
ICND v2.01-9
Host :Network
IP Address Decimal Binary Subnet mask
Subnet work .
. Subnet mask Subnetwork
IP Address Valid Subnetwork .
. Default C subnet mask /24
Host Network subnet
.
: Subnet Network
Subnet
.
= 2^n
Number of subnets
118
Computing Usable Subnetworks & hosts

Number of subnets
= 2^n
= 2^p
M,P
Example :
Class C:
11000000
Host
11111111
11111111
Subnet
11111111
Network
Count of hosts = (2^ 6) - 2=62

Count of subnet = (2^ 2) =4
Increment = 2 ^ 6 = 64
ICND v2.01-9
Host :Network
: Subnet work
Subnetwork . Network 192.168.1.0 /24
192.168.2.0 /24 256 . subnetting
Subnetwork Subnetwork ID .
Subnetmask Octet
Subnetmask . C
Subnet Host .
= 2^p
Host : Subnet Work

Subnetmask Host
.
Example 1
Network =200.10.57.0
Subnet mask =255.255.255.224
11100000
Host
11111111
Subnet
11111111
11111111
Network
= (2^ 5) - 2=30
Count of hosts
Count of Subnetwork = (2^ 3) =8

= 2^ 5 = 32
ICND v2.01-10
Increment
Host Network :
Network Address C Subnetmask 255.255.255.0
.
Subnet mask Subnet 255.255.255.224
Subnetwork Host ID .
/27 Host Subnet .
:
Subnetwork : .
: .
Host : Subnetwork .
120
Example 1
Network =200.10.57.0
Subnet mask =255.255.255.224
11111111
11111111
Network
Count of hosts
11111111
11100000
Subnet
Host
= (2^ 5) - 2=30

Increment
= 2^ 5 = 32
ICND v2.01-10
:( )Network Host
Subnetwork 200.20.57.0 Network
Subnetwork . .
: Network ID
Subnet 0 : 200.20.57.0
Subnet 1 : 200.20.57.32
Subnet 2 : 200.20.57.64
Subnet 3 : 200.20.57.92
Subnet 4 : 200.20.57.128
Subnet 5 : 200.20.57.160
Subnet 6 : 200.20.57.192
Subnet 7 : 200.20.57.224
Example 1
Network =200.10.57.0
Subnet mask =255.255.255.224
11100000
Host
Subnet
11111111
11111111
11111111
Network
= (2^ 5) - 2=30
Count of hosts

= 2^ 5 = 32
ICND v2.01-10
Increment
Host Network ) (:
Subnet work Network .
Subnetwork IP Address .
IP Address Subnetwork .
Network 200.20.57.0/27 .
Subnet work :
Subnet 0 : 200.20.57.0
Subnet 1 : 200.20.57.32
Subnet 0 IP Address Subnet 1 IP Address .
122
Example 1
Network =200.10.57.0
Subnet mask =255.255.255.224
11111111
11111111
Network
Count of hosts
11111111
11100000
Subnet
Host
= (2^ 5) - 2=30

Increment
= 2^ 5 = 32
ICND v2.01-10
:( )Network Host
: IP Address Subnet 0
First IP Address : 200.20.57.1
: Broad cast Address Subnet 1
Broadcast Address : 200.20.57.31
: IP Address Subnet 1
Last IP Address : 200.20.57.30
Subnet
. Subnet 0 Broadcast Address IP Address

.
IP Address work
Example 2
Network =172.16.0.0
Subnet mask =255.255.192.0
00000000
11000000
Host
11111111
11111111
Network
Subnet
= (2^ 14) -2
Count of hosts
Count of Subnetwork = (2^ 2) = 4

= 2^ 6 = 64
ICND v2.01-10
Increment
Host Network :
Network Address B Subnet mask 255.255.0.0
. Subnet mask Subnet 255.255.192.0
Subnet work Host ID .
Subnet work .
Subnet work :
Subnet 0 : 172.16.0.0
Subnet 1 : 172.16.64.0
Subnet 2 : 172.16.128.0
Subnet 3 : 172.16.192.0
IP Address Subnet work :
Subnet 0 : 172.16.0.0
Subnet 1 : 172.16.64.0
124
Example 2
Network =172.16.0.0
Subnet mask =255.255.192.0
11111111
11111111
Network
Count of hosts
11000000
Subnet
00000000
Host
= (2^ 14) -2
Count of Subnetwork = (2^ 2) = 4

Increment
= 2^ 6 = 64
ICND v2.01-10
:( )Network Host
. IP Address Subnet 1 IP Address Subnet 0
: IP Address Octet Subnet 0
First IP Address : 172.16.0.1
Broad Octet Octet Subnet 1

: cast Address
Last IP Octet Octet Subnet 1

. Address
Last IP Address : 172.16.63.254
. Subnet work IP Address
calculate Network ID, First IP Address, Last IP Address, Broadcast Address

from IP Classless
160
00000010 10100000 Host
16
172
00010000
10101100
Mask
172.16.2.160
255.255.255.192
Subnet 4
Broadcast
First
Last
ICND v2.01-2
IP Address : IP Address
Network Address Subnet work
. Subnet work IP Address

IP Address Class Full Subnet mask Network
Address . 192.168.1.1 /24 Network Address
. IP Address C Class full
network ID
IP Address
Host ID IP Address .
Class Full Octet Octet .
Network Address 192.168.1.0 /24 .
126

from IP Classless
160
00000010 10100000 Host
16
172
00010000
10101100
Mask
172.16.2.160
255.255.255.192
Subnet 4
Broadcast
First
Last
ICND v2.01-2
IP Address ) IP Address (:
Subnet mask Network Host
Subnet work
.
. IP Address classless
Subnet work .
:
:
IP Address Binary .

from IP Classless
172
16
10101100
00010000
00000010 10100000 Host
255.255.255.192 11111111
11111111
11111111 11000000 Mask 2
172.16.2.160
160
Subnet
Broadcast
First
Last
ICND v2.01-3
:
. binary Subnet mask
. Subnetting Subnet mask
128

from IP Classless
172
16
160
10101100
00010000
00000010 10100000 Host
255.255.255.192 11111111
11111111
11111111 11000000 Mask 2
3
172.16.2.160
Subnet
Broadcast
First
Last
ICND v2.01-4
:
Host Network Subnet mask
.
.
. IP Address Host Network

from IP Classless
16
172
160
00000010 10100000 Host
00010000
10101100
11111111 11000000 Mask 2
11111111
255.255.255.192 11111111
11111111 10000000 Subnet 4
11111111
172.16.2.128
3
1
11111111
172.16.2.160
Broadcast
First
Last
ICND v2.01-5
:
Subnet Work ID .
Network Address Host .
IP Address Host Subnet Mask
. Decimal Network
Address 172.16.2.128 .
130

from IP Classless
172
16
160
10101100
00010000
00000010 10100000 Host
3
172.16.2.160
255.255.255.192 11111111
11111111
11111111 11000000 Mask 2
172.16.2.128
11111111
11111111
11111111 10000000 Subnet 4
172.16.2.191
11111111
11111111
11111111 10111111 Broadcast

5
First
Last
ICND v2.01-6
:
IP Address Host Broadcast Address
Host .
. Broadcast Address
: Decimal

from IP Classless
16
172
160
00000010 10100000 Host
00010000
10101100
3
1
172.16.2.160
11111111 11000000 Mask 2
11111111
255.255.255.192 11111111
11111111 10000000 Subnet 4
11111111
11111111
172.16.2.128
11111111 10111111 Broadcast
11111111
11111111
172.16.2.191
11111111 10000001 First
11111111
11111111
172.16.2.129
5
6
Last
ICND v2.01-7
:
IP Address Subnet Work
Host . IP Address
.
172.16.2.191 .
132

from IP Classless
172
16
160
10101100
00010000
00000010 10100000 Host
3
172.16.2.160
255.255.255.192 11111111
11111111
11111111 11000000 Mask 2
172.16.2.128
11111111
11111111
11111111 10000000 Subnet 4
172.16.2.191
11111111
11111111
11111111 10111111 Broadcast
172.16.2.129
11111111
11111111
11111111 10000001 First
172.16.2.190
11111111
11111111
11111111 10111110 Last
ICND v2.01-8
:
IP . Host
. 172.16.2.190 Address

Ch.6
OSPF
Device
Part 1 of 2:Cisco
Single
Area OSPF
CCNP 1 version 3.0
Rick Graziani
Cabrillo College
134
:
.
Router Power-On/Bootup Sequence
1. Perform power-on self test (POST).

2. Load and run bootstrap code.
3. Find the Cisco IOS software.
4. Load the Cisco IOS software.
5. Find the configuration.
6. Load the configuration.
7. Run the configured Cisco IOS software.
ICND v2.02-
:
) ( IOS . IOS load
NVRAM load

power on
command prompt .
: . POST
power-on self-test .
: bootstrap .
.
: IOS . IOS default
Flash . IOS Flash
Load .
136
Router Power-On/Bootup Sequence
1. Perform power-on self test (POST).

2. Load and run bootstrap code.
3. Find the Cisco IOS software.
4. Load the Cisco IOS software.
5. Find the configuration.
6. Load the configuration.
7. Run the configured Cisco IOS software.
ICND v2.02-
) (:
: IOS load )(RAM
.
: load IOS .
startup-config .
Startup-config NVRAM
.
: startup-config load
)(RAM .
: startup-config load
. RAM . RAM
.
Router Internal Components
ICND v2.02-
:
boot .

startup router .
:RAM . boot .
IOS load Flash RAM
startup-config .
.
routing table
.
:ROM .
. ROM .
138
Router Internal Components
ICND v2.02-
) (:
:Flash IOS Intel
.
:NVRAM .
startup-config .
:Configuration register boot . show
version
0x2102 IOS flash NVRAM

.
password recovery .
ROM Functions
Contains microcode for basic functions

ICND v2.02-
: ROM
ROM
. ROM :
.
Bootstrap
POST
Mini IOS software file
ROM Monitor
:Bootstrap
ROM IOS load .
show version .
140
ROM Functions
Contains microcode for basic functions

ICND v2.02-
: ROM
:POST ROM .
.
:Mini IOS ROM IOS Flash IOS Load
POST . flash
IOS . Mini IOS UP
IOS load.
:ROM Monitor ROM mode
. ROM
. Mode
Boot IOS ctrl Break .
.
password recovery mode
Router Startup Flowchart
ICND v2.02-
:Router Startup
boot .
power on
CLI .
power on POST ROM
.
bootstrap ROM .
IOS load .
Configuration register .
142
ICND v2.02-
) Router Startup (:
IOS :
.
0X2100
0x2100 IOS flash load

ROM Monitor .
0X2101
0x2101 Mini IOS IOS .

IOS flash .
0X2102-0X210F
0X2102 0X210F IOS flash load

.
ICND v2.02-
) Router Startup (:
:0x2102
flash IOS .
:
.
IOS flash
flash load IOS .
IOS flash
Flash . IOS TFTP

Server load . IOS
load . .

144
ICND v2.02-
) Router Startup (:

:
0x2142
NVRAM setup mode
NVRAM .
0x2142 NVRAM
setup mode .
mode
.
setup dialog mode user
mode .
ICND v2.02-
) Router Startup (:
0x2102
NVRAM startup-config
. NVRAM load RAM
. NVRAM setup mode
.
boot .
146
Loading the Cisco IOS Software

from Flash Memory
The flash memory file is decompressed into RAM.

ICND v2.02-
IOS : RAM
IOS load .
IOS
RAM decompress .
IOS ) (.bin
decompress RAM
flash .
Router>show flash
user mode privileged mode .
show flash Command
wg_ro_a#show
wg_ro_a#show flash
flash
System
System flash
flash directory:
directory:
File
Name/status
File Length
Length
Name/status
11
10084696
10084696 c2500-js-l_120-3.bin
c2500-js-l_120-3.bin
[10084760
[10084760 bytes
bytes used,
used, 6692456
6692456 available,
available, 16777216
]16777216 total
]total
16384K
16384K bytes
bytes of
of processor
processor board
board System
System flash
flash (Read
)(Read ONLY
)ONLY
ICND v2.02-
: Show Flash
flash show flash .
IOS
flash TFTP Server . .
IOS . Show Flash :
c2500-js-l-12.0-3 . bin

:C2500 device . device 2500 .
: JS IOS )(enterprise .
:L IOS flash load
RAM .
:12.0-3 IOS .
:Bin IOS bin .
148
Loading the Configuration
Load and execute the configuration from NVRAM.

If no configuration is present in NVRAM, enter setup mode.
ICND v2.02-
Load NVRAM :RAM

IOS load load .
startup-config NVRAM .
load IOS NVRAM RAM
. NVRAM .
Router# show startup-config
privileged mode

clear text
. mode.
RAM
. .
RAM .
Router# show running-config
show running-config and

show startup-config Commands
In NVRAM
In RAM
Using 1359 out of 32762 bytes
!
version 12.0
!
-- More --
Building configuration...
Current configuration:
!
version 12.0
!
-- More --
Displays the current and saved configuration
ICND v2.02-
RAM NVRAM :
RAM NVRAM show running-config
RAM show startup-config NVRAM .

.
RAM NVRAM .
running-config NVRAM
.
: RAM NVRAM
.
150
Determining the Current Configuration

Register Value
BOOTFLASH: 3000 Bootstrap Software (IGS-BOOT-R), Version 11.0(10c), RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)
System image file is "flash:c2500-js-l_120-3.bin"
Configuration register value in show version

ICND v2.02-
boot . IOS
.
setup mode NVRAM 0x2142
RAM NVRAM 0x2101
.
. privileged mode
Router# show version
Determining the Current Configuration

Register Value
BOOTFLASH: 3000 Bootstrap Software (IGS-BOOT-R), Version 11.0(10c), RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)
System image file is "flash:c2500-js-l_120-3.bin"
Configuration register value in show version

ICND v2.02-
:( )
:
configuration register
RAM
NVRAM
Flash
UP
IOS
Bootstrap
. password recovery
152
Summary
When a router boots, it performs tests, finds and loads
software, finds and loads configurations, and finally runs
the software.
The major internal components of a router include RAM,
ROM, flash memory, NVRAM, and the configuration
register.
When a router boots, it searches for the IOS software
image in a specific sequence: location specified in the
configuration register, flash memory, a TFTP server, and
ROM.
The configuration register includes information
specifying where to locate the Cisco IOS software image.
You can examine the register with a show command and
change the register value with the config-register global
configuration command.
ICND v2.02-
:
. on power
. safe
. RAM load IOS

NVRAM
. setup mode . RAM
0x2142 .
.
setup mode NVRAM

. NVRAM
. Mode CLI

Cisco Routers
154
IP Routed Protocol IP .
Network .
LAN Fast Ethernet packet
Network .
destination packet .
packet
.
packet .
.

.
156
.Routing
Distance Vector Link-State .
.Default Static
EIGRP IGRP RIP .OSPF

Routing Routing
. Network
.
.
.
.
Database
.
Databese Routing Table .
158
)What Is Routing? (Cont.
Routers must learn destinations that are

not directly connected.
ICND v2.05-
)(:
Network Routing Table
Routing Table . .
table Network address 10.120.2.0 E0
) 172.16.0.0 ( Connect S0
.
Static Routing :Dynamic Routing

connect .

:
.
static routing
dynamic routing
Network
. admin

.

Network .
connect Routing Table
160
Static Routing ) Dynamic Routing (:

. admin static
Routing Table . admin
.
Network
. .

