DIFFUSION ASSOCIATED NEOCLASSICAL INDIGENOUS SYSTEM OF HALL ASSEMBLY (DANISHA)

Dr. A.B.Rajib Hazarika, PhD, MIAMP (Germany), FRAS (Lond.), A.E.S. Assistant Professor, Dept. of Mathematics, Diphu Govt. College, Diphu Assam, India

The present study is related different geometry of the Hall thrusters in which I have tried to get better results than the simple Hall thrusters available at present with the future next generation device  Duo Triad Tokomak collider (DTTC) hub by the using new type of code Diffusion Associated Neoclassical Indigenous Hall Assembly (DANISHA).

Dr.A.B.Rajib Hazarika,PhD,MIAMP(Germany),A. E.S

History


Hall thrusters were studied independently in the US and the USSR in the 1950s and '60s. However, the concept of a Hall thruster was only developed into an efficient propulsion device in the former Soviet Union, whereas in the US, scientists focused instead on developing gridded ion thrusters. thrusters. Two types of Hall thrusters were developed in the Soviet Union: thrusters with wide acceleration zone, SPD (Russian: (Russian: , English: ; English: SPT, Stationary Plasma Thruster) at Design Bureau Fakel thrusters with narrow acceleration zone, DAS (Russian: , ; English: TAL, Thruster with Anode Layer), at the Central Research Institute for Machine Building (TsNIIMASH).
Dr.A.B.Rajib Hazarika,PhD,MIAMP(Germany),A. E.S

Soviet and Russian SPD thrusters

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Dr.A.B.Rajib Hazarika,PhD,MIAMP(Germany),A. E.S

Soviet and Russian SPD thrusters



 

The common SPD design was largely the work of A. I. Morozov.[1] SPD engines were Morozov.[1] operated since 1972. They were mainly used for satellite stabilization in North-South and in NorthEastEast-West directions. Since then until the late 1990s 118 SPD engines completed their mission and some 50 continued to be operated. Thrust of the first generation of SPD engines, SPDSPD-50 and SPD-60 was 20 and 30 mN respectively. In 1982 SPD-70 and SPD-100 were SPDSPDSPDintroduced, their thrust being 40 mN and 83 mN. In the post-Soviet Russia high-power (a few posthighkilowatts) SPDkilowatts) SPD-140, SPD-160, SPD-180, T-160 and low-power (less than 500 W) SPD-35 SPDSPDTlowSPDwere introduced.[2] introduced.[2] Soviet and Russian DAS-type engines include D-38 and D-55.[2] DASDD-55.[2] SovietSoviet-built thrusters were introduced to the West in 1992 after a team of electric propulsion Organization, specialists, under the support of the Ballistic Missile Defense Organization, visited Soviet laboratories and experimentally evaluated the SPD-100 (i.e., a 100 mm diameter SPT SPDthruster). Over 200 Hall thrusters have been flown on Soviet/Russian satellites in the past thirty years. They were used mainly for station keeping and small orbital corrections. Currently Hall Thruster research, design, and theoretical modelling is led by experts at NASA Glenn Research Center and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. A considerable amount of development is being conducted in industry, such as Aerojet and Busek Co. This technology was used on the European lunar mission SMART-1 and is used on a number SMARTof commercial geostationary satellites.[3] satellites.[3]

Dr.A.B.Rajib Hazarika,PhD,MIAMP(Germany),A. E.S

Introduction What's a Hall Thruster?



The Hall thruster is a type of plasma-based propulsion systems for space plasmavehicles. The amount of fuel that must be carried by a satellite depends on the speed with which the thruster can eject it. Chemical rockets have very limited fuel exhaust speed. Plasmas can be ejected at much higher speeds, therefore less fuel need be carried on board. The Hall thruster was invented in the late 1950's. Until the mid 1990's, it has been developed primarily by the Russians. During the past 30 years, the Russian placed in orbit more than 100 Hall thrusters. However, the vast majority of satellites worldwide have relied on chemical thrusters and, to a lesser extent, arcjet thrusters and ion thrusters. A conventional electrostatic ion thruster consists of two grids, an anode and a cathode, between which a voltage drop occurs. Positively charged ions accelerate away from the anode toward the cathode grid and through it. After the ions get past the cathode, electrons are added to the flow, neutralizing the output to keep it moving. A thrust is exerted on the anodeanodecathode system, in a direction opposite to that of the flow.

