VIEN KHOA HOC XA HOI VIET NAM VIEN PHAT TRIEN BEN VNG VUNG NAM BO --------------

NGUYEN VAN THUY

T CUOI THE KY XIX EN NAM 1975

NGHE GOM BNH DNG

CHUYEN NGANH: LCH S VIET NAM MA SO: 60.22.54

LUAN VAN THAC S KHOA HOC LCH S HNG DAN KHOA HOC: TS. BUI CH HOANG

THANH PHO HO CH MINH, THANG 08/2008

LI CM N Lun vn c hon thnh l mt qu trnh tng hp cc ngun t liu lu tr, s ng gp ca cc ng nghip i trc, cng tc in d, nht l s gp qu bu ca cc ch l gm lu i ca Bnh Dng nh: Ch l lu i Hng ca ng Bi Xun Giang x Tng Bnh Hip, ch l chn L Th ca ng Mai Vn Chnh phng Chnh Ngha, v qui trnh sn xut gm m cc ng tch lu hng trm nm kinh nghip trong ngh. c bit, xin chn thnh cm n thy hng dn - Tin s Bi Ch Hong tn tnh hng dn phng php nghin cu sut t lc lp cng n khi lun vn hon thnh nhng trang cui cng. Xin chn thnh cm n s gip tn tnh ca cc anh ch em, Ban qun l di tch, Nh bo tng, Th vin, UBND phng Chnh Ngha, Th trn Li Thiu, Tn Phc Khnh, cung cp t liu, hnh nh trong qu trnh lm lun vn ca ti. Bnh Dng, thng 08 nm 2008

Nguyn Vn Thu

LI CAM OAN Ti xin cam oan lun vn ny l sn phm khoa hc do ti thc hin trn c s x l t liu t cc ngun t liu lu tr Th vin, Bo tng v Ban qun l di tch, cng nh qu trnh i in d xung cc l gm gp g cc ngh nhn, nhn chng l nhng ngi lm l gm lu nm trong tnh Bnh Dng thu thp t liu, hnh nh,. Cc s liu kt qu l trung thc. Bnh Dng, thng 08 nm 2008

Nguyn Vn Thu

Muc luc Trang Li cam n Li cam oan Muc luc M AU .......................................................................................................01 1. Ly do chon e tai - muc ch nghien cu ...........................................01 2. Lch s nghien cu van e .................................................................02 3. oi tng - pham vi nghien cu ........................................................03 4. Cac phng phap nghien cu va nguon tai lieu.................................04 5. Nhng ong gop mi cua e tai .........................................................05

Chng I NGHE GOM BNH DNG TRONG BOI CANH KINH TE - CHNH TR - XA HOI CUA VUNG AT ONG NAI - GIA NH XA 1. Tnh hnh kinh te - chnh tr - xa hoi cua vung at ong Nai - Gia nh t gia the ky XVII en cuoi the ky XIX .....................................................06 1.1 Vung at ong Nai - Gia nh t gia the ky XVII - cuoi the ky XIX ........................................................................................................06 1.2 Bnh Dng trong boi canh chnh tr - kinh te - xa hoi cua vung at ong Nai - Gia nh .....................................................................11 2. ieu kien hnh thanh va phat trien nghe gom Bnh Dng ...................15 2.1 ieu kien t nhien .........................................................................15

2.2 ieu kien lch s ...........................................................................21 2.3 ieu kien xa hoi ............................................................................26

Chng II NGHE GOM BNH DNG - CAC GIAI OAN PHAT TRIEN 1. Khi nguon ................................................................................................31 1.1 Gom thi tien - s s .....................................................................31 1.2 Nguon goc ra i cua gom s Bnh Dng....................................33 2. Nghe gom Bnh Dng t cuoi the ky XIX en nam 1954 ....................38 2.1 Vung phan bo cac lo gom..............................................................38 2.2 Ky thuat truyen thong cua gom s Bnh Dng ...........................40 2.2.1 Nguyen lieu .......................................................................40 2.2.2 X ly nguyen lieu ...............................................................41 2.2.3 Tao dang san pham ..........................................................43 2.2.4 My thuat tren gom ............................................................44 2.3. Nung san pham .............................................................................48 2.3.1 Ky thuat xay lo ong ...........................................................49 2.3.2 Ky thuat xay lo bao (lo bau).............................................57 2.4 Cac loai san pham gom s Bnh Dng .......................................58 2. 5 Th trng .....................................................................................60 2.5.1 Th trng trong nc........................................................60 2.5.2 Th trng nc ngoai .......................................................61 3. Nghe gom Bnh Dng giai oan 1954 1975 ......................................62

3.1 Vung phan bo ...............................................................................62 3.2 Ky thuat truyen thong...................................................................63 3.2.1 Ve nguyen lieu va s phat trien khau nguyen lieu trong san xuat gom s .............................................................................................64 3.2.2 Tao dang san pham ...........................................................62 3.2.3 My thuat tren gom .............................................................67 3.3 Nung san pham ..............................................................................68 3.4 Cac loai hnh san pham .................................................................69 3.5 Th trng gom Bnh Dng ..........................................................72 3.5.1 Th trng trong nc .......................................................72 3.5.2 Th trng nc ngoai .......................................................73 Chng III NGHE GOM TRONG C CAU KINH TE XA HOI CUA BNH DNG TRONG GIAI OAN LCH S CUOI THE KY XIX 1975 1. Cau kinh te xa hoi Bnh Dng cuoi the ky XIX-1954..........................74 1.1 Nganh nong nghiep .......................................................................74 1.2 Nganh lam nghiep .........................................................................77 1.3 Nganh thu cong nghiep .................................................................78 1.4 Nghe gom ......................................................................................81 2. C cau kinh te xa hoi Bnh Dng giai oan nam 1954 1975.............83 2.1 Ve nong nghiep ............................................................................83 2.2 Ve nganh thu cong ........................................................................85 2.3 Vai tro cua nghe gom ....................................................................86

2.4 S phat trien nghe gom gop phan on nh xa hoi .........................86 2.4.1 Thu hut lao ong ................................................................ 86 2.4.2 Nang cao tay nghe ............................................................. 88 KET LUAN ...................................................................................................90 TAI LIEU THAM KHAO .............................................................................94 PHU LUC ANH, BAN O ...........................................................................95

M AU

1. Ly do chon e tai - muc ch nghien cu Sn mai, ieu khac go va nghe lam gom Bnh Dng la nhng nghe truyen thong lau i, co v tr quan trong trong cuoc song cong ong c dan Bnh Dng sau hn 300 nam hnh thanh va phat trien. Nghe lam gom khong ch lam ra nhieu o dung can thiet cho cuoc song con ngi t chiec to, bat, a cho ba cm hang ngay, ma ca nhng l hng, tng th, dung e trang tr trong nh, Chua, Mieu mao va trong nghi thc ton giao tn ngng. Nghien cu nghe gom Bnh Dng t nam cuoi the ky XIX - 1975 nham phac hoa bc tranh nghe gom trong mt khoang thi gian nhat nh va trong mot khong gian cu the e thay c s ke tha truyen thong, s hoi tu cua cac dong th bi nhng phong cach, ac iem, ky thuat, my thuat khac nhau. Va cung e phuc dng lai mot nghe tieu thu cong nghiep co vai tro quan trong trong tien trnh phat trien cua vung at Thu Dau Mot xa. Nghien cu nghe gom Bnh Dng trong ieu kien ca nc ang thc hien cong nghiep hoa - hien ai hoa, nhng di san vat the - phi vat the tng mot thi tao nen Bnh Dng xa se b mai mot va mat i. Do o viec nghien cu qua trnh hnh thanh va phat trien nganh gom s tnh Bnh Dng cung vi viec co nhng giai phap bao ton nhng di san van hoa thuoc nganh nay se tr nen rat can thiet. o la ly do e tai c chon va muc ch cua e tai hng ti.