.
.
.
Static Routing ) Dynamic Routing (:

Routing Table
Routing Table .
update .
162
Static Routes
Configure unidirectional static routes to and from

a stub network to allow communications to occur.
ICND v2.05-
: Static
static route
.
stub Network .
Stub Network ) (gateway
. local .
route .
TU
www
. station .yahoo.comUT
172.16.1.0 .
.
stub Network 172.16.2.1
S0 A IP 172.16.2.2 A
.
Static Routes
Configure unidirectional static routes to and from

a stub network to allow communications to occur.
ICND v2.05-
) Static (:
static route A . A
172.16.1.0 S0 .
.
static route A 172.16.1.0
172.16.2.1 .
B default route
.
164
Static Route Configuration
]Router(config)#ip route network [mask

]{address | interface}[distance] [permanent
Defines a path to an IP destination network or subnet or host
ICND v2.05-
: Static Route
static route global mode IP Route
:
Network addresses :Network
.
subnet masks :Mask Network .
:Address | interface IP Address Point-to-Point
.
: IP static route .
static route :Distance administrative distance .
.
AD .
) Static Route ( :
:Permanent down route
static route Routing Table . down
Routing Table permanent
static route . Routing Table
.
166
Static Route Example
This is a unidirectional route. You must have a route

configured in the opposite direction.
ICND v2.05-
Static Route :
. stub Network A static route
.
A 172.16.1.0 S0 .
172.16.1.0 172.16.2.1 A 172.16.2.2
172.16.2.1 point-to-point 172.16.1.0 .
Default Routes
This route allows the stub network to reach all known

networks beyond router A.
ICND v2.05-
: Default Route
static route . static route A
stub . A 172.16.1.0
.
B
172.16.1.0 Stub B
stub . .
.

.
Default route .
Default route :
168
Default Routes
This route allows the stub network to reach all known

networks beyond router A.
ICND v2.05-
: Default Route
default route global mode IP Route .
:
:IP route static routing default routing .
:0.0.0.0 IP IP
.
subnet mask :0.0.0.0 IP 0.0.0.0 .
:Address | interface IP Address Point-to-Point
.
Verifying the Static

Route Configuration
router#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, * - candidate default
U - per-user static route
Gateway of last resort is 0.0.0.0 to network 0.0.0.0
10.0.0.0/8 is subnetted, 1 subnets
10.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial0
0.0.0.0/0 is directly connected, Serial0
ICND v2.05-
C
*S
: static Route
:Show IP route Routing Table .
Default route .
. 10.1.1.0 connected serial 0 .
table * S . default route
.
serial 0 .
static route static route
Routing Table S.
routing protocol
show ip route Codes .
170
?What Is a Routing Protocol
Routing protocols are

used between
routers to determine
paths and maintain
routing tables.
Once the path is
determined, a router can
route a routed protocol.
ICND v2.05-
?What is Routing Protocol

static route .
Dynamic Routing Protocol Static route .
.
.
Routing protocol
.
Routing protocol Routed protocol
:Routed protocol IPX IP Network .
:Routing protocol RIP IGRP
.
Autonomous Systems: Interior or

Exterior Routing Protocols
An autonomous system is a collection of networks

under a common administrative domain.
IGPs operate within an autonomous system.
EGPs connect different autonomous systems.
ICND v2.05-
IGP AS : EGP
:Autonomous system .
AS IGP
.
AS 0 65535 .
IANA AS AS Region
.
Autonomous system Dynamic Routing Protocol
:
172
Autonomous Systems: Interior or

Exterior Routing Protocols
An autonomous system is a collection of networks

under a common administrative domain.
IGPs operate within an autonomous system.
EGPs connect different autonomous systems.
ICND v2.05-
: ( )EGP IGP AS
:(IGPs) Interior Gateway Protocols

AS Routing Protocol
AS . AS
.
AS OSPF EIGRP IGRP RIP Routing protocol
.
:(EGPs) Exterior Gateway Protocols
BGP (Border . AS Routing Protocol

. EGP Gateway Protocol)
Administrative Distance:
Ranking Routes
ICND v2.05-
:Administrative Distance
Administrative Distance AD Routing
.
. A RIP IGRP
. A D .

routing protocol .
AD . static route AD
RIP AD 120 AD . 0 255 .
: Routing Table connect AD
.
AD

174
Administrative Distance:
Ranking Routes
ICND v2.05-
) Administrative Distance (:
AD
Routing Table
.
D AD .
AD ) (ABD .
.
routing protocol
. .
AD .
Classes of Routing Protocols
ICND v2.05-
: Dynamic Routing Protocol

:
.
Static route
Dynamic route
Admin
. Network
. . .
up down
.
Dynamic routing protocol :
.
Distance Vector
Link state
Hybrid Routing
176
ICND v2.05-
) Dynamic Routing Protocol (:

:Distance Vector Routing Protocol
.

.

.
.
.
Routing Protocol RIP IGRP .
ICND v2.05-

:Link state Routing Protocol
.

.

.
OSPF Link state .
178
ICND v2.05-

Distance Vector Link State Distance Vector

.
Routing Table .
:Hybrid Routing Link state Distance
.Vector
Distance Vector
.
Link state
.
Classful Routing Overview

Classful routing protocols do not include the
subnet mask with the route advertisement.
Within the same network, consistency of the
subnet masks is assumed.
Summary routes are exchanged between foreign
networks.
Examples of classful routing protocols:
RIP Version 1 (RIPv1)
IGRP
ICND v2.05-
:Classful Routing Protocol

: VLSM Dynamic Routing Protocol
Classful Routing
Classless Routing
VLSM (Variable Length Subnet Mask) Routing Protocol :Classful Routing

.
Subnet Network
. ( Advertise ) Network mask
CIDR Routing Table
. Classful Routing . default
Advertise 172.16.128.0/17 update
. Routing Table 172.16.0.0 / 16
180
Classful Routing Overview

Classful routing protocols do not include the
subnet mask with the route advertisement.
Within the same network, consistency of the
subnet masks is assumed.
Summary routes are exchanged between foreign
networks.
Examples of classful routing protocols:
IGRP
ICND v2.05-
:( )Classful Routing Protocol

:
. 255.0.0.0 subnet mask A
. 255.255.0.0 subnet mask B
. 255.255.255.0 subnet mask C
Boundary VLSM
. Summary
.
192.168.1.0/25
192.168.1.128/25
. 192.168.1.0/24 Boundary
. Advertise
. Classful Routing Protocol
IGRP RIP Version 1
Classless Routing Overview

Classless routing protocols include the subnet mask
with the route advertisement.
Classless routing protocols support variable-length
subnet masking (VLSM).
Summary routes can be manually controlled within
the network.
Examples of classless routing protocols:
EIGRP
OSPF
IS-IS
ICND v2.05-
:Classless Routing Protocol

:Classless Routing
. VLSM classful Routing
. Advertise Subnet mask Network
. Summary Boundary
. Routing Table
Classless Routing IS-IS OSPF EIGRP RIP Version 2
. Protocol
182
Routing Protocol
Comparison Chart
ICND v2.05-
: Dynamic Routing Protocols

Dynamic Routing Protocol .
Dynamic Routing Protocol RIP IGRP Distance-Vector OSPF Link-
State . EIGRP Distance-
Vector Hybrid
. EIGRP
Link-state Distance-Vector . Distance-Vector .
IGRP EIGRP Cisco .
routing protocol Dynamic EIGRP OSPF VLSM IS-IS .
:Convergence Time Domain .
Database
.
Using the ip classless Command
ICND v2.05-
IP Classless :
Connect .
Connect .
Classful Connect Drop
.
Default Route Drop .
IP Classless .
Connect Drop . Routing Table
Table
.
IP Classless IP Classless Global Mode
.
184
Summary
Routing is the process by which an item gets from one
location to another. In networking, a router is the device
used to route traffic.
Routers can forward packets over static routes or
dynamic routes, based on the router configuration.
Static routes can be important if the Cisco IOS software
cannot build a route to a particular destination. Static
routes are also useful for specifying a gateway of last
resort to which all unroutable packets will be sent.
A default route is a special type of static route used for
situations when the route from a source to a destination
is not known or when it is unfeasible for the routing table
to store sufficient information about the route.
ICND v2.05-
:

. Network
Routing Table .
. dynamic routing static routing :
Network .
admin
.
.
.
Default route

.
Distance Vector
Roruting
186
:
.
. Distance Vector
Loop . Distance Vector
. Loop
Distance Vector Routing Protocols
Routers pass periodic copies of routing table to neighbor

routers and accumulate distance vectors.
ICND v2.05-
: Distance Vector
Distance Vector Bellman-Ford .
.
.
connect .
. Routing Table
Routing Table .
.Periodic Update
Distance Vector Connect

. .

Routing Table .
188

ICND v2.05-
) Distance Vector (:
connect :
Routed Protocol IP up
up connect .
: Routing Table
connect . connect
Routing Table route Connect .
:
connect Routing Table Update
. Update Routing Table
connect .
Update RIP 255.255.255.255 IGRP 224.0.0.9 .

ICND v2.05-
Update Update
.
Update Routing Table
Unicast .

Routing Table .
190

ICND v2.05-
. Routing Table
Update .
Update Connect Routing
Broadcast Protocol Multicast . Update
Routing Table Routing Table .
.
. Routing Table
.
Sources of Information and

Discovering Routes
Routers discover the best path to

destinations from each neighbor.
ICND v2.05-
Routing Table : Distance Routing Protocol

. B C Distance-Vector
A .
A distance-
Vector .
A up connect
Routing Table route connect ) ( .

Routing Protocol
. .
hope count . connect .
Routing Table A connect A Route
) ( .
192

Discovering Routes

ICND v2.05-
Routing Table ) Distance Routing Protocol (:

Connect Table
Routing Update
255.255.255.255 RIP 224.0.0.9 IGRP

. Broadcast Packet A E0 S0 . B
Update Routing Table A
. A Update Routing Table . A
Connect
Routing Table . B 10.3.0.0 ) ( .
A . Routing Table .
A 10.3.0.0
B 10.3.0.0 . B A .
A B .
10.3.0.0 . A 10.3.0.0 Routing Table .

Discovering Routes

ICND v2.05-
Routing Table ) Distance Routing Protocol (:

Routing Table .
Convergence Update
. Distance-Vector full Update
periodic .
Update Full .
194
Selecting the
Best Route with Metrics
ICND v2.05-
:
:
.
.
.
. Dynamic
. RIP hop count IGRP
. IGRP :
.
Bandwidth
Delay
Load
Reliability
MTU
Selecting the
ICND v2.05-
:
Bandwidth Delay IGRP .
dynamic Protocol .
RIP .
IGRP bandwidth .
. IGRP bandwidth
. IGRP
IGRP .
.
RIP A B
. hop count RIP 2
.
196
Selecting the
ICND v2.05-
:
IGRP . IGRP
default bandwidth delay . delay
. T1
.
Maintaining Routing Information
Updates proceed step-by-step

from router to router.
ICND v2.05-
Routing Table :
Distance-Vector
. Routing Table
Routing Table . Update
Routing Table
Routing Table . :
Update A . Update Routing Table
. Update . Routing Table A
. A Update .
Periodic Update Time .
198
Inconsistent Routing Entries
Each node maintains the distance from itself to each

possible destination network.
ICND v2.05-
: Loop
. Routing Table
. Routing Table Connect
)Inconsistent Routing Entries (Cont.
Slow convergence produces inconsistent routing.
ICND v2.05-
Loop )(:
C Full Update Full Update
E0 C Shut down . down network
.
Routing Table C . Routing Table C .
10.4.0.0 C .
200
Router C concludes that the best path to network

10.4.0.0 is through router B.
ICND v2.05-
Loop )( :
B 10.4.0.0
. B Routing
Table s1 10.4.0.0 .
Periodic Update B . B Full Update
. C Routing Table Update . Update
10.4.0.0 C . 10.4.0.0 Routing Table
. B 10.4.0.0 C C
.
C 10.4.0.0 B
Down .
Router A updates its table to reflect the new but

erroneous hop count.
ICND v2.05-
Loop )( :
B Update Routing Table Advertise . B
Update
Routing Table . C 10.4.0.0
B C .
10.4.0.0 3 .
Update Routing Table Update
.
202
Count to Infinity
Hop count for network 10.4.0.0 counts to infinity.
ICND v2.05-
Loop )( :
Routing Table .
.
Count to Infinity .
Defining a Maximum
Define a limit on the number of hops to prevent

infinite loops.
ICND v2.05-
Loop )( :
.
maximum
Count to Infinity .
RIP hop count maximum 16
.
Network 16
)(Unreachable .
204
Routing Loops
Packets for network 10.4.0.0 bounce (loop) between

routers B and C.
ICND v2.05-
Loop )( :
.
Routing loop .
A 10.4.0.0 . A
Routing Table B . B Routing
Table S1 C C
Routing Table
S0 B . . B
C loop
.
loop distance-vector .
loop .
Routing Loops
Packets for network 10.4.0.0 bounce (loop) between

routers B and C.
ICND v2.05-
: ( )Loop
. loop distance-vector
Split Horizon
Route Poisoning
Poison Reverse
Holddown Timer
Triggered Update
206
Split Horizon
It is never useful to send information about a route back

in the direction from which the original information came.
ICND v2.05-
: Loop
shut down E0 B loop C .
C B .
B C
.
.
C 10.4.0.0 B . B Full
Update 10.4.0.0 C .
E0 C . Routing Table C Update . C
Full Update .
Update C B . Update B
C . B C .
10.4.0.0 loop C .
Split Horizon
It is never useful to send information about a route back

in the direction from which the original information came.
ICND v2.05-
: Loop
loop Split Horizon
.
: Split Horizon loop loop
.
loop C A loop
.
Distance-Vector Split Horizon
. no ip split horizon
.
208
Route Poisoning
Routers advertise the distance of routes that have gone

down to infinity.
ICND v2.05-
: Loop
split horizon :
.
simple split horizon
route poisoning
split horizon with poison reverse
Simple split horizon

.

:Route Poisoning
. E0 C shut down . C
Routing Table .
Route Poisoning down Routing Table .
) (infinity Routing Table .
Route Poisoning
Routers advertise the distance of routes that have gone

down to infinity.
ICND v2.05-
) Loop(:
Update Routing Table Unreachable full Update
Down .
Update Network Routing Table
Holddown timer Routing Table .
Routing Table Down Possibly Down
Unreachable Routing Table .
210
Poison Reverse
Poison reverse overrides split horizon.
ICND v2.05-
: Loop
:Split horizon with poisoning reverse
split horizon . split horizon network
.
.
B Full Update 10.4.0.0 C .
split horizon 10.4.0.0 C .
. E0 C shutdown . Route
C . C Route .
B Update Update B 10.4.0.0
C . B C 10.4.0.0 .
C B 10.4.0.0
B C
Poison Reverse
Poison reverse overrides split horizon.
ICND v2.05-
) Loop(:
C Update 10.4.0.0 B
Update B route 10.4.0.0 . B
10.4.0.0 Update C . loop
.
B Update Inaccessible C
10.4.0.0 B C .
212
Holddown Timers
The router keeps an entry for the networks possible down

state, allowing time for other routers to recompute for this
topology change.
ICND v2.05-
: Loop
Loop Loop
Holddown Timer .
Holddown Timer network Hold
holddown timer Network
. periodic Update . RIP 180 IGRP
270 . Holddown timer :
Update Update network

Update possibly
down network Routing Table hold start Holddown Timer
.
ignore .
Holddown Timers

topology change.
ICND v2.05-
) Loop (:
Holddown timer Update

network
hold Update Routing Table .