Dr.A.B.Rajib Hazarika,PhD,MIAMP(Germany),A. E.S

Unfortunately, a positive charge builds up in the space between the grids, limiting the ion flow and, therefore, the magnitude of the thrust that can be attained. In a Hall thruster, electrons injected into a radial magnetic field neutralize the space charge. The magnitude of the applied magnetic field is approximately 100-200 gauss, 100strong enough to trap the electrons by causing them to spiral around the field lines in the coaxial channel. The magnetic field and a trapped electron cloud together serve as a virtual cathode. The ions, too heavy to be affected by the field, continue their journey through the virtual cathode. The movement of the positive and negative electrical charges through the system results in a net force (thrust) on the thruster in a direction opposite that of the ion flow. Existing Hall thrusters can produce large jet velocities 10-30 km/s within the input 10power in the range from hundred watts to tens of kilowatts. For the state-of-the-art state-of-thethrusters operating in the power range of above kilowatt, 50-60% of the input electric 50power goes to the kinetic power of the plasma jet. These thrusters are capable to produce the thrust in the range 0.1-1 N. Since ion acceleration takes place in a quasi0.1quasineutral plasma, Hall thrusters are not limited by space-charge build up. Hence, higher spacecurrent and thrust densities than conventional ion thrusters can be achieved at discharge voltages from hundreds volts to a few kilovolts. With such performance capabilities Hall thrusters can be used to keep satellites on geosynchronous orbit (GEO), to compensate for atmospheric drag on satellite in low-earth orbits (LEO), to raise a lowsatellite from LEO to GEO and for interplanetary missions. Besides space applications, Hall thrusters can be also useful for industrial applications such as plasma processing of materials.

Dr.A.B.Rajib Hazarika,PhD,MIAMP(Germany),A. E.S

The Hall Thruster Concept Presently in use

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Dr.A.B.Rajib Hazarika,PhD,MIAMP(Germany),A. E.S

 

"Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory: Fueling the Future" presents an overview of the Laboratory's research program. The video includes a basic introduction to the principles of magnetic fusion energy, a mission synopsis of PPPL's current major fusion experiment, the National Spherical Torus Experiment, and descriptions of fusion devices proposed for the future. These include the National Compact Stellarator Experiment, being built at PPPL, and the international ITER project. Information on the application of plasma physics to solve near-term problems is also presented. nearOperation The essential working principle of the Hall thruster is that it uses an electrostatic potential to accelerate ions up to high speeds. In a Hall thruster the attractive negative charge is provided by an electron plasma at the open end of the thruster instead of a grid. A radial magnetic field of a few milliteslas[4] milliteslas[4] is used to hold the electrons in place, where the combination of the magnetic field and an attraction to the anode force a fast circulating electron current around the axis of the thruster and only a slow axial drift towards the anode occurs.

Dr.A.B.Rajib Hazarika,PhD,MIAMP(Germany),A. E.S

Hall Thrusters are largely axially symmetric. This is a cross-section crosscontaining that axis.
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Dr.A.B.Rajib Hazarika,PhD,MIAMP(Germany),A. E.S

A schematic of a Hall thruster is shown in the image to the right. An electric potential on the order of 300 volts is applied between the anode and cathode. cathode. The central spike forms one pole of an electromagnet and is surrounded by an annular space and around that is the other pole of the electromagnet, with a radial magnetic field in-between. inThe propellant, such as xenon gas is fed through the anode, which has numerous small holes in it to act as a gas distributor. Xenon propellant is used because of its high molecular weight and low ionization potential. potential. As the neutral xenon atoms diffuse into the channel of the thruster, they are ionized by collisions with high energy circulating electrons (10 (10 20 eV or 100,000 to 250,000 C). Once ionized the xenon ions typically have a charge of +1 though a small fraction (~10%) are +2. The xenon ions are then accelerated by the electric field between the anode and the cathode. The ions quickly reach speeds of around 15,000 m/s for a specific impulse of 1,500 seconds (15 kNs/kg). Upon exiting however, the ions pull an equal number of electrons with them, creating a plume with no net charge.

