Kai Wang - Hidden Symmetries and Their Implications

HIDDEN SYMMETRIES AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS
Kai Wang
arXiv:hep-ph/0407234
LBNL 4D Seminar University of California at Berkeley October 6th , 2004

In Collabration with K.S. Babu (Oklahoma State University) and Ilia Gogoladze (University of Notre Dame) hep-ph/0402052, Phys. Lett. B 570, 32 (2003), Phys. Lett. B 560, 214 (2003), Nucl. Phys. B 660, 322 (2003)
H IDDEN S YMMETRIES AND T HEIR I MPLICATIONS
The Standard Model GSM
= SU (3)C SU (2)L U (1)Y
Any additional (Hidden) Symmetry? Counting Degrees of Freedom in the avor independent Non-SUSY SM
6 elds Q, uc , dc , , ec , H 3 Yukawa Couplings LSM
Yukawa
= Quc H + Qdc H + ec H
Anomaly free conditions (SU (3)C SU (2)L GAbelian )

[SU (3)]2 G (automatically satised from Yukawa couplings) [SU (2)L ]2 G
Trace Anomaly (Gravitational) Cubic Anomaly Mixed Anomalies Between Abelian Symmetries
LBNL 4D Seminar, UC Berkeley, Oct 6th , 2004
U (1)Y is uniquely determined (except for its overall Normalization). A[SU (3)C ]2 U (1)Y A[SU (2)L ]2 U (1)Y TrU(1)Y Yukawa Ng = (2q + u + d) = 0 2 Ng = (3q + ) = 0 2 = Ng (6q + 3u + 3d + 2 + e) = 0 : q + u + h = 0, q + d h = 0, + e h = 0
A[U (1)Y ]3 = Ng (6q 3 + 3u3 + 3d3 + 23 + e3 ) = 0
No extra Unbroken U (1) Gauge Symmetry Hypercharge normalization from new physics like Grand Unication
Theories (GUTs)
Remarks
Flavor dependence brings extra degrees of freedom (Flavor

symmetries)
Righthanded neutrino and seesaw MSSM

Higgsino contribution in anomalies Two Higgs doublets but -term
Gaugino can be charged: Gauging R-symmetry & SUGRA
WMSSM = Quc Hu + Qdc Hd + ec Hd + Hu Hd
Any hidden symmetry must be either global or discrete. Global Symmetries

Global Symmetries have Anomalies. Additional degrees of freedom.
Baryon Number B Lepton Number L

Q U (1)B U (1)L 1/3
0
uc 1/3
0
dc 1/3
0
ec
0
c
0
H
0 0
Quantum Gravity Effects (Wormholes, Blackholes) only respect gauge symmetries.

Hawking, 1987, etc.
Early attempts to gauge Baryon number U (1)B requires fourth generation Carone &
Murayama, 2002
A self-consistent ultimate theory which contains gravity must be a true gauge theory (at MGravity ) Spontaneously symmetry breaking wont induce gauge anomalies
Where do global symmetries arise from a full gauge theory? How can global symmetries survive down to low energy? Arising as accidental symmetries: Results from gauge symmetry and
particle content
Global symmetry from Dimensional Reduction: Gauge symmetries at

high dimensions but explicitly by the boundary conditions
Baryon number and Lepton number: violation from New Physics SM: low energy effective theory. New physics corrections come as Non-renormalizable couplings suppressed by cutoff scales. Quantum Gravity Induced Violations
2 L HH/MPl + QQQ/MPl + ...
Lepton number violation (LNV) L = 2 Neutrinos have masses m 105 eV Baryon number violation (BNV) B = 1, L = 1 Proton decay p 1045 yrs
Neutrino Masses and LNV Neutrinos have masses!
Dirac neutrino c Hu : (L = 0) 1012 order hierarchy in Yukawa coupling

constants as mt /m
m 1010 GeV
Majorana mass: c Hu + MR c c : (L = 2) Non-renormalizable Hu Hu /R : (L = 2)
()0
c : Right-handed neutrinos U (1)BL is a gauge symmetry with the existence of c