.
network . hold
.
. Update
Ignore .
: Route Poisoning Holddown Timer . Network

Update Routing Table Network Infinity Route
214
Holddown Timers

topology change.
ICND v2.05-
:( )Loop
Update Update . Poisoning
Routing Table Network Holddown Network
. Possibly Down
Triggered Updates
The router sends updates when a change in its routing

table occurs.
ICND v2.05-
: Loop
Loop Periodic Update
Distance-Vector . Down Network .
Distance-Vector Periodic
. Triggered Update Routing Table
.
.
Network .
Triggered Update Holddown Timer . hold
Update triggerd Update down
Network loop .
216
Distance Vector Operation
ICND v2.05-
Distance Vector :
Loop .
Loop .
C B A D 10.4.0.0 .
10.4.0.0 B Down Route Poison . Route
Routing Table Infinity Routing Table . B
Routing Table . Triggered Update Routing Table
.
triggered Update D A 10.4.0.0
.
)Distance Vector Operation (Cont.
ICND v2.05-
Distance Vector :
D A 10.4.0.0 .
Holddown A D Hold Update
Ignore . Routing Table 10.4.0.0
Possibly Down
. Triggered Update A D E .
E Hold Route Routing Table Possibly Down .
218
ICND v2.05-
Distance Vector :
Split Horizon With Poison Reverse .
A Update D B 10.4.0.0 ) ( Inaccessible
.
E Hold Update D A Inaccessible
10.4.0.0 .
ICND v2.05-
Distance Vector :
Hold . Holddown Timer
Route .
Hold up hold
.
hold.
10.4.0.0 up B Routing Table
.
220
ICND v2.05-
Distance Vector :
hold Update hold Routing
Table Possibly Down 10.4.0.0 .
Update Routing Table .
Hold .
Summary
Distance vector-based routing algorithms
(also known as Bellman-Ford algorithms) pass periodic
copies of a routing table from router to router.
When the topology in a distance vector protocol
internetwork changes, routing table updates must
occur. As with the network discovery process,
topology change updates proceed step-by-step from
router to router.
When maintaining the routing information,
inconsistencies can occur if the internetworks slow
convergence on a new configuration causes incorrect
routing entries.
ICND v2.05-
:
Distance-Vector .
. .
.
Full Update Routing
Table Network .
Update Distance-Vector .
Update Network .
Distance-Vector Loop .
Periodic Update . Network Down
.
loop .
Loop Loop .
222
Link State and Hybrid

Routing
. Link state Routing
. Hybrid Routing
224
Objectives
Upon completing this lesson, you will be

able to:
Describe the issues associated with link-state
routing and identify solutions to those issues
Describe the features of balanced hybrid routing
protocols
ICND v2.05-
: Routing
:
Dynamic Routing Protocol

Distance Vector
Link State
Hybrid
. Distance-Vector
Link-State

.
. Hybrid Routing Dynamic Routing Protocol
Link-State Routing Protocols
After initial flood, pass small event-triggered link-state

updates to all other routers
ICND v2.05-
: Link State
Dynamic Routing Protocol Link-state Routing Protocol
Link-State Dijkstra Routing Table

. Table :
.
Routing table
Link-Sate Database
Neighbor table

. Neighbor table .
.
Link-State Database . Link-State
Database .
226

ICND v2.05-
: Link State
SPF Run
Routing Table .
Link-Sate
Database SPF .
)(
. .
Link-State Protocol distance vector .

. .
Update Distance-Vector Routing Table .
Link-State Database .
Link-State Database SPF
.

ICND v2.05-
) Link State (:
Distance-Vector Update .
.
Update Link-State .
Link-Stat Database .
Loop .
OSPF IS-IS Link-State .
228
Link-State Network Hierarchy Example
Minimizes routing table entries

Localizes impact of a topology change within
an area
ICND v2.05-
: Link State
Link-state Protocol . .
AS Area .
: (AS) Autonomous system AS
. AS Area .
: Area . Area Link-State Database
. Area Link-State
Database Area .
. Area AS Link-State Database
Routing Table .
. AS Link-State .
AS
.

an area
ICND v2.05-
) Link State (:
Area :
.
.
Backbone Area
non Backbone Area
:Backbone Area Area Transit Area Area Area

Area . Backbone Area .
Area 0 Backbone Area . Backbone Backbone
Router . Area
. Link-State Database Routing Table . Backbone
Core Layer .
: Non Backbone Area Area Backbone Area .
230

an area
ICND v2.05-
:( )Link State
: Area Backbone Area
Normal Area
Stub Area
Totally Stub Area
Not-so-Stubby Area (NSSA)
. Normal Area CCNA :

. Normal Backbone Area Backbone Area
H G F . Interior Router Area
. Interior Router
Backbone Area :(ABR) Area Border Router
. ABR E D C .non Backbone Area

an area
ICND v2.05-
) Link State(:
ABR Link-State Database Area
Area .
Area Area . Area
ABR Area .
:(ASBR) Autonomous System Border Router

AS . AS .
I ASBR AS External Routing Domain .
232
Link-State Routing
Protocol Algorithms
ICND v2.05-
: Link State
Link-state Database .
Database . Database
ABR Interior Router .
) LSA ( Link State Advertisement Link-
State Database . Link State Protocol Full
Update . Link-State Database LSA
.
Periodic Update .
Link-State Database . Cost
.
. A D . A LSA
Link-State Database A .
Cost
Next Hop
Destination
Router
185.134.0.0
192.168.33.0
192.168.157.0
192.168.157.0
10.0.0.0
192.168.33.0
192.168.157.0
10.0.0.0
185.134.0.0
192.168.157.0
10.0.0.0
10.0.0.0
185.34.0.0
192.168.33.0
A 192.168.157.0 Next Hop

. SPF 192.168.157.0
Routing Table .
234
Benefits of Link-State Routing
Fast convergence: changes are reported

immediately by the source affected.
Robustness against routing loops:
Routers know the topology.
Link-state packets are sequenced and
acknowledged.
By careful (hierarchical) network design, you can
utilize resources optimally.
ICND v2.05-
: Link State
Link State Protocol
Distance-Vector .
Link- State Protocol Cost .
Triggered Distance-vector
. .
Link-State Database
Dijkstra .
Link State Protocol

Distance-Vector RIP IGRP
Distance-Vector
.
.
Benefits of Link-State Routing
Fast convergence: changes are reported

immediately by the source affected.
Robustness against routing loops:
Routers know the topology.
Link-state packets are sequenced and
acknowledged.
By careful (hierarchical) network design, you can
utilize resources optimally.
ICND v2.05-
) Link State (:
.
Area .
Update Distance-Vector Periodic .
Routing Table
. Link-State Distance-Vector
.
.
236
Caveats of Link-State Routing

Significant demands for resources:
Memory (three tables: adjacency, topology,
)forwarding
CPU (Dijkstras algorithm can be intensive, especially
)when a lot of instabilities are present.
Requires very strict network design (when more areas
)area routing
Problems with partitioning of areas
Configuration generally simple but can be complex
when tuning various parameters and when the design is
complex
Troubleshooting easier than in distance vector routing
ICND v2.05-
: Link State
Link-State . .
Table .
Table Memory .
Dijkstra CPU .
CPU
Dijkstra .
Table .
Area Dijkstra .
. Area Backbone
Area Backbone Area Area
.
Balanced Hybrid Routing
Shares attributes of both distance vector

and link-state routing
ICND v2.05-
: Hybrid Routing
Link state .Distance Vector
Distance Vector
. Full
update .
Link state .
topology table .
Hybrid routing protocol EIGRP .
238
Summary
Link-state routing uses LSAs, a topological
database, the SPF algorithm, the resulting SPF tree,
and a routing table of paths and ports to each
network.
Link-state routing algorithms maintain a complex
database of the network's topology by exchanging
LSAs with other routers in a network.
Link-state routing may flood the network with LSAs
during initial topology discovery and can be both
memory- and processor-intensive.
Balanced hybrid routing protocols combine aspects
of both distance vector and link-state protocols.
ICND v2.05-
:
. Distance-Vector Link-State
. Link-State
. Table
Dijkstra
. Routing Table
. Link-State Database LSA
Topology Table . CPU Memory
Area . Routing Table
. Table

RIP
240
:
.
RIP .
RIP .
. RIP
Objectives
able to:
Describe the features and operation of RIP
Use Cisco IOS commands to configure dynamic
routing using RIP, given a functioning router
Use show and debug commands to identify
anomalies in dynamic routing operation using
RIP, given an operational router
ICND v2.05-
: RIP
IGPs(Interior Gateway Protocol ) RIP
.
. AS
. Distance-Vector RIP
RIP RIP
. IP
. Debug
242
RIP Overview
) Maximum is 6 paths (default = 4

Hop-count metric selects the path
Routes update every 30 seconds
ICND v2.05-
) RIP ( :
(Routing Information Protocol) RIP Distance-Vector
Network
. hop count . RIP
. Distance-Vector
Periodic Update RIP.
Routing table
(Broadcast) 255.255.255.255 . RIP IP RIP

). Version 1(RFC1058) ,RIP Version 2 (RFC 1721 & RFC1722
RIP :
.
RIP Distance-Vector .
) hop cont (
Maximum
infinity .
RIP Overview

ICND v2.05-
) RIP ( :
.
full update Broadcast

.
:Load Balancing RIP

.
RIP . load
balancing .
RIP v1 Class Full Routing Protocol VLSM CIDR .

update subnet mask Network ID .
RIP V2 Classless Routing Protocol VLSM CIDR .

update subnet mask Network ID .
244
RIP Overview
Maximum is 6 paths (default = 4)

ICND v2.05-
: ( ) RIP
: Load balancing :
Equal load balancing
Unequal load balancing
Load Balancing network :Equal load balancing

. Load Balancing RIP .
RIP Overview

ICND v2.05-
) RIP ( :
:Unequal Load Balancing
. Variance .
Default
. Variance
.
Variance Unequal Load Balancing EIGRP, IGRP .
246
IP Routing
Configuration Tasks
Router configuration
Select routing protocols.
Specify networks or
interfaces.
ICND v2.05-
: RIP
Select Routing Protocol
Specify Networks or interface

(OSPF EIGRP IGRP RIP ) . Routing Protocol
. IP
. wildcard mask Network ID OSPF :
Dynamic Routing Configuration
Router(config)#router protocol [keyword]
Defines an IP routing protocol

Router(config-router)#network network-number
Mandatory configuration command for each

IP routing process
Identifies the physically connected network that
routing updates are forwarded to
ICND v2.05-
:( )RIP
. Dynamic Routing Protocol
: Global Mode

Dynamic Routing Protocol :Protocol
. OSPF EIGRP IGRP RIP : .
AS . AS IGRP, EIGRP :Keyword
OSPF .
OSPF . Local Process ID
.
248
Dynamic Routing Configuration
Defines an IP routing protocol

Mandatory configuration command for each

IP routing process
Identifies the physically connected network that
routing updates are forwarded to
ICND v2.05-
:( )RIP
. Network
Update receive send
. Connect network-number .
RIP Configuration
Router(config)#router rip
Starts the RIP routing process
Selects participating attached networks

Requires a major classful network number
ICND v2.05-
:( )RIP
. Dynamic Routing Protocol
: RIP
RIP
Connect
Router(config)#router rip
. RIP :
250
RIP Configuration Example
ICND v2.05-
RIP :
: B A C Connect .
RIP A :
:Router RIP Routing Protocol RIP A .
:Network 172.16.0.0 .E0
:Network 10.0.0.0 .S2
A Connect .
RIP V1 Classful CIDR .
B Connect Network ID 10.1.1.0.0/24 10.2.2.0/24 .
RIP classful .
B 10.0.0.0/8 connect .
Verifying the RIP Configuration
ICND v2.05-
:
RIP .
) Connect ( Routing Table
. Connect Connect
show ip route .
Timer .
show ip route .
A RIP .
Periodic Distance-Vector . Time :
.
Update Timer
Invalid timer
Holddown Timer
Flush Timer
252
ICND v2.05-
) (:
RIP Distance-Vector . Default
:
.
: Update Timer
: Invalid timer
: Holddown Timer
: Flush Timer
:
:Update Timer Routing table
Broadcast address)255.255.255.255( .
.
ICND v2.05-
) (:
:Invalid Timer
Update
Hold Update
Possibly Down Routing Table .
:Flush Timer Update

Network
.
Routing Table Routing Table
254
ICND v2.05-
)(:
:Holddown Timer Update Update
Loop
hold . Routing Table Possibly Down

.
debug ip rip Command
ICND v2.05-
RIP : Debug
Connect Routing Table
. Show ip Route A :
Table :
.
:R or C Routing Table
.
R Update
. Routing Table

Routing table R .
256
debug ip rip Command
ICND v2.05-
RIP : Debug
.
: 120/1 ADMINISTRA DISTAN .

Dynamic Routing Protocol AD
Routing Protocol Routing protocol .
RIP AD . 10.2.2.0
.
IP Address :Via 10.1.1.2 point-to-point

.
:Serial 2 .
.
Connect serial 2 .
Summary
RIP is a distance vector routing protocol that uses hop
count as the metric for route selection and broadcasts
routing updates every 30 seconds.
To enable a dynamic routing protocol, you will select the
routing protocol and then assign IP network numbers.
The router rip command specifies RIP as the routing
protocol. The network command identifies a participating
attached network.
The show ip commands display information about
routing protocols and the routing table.
Use the debug ip rip command to display information on
RIP routing transactions.
ICND v2.05-
:
. Distance-Vector ( Routing Information Protocol) RIP
Update Distance-Vector RIP . ) ( Hop Count
. Routing Table update Periodic
Update Bandwidth .
Routing Protocol .
:
: RIP
: Connect
Router (config) #router rip
debug ip rip show ip route Routing Table
.
258

IGRP
:
.
. IGRP
. IGRP
. IGRP
260
Objectives
able to:
Describe the features and operation of IGRP
routing using IGRP, given a functioning router
IGRP, given an operational router
ICND v2.05-
: IGRP
1980 Cisco IGRP Interior Gateway Routing Protocol
.
. RIP IGRP
.
. Debug
Introducing IGRP
More scalable than RIP

Sophisticated metric
Multiple-path support
ICND v2.05-
: IGRP
Interior Gateway Routing Protocol IGRP Cisco 1980
. Distance Vector
RIP . :
IGRP : RIP Routing

.
IGRP : RIP composite .