Dr.A.B.Rajib Hazarika,PhD,MIAMP(Germany),A. E.S

 

           

Field Emission Cathodes Cathode Constant-Current ConstantLifetime Tests Current: Lifetime 0.1 mA: 13,236 hours 1.0 mA: 6,433 hours Top Standard half-inch cathode halfT05 Package Nominal half-inch design halfFully flight qualified for ST7-DRS ST7Mission Output current 1 mA Design with standard TO5 package available
Dr.A.B.Rajib Hazarika,PhD,MIAMP(Germany),A. E.S

Standard half-inch cathode half-

Dr.A.B.Rajib Hazarika,PhD,MIAMP(Germany),A. E.S

T05 Package Nominal half-inch design halfFully flight qualified for ST7-DRS ST7Mission Output current 1 mA Design with standard TO5 package available

Dr.A.B.Rajib Hazarika,PhD,MIAMP(Germany),A. E.S

BHTBHT-200
Discharge Input Power: 200 W Discharge Voltage: 250 V Discharge Current: 800 mA Propellant Mass Flowrate: 0.94 mg/sec Thrust: 12.8 mN Specific Impulse: 1390 sec Propulsive Efficiency: 43.5 %

Dr.A.B.Rajib Hazarika,PhD,MIAMP(Germany),A. E.S

BHTBHT-600
       

Discharge Input Power: 600 W Discharge Voltage: 300 V Discharge Current: 2.05 A Propellant Mass Flowrate: 2.6 mg/sec Thrust: 42 mN Specific Impulse: 1650 sec Propulsive Efficiency: 55.0 % The BHT-600 Hall Effect Thruster is an ideal size for primary BHTpropulsion for small satellites. The BHT-600 operates BHTefficiently over a power range of 300-600 W and produce 153001548 mN of thrust with a specific impulse of 1100-1700 seconds. 1100Dr.A.B.Rajib Hazarika,PhD,MIAMP(Germany),A. E.S

BHTBHT-1000
       

Discharge Input Power: 1000 W Discharge Voltage: 350 V Discharge Current: 2.85 A Propellant Mass Flowrate: 3.4 mg/sec Thrust: 58.5 mN Specific Impulse: 1750 sec Propulsive Efficiency: 50.3 % While optimized for operating at 1.0 kW, the BHT-1000 Hall BHTEffect Thruster employs refined magnetics allowing operation over a specific impulse range of 1200-2800 seconds. 1200Dr.A.B.Rajib Hazarika,PhD,MIAMP(Germany),A. E.S

BHTBHT-1500
      

Discharge Input Power: 1700 W Discharge Voltage: 340 V Discharge Current: 5.0 A Propellant Mass Flowrate: 5.6 mg/sec Thrust: 102 mN Specific Impulse: 1820 sec Propulsive Efficiency: 54.6 %
Dr.A.B.Rajib Hazarika,PhD,MIAMP(Germany),A. E.S

BHTBHT-8000
      

Discharge Input Power: 8 kW Discharge Voltage: 300 V Discharge Current: 26.7 A Propellant Mass Flowrate: 27.4 mg/sec Thrust: 512 mN Specific Impulse: 1900 sec Propulsive Efficiency: 60.0 %
Dr.A.B.Rajib Hazarika,PhD,MIAMP(Germany),A. E.S

BHTBHT-20K
      

Discharge Input Power: 20.25 kW Discharge Voltage: 500 V Discharge Current: 40.5 A Propellant Mass Flowrate: 40.0 mg/sec Thrust: 1.08 N Specific Impulse: 2750 sec Propulsive Efficiency: 72 %
Dr.A.B.Rajib Hazarika,PhD,MIAMP(Germany),A. E.S

The Physics behind the Hall thrusters enough to substantially The axial magnetic field is designed to be strong
deflect the low-mass electrons, but not the high-mass ions which have a lowhighmuch larger gyroradius and are hardly impeded. The majority of electrons are thus stuck orbiting in the region of high radial magnetic field near the thruster exit plane, trapped in EB (axial electric field and radial magnetic E field). This orbital rotation of the electrons is a circulating Hall current and it is from this that the Hall thruster gets its name. Collisions and instabilities allow some of the electrons to be freed from the magnetic field and they drift towards the anode. About 30% of the discharge current is an electron current which doesn't produce thrust, which limits the energetic efficiency of the thruster; the other 70% of the current is in the ions. Because the majority of electrons are trapped in the Hall current, they have a long residence time inside the thruster and are able to ionize almost all (~90%) of the xenon propellant. The ionization efficiency of the thruster is thus around 90%, while the discharge current efficiency is around 70% for a combined thruster efficiency of around 63% (= 90% 70%).