Explicitly broken by Majorana neutrino mass or Spontaneously By Majoraron VEV. Hierarchy may imply new physics scale. Seesaw mechanism
c Hu + L c c L (MR ) 1014 1015 GeV:m M2 /L EW

GUTs and BNV Current experimental lower bounds on proton lifetime:
p e+ 0 (Gauge mediated): P > 5 1033 yrs p K + (Higgsino exchange): P > 1.6 1033 yrs
Grand Unication proton decay: (For example p e+ 0 )
Proton lifetime puts a strict constraint on different GUTs.
B > 1016 GeV
Beyond-SM New Physics Scale
MPl O(1019 GeV) and L B MGUT O(1016 GeV) and L B MPQ O(1011 GeV) (Strong CP & invisible QCD axion) PQ MSUSY O(103 GeV)
Physics Scale in SM
MR O(1014 GeV) L ( Close to MGUT )
MEW O(102 GeV) QCD O(101 GeV)

BNV via SM Non-perturbative Effects
t Hooft Electroweak Instanton Processes t Hooft, 1976 Sphaleron Processes: High Temperature Dreiner & Ross, 1993
Existence of Three Generation : B
3
= 3 mod 3
(uL dL dL L )i
i=1
Proton life time is way beyond the experiment reach Cosmology Implication
Discrete Gauge Symmetries Extra degrees of freedom from Invariant
q + u + hu = 0 modN ZN = ei {1, ei2/N , ei4/N , ei6/N , ei8/N , ...}

Quantum Gravity effects will violate all global symmetries including discrete global symmetries. Gauged Discrete?
Field regularization in lattice gauge theories Weger; Bakker, et al Relics of high dimensional gauge symmetries in string theory
Green, Schwarz & Witten, 1987
In 4D, Remnants of spontaneously broken gauge symmetries

Krauss & Wilczek, 1989; Ibanez & Ross, 1991; Banks & Dine, 1992
Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking and Its Discrete Subgroups Non-chiral Higgs Example scalar elds with charge under a U (1) gauge symmetry:
: N ; Coupling: N , when Higgs acquires a VEV, ei2/N

Chiral Higgs
: 1, Higgs
ZN left unbroken; No gauge particle associated (Decoupled) Q eiq(x) Q, uc eiu(x) uc , H eiN (x) H,
at U (1) level, q
+ u + h = 0, h = N but after H acquires a VEV,
Quc ei(q+u)2/N Quc = ei(N )2/N Quc = Quc

How to distinguish discrete gauge from discrete global symmetries?

Preskill, Trivedi, Wilczek & Wise, 1991; Banks & Dine, 1992, Ibanez & Ross, 1992
In the low energy effective theories?
In the high energy theories? embedding

Gauge anomalies cannot be induced via spontaneous symmetry breaking. As subgroups of continuous gauge symmetries, discrete gauge symmetries must be free from gauge anomalies. How to compute discrete gauge anomalies?
Heavy Vectorial Fermions Decoupled QQS , Q q + q + N = 0:A3 + N/2 mod N/2
: 3 of SU (3)
Outline
Part I: Hidden Discrete Gauge Symmetries in the SM

Baryon Parity & Nucleon Stability Implications from Gauging Baryon Parity
Part II: Discrete Gauge Symmetries as Model Building Tool

Gauging R-parity Solutions to the -Problem: GM and QCD axion Discrete avor gauge symmetries Stabilize the QCD axion solutions
Baryon Parity Non-SUSY avor-independent SM with seesaw mechanism at Renormalizable level has a discrete Z6 gauge symmetry.
Babu, Gogoladze, KW, 2003
Q uc Z6 Z3 Z2
Mixed Anomalies
dc
1 1 1
2 2 2
ec
5 2 1
c
3 3 1
H
1 1 1
6 3 2
5 2 1
A3 A2
Anomaly free due to Ng
= 3Ng = Ng
= 3 Z3 Baryon Parity Ibanez & Ross, 1993