:
.
bandwidth
Delay
Load
MTU
Reliability
262
Introducing IGRP
More scalable than RIP

Sophisticated metric
Multiple-path support
ICND v2.05-
: ( )IGRP
. balance RIP IGRP :Unequal Load Balancing
RIP
Unequal Load Balancing Default IGRP . Balance
.
IGRP Composite Metric
Bandwidth
Delay
Reliability
Loading
MTU
ICND v2.05-
: IGRP
:Composite Metric
IGRP RIP . :
.
Delay
Load
MTU
Bandwidth
Reliability
Bandwidth Delay .
.
RIP 15 . RIP
15 . RIP .
264
Bandwidth
Delay
Reliability
Loading
MTU
ICND v2.05-
: IGRP
IGRP RIP 255 . IGRP RIP Maximum hop Count
.
IGRP
RIP
:
Bandwidth
Delay
Reliability
Loading
MTU
ICND v2.05-
: IGRP
RIP Run RIP ) ( hop Count
AD .
T1 IGRP .
. IGRP .
266
Bandwidth
Delay
Reliability
Loading
MTU
ICND v2.05-
) IGRP( :
:Bandwidth
IGRP
. A
PC-2 ABCD .
:Delay
packet .
delay .
:Load
.
IGRP . load
load .
load .
Bandwidth
Delay
Reliability
Loading
MTU
ICND v2.05-
) IGRP( :
:Reliability . down
packet lost .
IGRP
. Reliability
.
Maximum Transmission Unit :MTU

Fragment . .
.
Bandwidth Delay .
268
Bandwidth
Delay
Reliability
Loading
MTU
ICND v2.05-
) IGRP( :
bandwidth Delay .
delay
.
Source Destination
Type Ethernet 1000 Mb/s
dial-up 56 k
IGRP Minimum Bandwidth Count of Delay .
:Load Balancing
Load Balancing :
.
Equal Load Balancing
Unequal Load Balancing
) IGRP( :
Equal Load Balancing .

load Balancing RIP . 4
default Load Balancing . Unequal Load Balancing
Load Balancing
.
Load Balancing . Variance .
. Unequal Load Balancing IGRP
.
270
Configuring IGRP
Router(config)#router igrp autonomous-system
Defines IGRP as the IP routing protocol
Selects participating attached networks
ICND v2.05-
: IGRP
IGRP . .
Dynamic .
.
Connect .
: .
Global Mode .
Router(config)#router igrp autonomous-system
: information AS
Number .
: Connect IGRP .
Router-mode .
IGRP Configuration Example
ICND v2.05-
IGRP :
B A C AS 100 IGRP AS
.
IGRP A .
IGRP . global mode :
Router(config)#router igrp 100

advertise . A Connect Network ID 172.16.0.0 10.0.0.0 .
:
Router(config-router)#network 172.16.0.0
272
Verifying the IGRP Configuration
ICND v2.05-
:IGRP
IGRP . IGRP
Distance-Vector Link-State
Table
Routing Table . Table show ip Route .
IGRP Update Periodic Full Update .
IGRP timer show ip protocol .
Timer IGRP Holddown Invalid Update Flush 280 270 90
630 .
Verifying the IGRP Configuration
ICND v2.05-
) IGRP (:
IGRP :
)Metric = [(k1 * BW) + (K2 * BW) + (K3 * Delay)] + K5 (256 Load) (Reliability + K4
Bandwidth Delay .
K2=K4=K5=0 K1=K3=1 . show ip protocol
.
274
Displaying the IP Routing Table
ICND v2.05-
Routing Table : IGRP

Routing Table Show ip Route user mode Privileged mode .
Table Connect Connect IGRP
.
) (I Connect ). (C
Routing Table
. 10.2.2.0 Serial 2 90956
.
debug ip igrp transaction Command
ICND v2.05-
IGRP : Debug

. IP-Address .
Receive Update From
IP-Address on Interface IP-Address interface
Update . Update
. Update
255.255.255.255
) ( Broadcast Address IGRP .
Update Command Prompt :

Sending Update to 255.255.255.255 via Interface
Debugging no debug ip igrp transaction no debug all Prevailed mode
.
276
debug ip igrp events Command
RouterA#debug ip igrp events

IGRP event debugging is on
RouterA#
00:23:44: IGRP: sending update to 255.255.255.255 via Ethernet0 (172.16.1.1)
00:23:44: IGRP: Update contains 0 interior, 2 system, and 0 exterior routes.
00:23:44: IGRP: Total routes in update: 2
00:23:44: IGRP: sending update to 255.255.255.255 via Serial2 (10.1.1.1)
00:23:48: IGRP: received update from 10.1.1.2 on Serial2
ICND v2.05-
: Debug IGRP
. Update Network AS
Events Debug ip igrp . Debugging
.
Debug ip igrp Transaction
. Network
. Undebug all no
Updating Routing Information

Example
ICND v2.05-
Link :IGRP
IGRP Distance-Vector Scenario .
Connect .
IGRP Run Routing Table
.
E0 A shut down.
A Update (Triggered Update) S2
172.16.1.0 B ). (00:31:15
B Update Routing Table Update
A inaccessible 172.16.1.0 a .
Update 00:31:16 Serial 2 172.16.1.0
) ( 4294967295 ).(Split Horizon With Poison Reverse
278

)Example (Cont.
ICND v2.05-
Link )IGRP (:
B Triggered Update Routing Table A .
.
A Poison Reverse Loop 172.16.1.0
Possibly down Triggered Update 172.16.1.0 C
.
B Triggered Update A Hold down
Update advertise drop .

)Example (Cont.
ICND v2.05-
Link )IGRP (:
B Down 172.16.1.0 Down .
Holddown 280 IGRP . B 172.16.1.0
possibly Down 280 .
172.16.1.0 Ping .
280

)Example (Cont.
ICND v2.05-
Link )IGRP (:
E0 shut Down A Routing

Table Update B accessible 172.16.1.0 )
.( Triggered Update
B Update Hold down Routing Table Update
.
Hold down 172.16.1.0 Possibly Down .
172.16.1.0 Ping (echo Reply) Ping
Routing Table Possibly Down .
Summary
IGRP has several key features such as increased
scalability, a sophisticated metric, and multiple paths.
IGRP uses a composite routing metric that can include
bandwidth, delay, reliability, loading, and MTU value.
The IGRP composite routing metric supports multiple
paths between source and destination.
Use the router igrp and network commands to create an
IGRP routing process. Use the variance and traffic-share
commands to configure IGRP load balancing.
Use the show ip protocols and show ip route commands
to display information about your IGRP configuration.
Use the debug ip igrp transaction command to display
transaction information on IGRP routing transactions and
the debug ip igrp events command to display a summary
of the IGRP routing information.
ICND v2.05-
:
. Distance-Vector ( Interior Gateway Routing Protocol) IGRP
. Routing Table
. RIP . Periodic
IGRP MTU Reliability Bandwidth Delay Load
. Delay Bandwidth
:

. Connect
Debug
. IP-Address .
282

EIGRP
:
.
. EIGRP
. EIGRP
. EIGRP
284
Objectives
able to:
Describe the features and operation of EIGRP
routing using EIGRP, given a functioning router
EIGRP, given an operational router
ICND v2.05-
: EIGRP
Cisco IGRP (Enhanced interior Gateway Routing Protocol) EIGRP
.
. AS IGPs EIGRP
EIGRP . Media Topology
. Overhead Convergence
. Monitoring
Introducing EIGRP
EIGRP supports:
Rapid convergence
Reduced bandwidth usage
Multiple network-layer protocols
ICND v2.05-
) EIGRP (:
Dynamic :
.
Distance-Vector
Link- state
Hybrid
Hybrid Link-State Distance-Vector

. EIGRP EIGRP. Hybrid .
Distance-Vector
.
Distance-Vector Update Full Update .
. Link-State
.
286
Introducing EIGRP
EIGRP supports:
Rapid convergence
ICND v2.05-
) EIGRP (:
EIGRP Link-State Routing Table
Topology Table .
EIGRP
EIGRP . Table .
Table Topology Database Routing Table
Network Neighboring Table .
EIGRP :
EIGRP . Diffusing
) Update Algorithm (DUAL .
EIGRP Back up
Topology Database .
Introducing EIGRP
EIGRP supports:
Rapid convergence
ICND v2.05-
) EIGRP (:
Down Dual
.
Back up .
EIGRP
Hello Packet EIGRP Stable . EIGRP
Link-State Hello Packet .
Hello packet ) (Adjacency
Neighboring Table .
EIGRP Distance-Vector Periodic Update

Routing Table .
Update .
288
EIGRP Terminology
ICND v2.05-
: EIGRP
EIGRP IP Routed Protocol IPX Apple Talk
. EIGRP Table :
.
Neighboring table
Topology table
Routing table
:Neighboring table Table .

IP Address point-to-point .
: Topology table Table .
Table Run DUAL
Routing table . Successor Feasible Successor
. .
EIGRP Terminology
ICND v2.05-
) EIGRP (:
:Routing table Topology Table DUAL EIGRP
Routing table .
Routing Table Topology table . EIGRP Routing protocol
Back up Destination
Down Run DUAL
.
.
:(RD) Reported Distance .
:(FD) Feasible Distance
FD .
:Successor FD Successor .
.
290
EIGRP Terminology
ICND v2.05-
) EIGRP (:
:(FC) Feasible Condition FD<RD
Back up . feasible Successor
Back up
Topology table
.
:Feasible Successor Backup Successor FC
.
Comparing EIGRP and IGRP
Similar metric
Same load balancing
Improved convergence time
Reduced network overhead
ICND v2.05-
IGRP : EIGRP
EIGRP . Cisco
EIGRP IGRP.
EIGRP Distance-Vector . Distance-Vector
Periodic .

Convergence .
EIGRP Distance-Vector . Distance-Vector
. Link-State
EIGRP IGRP 255 .
MTU Reliability Delay Load bandwidth
Default Bandwidth Delay .
292
Similar metric
Same load balancing
ICND v2.05-
IGRP ) EIGRP (:
Unequal load Balancing .
EIGRP IGRP Default Balance .
EIGRP IGRP . EIGRP Backup Topology Table
. Down ) ( Successor ( Feasible Successor) Backup
DUAL . ) ( Convergence
. EIGRP .
.
Dynamic .
.
Connect .
Similar metric
Same load balancing
ICND v2.05-
IGRP ) EIGRP (:
: Run .
Global Mode .
Router(config)#router eigrp autonomous-system
: information AS
Number .
: Connect . Router Mode
.
294
EIGRP Configuration Example
ICND v2.05-
EIGRP :
B A C AS 100 EIGRP AS
.
EIGRP A .
EIGRP . global mode :
Router(config)#router eigrp 100

Advertise . A Connect Network ID 172.16.0.0 10.0.0.0 .
:
Summary
EIGRP is an interior gateway protocol suited for
many different topologies and media.
EIGRP is an enhanced version of the IGRP
developed by Cisco, with improved convergence
properties and operating efficiency over IGRP.
Use the router eigrp and network commands to
create an EIGRP routing process.
Use the show ip eigrp commands to display
information about your EIGRP configuration.
To display information on EIGRP packets, use the
debug ip eigrp privileged EXEC command.
ICND v2.05-
:
Cisco IGRP (Enhanced interior Gateway Routing Protocol) EIGRP
. AS IGPs EIGRP.
Apple Talk IPX IP Routed Protocol EIGRP
Neighboring table : Table EIGRP .
.Routing table Topology table
down Topology Table Backup EIGRP
. DUAL
: .

. Connect
296

OSPF
:
.
. OSPF
. OSPF
.OSPF
298
Objectives
able to:
Describe the features and operation of OSPF
routing for a single area OSPF network, given a
functioning router
OSPF, given an operational router
ICND v2.05-
: OSPF
Distance-Vector
Hybrid
Link-State
Link-State OSPF .
.
. AS . IGPs EIGRP IGRP RIP OSPF
. Link-State OSPF
: OSPF
Single Area OSPF
Multiple Area OSPF
Introducing OSPF
Open standard
Shortest path first (SPF) algorithm
) Link-state routing protocol (vs. distance vector
ICND v2.05-
: OSPF
OSPF IGRP RIP EIGRP igps . AS
BGP AS AS .
OSPF IGRP EIGRP Cisco Open Source
IETF .
IP :
.
Open Standard OSPF

Version 2 RFC 2328 .
OSPF Link-State .
Dijkstra
Routing Table .
300
OSPF as a Link-State Protocol

OSPF propagates link-state advertisements
rather than routing table updates.
LSAs are flooded to all OSPF routers in the area.
The OSPF link-state database is pieced together
from the LSAs generated by the OSPF routers.
OSPF uses the SPF algorithm to calculate the
shortest path to a destination.
Link = router interface
State = description of an interface and its
relationship to neighboring routers
ICND v2.05-
: Link State OSPF

OSPF . Distance-Vector
. Distance-Vector
Link- Link State link Link-State OSPF
. State Database
Interface Link State
.
:
IP Address
Subnet Mask
Multipoint Point-to-point . Type
. Type
...

ICND v2.05-
:( )Link State OSPF

. Distance-Vector OSPF
Table Distance-Vector
( LSA) Link-State Advertisement OSPF .
. Link-State Database
Network Down Topology
Periodic- Distance-Vector OSPF . LSA
Topology Distance-Vector . Update
. Update Routing Table
Routing Periodic-Update . OSPF
. Table
302

ICND v2.05-
:( )Link State OSPF

. Advertise
Link-State Database OSPF :
LSA
.
( Dijkstra) OSPF Run , Link-State Database OSPF
. Routing Table
. hierarchical EIGRP IGRP RIP OSPF
. Run OSPF

ICND v2.05-
OSPF : Link State

Link-State Database OSPF
Routing Table . Link-State Database
.
) (Area
. Link-State Database Dijkstra
. OSPF AS Area
Area Network .
Link-State Database LSA Area
. Area Link-State Database
304
OSPF Hierarchical Routing
Consists of areas and autonomous systems

Minimizes routing update traffic
ICND v2.05-
: OSPF
OSPF AS Area
Area . :
.
Backbone Area
non Backbone Area
Backbone Area :Backbone Area Area

Area Area 0 . Area 0 Backbone
Router .
:Non Backbone Router Hierarchical Area Area
AS .
OSPF Hierarchical Routing
Consists of areas and autonomous systems

Minimizes routing update traffic
ICND v2.05-
:( )OSPF
. Area Routing Table Link-State Database
: AS Hierarchical
. SPF
. Routing Table
. Link-State Database Overhead
306
Shortest Path First Algorithm
Places each router at the root of a tree and calculates the

shortest path to each destination based on the cumulative cost
) Cost = 108/bandwidth (bps
ICND v2.05-
: SPF
SPF
. Node Cost
Routing Table .
Cost Bandwidth .
56 K Overhead Delay 10 Mb/s
. 10 Mb/s
.
OSPF Cost :
)Cost=100000000/Bandwdth (in bps
T1 1.544Mbps Cost 100000000/1544000=64 .
Configuring Single Area OSPF
Router(config)#router ospf process-id
Defines OSPF as the IP routing protocol
Router(config-router)#network address mask area area-id
Assigns networks to a specific OSPF area
ICND v2.05-
OSPF : Single Area

OSPF . .
.
Connect Area .
: OSPF Process-id .
Global Mode .
: Process-id OSPF . OSPF
Run . . Local
. OSPF Process-id
.
308
ICND v2.05-
:( )Single Area OSPF

. OSPF :
. OSPF Connect
Network IP Address Network
. Wild Card Mask .
Subnet Mask Wild Card Mask
: .
Subent mask: 255.255.0.0
Wild Card Mask: 0.0.255.255
ICND v2.05-
:( )Single Area OSPF

. Area
. Area OSPF
. Area Area-id
310
OSPF Configuration Example
ICND v2.05-
OSPF :
. OSPF .
Area 0 . OSPF B .
OSPF .
Run : OSPF .
OSPF Process-id 100 :
Router(config)#router ospf 100
: .Connect
Connect Network ID Host Address
) IP Address( .
Host Address Subnet mask 255.255.255.255 . Wild Card
Mask 0.0.0.0 .
OSPF Configuration Example
ICND v2.05-
:( )OSPF
Router(config-router)#network 10.1.1.2 0.0.0.0 area 0
Router(config-router)#network 10.2.2.2 0.0.0.0 area 0
Area . AREA 0
.
312
Configuring Loopback Interfaces
Router ID:
Number by which the router is known to OSPF
Default: The highest IP address on an active interface at the
moment of OSPF process startup
Can be overridden by a loopback interface: Highest IP address
of any active loopback interface
ICND v2.05-
RID : OSPF
:Router ID OSPF .
OSPF RID RID
.

IP Address RID
.
RID . RID
. Down OSPF RID
.
OSPF .
Loop Back Interface UP .
Router ID:
ICND v2.05-
RID : OSPF
Loop Back Interface .
. .
Router(Config)#interface loopback number
:number 0 65535 . 65536
. , UP UP
. , RID Loop back
RID Loop Back Interface Loop Back IP Address
RID .
Loop Back RID
. RID . OSPF RID
.
314
Router ID:
ICND v2.05-
RID ) OSPF (:
:DR/BDR
Multi-access Ethernet
Neighboring . ) (Neighbor .
Ethernet
. n Multi-access
n(n-1)/2 Multi-access .