Experimental aspect
 

The magnetic field thus ensures that the discharge power predominately goes into accelerating the xenon propellant and not the electrons, and the thruster turns out to be reasonably efficient. Compared to chemical rockets the thrust is very small, on the order of 80 mN for a typical thruster. For comparison, the weight of a coin like the U.S. quarter or a 20-cent Euro coin is approximately 60 mN. 20However, Hall thrusters operate at the high specific impulses that is achieved with ion thrusters. One particular advantage of Hall thrusters, as compared to an ion thruster, is that the generation and acceleration of the Childions takes place in a quasi-neutral plasma and so there is no ChildquasiLangmuir charge (space charge) saturated current limitation on the thrust density, and thus thrust is high for electrically accelerated thrusters. Another advantage is that these thrusters can use a wider variety of propellants supplied to the anode, even oxygen, although something easily ionized is needed at the cathode.[5] One propellant that is starting to be cathode.[5] used is liquid bismuth due to its low cost, high mass and low partial pressure.

Dr.A.B.Rajib Hazarika,PhD,MIAMP(Germany),A. E.S

THEORY
 

In this study, we developed three computational techniques for the ECE radiation analysis of the Hall thruster. The first one is the single particle approximation analysis. This is the simplest one among the approaches. We modeled the plasma region of the Hall thruster with three parameters, the magnetic field, electron temperature, and electron density distributions. These parameters are constant in a cell. We calculated the radiation with the parameter distributions according to the observation angle. The frequency of a cell is determined by the magnetic field of the cell. This analysis is easy to approach and does not require a high computing performance. However, the results of this analysis dont have detail results. The radiated electric field is derived from the power, so there is no polarization information on the electric field. We moved on more sophisticated analysis.

Dr.A.B.Rajib Hazarika,PhD,MIAMP(Germany),A. E.S

Simulations


The next one is the Particle-In-Cell (PIC) analysis. PIC is for analysis of Particle-Inmicroscopic phenomena. Particle motions in the thruster channel region is simulated with the PIC method. We selected electrons from the MaxwellMaxwellBoltzmann distribution for the speed of electrons. The Monte-Carlo method Montewas adopted in this selection. We solved the Lorentz force equation to get the motion data of the electrons and analyzed the radiated electric field with the particle motions. Then, we took the Fourier transform of the electric field to consider the radiation in the frequency domain. This approach is from definition, the radiation is from charge acceleration. It is more realistic approach to the plasma. It uses same parameter distributions, but the parameter in a cell is not constant any more because of adopting the MonteMonte-Carlo method. It also shows the polarization information of the radiation. However, we assume in this analysis that the radiation is in free space. The channel plasma is considered as current sources for radiation. The material constants of the plasma are concerned as free space.

Dr.A.B.Rajib Hazarika,PhD,MIAMP(Germany),A. E.S

Simulation codes


The last approach adopted is to consider the non free space and inhomogeneous media. The hybrid FEM/MoM (hybrid element method) was suggested to exploit advantages of finite element method (FEM) and method of moment (MoM), the representative methods for the radiation analysis, and to compensate their disadvantages. The hybrid element method was introduced to analyze the ECE radiation by using EMAP5. In this analysis, the plasma was considered as dielectrics, and the source currents were from the plasma parameters.
Dr.A.B.Rajib Hazarika,PhD,MIAMP(Germany),A. E.S

Electric Propulsion System



More than three hundred electric propulsion thrusters have flown on over 100 spacecraft over the last thirty five years and a significant increase in usage is expected over the next decade. The 1990s have been described as the era of application [27] because the benefits of electric propulsion are being realized on numerous commercial satellite missions and there has been an increase in flight activity for a broad spectrum of electric propulsion devices. Advancements in electric propulsion related technologies and thruster design 3 improvements, based on extensive ground and flight test results, have brought some electric propulsion devices to a high level of technological maturity.
Dr.A.B.Rajib Hazarika,PhD,MIAMP(Germany),A. E.S