Domain Wall at MEW ? Higgs transforms non-trivially under Z3
: Z3 is broken to nothing when electroweak gauge symmetry is broken. : Domain Wall near MEW << MInation
SM is inconsistent with cosmology? The answer is No!
Not a non-trivial symmetry of effective Higgs Potential Existence of Unbroken U (1)Y

Redene the discrete symmetry as Z9 by shifting Hypercharge subgroup.
He Z9 of Baryon Number
i 2 (1) i 2 (3) 3 N
Baryon Parity & Proton Decay
Z3 U (1)2Y B+3L No Single Proton decay, No H H Oscillation In the Non-SUSY case, d = 15 Effective Operators
5 4 2 3 2 Q4 dc ec , Q5 uc dc , Q5 dc , Q6 uc dc ec , Q7 dc , Q8 dc ec ppp e+ + + + + ; pnn e+ + 0 ; ppn e+ + + nnn + 0 3 1033 yrs
Decays occur in oxygen inside water. Super-K proton lifetime:
16f 2 22 R6 P 2 6 M3 H 102 GeV

Application in Large Extra Dim (ADD) Quantum gravity scale M
O(TeV) << MPl O(1019 GeV)
Discrete Gauge Symmetries Gauge Symmetries in the bulk but broken on Distant Branes Arkani-Hamed &
Dimopolous, 2001
Wave function Localization in Higher Dimension Arkani-Hamed & Schmaltz, 200
Z5 & Neutrino Mass

S 2N S6 L LLHu Hu 7 + 2N 4 ZN Z5 Q
1
uc
4
dc
4
ec
3
H
0
S
1
Majoron Decay S with a Yukawa coupling YS = 6m / S 1011 =

2 YS mS 8
can modify the big-bang nucleosynthesis processes but not signicant as Majoron will decouple before the electro-weak phase transition.
1023 mS : 10 sec
Gauging U (1)BL without c via Green-Schwarz Mechanism (Anomalous 5 U (1)A ) by adding 5 + of SU (5)
3 Gauging Baryon Parity: IR
+ Li + Lj 2Lk
di c = (1, 1, 1), i c = (3, 3, 3) , H = 1 Z6
Qi = (0, 0, 0), i = (4, 2, 2),
ui c = (1, 1, 1), ei c = (5, 1, 1),
Higgs elds has the charge of 6 under U (1) and breaks U (1) Allows all Quark Mixing but Lepton mixing( from neutrino sector)
LL=2
1 = (1 2 HH+1 3 HH+1 1 HH+2 2 HH +2 3 HH +3 3 HH ) L L

Babu & Mohapatra, 2002
Inverted mass hierarchy pattern (Similar to Le
Remarks
Automatic anomaly free: No extra particles imposed (except for c ) Requires three generations (or six, nine, ...) Gauged B 3L U (1) symmetry (Ma 1998)
Implications of Baryon Parity
Solving Proton decay problem in Large extra dimension models Baryogenesis (new selection rule in Leptogenesis Baryogenesis?)
3 U (1) Realization as IR + Li + Lj 2Lk may imply SU (3)H
symmetry
Inconsistent with simple GUTs (SU (5), SO(10))

GUTs induced operators will explicitly break the Baryon Parity at the non-renormalizable level. Notice the Baryon Parity is a symmetry of renormalizable SM and consistent with SM non-perturbative effects like Sphaleron processes violation of the Baryon number (B is not consistent with simple GUTs.
= 3 mod N ). The U (1) realization
Discrete Gauge Symmetries as Model Building Tools in SM/MSSM
Gauged R-parity The -term D-term Splitting Stabilizing the Axion solutions
Gauging R-parity MSSM Gauge Invariant
W& = ec + Qdc + Hu + uc dc dc R Small Neutrino Mass from loop Effects(L) B Proton Decay ( ) How to distinguish from Hd in non-SO(10)(see also term)
Conventional Z2 R-parity: Gauge Origin? LSP as dark matter candidate (SUSY non-SUSY)
U (1)BL and Gauged R-parity Q Z2