Router ID:
ICND v2.05-
RID : OSPF
Link-State Database

.
Multi-access
RID . Multi-access
RID Designated Router .
( Link-State Update ) LSU DR BDR .
Link-State Database DR
Multi-access BDR DR Down
DR BDR DR .
316
Verifying the OSPF Configuration

Router#show ip protocols
Verifies that OSPF is configured

Router#show ip route
Displays all the routes learned by the router

Router#show ip ospf interface
Displays area-ID and adjacency information

Router#show ip ospf neighbor
Displays OSPF-neighbor information on a per-interface basis

ICND v2.05-
: OSPF
OSPF Single Area .
Link-State OSPF
Table . Table Show .
:Show IP protocol Network
.
:Show IP Route Dijkstra
Routing Table .
:Show IP OSPF Interface OSPF
. Timer Interval ) Hello Interval (Dead Interval
Network Type .
Adjacency Adjacent
Router ID .





ICND v2.05-
) OSPF (:
)Adjacent With Neighbor 131.108.1.2 (Designated Router
Neighboring Adjacency OSPF

Multi-access Ethernet . Broadcast Domain
.
DR BDR DR BDR
Adjacency .
DR BDR Link-State Database
DR BDR . DR BDR
Link-State Database Multi-access
.
318





ICND v2.05-
:( )OSPF
DR update Link-State Database DR BDR DR
.
state Router ID :Show IP OSPF Neighbor
( DOTHER ) BDR DR .
.
OSPF debug commands
Router#debug ip ospf events

OSPF:hello with invalid timers on interface Ethernet0
hello interval received 10 configured 10
net mask received 255.255.255.0 configured 255.255.255.0
dead interval received 40 configured 30
Router# debug ip ospf packet
OSPF: rcv. v:2 t:1 l:48 rid:200.0.0.117
aid:0.0.0.0 chk:6AB2 aut:0 auk:
Router#debug ip ospf packet
OSPF: rcv. v:2 t:1 l:48 rid:200.0.0.116
aid:0.0.0.0 chk:0 aut:2 keyid:1 seq:0x0
ICND v2.05-
:Debug OSPF
Debug . Debug OSPF
OSPF Troubleshooting .
.
:Debug IP OSPF Events
:
. Broadcast Domain Subnet Mask
. Hello Interval
. Dead Interval
OSPF
:
320
OSPF debug commands
Router#debug ip ospf events

OSPF:hello with invalid timers on interface Ethernet0
hello interval received 10 configured 10
net mask received 255.255.255.0 configured 255.255.255.0
dead interval received 40 configured 30
Router# debug ip ospf packet
OSPF: rcv. v:2 t:1 l:48 rid:200.0.0.117
aid:0.0.0.0 chk:6AB2 aut:0 auk:
Router#debug ip ospf packet
OSPF: rcv. v:2 t:1 l:48 rid:200.0.0.116
aid:0.0.0.0 chk:0 aut:2 keyid:1 seq:0x0
ICND v2.05-
:( )Debug OSPF
dead Interval Hello Interval Subnet Mask
.
Area Neighboring
:Debug IP OSPF Packet

.
. Adjacency BDR DR SPF
Summary
OSPF is an interior gateway protocol similar to
IGRP, but based on link states rather than
distance vectors.
OSPF advertises information about each of its
links rather than sending routing table updates
like a distance vector protocol.
The SPF algorithm places each router at the root
of a tree and calculates the shortest path to each
destination based on the cumulative cost
required to reach that destination.
ICND v2.05-
:
. IGPs ( Open Short Path First ) OSPF
. AS
. Link-State OSPF
. Link-State Database .
SPF Algorithms Dijkstra Link-State Database
. Routing Table
. Periodic Distance-Vector OSPF
Periodic Update Routing Table
Link- Link-Sate Database
. Routing Table SPF State Database
322

Ch.6
OSPF
Part 1 of 2:
Single
Area OSPF
CCNP 1 version 3.0
Rick Graziani
Cabrillo College
324

Ch.6
OSPF
Switch
Part 1 of 2:Cisco
Single
Area OSPF
CCNP 1 version 3.0
Rick Graziani
Cabrillo College
:
.
Loop STP . LOOP
. ( VLAN) Virtual LAN
. TRUNK
326
Catalyst 2950
Switch LED Indicators
ICND v2.01-6
: 2950
MAC Address .
.
.
) ( Mbps ) ( 1000 Mbps
. IOS
. .
:
.
LED
Mode Button
Catalyst 2950
ICND v2.01-6
) 2950 ( :
:
2550G-12
.
:LED
:
Port Status LED
Port Mode LED
System LED
Power Supply LED
328
Catalyst 2950
ICND v2.01-6
) 2950 ( :
: Port Status LED LED .
Prot LED :
: Off . Link .
. : Link Active .
. Active : Link .
. : LED
Link Collision .
. : Disable .
ICND v2.03-6
:Port Mode LED

:
.
: STST LED .
STST LED LED
.
.
: UTL LED Mode LED

bandwidth . LED
Bandwidth

.
330
ICND v2.03-6
) Port Mode LED ( :

.
: FDUP LED Mode Halfduplex Full Duplex .

PORT LED :
: Off Half Duplex .

: Full Duplex .
.
: SPEED LED
Mode . PORT LED

:
: Off Auto .
: 100 .
Port LEDs During Switch POST
1. At the start, all port LEDs are green.

2. Each LED turns off after its test completes.
3. If a test fails, its LED turns amber.
4. System LED turns amber if any test fails.
5. If no test fails, POST completes.
6. On POST completion, LEDs blink,
then turn off.
ICND v2.01-7
: POST
Power ON PORT LED .
POST
.
Safe System LED
.
POST LED
.
POST Load IOS CLI .
332
Logging In to the Switch and

Entering the Enable Password
ICND v2.01-10
CLI Mode :
CLI Common Line Interface Text Base
.
CLI IOS mode :
.
user mode
privileged mode
mode .
:User Mode
Mode . Mode
. Mode Monitoring . Mode
.
Mode Mode . Mode
.
Logging In to the Switch and

Entering the Enable Password
ICND v2.01-10
CLI Mode ) ( :
:Privileged Mode
Mode .
Mode Mode

mode Mode .
334
Configuring the Switch

Configuration Modes:
Global configuration mode
wg_sw_a#configure terminal
wg_sw_a(config)#
Interface configuration mode
wg_sw_a(config)#interface e0/1
wg_sw_a(config-if)#
ICND v2.01-12
: 2950
.
wg_sw_a(config)#interface e0/1
: Command Prompt
wg_sw_a(config-if)#
Configuring the Catalyst Switch
ICND v2.03-14
: 2950
IP Address Global Mode :
Switch(config)# interface VLAN1
Mode .
Switch(config-if)# ip address 192.168.1.2 255.255.255.0
IP Address Gate Way LAN .
Gateway .
LAN Gateway
LAN .
Switch(config)#ip default-gateway 192.168.1.1
336
Switch show interfaces Command
wg_sw_a#show interfaces ethernet 0/1

Ethernet 0/1 is Enabled
Hardware is Built-in 10Base-T
Address is 0050.BD73.E2C1
MTU 1500 bytes, BW 10000 Kbits
802.1d STP State: Forwarding
Forward Transitions:
Port monitoring: Disabled
Unknown unicast flooding: Enabled
Unregistered multicast flooding: Enabled
Description:
Duplex setting: Half duplex
Back pressure: Disabled
--More--
ICND v2.01-19
:
: show interface
Disable Enable
STP State
Bandwidth
Full duplex Half duplex
Summary
The startup of a Catalyst switch requires that you verify
the physical installation, power up the switch, and view
the Cisco IOS software output on the console.
The Catalyst switches have several status LEDs that are
generally lit in green when the switch is functioning
normally but turn amber when there is a malfunction.
The Catalyst POST is executed only when the switch is
powered up. The POST uses the switch port LEDs to
indicate test progress and status.
During initial startup, if POST test failures are detected,
they are reported to the console. If POST completes
successfully, you can configure the switch.
ICND v2.01-21
:

.
RAM Load IOS ON Power
.
. PORT LED POST
.
System LED
POST
CLI POST .
.
338
Ch.6
OSPF
Single

Part 1 of 2:
Area OSPF
CCNP 1 version 3.0
Rick Graziani
Cabrillo College
MAC Address . Hub
340
Ethernet Switches and Bridges
Address learning
Forward/filter decision
Loop avoidance
ICND v2.03-6
:
Bridge OSI
. ) ( MAC Address
. Device
.

MAC address .
source Destination .

Database
. database MAC Table MAC Address Interface
.
Address learning
Pc1 send a frame to pc4
Mac address:x1
Mac address:x3
Pc1
Pc3
F0/1
F0/3
interface
Mac address
F0/1
F0/2
F0/2
Pc2
F0/4
Pc4
F0/3
F0/4
Mac address:x4
Mac address:x2
ICND v2.03-7
:
.
MAC Table . PC
. .
342
Address learning
Mac address:x1
Mac address:x3
Pc3
Mac address
interface
x1
F0/1
F0/3
Pc1
F0/1
F0/2
F0/3
F0/4
Pc4
F0/2
Pc2
F0/4
Mac address:x4
ICND v2.03-8
Mac address:x2
:
PC1 PC2 . .
. PC1
PC1 MAC Table . MAC Address PC1
PC1 MAC Table .
Address learning
Mac address:x1
Mac address:x3
Pc3
Mac address
interface
x1
F0/1
F0/1
F0/2
F0/3
3
F0/3
3
F0/4
Pc4
Pc1
F0/2
Pc2
F0/4
Mac address:x4
ICND v2.03-9
Mac address:x2
) ( :
PC1 PC4 MAC Table PC4
.
PC1 . Broadcast Device
X4
344
Address learning
Mac address:x1
Mac address:x3
Pc3
Mac address
interface
x1
F0/1
3
F0/4
F0/3
F0/1
F0/2
x4
3
F0/3
F0/2
Pc2
Pc4
F0/4
Pc1
Mac address:x4
ICND v2.03-10
Mac address:x2
) ( :
PC4 X4
PC4 MAC Table .
Table .
MAC table Broadcast
Unicast .
Filtering Frames
Station A sends a frame to station C.

Destination is known; frame is not flooded.
ICND v2.03-15
:
Frame Filtering .
Station Station
.
MAC Table .
PC A . PC C .
MAC Table . 0260.8c01.2222 E2
. E2 .
MAC Table . Table
.
346
)Filtering Frames (Cont.
Station A sends a frame to station B.

The switch has the address for station B in the MAC
address table.
ICND v2.03-16
:
Station Hub MAC Table .
Station B Station A .
Station A Station B
E0 Station B . Station A
.
Transmitting Frames
Cut-Through
Switch checks destination
address and immediately
begins forwarding frame.
Store and Forward

Complete frame is received
and checked before
forwarding.
Fragment-Free
Switch checks the first 64 bytes,
then immediately
begins forwarding frame.
ICND v2.03-11
:
: LAN
Cut-Through
Fragment-Free
Store and Forward
Store and Forward 2950 Fragment-Free 1900

. LAN
.
348
Cut through
reads only the destination address

No error checking
ICND v2.03-12
:Cut-Through
Destination
Destination .
Destination MAC Table .
.
Destination Address .
( Error checking) Error .
.
Fragment-Free
check for the collision on first 64 bytes of frame before forwarding

provides better error checking than the cut-through
ICND v2.03-13
:Fragment-Free
Cut-Through 64
error .

Collison 64 .
Fragment . Cut-Through
.
350
Store-and-Forward
Use CRC algorithm to error checking

copies the entire frame in to buffers then error checking
ICND v2.03-14
:Store-and-Forward
Destination .
Buffer Destination
FCS CRC
.
CRC Discard .
.
Loop in switch
Switch A
Switch B
Switch C
Switch E
Switch D
pc2
ICND v2.03-2
pc1
Loop :
LAN . LAN
. .
. Loop .
.
352
?Witch problem can occur when there is loop
Broadcast storm
A device can receive multiple copies of the same
frame
ICND v2.03-3
Loop :
Loop
.
Broadcast Storm
. STP
.
Broadcast storm
Switch A
Switch B
Switch C
Switch E
Switch D
pc2
ICND v2.03-4
pc1
Loop :
Loop Broadcast storm Broadcast
. PC1 . FF.FF.FF.FF.FF.FF Broadcast
.
FF.FF.FF.FF.FF.FF
.
Broadcast .
.
354
Receive multiple copies of the same frame
Switch A
Switch B
Switch C
Switch E
Switch D
pc2
Pc 2 receive two same frame

ICND v2.03-5
pc1
Pc1 Send a frame

Loop :
Loop
.
PC1 PC2 D . D MAC
Address PC2 MAC table . PC2
. PC2
Loop .
Loop .
STP . Loop
.
Summary
Ethernet switches and bridges increase the available
bandwidth of a network by creating dedicated network
segments and interconnecting the segments.
Switches and bridges use one of three operating modes
to transmit frames: store and forward, cut-through, and
fragment-free.
Switches and bridges maintain a MAC address table to
store address-to-port mappings so it can determine the
locations of connected devices.
When a frame arrives with a known destination address,
it is forwarded only on the specific port connected to
the destination station.
ICND v2.03-21
:
MAC address LAN .
.
:
Cut-Through
Fragment-Free
Store and Forward
64 . error checking
. CRC error
.
356
STP
Ch.6
OSPF
Loop
Area

Part 1
of 2: Single
OSPF
CCNP 1 version 3.0
Rick Graziani
Cabrillo College
:
.
STP Loop Switching .
358
Spanning-Tree Protocol
Provides a loop-free redundant network topology by

placing certain ports in the blocking state.
ICND v2.03-
: STP
Spanning-tree Protocol STP DEC IEEE
802.1D .
802.1D .
STP Loop Loop .
shutdown link .
STP Spanning-tree Algorithm STA
Loop Loop .
Root Bridge Selection
Bpdu = Bridge Protocol Data Unit

)(default = sent every two seconds
Root bridge = Bridge with the lowest bridge ID
= Bridge ID
? In the example, which switch has the lowest bridge ID
ICND v2.03-
) STP ( :
STA :
) :Bridge ID(BID STP .
.
:
.
Priority
MAC Address
) Priority default (.
:
BID = Bridge ID = Bridge Priority + MAC Address
:Root Bridge BID BID
BID Root Bridge .

360

= Bridge ID
ICND v2.03-
) STP ( :
priority . priority Root Bridge
.
priority Mac address .
Mac address Root Bridge .
Root Bridge
priority
Mac address. SW Y SW X . SW Y Root Bridge
.
Root Bridge .
.

= Bridge ID
ICND v2.03-
) STP ( :
Bridge Protocol Data Unit :BPDU BPDU

root bridge . BPDU
.
:Root Port Cost Root bridge.
:Designated Port forwarding .

.
362
Spanning-Tree Operation
One root bridge per network
One root port per nonroot bridge
One designated port per segment
Nondesignated ports are unused
ICND v2.03-
STP ) ( :
STA .
.
STA loop .
STA
. STA Bridge ID
. BPDU .
Bridge ID Bridge ID
. Bridge ID Bridge ID Bridge ID
Bridge ID
BPDU .
Bridge ID Bridge ID
Bridge ID .
ICND v2.03-
STP ) ( :
Bridge ID Root Bridge .
Root Bridge .
Root Bridge
.
STA scenario .
scenario . scenario link .
loop . STA Loop
.
STA :
:
Bridge ID .
:
364
ICND v2.03-
STP ) ( :
Bridge ID BPDU
Bridge ID Root Bridge . SW X Root bridge .