The risk of employing electric thrusters on spacecraft has diminished in recent years due to an increase in the number of successful electric thruster missions, improvements in thruster materials and designs, and an improved understanding of fundamental thruster operating principles and spacecraft integration issues. With the increasing emphasis on lowering the mass of spacecraft propulsion systems, increasing spacecraft orbiting lifetimes, and reducing overall costs, together with greater amounts of electric power now available on-board spacecraft, the onapplications for electric propulsion systems will certainly continue to grow. Electric propulsion technology has matured to a point where its expanded use for select space missions is justified from both a technological and an economic standpoint.

Dr.A.B.Rajib Hazarika,PhD,MIAMP(Germany),A. E.S

Electric thrusters can outperform conventional chemical (liquid and solid propellant) propulsion systems for certain space missions because of their generally higher specific impulse values. For select missions, replacing current chemical propulsion systems with high performance electric propulsion systems can provide substantial mass and cost savings, increased orbiting lifetimes, and increased mission capabilities. The current and likely near-term electric thruster missions nearinclude station keeping, drag compensation, attitude control, station repositioning, orbit raising or lowering, orbit repositioning, and maneuvering of interplanetary spacecraft [49]. Electric propulsion is the acceleration of propellant gases by any of electrical heating, electric or magnetic, or both of field forces to provide propulsive thrust to a vehicle. It involves the conversion of electrical energy into kinetic energy of the exhaust gases. There are numerous electric propulsion devices described in the literature, which can be grouped into at least one of three fundamental categories.
Dr.A.B.Rajib Hazarika,PhD,MIAMP(Germany),A. E.S

ElectroElectro-thermal Propulsion
 

the propellant is heated using electrical energy, and the hot propellant gas is then thermodynamically expanded and accelerated through an exhaust nozzle, e.g. resistojet and arcjet thrusters.

Dr.A.B.Rajib Hazarika,PhD,MIAMP(Germany),A. E.S

ElectroElectro-static Propulsion


the propellant atoms are ionized and accelerated out of the thruster by electrostatic field forces. The exhausted propellant ions are neutralized by electrons emitted from an external cathode, e.g. ion thruster and field emission electric propulsion thruster.

Dr.A.B.Rajib Hazarika,PhD,MIAMP(Germany),A. E.S

Electromagnetic Propulsion


the propellant is ionized and accelerated by the combined interaction of electric and magnetic field forces on the resultant propellant plasma, e.g. Hall thruster, pulsed plasma thruster, and magneto-plasma-dynamic thrusters. magneto-plasmaNew electric propulsion technologies designed to operate at higher power (5 50 kW) for future long range planetary exploration and large velocity change maneuvers are under study. This effort has in part been a response to NASAs Project Prometheus [42], a technology program to develop safe, efficient high power sources for solar system exploration. In primary propulsion on micro spacecraft or fine position control of conventional spacecraft has driven the interest in sub kilowatt thrusters [10].
Dr.A.B.Rajib Hazarika,PhD,MIAMP(Germany),A. E.S

Resistojet


A resistojet is a device that heats a propellant stream by passing it through an ohmically heated chamber before the propellant is expanded through a downstream nozzle. In resistojets, the propellant is fed into the thruster and heated while flowing over an immersed resistance heater or over thruster chamber surfaces heated by radiation from an isolated resistance heater [27, 38]. Resistojets (MR-501, MR-502A, HiPEHT, etc.) have accumulated a (MRMRsubstantial flight history onboard at least 75 spacecraft since 1965 [27], mainly performing north-south station keeping (NSSK) and some attitude northcontrol, east-west station keeping (EWSK), on-orbit maneuvering, and eastonlimited on-orbit boosting. Future resistojet missions include station onkeeping, orbit insertion, and de-orbit functions. Resistojets have been used deon Lockheed Martin Astro Space (LMAS) Series 4000 and 5000 satellites and recently on Iridium satellites.