2. Lch s nghien cu van e Nhn chung, t lieu nghien cu ve gom ong Nai - Gia nh trc giai oan trc nam 1975 khong nhieu, nhat la cac chuyen khao phan anh ay u cac van e ve quy trnh san xuat, to chc san xuat, ky thuat va my thuat. T sau ngay thong nhat at nc viec nghien cu cac nganh nghe thu cong nghiep mi c chu y nghien cu, trong o co nganh gom s nh bai viet: Vai net ve gom my thuat ong Nai cua Nguyen Th Tuyet Hong; Gom s Song Be cua Nguyen An Dng; Nganh tieu thu cong nghiep gom tai Tan Van - Bien Hoa trc nam 1975 cua Diep nh Hoa hoac Gom my nghe ong Nam Bo - sac thai van hoa va y ngha kinh te cua Vo Cong Nguyen va cong trnh luan an Pho Tien s S Hoc (1993) Tieu thu cong vung Sai Gon - Ch Ln - Gia nh va vung phu can t nam 1954 1975 cua Huynh Th Ngoc Tuyet. Cong trnh khoa hoc gan ay nhat nghien cu ve gom la luan an Tien s s hoc (2005) Nghe gom Thanh Pho Ho Ch Minh t the ky XVIII en nay cua Ph Ngoc Tuyen. Hai cong trnh Tieu thu cong vung Sai Gon Ch Ln Gia inh va vung phu cn t nam 1954 1975 va Nghe gom Thanh pho Ho Ch Minh t the ky XVIII en nay la nhng cong trnh khoa hoc toan dien nhat ve tieu thu cong nghiep va nghe gom cua ong Nai - Gia nh xa, con tren a ban tnh Bnh Dng la Luan Van Thac S Nguyen Minh Giao s phat trien cua nganh tieu thu cong nghiep gom s Tnh Bnh Dng trong thi ky 1986 2000, Luan van Thac s Nguyen Xuan Dung Lang nghe gom s Lai Thieu, huyen Thuan An.

Ngoai nhng cong trnh khoa hoc tren, con co cac bai viet ve tng loai hnh gom nh "Lo gom Sai Gon", 09 bo tng gom ngu hanh Chua Trng Tho cua ang Van Thang, "Chau kieng cua gom Sai Gon xa" "on gom Sai Gon" cua Ma Thanh Cao hoac mot so cong trnh viet ve mot lo gom nh Gom Cay Mai Sai Gon xa cua Huynh Ngoc Trang va Nguyen ai Phuc va Bao cao khai quat di tch lo gom Hng Li, quan 8 cua Nguyen Th Hau, Ph Ngoc Tuyen, Tran Sung (1998) Nhn chung, cac cong trnh nghien cu ve nghe gom ong Nai - Gia nh xa kha tap trung vao giai oan t sau nam 1975. ay la nguon t lieu quan trong lam c s cho cong trnh khoa hoc nay. T iem xuat phat nay, tac gia luan an mong muon gop phan vao viec khac hoa toan dien hn bc tranh nghe gom ong Nai - Gia nh xa noi chung va Bnh Dng noi rieng.

3. oi tng - pham vi nghien cu oi tng nghien cu cua e tai la nghe lam gom trong qua trnh hnh thanh va phat trien va pham vi gii han thi gian e tai la t cuoi TK XIX en 1975. e co the tiep can c vi nghe lam gom Bnh Dng, luan an phai phan tch tong hp cac s lieu thanh van cua nhieu nha nghien cu, gia pha cua cac gia nh lam gom truyen thong. Ben canh o luan an con thong qua san pham gom cac loai c san xuat qua cac thi ky, cau truc cua lo gom, phng thc to chc san xuat, nhan cong lao ong, e tai hien

lai quy trnh san xuat gom cua Bnh Dng trong qua trnh hnh thanh va phat trien. T t lieu thu thap c qua cong tac va t nhieu nguon, sach bao, tap ch va ca ien da tai cac lo gom, bo su tap cac nh, Chua, Bao Tang e co the khac hoa ay u dien mao cua nghe gom Bnh Dng trong tien trnh hnh thanh va phat trien, cung nh at nghe gom Bnh Dng trong boi canh phat trien chung cua khu vc Nam Bo.

4. Cac phng phap nghien cu va nguon tai lieu - Phng phap nghien cu: Ngoai viec van dung hai phng phap lch s va logic, e tai dung mot so phng phap chuyen nganh nh ieu tra, khao cu, ien da. Phng phap loai hnh nh thong ke, so sanh, phan tch. Cac phng phap khao co hoc, dan toc, van hoa hoc, kinh te hoc, se em lai nhng hieu qua xac thc cho luan an. - Nguon tai lieu: Nguon t lieu thanh van co lien quan t hay nhieu en e tai a c cong bo nh trong th tch, sach, bao, tap ch, gia pha dong ho.t thi cac chua Nguyen, vua Nguyen en nay, cac loai ch du, van kien cua c quan quan ly nha nc qua cac thi ky. Nguon t lieu quan trong la nhng hien vat gom bao gom nhieu loai hnh t cuoi the ky XIX - en 1975 c lu gi tai cac cong trnh kien truc, di tch lch s van hoa, c s tn ngng, trong cac bao tang hay su

tap t nhan. Trong cac c s san xuat ang ton tai hoac cac lo a tr thanh phe tch c khao co hoc khai quat, phuc hoi.

5. Nhng ong gop mi cua e tai e tai tap hp va he thong khoi lng cac t lieu, th tch, hien vat, t lieu ien a di goc o s hoc. Tai lieu lch s phat trien cua nghe gom Bnh Dng cuoi the ky XIX - en 1975 gan lien vi ac iem, y ngha ve kinh te, van hoa, xa hoi cua tnh Bnh Dng trong qua trnh hnh thanh va phat trien. Mong moi cua ngi thc hien e tai la ghi lai hoac lam song lai mot phan bc tranh cua nghe gom Bnh Dng trong lch s. Ben canh o viec khac hoa quy trnh san xuat o gom qua nhieu cong oan cung nh viec cai tien quy trnh san xuat qua tng thi ky cung gop phan vao viec tch luy kinh nghiem trong qua trnh san xuat. Va nhng tac ong cua nghe gom oi vi c cau kinh te - chnh tr - xa hoi cua Bnh Dng trong tien trnh lch s cung la nhng ong gop mi trong pham vi, kha nang mot e tai khoa hoc nho nay