:
Root Bridge Designated Port .
Root Bridge Designated Port
.
:
Root Port .
Root bridge Root Port Cost Root Bridge.
. SW X SW Y
.
ICND v2.03-
STP ) ( :
Cost Bandwidth
Cost bandwidth . cost .
Link cost SW Y link
Cost Root Port .
:
Cost Root Port block loop.
: network Root Bridge .

loop link
link Designated Port Root
Port .
366
STP ) (:
STA . Scenario .
scenario . loop
.
STA link .
STA .
:
local Bridge ID
.
Bridge ID .
:
. BPDU
Bridge ID Root Bridge .
STP ) (:
scenario Root Bridge
: ASW11 Root Bridge .
Priority
. ASW11 Mac Address Root
Bridge .
368
STP ) (:
:
Root Bridge Designated Port .
Root Bridge DP .
link Root Bridge DP Root Port
Blocking port .
Root Bridge STA
Root Bridge DP .
STP ) (:
:
link DP Root Port Block
Scenario Root Bridge Root Bridge DP
link RP .
:
Segment1 Segment2 .
segment 3 . DSW11 DSW12 DP
DP Segment3 DP .
STA DP
370
STP ) (:
DP segment 3 :
.
cost
Bridge ID
Cost . bandwidth cost

DP cost Block .
cost Bridge ID
DP .
Spanning-Tree Port States

Spanning-tree transits each port through
several different states:
ICND v2.03-
: STP
STA state .
state STA :
.
disable
blocking
listening
learning
forwarding
:Blocking
blocking
. BPDU .
372

ICND v2.03-
) STP ( :
:Listening
State BPDU Root Bridge .
Mac address Mac table .
:Learning
listening state learning state .
loop .
Mac address Mac
Address table State .
State .

ICND v2.03-
) STP ( :
:Forwarding
root Port Designated Port learning Forwarding
.
:Blocking
learning loop block .
blocking state . BPDU
down cost
state.
:Disable
.
State .
374

ICND v2.03-
) STP ( :
STA state
:
.
forwarding state
Blocking State
STA
forwarding blocking .
Summary
STP is a bridge-to-bridge protocol used to maintain a
loop-free network.
STP establishes a root bridge, a root port, and designated
ports.
With STP, the root bridge has the lowest bridge ID, which
is made up of the bridges priority and MAC address.
With STP, ports transition through four states: blocking,
listening, learning, and forwarding.
If a change occurs to the network topology, STP
maintains connectivity by transitioning some blocked
ports to the forwarding state.
RSTP significantly speeds the recalculation of the
spanning tree when the network topology changes.
ICND v2.03-
:
STP . loop Data Link
. loop STA

.
STA
.
.Blocking Forwarding State STA
STA
.
376
Virtual
Link
Ch.6
OSPF
Area

Part 1
of 2: Single
OSPF
CCNP 1 version 3.0
Rick Graziani
Cabrillo College
:
.
Virual Link .
VLAN .
VLAN .
378
VLANs
ICND v2.03-4
: VLAN
. Broadcast Domain
. Device LAN
.
Server LAN .
.
. Broadcast Domain
Broadcast Domain .
LAN LAN VLAN :
.
Broadcast Domain
VLANs
ICND v2.03-4
) VLAN ( :
LAN . .
LAN VLAN VLAN VLAN
.
380
VLANs
VLANs logically segment switched networks based on

an organization's functions, project teams, or
applications as opposed to a physical or geographical
basis.
ICND v2.03-5
VLAN :
. .
Server .
.
. Server Broadcast Domain
Network ID .
.
Server Node
.

Virtual LAN LAN . LAN LAN
.
VLANs
VLANs logically segment switched networks based on

an organization's functions, project teams, or
applications as opposed to a physical or geographical
basis.
ICND v2.03-5
VLAN ) ( :
VLAN OSI . VLAN
Accounting VLAN Marketing VLAN Engineering VLAN
VLAN VLAN .
.
VLAN VLAN
. VLAN
.
382
Broadcast Domains with VLANs and

Routers
ICND v2.03-
VLAN Router : Broadcast Domain

Default Broadcast Domain .
VLAN
Broadcast Domain . VLAN Broadcast Domain

Node . VLAN .
VLAN VLAN .
VLAN . Router Device
VLAN VLAN .
VLAN and OSI
ICND v2.03-
VLAN : OSI
. OSI .
. node Floor . OSI
VLAN . VLAN
. VLAN
.
VLAN Device .
VLAN Network ID .
VLAN
.
384
Static VLANs
ICND v2.03-
VLAN : Static VLAN

VLAN LAN .
VLAN VLAN .
VLAN :
Static VLAN
Dynamic VLAN
:Static VLAN
VLAN VLAN 1
. VLAN VLAN
VLAN 1 VLAN .
Static . Static VLAN VLAN
VLAN VLAN 1 .
.
Dynamic VLANs
ICND v2.03-
VLAN : Dynamic VLAN

VALN .
) (MAC Address ) (IP Address .
VLAN Server)VLAN Membership Policy Server(VMPS
. Static Overhead .
Node VMPS
Policy . Static
VLAN .
386
Adding a VLAN
Catalyst 2950
wg_sw_2950#vlan database
wg_sw_2950(vlan)# vlan vlan#
[name vlan-name]
wg_sw_2950#vlan database
wg_sw_ 2950(vlan)#vlan 9 name switchlab2
wg_sw_ 2950(vlan)#exit
ICND v2.03-
: VLAN
VLAN . Switch Catalyst 2950 VLAN
. VLAN Mode
. 4094 1 VLAN
Verifying VLAN Configuration
ICND v2.03-
VLAN :
show VLAN VLAN
.
388
Assigning Switch Ports to a VLAN
Catalyst 2950
wg_sw_2950(config-if)#switchport access vlan vlan-Name
ICND v2.03-
VLAN :
VLAN . Static VLAN
VLAN
VLAN Move .
Mode Access VLAN VLAN
. Access
.
wg_sw_2950(config-if)#switchport access vlan vlan-Name
Deleting VLANs
ICND v2.03-
: VLAN
VLAN 1 .
.
VLAN .
VLAN .
VLAN :
Switch(config-if)# no switchport access vlan 300
390
Summary
After creating a VLAN, you can statically assign a

port or a number of ports to that VLAN. A port can
belong to only one VLAN at a time.
You can verify the VLAN configuration using the
show commands.
As network topologies, business requirements, and
individual assignments change, VLAN requirements
also change.
ICND v2.03-
:
security LAN Broadcast
Domain
Broadcast Domain Virtual LAN VLAN
.
VLAN
.
VLAN :
Static VLAN
Dynamic VLAN
Static VLAN
.
node Dynamic
Server .
Ch.6 Trunk
OSPF
Area
OSPF
Part 1 of 2:
Single

CCNP 1 version 3.0
Rick Graziani
Cabrillo College
392
Trunk VLAN .
ISL 802.1 Q .
ISL 802.1Q .
native VLAN Trunk .
VLANs and Trunking
ICND v2.03-
Trunk VLAN :
VLAN . VLAN
:
.
) . ( Local VLAN
).( End-to-End VLAN
VLAN VLAN .
Device ) (
Broadcast Domain ) ( VLAN .
Trunk Trunk .
VLAN
VLAN
394
VLANs and Trunking
ICND v2.03-
Trunk VLAN :
. VLAN VLAN 2 VLAN 1 VLAN 3
. VLAN
:
VLAN
VLAN ) ( Trunk .
.
VLAN
!
Frame Tagging
ICND v2.03-
Tag :Trunk

VLAN VLAN
Trunk Tag . Tag

Ethernet .
802.1Q
)Inter-Switch Link Protocol ( ISL
396
ISL and Layer 2 Encapsulation
ICND v2.03-
ISl :
ISL
) (Trunk . device
.
Ethernet ISL Header ISL FCS
.
802.1Q and Layer 2 Encapsulation
ICND v2.03-
802.1Q :
802.1 Q Open Trunk
. .
Tag
.
Ethernet .
398
Configuring ISL Trunking

Switch(config)#interface fastethernet 2/1
Enters interface configuration mode

Switch(config-if)#switchport mode trunk
Configures the interface as a Layer 2 trunk

Switch(config-if)#switchport trunk encapsulation isl
Selects the encapsulation
ICND v2.03-
ISL : Switch catalyst 2950

ISL VLAN
Mode Trunk .
: Mode
:
Access Mode . Trunk Mode
Access VLAN VLAN
Access VLAN
. VLAN Trunk
VLAN .
: ISL frame Tagging .
Configuring 802.1Q Trunking



Switch(config-if)#switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q
ICND v2.03-
: 802.1 Q
VLAN 802.1 Q
( Trunk)
. trunk VLAN
. 802.1 Q
400
Configuring 802.1Q Trunking



ICND v2.03-
: ( )802.1 Q
VLAN Tag Trunk Mode :
VLAN .
: Trunk

Switch(config-if)#switchport trunk allowed vlan 1,15
15 1 VLAN
. VLAN
Importance of Native VLANs
ICND v2.03-
:Native VLAN
Trunk Tag . . Switch Catalyst
6500 VLAN VLAN 1 . VLAN
.
VLAN 1 VLAN 1
Trunk Overhead Trunk .
Native VLAN VLAN 1 trunk
.
Native VLAN 802.1Q Trunk :
Switch(config-if)#switchport trunk native vlan 1
402
Summary
A trunk is a Layer 2 point-to-point link between
networking devices capable of Layer 2 operations.
Trunks carry the traffic of multiple VLANs or multiple
networks over a single physical link.
ISL is a Cisco proprietary protocol for interconnecting
Layer 2-capable devices. The 802.1Q protocol is an open
standard protocol used to interconnect multiple Layer 2capable devices.
802.1Q trunks define a native VLAN for frames that are
not tagged by default.
ISL VLAN numbers are in the range 1 to 1001, while
802.1Q VLAN numbers are in the range 0 to 4094.
ICND v2.03-
:
Trunk VLAN
VLAN Trunk .
VLAN
.
VLAN :
ISL
802.1 Q
ISL 802.1
Q
Frame Tagging .
ISL VLAN 1 1001
802.1 Q VLAN 0 4094 .
Ch.6 VTP
OSPF
Area
OSPF
Part 1 of
2: Single
Switching
CCNP
1 version
3.0
Cisco
Swi
Rick Graziani
Cabrillo College
404
. VTP
VTP Mode .
. VTP
VTP Protocol Features

Advertises VLAN configuration information
Maintains VLAN configuration consistency throughout a
common administrative domain
Sends advertisements on trunk ports only
ICND v2.03-
: VTP
VLAN Trunk Ethernet .
VLAN VLAN
.
VTP .
VTP . VTP
Client Server Server
. VLAN
.
VTP .
:VTP Domain
VLAN
.
406

ICND v2.03-
) VTP ( :
VTP Domain VTP Domain
VLAN .
. VTP Domain BCMSN .
VLAN VTP Domain
.
:VTP advertisement
VTP Domain VLAN VTP Advertisement
Trunk
VTP Advertisement Multicast VTP Domain .

: Trunk VTP Advertisement .
VTP Advertisement VTP Domain :

ICND v2.03-
: ( )VTP
: Summary Advertisement
VTP Domain VTP Server 300

. VLAN Database
: Subset Advertisement
VLAN VTP Server

. VLAN VLAN Database
: Advertisement requests from Clients

. VTP Server VTP Client
408

ICND v2.03-
:( )VTP
VTP VTP Client
. VTP Server . RAM
VTP Client VLAN Database VTP Server VTP Server
.
VTP Modes
Creates, modifies, and deletes
VLANs
Sends and forwards
advertisements
Synchronizes VLAN
configurations
Saves configuration in NVRAM
Cannot create,
change, or delete
VLANs
Forwards
advertisements
Synchronizes
VLAN
configurations
Does not save in
NVRAM
Creates, modifies, and

deletes VLANs locally
only
Forwards
advertisements
Does not
synchronize VLAN
configurations
Saves configuration in
NVRAM
ICND v2.03-
: VTP Mode
: Mode VTP Domain
Server Mode
Client Mode
Transparent Mode
VLAN VTP Mode

. VTP
:Server Mode
Domain VLAN Mode
. Mode .
. VTP Server VTP Domain :
410
VTP Modes
Creates, modifies, and deletes
VLANs
Sends and forwards
advertisements
Synchronizes VLAN
configurations
Saves configuration in NVRAM
Creates, modifies, and

deletes VLANs locally
only
Forwards
advertisements
Does not
synchronize VLAN
configurations
Saves configuration in
NVRAM
ICND v2.03-
Cannot create,
change, or delete
VLANs
Forwards
advertisements
Synchronizes
VLAN
configurations
Does not save in
NVRAM
Mode : VTP
:Client Mode
Mode VLAN .
Mode
.
:Transparent Mode
Mode . VTP
Trunk
. Mode VLAN
.
Transparent Mode Server Mode VTP Server VLAN
VTP Domain VTP Transparent VLAN
.
VTP Pruning
Increases available bandwidth by reducing unnecessary flooded traffic
Example: Station A sends broadcast, and broadcast is flooded only toward
any switch with ports assigned to the red VLAN.
ICND v2.03-
:VTP Pruning
Broadcast .
VALN Broadcast VLAN
Broadcast VLAN VLAN
Broadcast .
VLAN Red VLAN Switch1 Switch 4
VLAN1 . VLAN 1 VLAN .
Broadcast VLAN 1 Trunk
trunk .
VTP Prunning Broadcast VLAN
VLAN . Switch 1 Switch 4 Red VLAN
VLAN VLAN .
Trunk .
412
VTP Configuration Guidelines
Configure the following:

VTP domain name
VTP mode (server mode is the default)
VTP pruning
VTP password
ICND v2.03-
: VTP
: VTP
: VTP
VTP Domain
VTP Mode
VTP Password
VTP Pruning
Configuring a VTP Server

Switch(config)#vtp server
Configures VTP server mode

Switch(config)#vtp domain domain-name
Specifies a domain name

Switch(config)#vtp password password
Sets a VTP password

Switch(config)#vtp pruning
Enables VTP pruning in the domain

ICND v2.03-
: VTP Server
: VTP Domain
VTP Domain . Domain
. VLAN
: VTP Mode
2950 VTP Mode . Server Mode
. Server
: VTP Password
VLAN Client Mode VTP Server VTP Domain
. VTP Server
414
Configuring a VTP Server



Sets a VTP password

Enables VTP pruning in the domain

ICND v2.03-
: ( )VTP Server
Authentication Vlan
. VLAN
: VTP Pruning
. pruning
Configuring a VTP Client

Switch(config)#vtp client


Sets a VTP password
ICND v2.03-
: VTP Client
VTP VTP Domain VTP Client
VTP VLAN VTP Password Mode
. Server
VLAN Client Mode

VTP Advertisement VTP Server .
. VTP Client VTP Server
416
Verifying the VTP Configuration

Switch#show vtp status

VTP Version
: 2
Configuration Revision
: 247
Maximum VLANs supported locally : 1005
Number of existing VLANs
: 33
VTP Operating Mode
: Client
VTP Domain Name
: Lab_Network
VTP Pruning Mode
: Enabled
VTP V2 Mode
: Disabled
VTP Traps Generation
: Disabled
MD5 digest
: 0x45 0x52 0xB6 0xFD 0x63 0xC8 0x49 0x80
Configuration last modified by 0.0.0.0 at 8-12-99 15:04:49
Switch#
ICND v2.03-
: VTP
VTP . VTP
.
VTP . VTP Client Lab_Network VTP Domain
. Pruning
Verifying the VTP Configuration

(Cont.)
Switch#show vtp counters

VTP statistics:
Summary advertisements received
Subset advertisements received
Request advertisements received
Summary advertisements transmitted
Subset advertisements transmitted
Request advertisements transmitted
Number of config revision errors
Number of config digest errors
Number of V1 summary errors
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
7
5
0
997
13
3
0
0
0
VTP pruning statistics:

Trunk
Join Transmitted Join Received
Summary advts received from

non-pruning-capable device
---------------- ---------------- ---------------- --------------------------Fa5/8
43071
42766
5
ICND v2.03-
: ( ) VTP
VTP VLAN Trunk
. Advertisement
418
Problem: VTP Not Updating

Configuration on Other Switches
Make sure switches are connected through trunk
links.
Make sure the VTP domain name is the same on
the appropriate switches.
Check that the switch is not in VTP transparent
mode.
Verify the same password used on all switches
in the VTP domain.
ICND v2.03-
:
VTP Server VLAN
: VLAN
. Trunk
. VTP Server VTP Domain
. Transparent Mode
Summary
VTP is used to distribute and synchronize information

about VLANs configured throughout a switched network.
When a network device is in VTP server mode, you can
change the VLAN configuration and have it propagate
throughout the network.
Use show commands to verify the VTP configuration.
Problems with VTP configuration can frequently be traced
to improperly configured trunk links, domain names, VTP
modes, or passwords.
ICND v2.03-
:

VLAN VLAN
admin
VTP . .
VTP . VTP
Client Server Server
.
420
Ch.6 NAT
OSPF
Part 1 of 2: Single Area OSPF
CCNP 1 version 3.0
Rick Graziani
Cabrillo College
:(Network Address Translation) NAT

( Network Address Translation ) NAT Invalid Valid
.
Valid Region IANNA
.
IP V4 Station IP
. IP IP V6
IP V4 .