Dr.A.B.Rajib Hazarika,PhD,MIAMP(Germany),A. E.S

Arc jet
 

An arcjet is a device that heats a propellant stream by passing a high current electrical arc through it, before the propellant is expanded through a downstream nozzle [38]. In arcjets, an electrical arc discharge is initiated between a central cathode and a coaxial anode, which also acts as the thrusters nozzle. The propellant is fed into the thruster and heated while flowing through and around the arc discharge. A research group from the Kharkov Aviation Institute (KhAI), which was established with Russian industrial companies and still keeps working relations with them, has presented an analytical study of gas acceleration in the supersonic nozzle of the arcjet thruster [68]. The heat transfer in supersonic flow under electrical discharge results in significant displacement of the critical throat comparing with classic adiabatic flow. Key parameters like an expansion angle and throat position were presented as functions of arc parameters. Since 1993, arcjets (MR-508, MR-509, and MR-510) have been used for (MRMRMRNSSK on at least six LMAS Series 7000 and A-2100 satellites and are base lined for Aseveral future satellites. In 1997-1998, arcjets were used on both an experimental USAF 1997orbit raising mission (26-kW ESEX arcjet) and an orbit insertion/maintenance mission (26(ATOS arcjet).

Dr.A.B.Rajib Hazarika,PhD,MIAMP(Germany),A. E.S

Ion Thruster


An ion thruster is a device that accelerates propellant ions by an electrostatic field [38]. In ion thrusters, neutral propellant atoms are fed into a discharge chamber and ionized by bombardment with electrons emitted from a cathode in a low voltage electrical discharge. Since 1962, ion thrusters have flown on about eleven experimental spacecraft. Several ion thrusters (XIPS-13, XIPS-25, IES, and UK-10) and a (XIPSXIPSUKradiofrequency ion thruster (RIT-10) were launched to provide (RITNSSK for several operational satellites. Hughes used their XIPSXIPS-13 ion thruster on HS-601, PAS-5, and Galaxt 8-i HSPAS8satellites and their XIPS-25 ion thruster on HS-702 and XIPSHSGalaxy 10 satellites [27, 49]. Keldysh Research Center presented results of numerical simulation of a low-power XelowXeion thruster with an advanced, slit-type accelerating system. slitExperiments were carried out for the power range of 50-150 W 50and specific impulse values of 2500 3500 s were achieved. Dr.A.B.Rajib Highest values of thruster efficiency were about 65 % [68]. Hazarika,PhD,MIAMP(Germany),A.
E.S

 

The NSTAR electron bombardment ion thruster was provided primary propulsion for the Deep Space-1 spacecraft on the first flight of NASAs New Millennium program in Space1998. The success of the Deep Space 1 technology demonstration has led to the planned use of three NSTAR ion thrusters for the DAWN mission to explore Ceres and Vesta, two protoplanets between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter [10]. DAWN, rescheduled for launch in September 2007, would be the first NASA space science mission to implement electric propulsion. Boeing Electron Dynamics Division (EDD) is developing the 30 cm ion thrusters for this Discovery-class mission. The NSTAR thruster extended life test Discoveryended this year after more than 30,300 hr of operation, having processed over 230 kg of xenon. The NSTAR program far exceeded its original goals of 8,000 hr of operation with a total xenon throughput of 83 kg. The NASA Evolutionary Xenon Thruster (NEXT) is designed to deliver a throttleable 7 kW, 40 cm ion thruster with a xenon throughput capability of over 400 kg, a specific impulse (Isp) of 2,200 4,120 sec, and a thrust of 50 210 mN. Two NASA-led teams continued work toward the development of a long-life NASAlongengine system for power levels greater than 20 kW and Isp in the 6,000-8,000-sec range. 6,000-8,000The High Power Ion Propulsion team, led by NASAGlenn is developing an 8,000 sec, 25 kW gridded ion thruster using a microwave ionization source and neutralizer in a rectangular geometry. The JPL-led team is developing the nuclear electric xenon ion JPLsystem, which will include advanced carbon-carbon grids and a reservoir hollow carboncathode, in an effort to develop a 20 kW, 7,500 sec Isp thruster with high propellant throughput capability. On January 31, 2003, ESAs latest telecommunication technology demonstration satellite, Artemis, reached its assigned geostationary orbit after an 18 month transfer. The spacecraft had used its experimental ion propulsion system, consisting of two RITRIT10 and T5 thrusters, to complete the maneuver.