CHNG 1. NGHE GOM BNH DNG TRONG BOI CANH KINH TE - CHNH TR - XA HOI CUA VUNG AT ONG NAI - GIA NH XA

1. Tnh hnh kinh te - chnh tr - xa hoi cua vung at ong Nai - Gia nh t gia the ky XVII en cuoi the ky XIX 1.1. Vung at ong Nai - Gia nh t gia the ky XVII - cuoi the ky XIX ong Nai - Gia nh cho en cuoi the ky XVI au the ky XVII van la vung at hoang da, rng ram tran lan, ch co mot s dan toc t ngi nh Stieng, Chau Ro, Chau Ma, M nong, Kh-Me sinh song. Ho song chu yeu nh vao pha rng lam nng, ta lua, theo phng thc du canh du c, ket hp vi hai lm va san bat, song rai rac ay o theo tng buon soc cach xa nhau. ai bo phan at ai con lai eu la rng ram cha he c khai pha. ong Nai x s la lung Di song sau loi tren b cop um Hai cau ca dao tren a khai quat mot cach c ban ve vung at ong Nai Gia nh vao nhng ngay au khai pha. ay thc s la mot vung at hoang da, ay nhng bat trac kho khan oi vi nhng ai co y chinh phuc no. en gia the ky XVIII hien trang o van c Le Quy on ghi nhan trong sach Phu Bien tap luc cua ong rang: " phu Gia nh, at ong Nai, t cac ca bien Can Gi, Loi Lap (Soai Rap) Ca ai, Ca Tieu tr vao toan la rng ram hang ngan dam"

Vung at ong Nai - Gia nh bat au c khai thac t au the ky XVII, vi s xuat hien cua lp c dan mi - lu dan ngi Viet t mien Thuan Quang nhap c vao. ay la so nong dan ngheo kho khong chu noi s ap bc, boc lot cua che o phong kien ha khac, buoc phai vao ay tm ng sinh song. Ngoai tang lp nong dan, con co nhng ngi mac toi "nghch mang vi trieu nh" b lu ay en ay, co nhng ngi tron tranh quan ch, binh lnh, ao giai ngu cung lan lt vao ay sinh song. ac biet, trong thi ky tnh hnh cuoc chien tranh dien ra khoc liet gia Chua Trnh va chua Nguyen, th tien trnh di c cua ngi Viet vao phng Nam, dien ra thng xuyen va ngay mot nhieu hn. So lu dan ngi Viet khi vao ti at ong Nai - Gia nh a iem dng chan au tien cua ho, theo s cu "Gia nh Thanh thong ch" la vung Moi Xuy (con goi la Mo Xoai) - Ba Ra v ay la at a au nam tren truc giao thong ng bo t Bnh Thuan vao Nam, lai giap bien. Roi t Mo Xoai - Ba Ra, ho tien dan len ong Nai (Bien Hoa) vi cac iem nh c sm nhat la Ban Lan, Ben Go, Cu Lao Pho, Cu Lao Rua "Tien trnh nhap c cua lu dan ngi Viet vao at ong Nai - Sai Gon a dien ra lien tuc trong suot the ky XVII va en cuoi the ky nay th dan so a hn 40.000 ho (khoang 200.000 ngi) phan bo gan nh khap vung mac du mat o dan c con tng oi thap" [28.44] Trong qua trnh di dan vao ang Trong, ngoai ngi Viet con co ngi Hoa. Ngi Hoa di c vao ang Trong bao gom nhieu t va moi t vao nhng giai oan lch s khac nhau vi nhng ieu kien xa hoi khac nhau. "Trong nhng giai oan ay, ang chu y la giai oan t nam

1678 - 1685 khi phong trao "Khang Thanh Phuc Minh" ai Loan tan v (1683) th cac di than Nha Minh keo nhau ra i en ang Trong nh c lau dai vi khoang 3.000 binh lnh cua Tran Thng Xuyen va Dng Ngan ch". [21.22] Cung trong giai oan lch s nay ngi Hoa c phep vt bien i cac nc buon ban. ieu ang lu y la, thanh phan di dan cua ngi Hoa giai oan nay bao gom ca thng gia, tr thc nho giao, cac nha sMat khac ai a so en ang Trong bang ng bien, ieu o co ngha la trong so ho a so la nhng c dan cac vung duyen hai pha nam Trung Quoc. Nh vay, ho la nhng ngi co hieu biet ve bien, gioi ve giao thng tren bien, ve ky thuat ong thuyen, co kinh nghiem trong viec giao lu tiep xuc o la nhng ieu kien quan trong e phat huy, tao dng mot cuoc song tren vung at mi. Mot t di dan quan trong khac cua ngi Hoa vao mien Nam a dien ra sau Hoa c Thien Tan (1885) c ky ket gia Phap va trien nh Man Thanh. Tien trnh nhap c cua ngi Viet dien ra lien tuc suot the ky th XVII. e chnh thc hoa mot tnh hnh thc te ve dan c va hanh chnh, mua xuan nam Mau Dan (1698) Chng c Le Thanh Hau Nguyen Hu Canh vao kinh lc vung at Phng Nam, xac lap cng tho, xay dng thiet che hanh chnh lap Phu Gia nh gom hai huyen Phc Long vi Dinh Tran Bien (gom toan bo mien ong Nam Bo ngay nay) va huyen Tan Bnh vi dinh Phien Tran (gom Tay Ninh, Thanh Pho Ho Ch Minh, Tien Giang, Long An ngay nay). ay la n v hanh chanh au tien c xac lap tren vung at mi khai khan cua ngi Viet phng Nam. T o, vung at mi dan dan sinh soi va phat trien soi ong. C dan ngay cang

ong, at hoang ngay cang b ay lui, nhng cho cho xom lang, ruong ong tru phu, pho ch sam uat nhon nhp. Mien Gia nh co rat nhieu lua gao.nhng luc bnh thng, ngi ta chuyen ch lua gao ra ban Thanh Phu Xuan e oi chac hay mua sam nhng hang voc, nhieu, oan cua ngi Tau em ve may mac, nen quan ao cua ho toan la hang hoa mau ti tot ep e. Nam 1802, sau khi anh bai trieu Tay Sn, Nguyen Anh dng len Trieu Nguyen, lay nien hieu la Gia Long, nh o Phu Xuan. Gia nh khong con la trung tam chnh tr cua tap oan phong kien Nguyen Anh, Thanh Phung b thao d lay vat lieu em ve Phu Xuan xay dng kinh thanh mi. e on nh tnh hnh chnh tr, trat t xa hoi, Gia Long bat tay xay dng he thong chnh quyen t trung ng xuong a phng, phan nh ranh gii, sap xep va tng bc kien toan cac n v hanh chnh vung ong Nai - Gia nh (tc toan vung Nam Bo ngay nay). Di trieu Nguyen, viec khan hoang bang hnh thc lap on ien c khan trng thc hien, Gia Long a cho lap on ien ca bon phu thuoc Gia nh thanh: phu Tan Bnh (tc tran Phien An), phu Phc Long (tc tran Bien Hoa) phu nh Vien (tc tran Vnh Thanh), phu Kien An (tc tran nh Tng), co ngha la tren toan vung ong Nai - Gia nh. Sang trieu Minh Mang, chu trng tiep tuc phat trien on ien c ay manh hn trieu Gia Long va c lap nhieu ni, ac biet vung gan bien gii nh Ha Tien, tran Tay Thanh, hai ao Con Lon. Di trieu Thieu Tr khong biet v le g viec lap on ien b nh ch, nhng sang trieu T c, viec lap on ien lai c quan tam tr lai. "Nguyen Tri Phng

