Induction Motors

Amit Mishra

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Topics to be Discussed


Induction Motors :
Applications. Construction :
 

Stator. Rotor : Squirrel cage rotor. Wound rotor.

    

The emf generated in the rotor. Torque generated on the rotor. Slip of Induction Motor. Frequency of Rotor Currents. Speed of Rotation of Rotor-Field.
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Sunday, January 22, 2012

       

Rotor emf. Rotor Impedance. Rotor Current. Differences from a Transformer. Power Flow Diagram. Starting Torque. Torque-Slip Characteristic Curve. Three Modes of Operation :
(1) Motor action (0 < s <1). (2) Brake action (s > 1). (3) Generator action (s < 0).

  

Condition for Maximum Torque. Maximum Torque. Equivalent Circuit.

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Sunday, January 22, 2012

Induction Motors


A synchronous motor has limited practical applications like control instrumentation, light displays, textile, engineering and allied industries. An alternative is the asynchronous motor which we usually call induction motor. Most motors that we see around are induction motors. Induction motors
are more rugged, need less maintenance, are less expensive. Are efficient but less than synchronous motors.

Sunday, January 22, 2012

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Applications of Induction Motors



Three-phase induction motors are used for high power and industrial applications such as
lifts, cranes, pumps, exhaust fans, lathes etc.,

Single-phase induction motors find use in domestic electric appliances such as

fans, refrigerators, washing machines, pumps, hair-driers, etc.

Sunday, January 22, 2012

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Construction


Two Main Parts

Stator Rotor
Squirrel Cage Rotor (Mostly used) Phase Wound Rotor

The stator of an induction motor is similar to that of a synchronous machine. When three-phase currents flow through the stator windings, a magnetic flux is produced that rotates at synchronous speed.
Sunday, January 22, 2012

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Induction motor components

Sunday, January 22, 2012

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Stator-Rotor Assembly

Sunday, January 22, 2012

Stator of a large induction motor.

Sunday, January 22, 2012

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Squirrel cage rotor



This rotor has a laminated iron core with slots, and is mounted on a shaft. Aluminum bars are molded in the slots and the bars are short circuited with two end rings.

The bars and the shorting rings look like a squirrel cage.
Fins are placed on the ring that shorts the bars. These fins work as a fan and improve cooling.

Sunday, January 22, 2012

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Squirrel cage rotor

Sunday, January 22, 2012

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Rotor bars (slightly skewed)

End ring

Sunday, January 22, 2012

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Reasons for Having Skewed Rotor

1. It helps in reduction of magnetic hum, thus keeping the motor quiet. 2. It also helps to avoid Cogging, i.e. locking tendency of the rotor. The tendency of rotor teeth remaining under the stator teeth due to the direct magnetic attraction between the two. 3. Increased rotor resistance due to comparatively lengthier rotor conductor bars. 4. Increased slip for a given torque.

Sunday, January 22, 2012

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Wound rotor


Most motors use the squirrel-cage rotor because of the robust and maintenance-free construction. However, large motors use a wound rotor with three phase windings placed in the rotor slots. The windings are connected in a three-wire wye. The ends of the windings are connected to three slip rings. Resistors or power supplies are connected to the slip rings through brushes for reduction of starting current and speed control

 

Sunday, January 22, 2012

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Slip-ring rotor assembly

Sunday, January 22, 2012

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The emf generated in the rotor.

 

Assume that the stator flux rotates anticlockwise. With respect to this flux, the rotor conductors move in clockwise direction. The emfs in conductors A and B are induced. This is why this type of motor is called an induction motor. In fact, an induction motor is like a transformer with its secondary winding short-circuited. The only difference is that in an induction motor, the secondary winding is free to rotate.

 

Sunday, January 22, 2012

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Torque generated on the rotor

Sunday, January 22, 2012

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Flemings left hand rule

Fleming's left hand rule (for electric motors) shows the direction of the thrust on a conductor carrying a current in a magnetic field. The left hand is held with the thumb, index finger and middle finger mutually at right angles. It can be recalled by remembering that "motors drive on the left, in Britain anyway." The First finger represents the direction of the magnetic Field. (north to south) The Second finger represents the direction of the Current (the direction of the current is the direction of conventional current; from positive to negative). The Thumb represents the direction of the Thrust or resultant Motion.
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Current-carrying conductors A and B experience force F as shown (Flemings left hand rule). Torque is generated to rotate the rotor in anticlockwise direction. Torque keeps on generating till there is relative motion between the rotating field and the rotor conductors. Rotor accelerates, but can never attain the synchronous speed. Why ?
Click

 

Ans. : If it does, the induced voltage and hence current would be zero. As a result, the torque would become zero.
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Sunday, January 22, 2012

Motor on Load
  

On putting load on the shaft, the rotor slows down. The relative speed increases. The induced emf in the rotor-conductors increases and hence the torque exerted on the rotor increases. The speed adjusts itself to get sufficient torque. Obviously, the speed has slightly reduced. Note that unlike a synchronous machine, the induction motor has field on the stator and armature on the rotor.
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Sunday, January 22, 2012

Slip of Induction Motor



The difference between the synchronous speed Ns and the actual speed N of the rotor is known as slip speed. The normalized slip speed, or simply the slip s is expressed as

N( Ns  N s! ! pu or % Ns Ns

Sunday, January 22, 2012

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For a given slip s, the rotor speed is given as

N ! N s (1  s )
When standstill (that is, it is not running), the
rotor speed N is zero. Hence s = 1. The value of s can never be zero. Why ? Ans. : Torque generated would be zero.

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Sunday, January 22, 2012

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Is it possible to make the slip s have a negative value ?

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Ans. : Yes, if the rotor is made to rotate by a prime-mover at a speed higher than the synchronous speed. The negative slip corresponds to the generator action.

Sunday, January 22, 2012

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Frequency of Rotor Currents



When standstill, It is like a transformer. fr = f

When running, fr depends upon the relative speed or slip-speed.

Sunday, January 22, 2012

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120 f r Ns  N ! P

But

120 f Ns ! ; Dividing the two, P

N s  N fr ! Ns f

or

fr s! f

@
Sunday, January 22, 2012

fr ! s f
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