Dr.A.B.Rajib Hazarika,PhD,MIAMP(Germany),A. E.S

Field Emission Electric Propulsion



In field emission electric propulsion (FEEP) thrusters, the liquid propellant is fed to the tip of a needle-like emitter and intense local needleelectric fields cause charged liquid droplets to spontaneously form. The charged liquid droplets are extracted away from the liquid surface and accelerated by the electrostatic fields.
Dr.A.B.Rajib Hazarika,PhD,MIAMP(Germany),A. E.S

Electromagnetic Propulsion


A magneto plasma dynamic thruster is a device that accelerates a propellant plasma by an internal or external magnetic field acting on an internal arc current [38]. Magneto plasma dynamic (MPD) thrusters frequently use similar electrode geometries as arcjets and also use an electrical arc discharge. However, the majority of thrust generated in MPDTs is due to electromagnetic forces exerted on the propellant plasma by interaction with the arc and the selfself-induced magnetic field. In pulsed plasma, a portion of the propellant feedstock (typically solid Teflon) is ablated and ionized by an electrical arc discharge sheet initiated between two electrodes by a discharging capacitor. The resultant propellant plasma is accelerated by interaction with the arc and the self-induced magnetic field. selfDr.A.B.Rajib Hazarika,PhD,MIAMP(Germany),A. E.S

Thrust systems and their specific impulse [75] Engine Effective Exhaust Isp Thrust Duration
 

Velocity (m/s) (s) (N) Solid rocket 1,000 - 4,000 100 103 107 minutes Resistojet rocket 2,000 - 6,000 10-2 1010 minutes Arcjet rocket 4,000 - 12,000 10-2 1010 minutes Hall thruster 8,000 - 50,000 1,500 10-3 1010 months Ion thruster 15,000 - 80,000 5,000 10-3 1010 months VASIMR 10,000 - 300,000 30,000 40 - 1,200days months
Dr.A.B.Rajib Hazarika,PhD,MIAMP(Germany),A. E.S

Hall Thrusters
 

 

The Hall thruster is a plasma propulsion device designed in the 1960s. The inventor is A. I. Morozov. They are mostly known as electric propulsion thrusters for spacecraft, and are also called stationary plasma thrusters (SPTs). The advantages of the Hall thruster are higher thrust densities and specific impulses between 1 and 2000 sec. These advantages promise to increase operating lifetime and payload mass. Because of these advantages, the Hall thrusters are considered ideal for many on-orbit applications including station keeping, orbit re-phasing, and onreorbit transfer of geosynchronous communication satellites. It has become clear that the physical processes in the Hall thrusters are extremely complicated, despite the simple construction of the devices. The discharge in the Hall thrusters is unlike any other known discharge. It is characterized by the spatial separation of the ionization and cceleration zones
Dr.A.B.Rajib Hazarika,PhD,MIAMP(Germany),A. E.S

  

The Hall thruster diagram [9]. 1) Magnetic system; 2) insulator; 3) anode; 4) cathode; 5) gas inlet. In the ionization zone, crossed electric and magnetic fields are present with the radial directional magnetic field crossing the wall while the axial directional electric field is tangential to them. A free path length of charged particles much higher than the size of system, and the drift of electrons is closed. Electrons emitted from an external hollow cathode are hindered from directly reaching the anode by the radial magnetic field increasing to the outlet of thruster and become magnetized and confined in an azimuthal E X B drift motion. The neutral propellant atoms are fed into the discharge chamber and ionized by bombardment with the electrons. The radial magnetic field is not strong enough to make the ions magnetized, because the Lamor radius of the ions is much bigger than the thruster size. The ions are accelerated axially by the electric field, and the thrust is produced by momentum imparted to the ions. Plasma is created with a very high electron temperature of up to 20 eV within the discharge [55].
Dr.A.B.Rajib Hazarika,PhD,MIAMP(Germany),A. E.S

SPT Series
 

Hall thrusters (SPT-50, SPT-70, SPT-100, etc.) have an extensive (SPT- SPT- SPTflight history on-board Russian spacecraft for NSSK, EWSK, attitude oncontrol,orbit injection and repositioning applications on more than 50 Russian satellite since 1971 [27, 55]. Hall thrusters have continued to accumulate flight time on Russian satellites. Since 1994, more than eight geostationary satellites equipped with SPT-100SPT-100-type thrusters have been launched. The total number of SPT-100 thrusters operated onboard these SPTsatellites is more than 64. The maximum operation time on a single SPT-100 has exceeded 1,500 SPThr (on Express 11). Stationary plasma thrusters (SPT) were developed and qualified at DB Fakel. Main functional specifications of SPT thrusters are listed in Table
Dr.A.B.Rajib Hazarika,PhD,MIAMP(Germany),A. E.S