2
uc
1
dc
1
ec
1
c
1
Hu
1
Hd
1
3 Z2 subgroup of IR
Field U(1)BL
Q 1
uc 5
dc 5
ec 1 3
c 1 3
Hu 0 0
Hd 0 0
Z6
1/3 1/3 1/3 1
Z6 subgroup of U (1)BL after MR c c

2002
Mohapatra 1994, Martin 1996, Babu, Gogoladze, KW,
The -term Problem Higgs mass parameter
WMSSM Hu Hd Lsoft BHu Hd + h.c. = 0 : massless charged fermion (Higgsino) = MPl : Higgs Decoupled 102 GeV( MSUSY ) Hu + Hd Can NOT be vectorial
Flavor Independent case
A3
3 = 3 + (2(q ) + (u ) + (d )) 2 3 = 3 (hu + hd ) 2 q + u + hu = 2, q + d + hd = 2
Induce mixed QCD anomaly A[SU (3)C ]2 G The symmetry that ensures the absence of bare -term in the superpotential carries mixed QCD anomaly and is broken explicityly by anomaly thus a Goldstone.
NMSSM: Global Z3 in Higgs effective potential, may lead to

Domainwall near TeV
Gauge this symmetry
U (1) : Extra Z , extra quark like particle (exotic) Cvetic & Langacker, 1994
Anomalous U (1)A Symmetry (broken near Mstring )
Guidice-Masiero Mechanism with Anomalous U (1)A subgroup
The QCD Axion and Peccei-Quinn Symmetry. PQ symmetry is explicitly

broken by the mixed QCD anomaly and it will induce axion. PQ arises as an accidental symmetry. Anomalous U (1)A subgroup stabilizes the axion solution.
MPQ (fa ) 1011 GeV Kim & Nilles, 1984; Babu, Gogoladze, KW 2003
MEW
2 MPQ MPl
Anomalous U (1)A Symmetry and Green-Schwarz Mechanism Cancellation of anomalies by the modied transformation law of p-form potential in Chern-Simons terms
Lkinetic = (x)
ki Fi2 + i(x)
i i
ki Fi Fi
(x): string dilaton eld; (x): axionic partner ki : KacMoody levels where i: SU (3)C , SU (2)L or U (1)Y
VA VA + (x) : (x) (x) (x)GS
A2 A1 AGravity A3 = = = U (1) version : = GS k3 k2 k1 24 A3 + mN/2 A2 + m N/2 Discrete version : = k3 k2 An : mixed anomalies of [SU (n)]2 U (1)A Kac-Moody level ki Z + for non-Abelian Group k1 positive rational number
c b a [Tm , Tn ] = if abc Tm+n + dab k j mnj
m, N Z +
CFT s: Unication: String Theory central charges of Virasoro algebra
: ki should not be large.

Guidice-Masiero Mechanism & Anomalous U (1)
d4 Hu Hd Z /MPl FZ /MPl
R-symmetry: gaugino being charged to distinguish the superpotential from Kalher potential.
Absence of -term in the superpotential

Only arises in Kalher potential
Z4
Assignment
q
1
u
1
d
1
l
1
e
1
n
1
h
0
h
0
(A2 , A3 )
(3, 1)
Babu, Gogoladze, KW 2002
DineFischlerSrednickiZhitnitskii (DFSZ) Axion
WDFSZ = Hu Hd S 2 /MPl
2 A New Physics scale: MPQ , MSUSY MPQ /MPl
Explanation of and B Axion: the Strong CP problem and Dark matter candidate
Questions needed to be addressed
How to naturally generate MPQ : Dynamical or Higgs A Complete Model with the appropriate symmetry Phenomenology Implication
WDFSZ
(S S)2 Sn Hu Hd S 2 + 2 + n3 = 1 MPl MPl MPl
|S S|2 (S S)2 2 2 2 2 2 2) V = (2 C + h.c) + mS |S| + mS |S| + 42 2 (|S| + |S| MPl MPl C C 2 12mS 2 2 MPl :fa = |S| = |S| MPl MSUSY 1011 GeV fa = 122
O(TeV) axino and saxino MSUSY B MSUSY