. NAT .
NAT Invalid
. NAT NAT
.

. Station
.
NAT Invalid
.
NAT .
.
422
Network Address Translation
An IP address is either local or global.

Local IP addresses are seen in the inside network.
ICND v2.06-
NAT :
Valid Region IANNA
. IP V4 IP V6 Region
. IP V6
IP V4 .
Station Valid .

(Network Address Translation) NAT Invalid Valid .

.
NAT invalid
.
.
NAT :
.
.
Inside Network
Outside Network
:Inside Network Invalid .

Station IANNA NAT
Inside Network.
:Outside Network .
NAT Outside
Network .
: Inside Interface NAT Inside Network
. .
: Outside Interface NAT Outside Network
.
Unnumbered .
424

ICND v2.06-
NAT :
IP Address NAT :
.
.
.
.
Inside Local
Inside Global
Outside Local
Outside Global
: Inside Local
Station .
Region .
.
... .
: Inside Global
Region IANNA
.
NAT .
: Outside Local
Inside Network NAT
Router Inside .
Inside
Inside .
: Outside Global
Outside Network Route
. Destination Address Inside
NAT Router Outside .
: NAT
NAT invalid Valid .
NAT
:
.
.
.
Static NAT
Dynamic NAT
Dynamic NAT With Overload
426

ICND v2.06-
NAT :
: Static NAT
.
NAT Router Invalid Valid
.
Invalid Valid .
NAT Router
Station Outside
Valid Valid invalid
NAT Valid
Outside Network .
. station Invalid
Valid .
: Dynamic NAT
NAT Router .
invalid Outside Valid
NAT Router .
Invalid Valid
NAT Router Valid
Valid drop .
:Dynamic NAT With Overload
Dynamic NAT Invalid
Valid .
Invalid .
PAT Port Address Translation
.
Invalid Valid Nat Router
. .
:NAT Table
NAT . NAT Router

NAT Table NAT Router .
Outside Global .
Outside Local Inside Global Inside Local
Invalid Valid
.
428
: NAT
NAT . NAT Router
Translation
.
Invalid Inside Valid
Outside .
1.1.1.1 9.6.7.3 NAT .
1.1.1.1 Inside Local Address 9.6.7.3 Outside Global Address .
NAT Router NAT Table . Table
NAT .
NAT Router Source Address
Source Address . NAT Router
.
Inside Global Address Region
. NAT
Router NAT .
Configuring Static Translation

Router(config)#ip nat inside source static local-ip global-ip
Establishes static translation between an inside local address

and an inside global address
Router(config-if)#ip nat inside
Marks the interface as connected to the inside
Router(config-if)#ip nat outside
Marks the interface as connected to the outside
ICND v2.06-
430
Static NAT :
. NAT Router
Invalid Valid .
:
.
.
.
Static NAT
Inside Interface
Outside Interface
: Static NAT
Static NAT Inside Local Inside Global .
Global Mode .
Router(config)#ip nat inside source static local-ip global-ip
Local-ip Inside Local Address Global-address Inside Global .
: Inside Interface
NAT Router Inside
Inside Interface .
: Outside Interface
NAT Router Outside
Outside Interface .
Enabling Static NAT

Address Mapping Example
ICND v2.06-
432
Static NAT :
Static NAT NAT Router . 10.1.1.2
Inside Local Address 192.168.1.1 Inside Global Address
. Static NAT Inside Local Inside Global .
10.1.1.2 NAT Router 192.168.1.2
.
Destination Address
NAT source Address
.
Configuring Dynamic Translation

Router(config)#ip nat pool name start-ip end-ip
{netmask netmask | prefix-length prefix-length}
Defines a pool of global addresses to be allocated as needed

Router(config)#access-list access-list-number permit
source [source-wildcard]
Defines a standard IP access list permitting those inside local

addresses that are to be translated
Router(config)#ip nat inside source list
access-list-number pool name
Establishes dynamic source translation, specifying the access

list defined in the prior step
ICND v2.06-
434
Dynamic NAT :
.
invalid Outside Valid
NAT Router .
:
.
.
.
.
.
Valid Inside Global Address

Invalid Inside Local Address
Dynamic NAT
Inside Interface
Outside Interface
Valid : Inside Global Address

Translation
Pool .
Global Mode Pool .
Router(config)#ip nat pool name start-ip
}end-ip {netmask netmask | prefix-length prefix-length
: Name Pool NAT
.
: Start-ip .
: End-ip .
Subnet mask : Netmask IP .
Invalid : Inside Local Address
Invalid
Access List .
: Dynamic NAT
Dynamic NAT Access List
Invalid Pool .
Global Mode .
Configuring Dynamic Translation

Router(config)#ip nat pool name start-ip end-ip
{netmask netmask | prefix-length prefix-length}
Defines a pool of global addresses to be allocated as needed

source [source-wildcard]

access-list-number pool name

ICND v2.06-
436
Dynamic NAT :
Router(config)#ip nat inside source
list access-list-number pool name
Access List Pool
.
: Inside Interface
NAT Router Inside
Inside Interface .
: Outside Interface
NAT Router Outside
Outside Interface .
Dynamic Address Translation Example
ICND v2.06-
438
Dynamic NAT :
Dynamic NAT NAT Router .
192.168.1.0 /24 Invalid .
Invalid Access List
.
Pool
.
Access List Pool .
Access List Pool
Outside .
Overloading an Inside Global Address
ICND v2.06-
440
: Dynamic NAT With Overload

Dynamic NAT Invalid
Valid .
.
Port . PAT Port Address Translation
.
Invalid Valid Nat Router
Invalid .
.
NAT Table IP Address . NAT
IP Address
.
Inside Local
NAT Table
NAT Table .
Configuring Overloading
source source-wildcard


access-list-number interface interface overload

ICND v2.06-
442

:
.
.
.
.
Invalid Inside Local Address

Inside Interface
Outside Interface
Invalid : Inside Local Address

Invalid
Access List .
Dynamic NAT Access List
.
Global Mode .
Router(config)#ip nat inside source
List access-list-number interface interface overload
Access List
. Inside Global Address Inside Interface .
: Inside Interface
NAT Router Inside
Inside Interface .
: Outside Interface
NAT Router Outside
Outside Interface .
Overloading an Inside
Global Address Example
ICND v2.06-
444
Dynamic NAT with Overload :

Dynamic NAT with Overload NAT Router .
Invalid Access List
IP Nat Inside Valid .
Invalid .
192.168.4.12 Inside Network 10.10.10.1
Outside Network ping Telnet .
10.10.10.1 ping ICMP Request NAT
NAT Outside
Network . NAT Router NAT Table
. ping ICMP
Inside Outside NAT Table .
Telnet .
. NAT Table .

. NAT Table
.
Clearing the NAT Translation Table

Router#clear ip nat translation *
Clears all dynamic address translation entries
Router#clear ip nat translation inside global-ip

local-ip [outside local-ip global-ip]
Clears a simple dynamic translation entry containing an inside
translation, or both inside and outside translation
Router#clear ip nat translation outside

local-ip global-ip
Clears a simple dynamic translation entry containing an outside translation
Router#clear ip nat translation protocol inside global-ip

global-port local-ip local-port [outside local-ip
local-port global-ip global-port]
Clears an extended dynamic translation entry
ICND v2.06-
446
: NAT Table
NAT . NAT NAT
Table Static Dynamic .
Table . Clear ip nat
User Mode :
* Router#clear ip nat translation
NAT Table NAT
.
Router#clear ip nat translation inside global-ip
]local-ip [outside local-ip global-ip
NAT Table .
Inside Global Inside Local .
Router#clear ip nat translation protocol inside global-ip
global-port local-ip local-port [outside local-ip
]local-port global-ip global-port
Dynamic NAT with Overload NAT Table
.
Displaying Information with show

Commands
Router#show ip nat translations
Displays active translations

Router#show ip nat translation
Pro Inside global
Inside local
--- 172.16.131.1
10.10.10.1
Outside local
---
Outside global
---
Router#show ip nat statistics
Displays translation statistics

Total active translations: 1 (1 static, 0 dynamic; 0 extended)
Outside interfaces:
Ethernet0, Serial2.7
Inside interfaces:
Ethernet1
Hits: 5 Misses: 0
ICND v2.06-
448
NAT : Show
Router#show ip nat translations
NAT Table
.
Outside local Inside Global Inside Local Outside Global
.
NAT Table
Inside Outside Pool .
Sample Problem: Cannot

Ping Remote Host
ICND v2.06-
450
:
A NAT Router 192.168.1.0 /24 Inside
Network B Outside Network .
NAT Dynamic NAT A pool Access-list
. Host A. Inside ping
Host B outside .

Solution: New Configuration
ICND v2.06-
452
:
A NAT Router .
:
. e0 . Inside Interface
. s0 . Outside Interface
Network 172.16.0.0 . Inside Global pool
. Loop Back
.
. B 172.16.0.0 . A 192.168.1.0
172.16.0.0
B Advertise . RIP
A .
Translation Not Installed in the

Translation Table?
Verify that:
The configuration is correct.
There are not any inbound access lists denying the
packets from entering the NAT router.
The access list referenced by the NAT command is
permitting all necessary networks.
There are enough addresses in the NAT pool.
The router interfaces are appropriately defined as NAT
inside or NAT outside.
ICND v2.06-
454
: NAT Table
NAT show ip nat translation
:
.
.
.
.
NAT .
Dynamic NAT Dynamic Nat with Overload
Access List .
pool .
Inside Outside .
Summary
Cisco IOS NAT allows an organization with unregistered
private addresses to connect to the Internet by
translating those addresses into globally registered IP
addresses.
You can translate your own IP addresses into globally
unique IP addresses when communicating outside of
your network.
Overloading is a form of dynamic NAT that maps multiple
unregistered IP addresses to a single registered IP
address (many-to-one) by using different ports, known
also as PAT.
Once you have configured NAT, verify that it is operating
as expected using the clear and show commands.
Sometimes NAT is blamed for IP connectivity problems
when there is actually a routing problem.
ICND v2.06-
456
:
NAT Network Address Translation
Secure .
NAT Private .
. NAT
:
.
.
.
Static NAT
Dynamic NAT
Static NAT .
Translation Table . Static
NAT Table Dynamic NAT Dynamic
NAT with Overload Table .
WAN Connection
458

Point-to-Point
Serial
460
:
:
. Circuit-switch Leased-Line . Packet-switch
. .
WAN Overview
WANs connect remote sites.

Connection requirements vary depending on
user requirements, cost, and availability.
ICND v2.07-
462
: WAN
WAN
.

LAN
.
service Provide LAN .

Service Provider .
Customer . Service Provider
VPN Leased Line
.
WAN Connection Types: Layer 1
ICND v2.07-
464
:
Service Provider
:
Leased Line .
Circuit-Switched .
Packet-Switched .
: Leased Line
Service Provider Leased Line .

Secure Service Provider .
45 Mbps .
: Circuit-Switched
Station .
Station .
.

.

.

. ISDN
.
:Packet-Switched
Station

.
.
Station .
Frame-relay X.25 .
Serial Point-to-Point Connections
ICND v2.07-
466
: Serial
Serial ) ( Serial .

.
Serial :
EIA/TIA-232
EIA/TIA-449
V.35
X.21
EIA-530
Serial WAN 60 Pin ) ( DB-60

DB-60 .
WAN DB-60
Serial
.
CSU/DSU
WAN .
.
Clock Rate
.
DTE Data terminal equipment
Clock Rate CSU/DSU .
DCE Data Circuit terminating CSU/DSU
DTE WAN DCE
Clock Rate .
Serial DTE DCE
EIA/TIA-530 DTE .
Typical WAN Encapsulation Protocols:

Layer 2
ICND v2.07-
468
WAN :
Ethernet Ethernet
. WAN
WAN .
WAN .
.
WAN
.
HDLC PPP .
Summary
A WAN makes data connections across a broad
geographic area so that information can be
exchanged between distant sites.
Some of the WAN connection types available are
leased line, circuit-switched, and packet-switched.
Cisco routers support the EIA/TIA-232, EIA/TIA-449,
V.35, X.21, and EIA/TIA-530 standards for serial
connections.
To encapsulate data for crossing a WAN link, you
can choose from a variety of Layer 2 protocols,
including HDLC, PPP, SLIP, X.25/LAPB, Frame Relay,
and ATM.
ICND v2.07-
470
:
WAN WAN
.
WAN :
Leased-Line
Circuit-Switched
Packet-Switched
WAN .
PPP HDLC
Leased-Line Circuit-Switched .
WAN Serial
. DB-60
WAN .
WAN . :
EIA/TIA-232
EIA/TIA-449
V.35
X.21
EIA-530
Serial
. Clock Rate
. Clock Rate DCE
DTE Clock Rate
.
HDLC PPP
472
:
:
. PPP HDLC . Leased-Line
. PPP HDLC show Debug
.
HDLC Frame Format
Uses a proprietary data field to support

multiprotocol environments
Supports only single-protocol environments
ICND v2.07-
474
HDLC :
High-Level Data Link Control HDLC
Serial .
) ( ISO
Serial .
HDLC :
Cisco HDLC
Standard HDLC
: Standard HDLC

.
:Cisco HDLC
Cisco Network
.
Proprietary Network HDLC
.
Configuring HDLC Encapsulation
Router(config-if)#encapsulation hdlc
Enables HDLC encapsulation

Uses the default encapsulation on synchronous
serial interfaces
ICND v2.07-
476
: HDLC
HDLC Serial .
HDLC Leased-Line
.
.
PPP .
HDLC Serial Mode Serial
:
Router(config-if)#encapsulation hdlc
An Overview of PPP
PPP can carry packets from several protocol suites

using NCP.
PPP controls the setup of several link options using LCP.
ICND v2.07-
478
: PPP
PPP Network
.
PPP . NCP LCP
.
:(Network Control Protocol) NCP
Network
. . AppleTalk IP IPX
:(Link Control Protocol) LCP
Point-to-point .
.
Layering PPP Elements
PPP: A data link with network layer services

ICND v2.07-
480
: PPP
PPP Network
.
PPP Data Link Option LCP .
PPP NCP
.
PPP LCP Configuration Options
ICND v2.07-
482
LCP : PPP
LCP
:
: Authentication
.
Leased-Line
.
PPP :
( Password Authentication Protocol) PAP
( Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol) CHAP
LCP Authentication .
:Compression
.
PPP .
:Error Detection
Loop
Number Quality .
Magic
:Multilink
PPP Balance
Link .
PPP Session Establishment
Two PPP authentication protocols:

PAP and CHAP
ICND v2.07-
484
PPP Session :
PPP :
Link Establishment .
Authentication .
Network Layer Protocol .
:Link Establishment
PPP
Link
Authentication
.
:Authentication
Link Authentication LCP
.
PPP PAP : . CHAP
.
:Network Layer Protocol
NCP
Network .
IP Network IP Link
.
PPP Authentication Protocols
Passwords sent in clear text

Peer in control of attempts
ICND v2.07-
486
: PPP
PPP .
PPP :
( Password Authentication Protocol) PAP
Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol) CHAP
PPP
.
Serial .
:PAP
PPP
Authentication PAP . .
Clear Text Link .
.