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c giao nhiem vu mo dan lap on ien va ch trong mot thi gian rat ngan (khoang 01 nam), 25 c on ien, moi c khoang tren 300 ngi, c lap len tren toan lanh tho Nam Ky"[36 . 65]. Trong suot the ky XIX, chnh quyen nha Nguyen van duy tr cac chnh sach thong thoang ve khan hoang, cho phep dan xieu tan ngi Viet t khai khan, lap vn, dng nha ma hoan toan khong co bat c mot s can thiep nao cua chnh quyen. Cac chnh sach ac biet u ai tren cua nha Nguyen a khuyen khch manh me dan di c ngi Viet t cac tnh mien Trung tien vao phng Nam. T ay a bat au xuat hien s phan hoa giau ngheo, cac thanh phan dan c xuat hien, o la gii a chu, nong dan, th thu cong, quan chc a phng Nhng tat ca ho eu co mot muc ch chung la, cung nhau gop phan lam cho vung at ong Nai - Gia nh tr thanh va lua ln trong ca nc. Do vay Le Quy on trong Phu Bien tap luc co oan: "Ngay trc viec buon ban vi ong Nai c lu thong, nen nhan dan Thuan Hoa cha he phai lu tam chu y en viec lam nghe" S gia tang dan so khai hoang lap ap keo theo s phat trien va bnh on ve i song kinh te - xa hoi cua ngi dan vung at Bnh An. Rat tiec cho en nay, cac nha khoa hoc van cha tm thay mot tai lieu nao noi ro ve dan so cua huyen Bnh An vao na au the ky XIX. Tuy nhien chung ta co the oan nh dan c Bnh An thong qua dien tch at tho c cua ho so vi dien tch at tho c cua toan tran Bien Hoa. Theo so lieu a ba co c t cuoc ac ien nam 1836, dien tch at cua toan tran Bien Hoa co hn 686 mau th rieng Huyen Bnh An a co gan 544 mau chiem 79,26% dien tch at cua toan tran Bien Hoa. Trong khi o theo ai Nam thc luc, tran Bien

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Hoa nam 1819 co 10.600 dan inh, neu theo kinh te - xa hoi Viet Nam di cac vua Trieu Nguyen cua Nguyen The Anh th so dan inh cua tran Bien Hoa nam 1847 la 16.949 dan inh. T nhng ieu trnh bay tren, ta thay cac chua Nguyen va cac vua Nguyen t nhieu eu quan tam en viec thuc ay cong cuoc khan hoang at ong Nai - Gia nh va a ban hanh nhieu chnh sach va bien phap co y ngha tch cc trong viec m rong dien tch canh tac ma ch tnh en nam 1836, theo ket qua o ac cua phai oan Trng ang Que, Nguyen Kim Bang (sau do Trng Minh Giang thay), tong dien tch at ai trong trot c tren toan Nam bo a noi len ti hn 630.075 mau, mot con so ang ke trong ieu kien ky thuat va cong cu luc bay gi.

1.2. Bnh Dng trong boi canh chnh tr - kinh te - xa hoi cua vung at ong Nai - Gia nh Danh xng tnh Bnh Dng ch mi xuat hien vao nam 1956, nhng vung at Bnh Dng (Thu Dau Mot) en nay a co may tram nam. Ban au vung at Bnh Dng c bao phu bi rng va la ni sinh song cua cac dan toc MNong va STieng, rai rac trong cac vung Phu Hoa va Ben Suc. Tuy nhien, t cuoi the ky XVI au the ky XVII, do dan so t, song tha tht nen vung at mien ong Nam Bo noi chung va vung at Bnh Dng noi rieng ve c ban van con la mot vung at hoang da cha c khai pha. Vao au the ky XVII, mien ong Nam bo bat au on nhan bc chan cua nhng ngi Viet au tien vao ay khai pha at hoang. Vao nam

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1620 mot so di dan ngi Viet vao khai thac vung at Mo Xoai (Ba Ra) va ong Nai (Bien Hoa). Nhng vung at ph nhieu nam hai ben b song ong Nai - Sai Gon (Phc Long - Tan Bnh), An Thanh, Phu Cng chac chan a co ngi Viet en sinh song bi ieu kien i lai thuan li va ch cach Sai Gon hn 15km, cac di tch lch s van hoa c xay dng nh chua nui Chau Thi - D An (1681) chua Hng Long - Tan Uyen (1695) van con ton tai en ngay nay. T gia the ky XVII tren ca vung at Bnh Dng, nhat la nhng vung trung bai boi ven song, lu dan ngi Viet a nh c va khai pha. Tuy dan so t, dien tch khai thac con khiem ton, nhng ay la vung at ai mau m, con ngi can cu chu kho, nen viec san xuat nong nghiep nh trong lua, au, bap (ngo) khoai... cho nang suat cao, cuoc song on nh, tao c s quan trong cho qua trnh phat trien manh me sau nay. Song song vi san xuat nong nghiep, cac nganh nghe khac cung co ieu kien phat trien nh chan nuoi, anh bat, khai thac lam san, san xuat dung cu lao ong, o dung sinh hoat nh ong ghe phat trien kha nhanh. Dan so ngay cang c bo sung khi co so ngi Hoa en lam an sinh song vao nam 1679 va vung at nay a nh hnh khi chua Nguyen xac lap quyen quan ly vao nam 1698. Sang the ky XVIII vung at hien nay cua tnh Bnh Dng luc o tng ng vi lanh tho cua Tong Bnh An thuoc huyen Phc Long, gom co cac xa thon sung tuc nh Phu Cng, Lai Thieu, An Thanh. Giai oan nay cac cong trnh kien truc quan trong c xay dng va con ton tai en

13

ngay nay nh: chua Hoi Khanh (1741)- Phu Cng , Long Tho (1756) Chanh Ngha - Th xa Thu Dau Mot; Long Hng (1768) Ben Cat. Giai oan nay cong cuoc khan hoang c m rong nhanh hn ma mot trong nhng nguyen nhan chnh la do chnh quyen cac chua Nguyen a thi hanh mot chnh sach kha thoang nh "lap vn trong cau va lam nha " hoan toan khong co bat c mot s can thiep, han che hoac rang buoc nao va ho se la chu s hu phan at ma ho co cong khai khan. Tren c s nen nong nghiep trong lua va hoa mau kha phat trien, san xuat thoc gao co nhieu d tha so vi nhu cau, nen tao ieu kien e mot so nghe thu cong cua Bnh Dng sm hnh thanh nh: nghe moc cham, nghe sn mai, nghe gom, nghe nau ng ma e phuc vu cho nhu cau cuoc song nh nha ca, an mac va phng tien i lai. Khong co so lieu thong ke so nganh nghe thu cong cua Bnh Dng trong the ky XVIII, nhng t lieu lch s ghi nhan vao nam 1791 Nguyen Anh sau khi chiem lai Gia nh t tay Tay Sn, a ra lenh trng tap nhng th gioi thuoc cac nganh nghe khac nhau trong tat ca cac a phng a ve l s Gia nh Kinh phien che thanh 62 Ty, Cuc, Tng - mot loai to chc tap hp nhng ngi th cung nghe c quan ly theo kieu quan oi (moi Ty hay Cuc, Tng la mot nghe) phuc vu cho viec xay dng cung ng cho nhu cau cua tang lp quan lai tng lnh luc bay gi. Vao cuoi the ky XVIII trong nhieu vung Bnh An a sm xuat hien nhieu tu iem buon ban nh ch Phu Cng, ch Bung, ch Ben Cat, ch Ben Suc, ch Tan Uyen He thong ch phan bo nhieu khu vc tren at