D-term Splitting in SUSY Flavor Problem Soft-breaking of Supersymmetry
Lsof t = m2 |Q|2 + m2 ||2 + m2 |d|2 + m2 |L|2 + m2 ||2 e e u u L Q d
+m2 ||2 + m2 u |Hu |2 + m2 d |Hd |2 H H + Au Quc Hu + Ad Qdc Hd + Al Lec Hd + A L c Hu + h.c.
+ B Hu Hd + h.c. 1 B + 1 M W W + 1 M G Ga M1 B + 2 3 a 2 2 2 Conventional Local Horizontal symmetry, a D -term associated with that

induce splitting among sleptons and squarks masses of different generation : FCNC (Possible Solution : Discrete Gauge Flavor Symmetry see Babu, Gogoladze and WK, 2003)
SU (5) Compatible Flavor Model with Lopsided Neutrino Mass Matrix

6 5 3 4 2 3 2 2
4 3 3
Uij
Lij
= 5 3 4 = 3 3
2 Hu , Dij = 3 1 2 p D 1 Hd , ij = 1
p 2 2 Hd , 1 1 a 1 1 1 Hu , 1 1
Yukawa Couplings
10 10Hu
+ 10 5Hd + 5 1Hu
The U (1) Charges(Froggatt-Nelson): 10i
= (3, 2, 0); 5i = (1, 0, 0); 1i = (1, 0, 0);
Z14
Qi
0,2,6 4,6,10 6,8,12
uc i
1,3,7 13,1,5 5,7,11
dc i
3,5,5 11,13,13 1,3,3
Li
4,6,6 6,8,8 0,2,2
ec i
13,1,5 9,11,1 7,9,13
c i
Hu
1 13 9
Hd
13 1 5
7 7 7
S
2 2 2
A2
6 13 13
A3
13 13 6
5,7,7 5,7,7 5,7,7
Anomalous U (1)A and Froggot-Nielson:

2004
Babu, Enkhbat & Gogoladze, 2003; Dreiner, Murayama and Thormier,
SU (5) compatibility and -term, Doublet-triplet splitting D-term Splitting and SUSY Flavor
Stabilizing the Axion Solutions Strong CP Problem CP violation of
LQCD
2 gs G G = K 2 64
K : Chern-Simons current: Instanton Effect 1 1 a a K = A (A + fabc Aa Ab Ac ) 16 2 3

CP violation arising from Quark Mass Matrices
: = + arg(detMU detMD )
CP can be violated in QCD. However, No Evidence.
Experimental Constraints
+ Br( + )th 1.8 102 2 Br( + )exp < 1.5 103 : < 103
i Neutron Electric Dipole Moment(EDM) 2 dn n 5 nF
dn 5 1016 e cm; dn < 1025 e cm : < 1010 exp th

Solutions 1.
mu = 0;
2. Spontaneous CP Violation or P Violation; 3. Peccei-Quinn Mechanism; ......
Peccei-Quinn Symmetry and the Axions Solution A Global U (1) with QCD anomaly Dynamical eld a-axion:
a/fa
i(x)
S = |S|e
fa ia(x)/fa e 2
The low-energy coupling of the axion to the gluon eld is
a 1 L = Ga Ga fa 32 2
so the QCD Lagrangian depends on the combination
+ a(x)/fa
V cos ( + a(x)/fa )4 : + a(x)/fa = 0, QCD a(x):axion