SPT specifications
 
     

Thrust mN

Power W

Isp sec
0.2 0.35 0.65 1.35 4.5 1.5

Efficiency %
1100 1250 1450 1550 1800 1800 35 35 48 52 51 52

Life time hrs

2000 2250 3100 8000 7000 8000

SPTSPT-35a 1- 10 1SPTSPT-50a 20 SPTSPT-70a 40 SPTSPT-100a 83 SPTSPT-140b 290 PPSPPS-1350c 92

Dr.A.B.Rajib Hazarika,PhD,MIAMP(Germany),A. E.S

Future applications Hypersonics



NASA's new vision for space exploration aims to take humans back to the Moon, and eventually to Mars and beyond. Achieving this goal will involve many missions over the coming years. Perhaps the most dangerous and challenging aspect of any mission is a spacecraft's hypersonic entry into a planet's atmosphere. The physical processes occurring around the spacecraft are quite complex and involve the synthesis of chemical kinetics, quantum mechanics, radiation physics, and ablation effects with fluid dynamics. To further complicate matters, the atmosphere is often rarefied and conventional fluid dynamic analysis is no longer applicable. Such high energy, high speed, rarefied conditions are very expensive and often impossible to reproduce in wind tunnels here on Earth. Actual flight tests are even more expensive and measured data is limited to that collected during the 1960's Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo programs. If numerical simulation can reproduce the experimental data that is available, it can then be used with confidence as a fast and inexpensive design tool for new spacecraft flying new missions.

Dr.A.B.Rajib Hazarika,PhD,MIAMP(Germany),A. E.S

At low altitudes (below ~80km for Earth) the atmosphere is sufficiently dense such that molecules undergo a vast number of collisions as they move over the spacecraft. Under these conditions the gas can accurately be assumed to behave as a continuum and the Navier-Stokes equations can be solved using methods from NavierComputational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). CFD methods are very mature and are capable of incorporating advanced physical models such as chemical and thermal non-equilibrium, radiation, and even nonablation. For very high altitudes (above ~100km for Earth) the atmosphere is rarefied to the point where molecules undergo far fewer collisions invalidating the continuum assumptions inherent in the Navier-Stokes equations. NavierIn this regime the most mature numerical method is the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method which is also capable of incorporating advanced physical models. Since the DSMC method simulates the gas on the molecular scale it provides accurate results in all regimes, however under continuum conditions, large numbers of particles and collisions demand impractical computational resources. Thus, in general, the DSMC method is used to simulate atmospheric entry at high altitudes and CFD is used at lower altitudes. Of course there is a large overlap regime in which the flow around the spacecraft exhibits regions of both continuum flow and non-equilibrium or rarefied flow. For this reason current research is not nononly focused on using CFD and DSMC to simulate the aerothermodynamics of atmospheric entry, but also focuses on incorporating these methods into a hybrid particleparticle-continuum code.

Dr.A.B.Rajib Hazarika,PhD,MIAMP(Germany),A. E.S

Hall Thruster Channel Wall Erosion Overview



The main life-limiting factor for Hall thrusters is the erosion of the channel lifewalls. As Hall thrusters are beginning to be used on more extended missions (10000 hours+), lifetime issues become a priority. Characterizing this erosion experimentally in ground based vacuum chambers is prohibitively long and expensive. Thus there is a need for quick and cheap, yet accurate, simulations and this is the main motivation behind this research. Modeling the erosion rates along the channel walls incorporates two major parts. First, the ion current to the walls needs to be determined. Then the sputter yields need to be found in order to obtain the erosion rates. Two ion flux models are examined. One is based on scattering collisions while the other focuses more on a hydrodynamic description of the plasma. The sputter yields are obtained from an empirical model based on curve fits to experimental data.

Dr.A.B.Rajib Hazarika,PhD,MIAMP(Germany),A. E.S