14

Bnh Dng cung la nhan to tch cc gop phan ay nhanh qua trnh khai pha vung at Bnh Dng noi rieng va Nam bo noi chung. Trong hai the ky khai pha va phat trien san xuat a lam thay oi can ban bo mat kinh te - xa hoi vung Bnh An xa ma trong o s phan bo lang xa cua c dan ngi Viet Bnh An trc ay phu thuoc chu yeu vao v tr a ly, ieu kien t nhien, ong thi phu thuoc vao s thuan li cua he thong ng giao thong thuy bo. Nhng trong qua trnh phat trien cac yeu to tren khong con ong vai tro quyet nh. Lu dan ngi Viet mi en khong ch tu c nhng vung a on nh ma con khai pha them nhng vung at mi, v vay viec lap lang, lap ap va dan so van khong ngng tang len, ac biet la vung at thuoc tong Bnh Chanh. Theo thong ke cua trieu Nguyen, en cuoi the ky XVIII, tong Bnh An (nay la hai Tnh, Bnh Dng va Bnh Phc) co en 119 xa thon. Nam 1808 dinh Tran Bien c oi thanh Tran Bien Hoa, va tren c s cua s phat trien ve kinh te - xa hoi, dan so tang len, huyen Phc Long c nang len thanh Phu Phc Long, cac Tong cu Bnh An, Phc Chanh, Long Thanh, Phc An c nang len thanh huyen. Vung at thuoc tnh Bnh Dng ngay nay nam trong a phan Huyen Bnh An cua Phu Phc Long, Tran Bien Hoa. Nam 1837 huyen Bnh An chia ra 2 huyen Bnh An (Thu Dau Mot) va Ngai An (Thu c). Trong hn 50 nam di trieu nha Nguyen, huyen Bnh An (Bnh Dng) khong ngng phat trien, dan c moi ngay them ong, lang xom ngay cang nhieu, sinh hoat tr nen nhon nhp, nhng th t ong uc va tap

15

nap. ac biet ch Phu Cng luc o a la mot trung tam khai thac va che bien lam san quan trong, dong song luon luon ay chat be go, tren b co nhieu xng ong thuyen. Nam 1861 khi thc dan Phap anh chiem, Bnh Dng luc o a co 61 xa thuoc huyen Bnh An, phu Phc Long, tnh Bien Hoa cu, dan so c khoang 60.000 en 90.000 ngi, co khoang 2.000 ngi Hoa. Sau o tnh Bien Hoa chia lam nam a hat, a hat Bnh An at l s tai Thu Dau Mot, a hat Bnh An chia lam 7 tong vi 71 xa, thon. Ngay 20/12/1899 hat Thu Dau Mot oi thanh tnh Thu Dau Mot (tren a ban luc tnh cu Phap chia thanh 20 tnh mi). Thu Dau Mot la ten mot on canh phong at ben ta ngan song Sai Gon. Sau khi on nh tnh hnh, thc dan Phap bat au thc hien chnh sach thc dan, tien hanh xay dng bo may cai tr, he thong c s ha tang cua nen kinh te thuoc a c thiet lap nham ra sc v vet tai nguyen, boc lot sc ngi sc cua. Cuoi the ky XIX Tnh Thu Dau Mot la trung tam thng mai ln co S Thng chnh, trng hoc tnh, trng hanh tong, trai kiem lam, tram cong chnh, tram bu chnh, benh vien Phu Cng (1898).

2. ieu kien hnh thanh va phat trien nghe gom Bnh Dng 2.1. ieu kien t nhien Tren ban o Viet Nam, tnh Bnh Dng nam trong khu vc mien ong Nam bo, co dien tch 2.716 km2, chiem 0,83% dien tch ca nc.

16

V tr a ly cua tnh Bnh Dng c gii han bi cac toa o: 100 5200 1103000 v o Bac. 10602000 10605700 kinh o ong, pha Bac tiep giap tnh Bnh Phc, pha ong tiep giap tnh ong Nai, pha Nam tiep giap thanh pho Ho Ch Minh va pha Tay tiep giap tnh Tay Ninh. Thien nhien a tao cho tnh Bnh Dng mot a the rat thuan li oi vi cuoc song con ngi, o la be mat a hnh chu yeu la ong bang va oi nui thap vi mc chenh lech o cao gia cac vung khong qua ln. - a hnh: Nhn t tren cao xuong, a hnh Bnh Dng tng oi bang phang co hien tng boi thap ln song yeu pha Bac, chu yeu la dang a hnh nhng day oi phu sa co noi tiep nhau. Ca biet cung co mot vai oi nui thap, nho len gia a hnh bang phang nh Nui Chau Thi (huyen Thuan An), nui Ong 251m, nui Tha La (Dau Tieng) 203m dau vet cua cac hoat ong nui la muon. i doc t pha Nam len pha Bac, theo o cao co the thay cac vung a hnh sau ay: Vung thung lung bai boi chu yeu phan bo doc theo cac con song ong Nai, Song Be, song Sai Gon. T Dau Tieng, Ben Cat, xuoi xuong th xa Thu Dau Mot, Thuan An va t Lac An xuong Thanh Phc, Thi Hoa huyen Tan Uyen. ay la nhng mien at thap, phu sa mi, bang phang cao t 6m 10m, at kha ph nhieu, thc vat xanh tot. Vung a hnh bang phang: nam ke tiep ngang sau cac vung thung lung bai boi, a hnh tng oi bang phang, o doc 30 120, at ph nhieu,

17

rat thch hp vi cac loai cay cong nghiep nh ho tieu, khoai m thuan tien cho viec c gii hoa nong lam nghiep. Vung a hnh oi thap co ln song yeu: nam tren cac nen phu sa co chu yeu la cac oi thap, nh bang phang, lien tiep nhau co o doc 50 120 t Thuan An en th xa Ben Cat, Dau Tieng qua Tan Uyen o cao pho bien 30m 60m. Nhn chung a hnh Bnh Dng tng oi bang phang, nen a chat on nh vng chac, vang han cac suoi sau, song rong, eo cao nh mot so tnh khac nen rat thuan tien cho viec phat trien cac cong trnh cong nghiep va giao thong van tai, tao ieu kien cho Bnh Dng noi vi cac tnh ban trong he thong giao thong xuyen Viet, xuyen A trong tng lai. - Kh hau: Lng ma trung bnh hang nam 1.800mm 2.000mm vao loai cao so vi ca nc nhng phan bo khong eu qua cac nam va trong cac vung cua tnh. khu vc pha Bac cua tnh, do a hnh cao hn on gio Tay Nam nen thng ma sm va co nhng tran ma ln di dang ma rao nang hat, lng ma len ti 2.117 mm/nam. Hng gio thnh hanh trong a ban tnh vao mua ma la hng Tay Nam, Tay Tay Nam va Nam Tay Nam, con trong mua kho la hng Bac, Tay Bac va ong Bac. Bnh Dng, cung nh cac tnh khac thuoc Nam bo, la tnh nam trong vung can xch ao, nen kh hau mang ay u sac thai cua nhiet i kh hau can xch ao. ac trng cua kh hau nay la nen nhiet o kh hau cao, quanh nam nong am. Hn na, Bnh Dng cung la tnh chu anh hng