.
Challenge Handshake Authentication

Protocol
Hash values, not actual passwords, are sent across

link.
The local router or external server is in control of
attempts.
ICND v2.07-
488
: PPP
:CHAP
CHAP .
: LCP Challenge Message PPP
Local Router Remote Router .
Remote Router : Message MD5
MD5 Response Message Local Router
.
Local Router : MD5
Response Message
Remote Router .
Configuring PPP and Authentication

Overview
ICND v2.07-
490
PPP :
PPP Point-to-Point
. encapsulation PPP Serial PPP
.
PPP Authentication .
Configuring PPP
Router(config-if)#encapsulation ppp
Enables PPP encapsulation
ICND v2.07-
492
: PPP
:
Router(config-if)#encapsulation ppp
Configuring PPP
Authentication
Router(config)#hostname name
Assigns a host name to your router

Router(config)#username name password password
Identifies the username and password of remote

router
Router(config-if)#ppp authentication
{chap | chap pap | pap chap | pap}
Enables PAP and/or CHAP authentication
ICND v2.07-
494
Authentication : PPP
PPP Serial Authentication
serial .
.
Router(config)#hostname name
Username . Password
: Authenticatin Username
.
Router(config)#username name password password
Authentication PAP . CHAP

}Router(config-if)#ppp authentication{chap | chap pap | pap chap | pap
CHAP Configuration Example
ICND v2.07-
496
: CHAP
PPP CHAP .
Hostname Username Password
.
Username .
Verifying the HDLC and PPP

Encapsulation Configuration
Router#show interface s0
Serial0 is up, line protocol is up
Hardware is HD64570
Internet address is 10.140.1.2/24
MTU 1500 bytes, BW 1544 Kbit, DLY 20000 usec, rely 255/255, load 1/255
Encapsulation PPP, loopback not set, keepalive set (10 sec)
LCP Open
Open: IPCP, CDPCP
Last input 00:00:05, output 00:00:05, output hang never
Last clearing of "show interface" counters never
Queueing strategy: fifo
Output queue 0/40, 0 drops; input queue 0/75, 0 drops
5 minute input rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec
5 minute output rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec
38021 packets input, 5656110 bytes, 0 no buffer
Received 23488 broadcasts, 0 runts, 0 giants, 0 throttles
0 input errors, 0 CRC, 0 frame, 0 overrun, 0 ignored, 0 abort
38097 packets output, 2135697 bytes, 0 underruns
0 output errors, 0 collisions, 6045 interface resets
0 output buffer failures, 0 output buffers swapped out
482 carrier transitions
DCD=up DSR=up DTR=up RTS=up CTS=up
ICND v2.07-
498
PPP : HDLC
show interface Authentication
. State
PPP .
Verifying PPP Authentication
debug ppp authentication shows successful CHAP output.

ICND v2.07-
500
PPP : HDLC
debug PPP authentication PPP
.
Summary
HDLC is the Cisco default data-link layer
protocol for encapsulating data on synchronous
serial data links.
PPP encapsulates network layer protocol
information over point-to-point links.
Configurable aspects of PPP include methods of
authentication, compression, and error
detection, as well as whether or not multilink is
supported.
PPP session establishment progresses through
three phases: link establishment, authentication,
and network layer protocol.
ICND v2.07-
502
PPP HDLC WAN .

Cisco HDLC
.
PPP . PPP
LCP NCP LCP . NCP
Network .
PPP :
Link Establishment
Authentication
Network Layer Protocol
NCP Network
.
Frame Relay
504
:
:
. . Frame Relay
. . Frame Relay
Frame Relay Overview
Connections made by virtual circuits

Connection-oriented service
ICND v2.08-
506
: Frame Relay
Frame Relay Data Link ) Connection Oriented ( .
Frame Relay .
) ( VC .
.
Frame Relay DTE Frame Relay
DCE .
Serial DTE
Frame Relay .
Frame Relay PVC . SVC
PVC
SVC
. PVC Service Provider
SVC Customer Service Provider .
Frame Relay Terminology
ICND v2.08-
508
: Frame Relay
: Local Loop Customer Service Provider
.
:VC Frame Relay Frame Relay .
:(Permanent Virtual Circuit) PVC Frame Relay
. Frame Relay .
DCE .
:(Switched Virtual Circuit) SVC
. DTE DCE .
: DLCI 10 Header Frame Relay
) (VC .
A DLCI )(VC
DLCI . 400 C DLCI 100
B .
: ( Local Management Interface ) LMI DTE
(DCE) Frame Relay Frame Relay
.
Frame Relay Address Mapping
Use LMI to get locally significant DLCI from the Frame Relay
switch.
Use Inverse ARP to map the local DLCI to the remote routers
network layer address.
ICND v2.08-
510
: Frame Relay
Destination Network Data Link .
Frame Relay
Frame Relay Header .
Frame Relay DTE .
) (IP Address
DLCI . VC
. .
DLCI . 500
DLCI .
10.1.1.1
) DLCI(500 500 DLCI .
DLCI : Frame Relay
Point to Point DLCI .
: Inverse ARP IP Address . DLCI 10.1.1.1
DLCI 500 . 10.1.1.1
500 DLCI Frame Relay .
Inverse ARP
Static Frame Relay map MAP Table .
Frame Relay Signaling
Cisco supports three LMI standards:

Cisco
ANSI T1.617 Annex D
ITU-T Q.933 Annex A
ICND v2.08-
512
: Frame Relay
( Local Management Interface) LMI Frame Relay
LMI Request LMI Response
.
Frame Relay .
Cisco
ANSI
Q.933
: Frame Relay .
Cisco . IOS
11.1 LMI Type
IOS 11.2 Type LMI
LMI Type Frame Relay
.
Frame Relay Inverse ARP

and LMI Signaling
ICND v2.08-
514
: Frame Relay
) (VC DTE .
: CSU/DSU Frame Relay
Frame Relay .
: LMI Status Inquiry
Frame Relay .
:
Frame Relay DTE LMI Message
Message DLCI DTE
.
Local DLCI
. DLCI 500
Local
.
:
LMI Message DLCI Frame Relay
Inverse ARP .
Stages of Inverse ARP

and LMI Operation
ICND v2.08-
516
: Frame Relay
:
Inverse ARP Frame Relay MAP
. IP Address DLCI Number
.
172.168.5.7 Frame Relay
DLCI 100 DLCI 100 .
.
:
Frame Relay MAP
.
Inverse ARP DLCI
LMI Message Frame Relay .
: Frame Relay MAP Static Frame Relay
Inverse ARP
.
How Service Providers Map Frame

Relay DLCIs: Enterprise View
ICND v2.08-
518
Frame Relay :DLCI

DLCI Frame Relay VC
. DLCI
.
DLCI DLCI
.
Frame Relay

:
DLCI .
DLCI
.
DLCI .
DLCI
. Frame Relay IP Address
DLCI .
: Frame Relay DLCI .
Subinterface DLCI
Subinterface
.
Frame Realy ) (VC
). (Multiplexing
Summary
Frame Relay is an ITU-T and ANSI standard that
defines the process for sending data over a
public data network.
The core aspects of Frame Relay function at the
lower two layers of the OSI reference model.
A Frame Relay connection requires that, on a
VC, the local DLCI be mapped to a destination
network layer address such as an IP address.
LMI is a signaling standard between the router
and the Frame Relay switch that is responsible
for managing the connection and maintaining
status between the devices.
ICND v2.08-
520
Frame Realy .
) (VC
DLCI Network Frame Relay
.
DLCI
.

Frame Relay
522
:
:
. Frame Relay .
. Frame Relay show . debug
Configuring Basic Frame Relay
ICND v2.08-
524
: Frame Relay
Frame Relay
) (Point-to-Point
). (point-to-multipoint
Frame Relay .
: Frame Relay
DLCI IP Frame
Relay .
: LMI Type
LMI Type Frame Relay .

: DLCI
DLCI Frame Relay

. DLCI
Frame Relay .
IP Address
Configuring Subinterfaces
Point-to-point
Subinterfaces act like leased lines.
Each point-to-point subinterface requires its own subnet.
Point-to-point is applicable to hub and spoke topologies.
Multipoint
Subinterfaces act like NBMA networks, so they do not
resolve the split-horizon issues.
Multipoint can save address space because it uses a
single subnet.
Multipoint is applicable to partial mesh and full mesh
topologies.
ICND v2.08-
526
): (Subinterface
Frame Relay
frame Relay .
Frame Relay . Frame Relay Topology
:
hub and spoke
Full Mesh
Partial Mesh
Hub and Spoke

.
.
Full Mesh .
Partial Mesh .
Frame Relay Hub and Spoke .
.
Frame Relay ) ( Multiplexing
Frame Relay .
) ( Subinterface .
) (VC Subinterface Frame Relay
IP Address DLCI .
Subinterface ) (Mode :
:Point-to-Point
Mode Subinterface
.
point-to-point Subnet
. Subnet IP
.
:Multipoint
Mode Subinterface
.
Subnet .
Configuring Point-to-Point Subinterfaces
ICND v2.08-
528
: Point-to-point
Subinterface Point-to-point
IP Address DLCI
Subinterface . frame Relay
:
: : Frame Relay
Frame Relay .
Frame Relay .
Router(config-if)# Encapsulation Frame-relay
: :
. Subinterface : Point-to-point Mode
) (Subinterface
.
) (Subinterface
Serial 0
. Subinterface Serial 0.1
Serial 0.2 .
Router(config-subif)# Interface subinterface-number point-to-point
.
DLCI IP Address :
Router(config-subif)# Frame-relay interface-dlci dlci-number
. A B C .
Serial 0 .
. Point-to-point
Subnet . A C 10.17.0.0
10.18.0.0 .
Subinterface Subnet
. Subinterface IP Address
. IP
Multimode IP .
Multipoint Subinterfaces Configuration

Example
ICND v2.08-
530
: Multipoint
subinterface
Subnet .
frame Relay :
: : Frame Relay
Frame Relay .
Frame Relay .
Router(config-if)# Encapsulation Frame-relay
: :
. Subinterface :Multipoint Mode
Router(config-subif)# Interface subinterface-number multipoint
.
map IP Address
DLCI:
Multipoint Mode
DLCI
frame Relay .
10.17.0.2
DLCI 120 .
Frame Relay DLCI 120 frame
Relay .
IP Address DLCI
.
Router(config-subif)#Frame-relay map ip ip address dlci-number broadcast

A C B D Multipoint
. Map Table IP Address DLCI
Frame Relay Frame Relay .
Subinterface Mode
Mode
Mode Broadcast .
Multipoint Subinterfaces Configuration

Example
ICND v2.08-
532
: Multipoint
RIP Frame Relay
30 Update
Broadcast .
Update Routing table
.
Split Horizon . Split Horizon "
Update Routing Table
Routing Table Routing Table
Update " Frame Relay
Update Multipoint
.
Update subinterface

Multipoint
Subnet Update
Split Horizon .
Point-to-point mode Subinterface
Subnet .
Update Subinterface Subinterface
.
: Multipoint mode Update
:
Split Horizon Loop .
Broadcast Frame Relay map Broadcast
Multicast Update Multipoint

.
show interfaces Example

Router#show interfaces s0
Serial0 is up, line protocol is up
Hardware is HD64570
Internet address is 10.140.1.2/24
MTU 1500 bytes, BW 1544 Kbit, DLY 20000 usec, rely 255/255, load 1/255
Encapsulation FRAME-RELAY, loopback not set, keepalive set (10 sec)
LMI enq sent 19, LMI stat recvd 20, LMI upd recvd 0, DTE LMI up
LMI enq recvd 0, LMI stat sent 0, LMI upd sent 0
LMI DLCI 1023 LMI type is CISCO frame relay DTE
FR SVC disabled, LAPF state down
Broadcast queue 0/64, broadcasts sent/dropped 8/0, interface broadcasts 5
Last input 00:00:02, output 00:00:02, output hang never
Last clearing of "show interface" counters never
Queueing strategy: fifo
Output queue 0/40, 0 drops; input queue 0/75, 0 drops
<Output omitted>
Displays line, protocol, DLCI, and LMI information

ICND v2.08-
534
:Show interface
Frame Relay
:
Router# show interface s0
Frame Relay Encapsulation
Frame Relay .
DLCI Number LMI Type
.
show frame-relay pvc Example

Router#show frame-relay pvc 100
PVC Statistics for interface Serial0 (Frame Relay DTE)
DLCI = 100, DLCI USAGE = LOCAL, PVC STATUS = ACTIVE, INTERFACE = Serial0
input pkts 28
output pkts 10
in bytes 8398
out bytes 1198
dropped pkts 0
in FECN pkts 0
in BECN pkts 0
out FECN pkts 0
out BECN pkts 0
in DE pkts 0
out DE pkts 0
out bcast pkts 10
out bcast bytes 1198
pvc create time 00:03:46, last time pvc status changed 00:03:47
Displays PVC traffic statistics
ICND v2.08-
536
:Show frame-relay pvc

State DLCI
.
.
serial 0 Frae Relay .
active DLCI 100 .
show frame-relay map Example
Router#show frame-relay map

Serial0 (up): ip 10.140.1.1 dlci 100(0x64,0x1840), dynamic,
broadcast,, status defined, active
Displays the route maps, either static or dynamic
ICND v2.08-
538
:Show frame-relay map

Map Table Frame Relay .
Map Table .
IP Address DLCI Number .
10.140.1.1 DLCI 100 Dynamic LMI Message
.
Summary
A basic Frame Relay configuration assumes one or more
physical interfaces, and LMI and Inverse ARP are running
on the remote routers. In this type of environment, the
LMI notifies the router about the available DLCIs.
When the remote router does not support Inverse ARP, or
when you want to control routed broadcast traffic, you
must define the address-to-DLCI table statically.
You can configure Frame Relay subinterfaces in either
point-to-point or multipoint mode.
After you configure Frame Relay, you can verify that the
connections are active using the available show
commands.
Use the debug frame-relay lmi command to verify and
troubleshoot a Frame Relay connection.
ICND v2.08-
540
:
Frame Relay
) (Point-to-Point
). (point-to-multipoint
Frame Relay .
Frame Relay
LMI Type
DLCI
IP Address
Point-to-point : multipoint
: Frame Relay
:

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2

?Why a Layered Network Model

2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

?Why a Layered Network Model

2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)

2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Data Link Layer

2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

: Data Link Layer

2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Early protocol suite

( DARPA) ARPANET TCP/IP

( Network Access) Network Interface

TCP/IP Protocol Stack

2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Physical Layer Functions

2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Data-Link Layer Functions

2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Data-Link Layer OSI Station

Data-Link Layer Functions (cont.)

Preamble Destination Address Source Address

Source MAC Address LLC FCS MAC

Network Layer Functions

OSI Network Layer

Network Layer Functions (cont.)

2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Cisco IOS Software Features

Cisco IOS software delivers network

2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Cisco IOS Software Features

Cisco IOS software delivers network

2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Configuring Network Devices

2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

An Overview of Cisco Device Startup

2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

External Configuration Sources

Configurations can come

2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

External Configuration Sources

Configurations can come

2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

External Configuration Sources

Configurations can come

2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

External Configuration Sources

Configurations can come

Cisco IOS User Interface Functions

2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Cisco IOS User Interface Functions

2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Cisco IOS Software EXEC Mode

2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

user mode mode . Mode

)Cisco IOS Software EXEC Mode (Cont.

2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Initial Startup of the Cisco Router