Models of Axions:fa and ma

1. Weinberg-Wilczek(WW): fa
= 2 /fa QCD
Electroweak scale, :ma 100keV,K a
2. DineFischlerSrednickiZhitnitskii (DFSZ): Invisible and Harmless 3. KimShifmanVainshteinZakharov (KSVZ): Invisible and Harmless
Astrophysical Constraints
fa < 1010 GeV leads to rapid cooling of stars and supernovae fa > 1012 GeV may exceed the limit of energy density of the universe : Axion mass ma 2 /fa 104 eV QCD
fa 1010 1012 GeV
Problem with Axion Solution PQ : Global symmetry, Gravity Induced Violation Non-renormalizable coupling
Sn MPl n4
Inducing
n fa n4 4 MPl QCD
fa 1011 GeV, QCD 0.2 GeV, < 1010 requires n > 10
Stabilizing the DFSZ Axion
Sn Quc Hu + Qdc Hd + Lec Hd + L c Hu + c c Hu Hd S 2 + n4 MPl

Axion is
1 (vh ImHu vh ImHd + vS ImS) a V

2 2 vh 2 + vh + vS , and vh , vh and vS are corresponding
where V VEVs.
U (1)A = P Q + B P Q carries QCD anomaly and B has SU (2) anomaly. A3 3 [SU (3)] U (1)A = 2
2
A2
GSM
9 [SU (2)] U (1)A = 2

2
A2 A3 = : = k2 /(3k3 ) k3 k3 1 k2 B U (1)A = P Q 3 k3
Q B PQ U (1)A Z11 Z12

1 0 2 2 2
uc 1
0 2 2 2
dc 1 1
4 4 4
L
0 0 4 4 4
ec
0
c
0 0 0 0 0
Hu
0 1
Hd
0 0
S
0
1
2 2 2
1/2
5 5 5
4
7 8
6
5 6
Z11 ensures the S n only appearing when n 10 So the Problem Solved.
Stabilizing the KSVZ Axion
L = S + h.c.
: SU (3)C Triplet
L 5S + h.c. 5 3 3 A3 = A2 = ( + ) = (pN s) 2 2 3 SU (3)C SU (2)L U (1)Y U (1)A as (3, n,y, ) + (, n, y, ) A3 A2

GSM
= =
1 = n (pN s) (n + n) 2 2 (n 1)n(n + 1) (n 1)n(n + 1) (3 + 3) = (pN s) 12 4 2(m + bm ) s = pN + n(b(n2 1) 2)

n=2 For b
= 1, 1/2, the solution is s = 0 mod N .
b = (2, 3, 1/3, 3/2), (Z4 , Z7 , Z3 , Z5 ). b = 2/3 A3 /k3 = A2 /k2 .

n=3
b k3 /k2 = (1, 2, 3, 1/2, 1/3, 2/3, 3/2): (Z9 , Z21 , Z33 , Z6 , Z3 , Z15 , Z30 )
Conclusions
The Standard Model, by its construction, has a independent discrete gauge symmetry in addition to SU (3)C SU (2)L U (1)Y
Approximate Baryon number and Suppressing Proton decay
3 U (1) embedding implicates avor IR + Li + Lj 2Lk
Inconsistent with GUTs

3 Gauged R-parity as subgroup of IR
Z4 from anomalous U (1)A as one -term solution DFSZ axion solution to the -term Discrete avor gauge symmetries Stabilizing the invisible axion solutions: DFSZ & KSVZ

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HIDDEN SYMMETRIES AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS

LBNL 4D Seminar University of California at Berkeley October 6th , 2004

H IDDEN S YMMETRIES AND T HEIR I MPLICATIONS

The Standard Model GSM

= SU (3)C SU (2)L U (1)Y

6 elds Q, uc , dc , , ec , H 3 Yukawa Couplings LSM

Anomaly free conditions (SU (3)C SU (2)L GAbelian )