18

cua che o kh hau nhiet i gio mua. ac trng noi bat nhat la s phan hoa che o kh hau thanh hai mua tng phan nhau ro ret, la mua ma va mua kho. Nen nhiet o Bnh Dng cao va hau nh khong co nhng thay oi ang ke trong nam. Trong o, nhiet o trung bnh nam at en 260C 270C, chenh lech khong qua 40C 50C. Bnh Dng co so gi nang trung bnh la 2.381 gi. Bnh Dng a hnh thoai va khong phai la thuy nguon, cac con song chay qua tnh thng oan trung lu hoac gan ha lu nen toc o dong chay trung bnh long song m rong va lu lng khong ln ngoai tr song ong Nai. - Tai nguyen thien nhien: Bnh Dng co nguon tai nguyen khoang san doi dao nh kaolin, set lam gach ngoi, cat, cuoi,... at set trang (Kaolin) la nguon nguyen lieu a c s dung pho bien Bnh Dng t xa. Cac mo at set at Cuoc (Tan Uyen), Chanh Lu (Ben Cat) Bnh Hoa, An Phu (Thuan An) la mot trong nhng nguon nguyen lieu khoang co gia tr cua tnh Bnh Dng. T lau nguon nguyen lieu set cao lanh a c nhan dan a phng khai thac s dung san xuat o gom va a hnh thanh nen nhng lang gom noi tieng trong vung. Khu vc Lai Thieu Thu Dau Mot la mot trong hai trung tam gom s noi tieng vung at Nam bo, a ton tai hang tram nam. Mo cao lanh (Kaolin) phan bo rong dai hau het cac huyen trong tnh, nhng tap trung nhieu nhat vung Tan Uyen va Ben Cat. Cac mo cao

19

lanh hien co gom: at Cuoc, Tan Lap, Tan Thanh, Suoi Voi, Ben San (Tan Uyen); Phc Vnh (Phu Giao); Chanh Phu Hoa, Tan nh, My Phc, Lai Hng (Ben Cat) nh Hiep, Minh Thanh (Dau Tieng); Bnh Hoa, Thuan Giao, An Phu, An Thanh (Thuan An), Phu Hoa (th xa Thu Dau Mot).v.v... Ket qua ieu tra cho thay, trong toan tnh, tong tr lng c anh gia la 104 trieu tan va tr lng d bao la 260 trieu tan. Ngoai cao lanh (Kaolin), set e san xuat gach ngoi phan bo kha rong rai tren a ban cac huyen trong tnh: Khanh Bnh, at Cuoc, Vnh Tan, Tan Phc Khanh (Tan Uyen); My Phc, Thi Hoa, Chanh Phu Hoa (Ben Cat); Thuan An, D An, Th xa Thu Dau Mot, co tr lng 500 trieu m3 va tr lng d bao 890 trieu m3. Bnh Dng xa von la rng nhiet i, chiem phan ln dien tch t nhien, co rng day va rng th sinh phu kn, phan na con lai la trang co, on ien, ruong lua va vn cay an trai. o la rng thuoc he thong ong bang cua mien ong Nam Bo, noi tieng giau nhat nc ve cac loai cay go qu. Vao cac nam 1930 rng b khai pha d doi, mot phan la do thc dan Phap lap on ien cao su, phan khac la do dan khai thac, nhng van con mot dien tch kha quan trong "co dien tch phan bo khoang 91.000ha [22.45] Tr lai qua kh 50 nam ve trc hn phan na dien tch cua tnh Bnh Dng co rng day va rng th sinh phu kn rng mang tnh phong phu bac nhat, cha nhieu loai danh moc va cay go tot, so ngi song

20

bang nghe lam nghiep va cong nghiep ong hn so ngi song bang nghe nong nghiep trong lua [17. 69]. Bnh Dng la a iem quan trong ma thc dan Phap la chon trong cac cuoc khai thac thuoc a. o cung chnh la ly do lam cho rng Bnh Dng b khai thac can kiet. Trong qua trnh khai thac thuoc a thc dan Phap a ra sc pha rng cua Thu Dau Mot e lap on ien cao su. Sau khi trong th nghiem thanh cong, au the ky XX hang loat Cong Ty t ban Phap o xo vao ong Dng thanh lap cac on ien cao su. Thu Dau Mot la a ban tap trung nhieu on ien cao su nhat Viet Nam. Ve cay cao su, tnh Bnh Dng co dien tch cay cao su ln nhat mien ong Nam bo, dien tch vn cay cao su nam 1948 la 33.342 ha [67 .74] Hn na trong 30 nam chien tranh giai phong, ac biet la trong 21 nam khang chien chong My, bom an, chat oc hoa hoc, thuoc khai hoang cua e quoc My a huy diet tren 50% cac khu rng nguyen sinh Bnh Dng. - He thong giao thong thuy- bo: Bnh Dng c bao boc bi 3 song ln: song Sai Gon pha Tay lam ranh gii vi tnh Tay Ninh, Song Be phan pha Bac tiep giap vi tnh Bnh Phc va song ong Nai pha ong, lam ranh gii vi tnh ong Nai. T ay, khien cho Bnh Dng de dang noi ranh cac cang bien ln pha Nam To quoc. Vi he thong dong chay tren a tao cho Bnh Dng mot he thong giao thong thuy rat tot cho qua trnh giao thng buon ban va phat trien.

21

Ve ng song, co the i t Sai Gon en Thu Dau Mot tren song sai Gon (song Tan Bnh) ch mat ba gi. Co the i t Sai Gon en Thu Dau Mot bang mot Sa-lup (chaloupe) cua chu tau ngi Hoa Yeng Seng, moi sang en Sai Gon luc 10h, va ngc lai xuat phat t Sai Gon luc 3h,30 chieu en Thu Dau Mot luc 6h,30 chieu, kh hoi co the ghe lai ben Lai Thieu. [67. 61] Bnh Dng co he thong giao thong ng bo phat trien sm, tng oi thuan li va on nh. T th xa Thu Dau Mot co: quoc lo 13 i Bnh Phc noi vao quoc lo 14 i Tay Nguyen va cac tnh mien Trung, noi vao Quoc lo 1 i thanh pho Ho Ch Minh. Trong a ban tnh con co cac tnh lo 742, 743, 744, 745, 746 tao thanh mang li giao thong lien hoan, thong suot. Vi thuan li ve v tr a ly, tho nhng, kh hau thuan li cho nen t lau Bnh Dng a la mot trong hai vung co nghe gom s phat trien, khong ch ap ng nhu cau a phng, khu vc va xuat khau ra nhieu nc tren the gii.

