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Unit 1
Unit 1
Steam power plant Layout Boilers Pulverized coal burners Fluidized bed combustion
Power generating units are mega projects Require huge capital investment Require natural resources like, fossil fuels Large amount of water Changes the local eco system Huge Impacts on the Environment and Health
Coal Mining
Surface Mining
Strip Mining
Underground Mining
Air Quality
Around the coal based plants the ambient concentrations of Sulphur Dioxide, Oxides of Nitrogen and SPM are high. high. Epidemiological Studies have shown that of the area surrounding coal based thermal plants, population living within a 2 -5 km radius of the plant suffers from respiratory disorders . Two other gases, carbon dioxide and ozone are emitted. The high emitted. amount of carbon dioxide emission from thermal power plants contribute to global warming leading to climate change is significant Ground level ozone, which is formed due to photolytic reactions of NOx and its impacts are under study
Fly ash contains a toxic brew of dangerous chemicals and is the largest contributor to mercury pollution
Composition of Fly ash It contains as main chemical components SiO2 SiO2 (51.4 wt%), Al2O3 (22.1 wt%) and Fe2O3 (17.2 51. wt% Al2 22. wt% Fe2 17. wt% wt%; ignited weight basis). As commonly observed, basis). many toxic elements and heavy metals are highly enriched in the fly ash relative to the original coal. coal. For example, considerable amounts of Be (16.4 16. ppm), Cu (106 ppm), Zn (578 ppm), As (40.4 40. ppm), Cd (2.6 ppm), Hg (18 ppm), Pb (71 ppm), and U (21.8 ppm) is found in Fly ash. 21. ash.
Water slurry is used to take the ash from the power plant to the ash pond for disposal. disposal. Water slowly seeps into the ground while carrying with it the ash leach ate. Water may contain harmful heavy ate. metals like boron, which have a tendency to leach out over a period of time. time. When fly ash comes into contact with water, leaches into groundwater supplies which get polluted and unsuitable for domestic use. use. The release of ash pond decant into the local water bodiesbodies- water dries up, dust nuisance, increases turbidity, decreases primary productivity, affects fishes and other aquatic biota
Steam Condenser
Steam enters from the turbine generator and is pumped from into the bottom of the condenser, where pumps recycle the condensed steam from the feedwater
Stack
Releases process emissions.
Introduction
What is a Boiler?
Vessel that heats water to become hot water or steam At atmospheric pressure water volume increases 1,600 times Hot water or steam used to transfer heat to a process
Introduction
STEAM TO PROCESS
EXHAUST GAS VENT
STACK
DEAERATOR
PUMPS
ECOECONOMINOMIZER
VENT
BOILER
BURNER WATER SOURCE
FUEL
BRINE CHEMICAL FEED SOFTENERS
Types of Boilers
1. Fire Tube Boiler 2. Water Tube Boiler 3. Packaged Boiler 4. Fluidized Bed (FBC) Boiler 5. Stoker Fired Boiler 6. Pulverized Fuel Boiler 7. Waste Heat Boiler 8. Thermic Fluid Heater (not a boiler!)
Type of Boilers
Comes in complete package Features High heat transfer Faster evaporation Good convective heat transfer Good combustion efficiency High thermal efficiency Classified based on number of passes
Oil Burner
Type of Boilers
Type of Boilers
Solids lifted from bed, rise, return to bed Steam generation in convection section Benefits: more economical, better space utilization and efficient combustion
Type of Boilers
Tangential firing
User equipment
4. Fluid returned to heater
Exhaust