H IDDEN S YMMETRIES AND T HEIR I MPLICATIONS

A[U (1)Y ]3 = Ng (6q 3 + 3u3 + 3d3 + 23 + e3 ) = 0

H IDDEN S YMMETRIES AND T HEIR I MPLICATIONS

Flavor dependence brings extra degrees of freedom (Flavor

Righthanded neutrino and seesaw MSSM

Gaugino can be charged: Gauging R-symmetry & SUGRA

WMSSM = Quc Hu + Qdc Hd + ec Hd + Hu Hd

LBNL 4D Seminar, UC Berkeley, Oct 6th , 2004

H IDDEN S YMMETRIES AND T HEIR I MPLICATIONS

Any hidden symmetry must be either global or discrete. Global Symmetries

Baryon Number B Lepton Number L

Quantum Gravity Effects (Wormholes, Blackholes) only respect gauge symmetries.

LBNL 4D Seminar, UC Berkeley, Oct 6th , 2004

H IDDEN S YMMETRIES AND T HEIR I MPLICATIONS

Global symmetry from Dimensional Reduction: Gauge symmetries at

LBNL 4D Seminar, UC Berkeley, Oct 6th , 2004

H IDDEN S YMMETRIES AND T HEIR I MPLICATIONS

H IDDEN S YMMETRIES AND T HEIR I MPLICATIONS

Neutrino Masses and LNV Neutrinos have masses!

Dirac neutrino c Hu : (L = 0) 1012 order hierarchy in Yukawa coupling

Majorana mass: c Hu + MR c c : (L = 2) Non-renormalizable Hu Hu /R : (L = 2)

c : Right-handed neutrinos U (1)BL is a gauge symmetry with the existence of c

c Hu + L c c L (MR ) 1014 1015 GeV:m M2 /L EW

H IDDEN S YMMETRIES AND T HEIR I MPLICATIONS

GUTs and BNV Current experimental lower bounds on proton lifetime:

Proton lifetime puts a strict constraint on different GUTs.

B > 1016 GeV

LBNL 4D Seminar, UC Berkeley, Oct 6th , 2004

H IDDEN S YMMETRIES AND T HEIR I MPLICATIONS

Beyond-SM New Physics Scale

MR O(1014 GeV) L ( Close to MGUT ) 

MEW O(102 GeV) QCD O(101 GeV)

H IDDEN S YMMETRIES AND T HEIR I MPLICATIONS

BNV via SM Non-perturbative Effects

H IDDEN S YMMETRIES AND T HEIR I MPLICATIONS

Discrete Gauge Symmetries Extra degrees of freedom from Invariant

q + u + hu = 0 modN ZN = ei {1, ei2/N , ei4/N , ei6/N , ei8/N , ...}

In 4D, Remnants of spontaneously broken gauge symmetries

LBNL 4D Seminar, UC Berkeley, Oct 6th , 2004

H IDDEN S YMMETRIES AND T HEIR I MPLICATIONS

: N ; Coupling: N , when Higgs acquires a VEV, ei2/N

+ u + h = 0, h = N but after H acquires a VEV,

Quc ei(q+u)2/N Quc = ei(N )2/N Quc = Quc

H IDDEN S YMMETRIES AND T HEIR I MPLICATIONS

How to distinguish discrete gauge from discrete global symmetries?

In the low energy effective theories?

In the high energy theories? embedding

Heavy Vectorial Fermions Decoupled QQS , Q q + q + N = 0:A3 + N/2 mod N/2

LBNL 4D Seminar, UC Berkeley, Oct 6th , 2004

H IDDEN S YMMETRIES AND T HEIR I MPLICATIONS

Part I: Hidden Discrete Gauge Symmetries in the SM

Part II: Discrete Gauge Symmetries as Model Building Tool

LBNL 4D Seminar, UC Berkeley, Oct 6th , 2004

H IDDEN S YMMETRIES AND T HEIR I MPLICATIONS

= 3 Z3 Baryon Parity Ibanez & Ross, 1993

MR O(1014 GeV) L ( Close to MGUT )