2.2. ieu kien lch s Tren vung at Bnh Dng t co xa cach nay hang ngan nam a co con ngi sinh song. Khao co hoc a phat hien mot so cong cu a tai di ch khao co hoc Vn Du (Tan My - Tan Uyen) nam ven b song ong Nai co nien ai cach nay 20.000; 30.000 nam "Tren be mat day oi ben b song ong Nai rong ln, tuyen chon nhng hon cuoi nho, gon, va tay, co hnh dang on nh, roi tien hanh ghe, eo, tao nen ra li hoac au nhon

22

e tien dung trong cuoc song hang ngay" [4. 8]. Nhn chung, cuoc song cua c dan thi bay gi con n s moc mac. Ho quy tu thanh nhng cong ong nho tren them song hoac tren nhng oi go thap thong thoang. Sau di tch Vn Du, cong ong c dan co Bnh Dng a xac lap mot phc he phat trien qua cac giai oan: Cu Lao Rua I Go a Doc Chua Phu Chanh. Trai qua mot dien trnh 4000nam 2000nam cach ngay nay, cong ong c dan co tren at Bnh Dng xa a nh hnh cac hoat ong kinh te- xa hoi cua mnh vi cac nganh nghe thu cong kha phat trien. Cong xng che tac Han Ong ai phan bo tren mot khu vc co dien tch khoang mot hecta tren b hu ngan cua dong Song Be a cho ra i hang ngan cong cu san xuat bang a nh cuoc, ru, dao phuc vu cho nhu cau song cua toan vung. Cac cuoc khai quat a tm thay nhng cong cu san xuat t cong xng nay nhng di ch c tru khac tren vung at Bnh Dng nh di tch Cu Lao Rua, Di tch Ba Lua, di tch Vnh ba Ky, di tch Cu Lao Rua, di tch My Loc, Mot di tch khao co hoc ac biet khac phat hien tren a ban tnh Bnh Dng o la di tch c tru mo tang Cu lao Rua. Tai ay khao co hoc a phat hien nhieu t lieu quan trong cho thay ay la mot cong ong c dan co trnh o phat trien rat cao tren tat ca cac mat cua i song. Vao giai oan sm, cong ong c dan nay ngoai viec s dung cac cong cu bang a trong san xuat, ho con la nhng ngi th thu cong lam gom vi trnh o rat cao. Co the noi ay la di tch khao co hoc thuoc giai oan sm cua tien s ong Nam bo co so lng o gom nhieu loai hnh khac nhau c phuc nguyen nhieu nhat va cung la di tch co ty le o gom c trang tr

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nhieu motype hoa van nhat. Ben canh o mot ty le kha ln gom c phu mot lp men vi nhieu mau khac nhau nh mau o, mau nau, mau xam,... tren mat ngoai lan mat trong cua o gom. Co the xem mot trong nhng ac trng van hoa noi net cua di tch Cu Lao Rua la t nhng t lieu gom phong phu va a dang phat hien trong tang van hoa. Ngoai ra, giai oan muon cong ong c dan Cu Lao Rua cung a biet en nghe luyen kim. oi vi nghe luyen kim, di tch khao co hoc Doc Chua tren at Bnh Dng la mot di tch gay an tng cho gii khoa hoc nhat vi so lng khuon uc ong va cong cu vu kh bang ong phat hien c trong tang van hoa. Ben canh nhng cong cu san xuat vu kh bang ong thau c dan Doc Chua van khong ngng m rong hoat ong cua nghe lam o gom. Mot khoi lng khoang 260.000 manh gom thu thap trong tang van hoa cua di tch cung tao an tng manh me ve qui mo, s phat trien a dang cua loai san pham gom. Va cung chnh su tap nay chng minh cho truyen thong lam o gom cua cac cong ong c dan co tren vung at nay. Tren at Bnh Dng, khao co hoc con phat hien mot iem c dan mi Bng Snh (Phu Chanh - Tan Uyen) Di tch nam trong vung snh lay, canh mot con suoi (Suoi Cai) Ngoai nhng cong cu det vai nh truc det, kiem det,..con co nhieu manh gom, o gom nh noi bat, chau ac biet trong khu vc Bng Snh - Phu Chanh con lan lt phat hien 05 trong ong ong Sn loai I (trong mot a iem c phat hien nhieu trong ong nhat Nam Bo). Qua o cho ta thay cuoc song cua c dan Bng Snh - Phu

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Chanh co nhieu ieu rat mi. T truyen thong phat trien cac giai oan trc a khi dng nen loi song mi, c tru nha san tren coc go trong ieu kien t nhien va moi trng khac trc. Ho a nh hnh loi chon cat mi, bang nguyen vat lieu mi, o vat chon theo cung hoan toan mi la. Co the noi, c dan Phu Chanh a bc vao mot boi canh xa hoi a co s thay oi ln. T nhng t lieu thu thap c trong cac cuoc ieu tra, tham sat va khai quat tren, tien trnh phat trien lien tuc cua thi ai tien - s s Bnh Dng c xac nh cac giai oan phat trien nh sau: Cu Lao Rua I Go a (Cu Lao Rua II )- Doc Chua - Phu Chanh t 3.500 nam - 2.000 nam cach ngay nay. [26.27] Thi tien - s s Bnh Dng trai qua hn 1.500 nam ton tai va phat trien a tch tu nhng vet tch vat chat va tinh than chng minh c ay la mot cong ong c dan ban a co trnh o to chc cao, cac nganh nghe tieu thu cong nghiep co tnh chuyen hoa cao, xoay quanh truc nong nghiep trong lua tren nng ray va ven cac thung lung song suoi, a tch tu mot lng lng thc thc pham ang ke c cat tr trong cac chum vo co kch thc ln e co the bao am nuoi song mnh va nhng ngi hoat ong phi nong nghiep trong cong ong nh nhng ngi th luyen kim uc ong. C tang kinh te on nh tren cung gop phan vao viec nang cao i song tinh than cua c dan nh che tac an a phuc vu cho sinh hoat tinh than cua cong ong, che tac vong tay e lam ep cho mnh va ca chon theo ngi sang the gii ben kia nhng o vat quy gia nh nhng cong cu vu kh bang ong. Ngoai ra cung chnh t tnh on nh trong cuoc song cua

25

mnh la ieu kien thuc ay qua trnh giao lu van hoa va trao oi san pham vi nhau khong ch trong khu vc ha lu song ong Nai ma ca nhng vung xa hn nh van hoa ong Sn pha Bac, van hoa Sa Huynh mien Trung, vung ong Bac Thai Lan va ca vung Hoa Nam Trung Quoc nhng giai oan muon hn. Con ng i ti cua nhng cong ong c dan ban a nay vao nhng the ky au cong nguyen c xuat phat t mot tam cao khong kem nhng cong ong c dan nhng vung van hoa co khac. Nhng tac nhan ngoai nhap se ngay cang tang len va cong ong c dan ban a nay co ay u ban lnh e tiep nhan, bien oi va hoi nhap e se la nhng nhan to quan trong quyet nh s ra i cac quoc gia sm tren a ban Nam Bo trong lch s. That vay, Bnh Dng vi nhng phat hien Khao co hoc cho thay ay la vung at co mot lc hut ang ke ngay t 3000 4000 nam trc. Tai ay cac nganh nghe a tao nen mot c cau xa hoi on nh ma trong o cac nganh nghe tieu thu cong nghiep phu tr cho nong nghiep gan nh a at en tnh chuyen hoa nhat nh. ay cung la vung at co nhng tiep xuc van hoa rat manh me trong qua kh nh nhng khuon uc, cong cu- vu kh bang ong co nhng quan he vi vung ong bac Thailand hoac nhng trong ong Phu Chanh co nguon goc ong Sn - Viet co. Bnh Dng trong lch s la mot trong nhng vung van hoa co trong iem cho ca khu vc Nam bo va cung la vung at cua nhng giao lu van hoa t rat sm. Bnh Dng cung la mot trong nhng vung at on nhan nhng lu dan ngi Viet tien vao phng Nam, roi ngi Hoa en. Ho cung hoi

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nhap va phat trien tren vung at tru phu va ay ha hen cho mot tng lai ti sang. Hnh nh nhng ieu kien at co va u cho nghe gom phat trien tai Bnh Dng a co t trong lch s nhieu ngan nam trc o la moi trng, la nguon nguyen lieu, la he thong giao thong e tao lap cac quan he giao thng va cuoi cung la con ngi. Tat ca thuan li o hau nh tap trung tai vung at Bnh Dng nh nhng ieu kien thuan li nhat. Va nghe gom Bnh Dng a co u ieu kien e ra i, cam sau va lan toa sau rong t sau the ky XIX. Va khong phai ngau nhien Bnh Dng tr thanh mot vung at on nhan nhieu d an au t t nhieu quoc gia khac nhau tren the gii va c xep vao mot trong nhng vung kinh te nang ong nhat trong nhng thap nien cuoi the ky XX va au the ky XXI.

2.3. ieu kien xa hoi Vung at Bnh Dng ngay nay, thu xa xa la mot ni hoang vu, nui rng ram rap. Qua cac di ch khao co c khai quat tai Vn Du, Go a, Cu Lao Rua, Doc Chua (Tan Uyen) cac nha khao co a phat hien t thi ky o a mi en thi ky o ong, a tng la a ban sinh tu cua mot cong ong c dan co. Cung tren a ban khu vc nay, cac nhom dan toc ban a: Stieng, M Nong, Chau Ro, Chau Ma.tng bc c hnh thanh, quy tu khai pha at ai va sinh song ay. en au the ky XVII tren vung at phu tru nay dan dan xuat hien them nhng lp c dan mi. o la nhng di dan ngi Viet t cac tnh pha Bac thuoc tang lp nong dan va th thu cong ngheo kho khong chu ng noi c cc, lam than chon que nha, la nhng ngi chay tron s truy uoi cua chnh quyen phong

27

kien, nhng ngi tron lnh, tron thue.v.v Nhn chung la v bc xuc cua cuoc song ma bat chap nguy hiem i tm ni nng than, mu lap cuoc song mi. Co le ngay t nhng nam thang au tien, Bnh Dng la mot trong nhng ni dng chan cua oan dan di c ngi Viet. Bi ngay ay, dan di c thng theo nhng ca bien, con song e tm nhng vung at nh c. Va Bnh Dng, ac biet la vung chung quanh th xa Thu Dau Mot von la vung giap song ong Nai, song Sai Gon la nhng ni nh c ly tng thu au khai pha. Tien trnh nhap c cua ngi Viet dien ra lien tuc suot the ky XVII. e chnh thc hoa mot tnh hnh thc te ve dan c va hanh chnh, mua xuan nam Mau Dan (1698), Chng c Le Thanh Hau, Nguyen Hu Canh vao kinh lc vung at phng Nam, xac lap cng tho, xay dng thiet che hanh chnh lap phu Gia nh gom hai huyen Phc Long vi dinh Tran Bien (gom toan bo mien ong Nam bo ngay nay) va huyen Tan Bnh vi dinh Phien Tran (gom Tay Ninh, thanh pho Ho Ch Minh, Tien Giang, Long An ngay nay). ay la n v hanh chnh c xac lap au tien tren vung at mi khai khan cua ngi Viet phng Nam. T o, vung at mi dan dan sinh soi va phat trien soi ong. C dan Ngay cang ong, at hoang ngay cang b ay lui, nhng cho cho xom lang, ruong ong tru phu, pho ch sam uat nhon nhp. Tren at Bnh Dng thi o, nhng ten at, ten lang a sm xuat hien vi dang voc rieng biet. Lai Thieu, ch Bung, ch Phu Cng, ch Tan Ba (ong Van), ch Tan Uyen (ong S), ch Th Tnh, ch Ben Suc (Dau Tieng) la bieu hien cua sc song manh me

28

va sinh ong trong qua trnh san xuat va trao oi hang hoa tren vung at mi Bnh Dng. Sang the ky XIX, c dan Bnh Dng a phat trien nhanh hn, ac biet trong thi ky nay, cong ong ngi Hoa di dan en Bnh Dng ngay mot nhieu hn. Ho en ay t Cu Lao Pho Bien Hoa va Ben Nghe Gia nh. Nhng lang gom cua ngi Hoa xuat hien vung Lai Thieu, Phu Cng, Tan Uyen vi nhng san pham c tao ra a co s chuyen hoa kha ro net. Cho en nay, ngi Hoa Bnh Dng van tap trung mot so vung nh c truyen thong cua ho nh th xa Thu Dau Mot, Lai Thieu (Thuan An), Tan Phc Khanh (Tan Uyen). Ngoai nghe buon ban, ho con chung thuy vi nhng nghe truyen thong, ma trc het la nghe gom t thu ban au, tao nen mot net sinh hoat van hoa ac sac cho ngi Bnh Dng qua cac thi ky. T khi tnh Thu Dau Mot c thiet lap th dan c vung nay a phat trien nhanh chong. Nhieu ap, nhieu lang mi c hnh thanh theo s tang trng cua dan c. ac biet nhieu lang nghe tren at Thu Dau Mot c ra i, trong o ang chu y nhat la nhng lang moc va nhng c s san xuat sn mai. C dan ngi Viet mien Bac, mien Trung von co tay nghe va ky thuat kham xa c tren tu th, ghe ta, trang ky, hng an a lan lt en Bnh Dng khai thac the manh ay la giau go quy (go, cam lai, giang hng ) tao nen mot nghe oc ao va noi tieng cho Bnh Dng. Nghe gom Lai Thieu, cac lang nghe moc Phu Tho, Chanh Ngha la nhng cum dan c oc ao cua Bnh Dng. Sau nay Phap m trng Ba Nghe Thu Dau Mot, nghe moc Bnh Dng cang co nhieu

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ieu kien phat trien tren c s tiep thu nhng ky thuat hien ai, ket hp vi nhng truyen thong von a co tao nen nhng san pham noi tieng khong nhng trong nc ma con ca quoc te. Nghe sn mai la mot the manh cua c dan Bnh Dng von c nhng ngi lu dan Viet t Bac va Trung mang theo khi en nh c vung at nay. Tng Bnh Hiep huyen Bnh An xa von la mot lang tranh co a tiep nhan nhng lu dan co nghe t Bac va Trung vao ay lap nghiep, dan dan a tr thanh trung tam sn mai cua Bnh Dng qua cac thi ky. Mot ac iem quan trong khac trong s bien oi thanh phan dan c cua Bnh Dng vao thi ky nay la s xuat hien mot oi ngu cong nhan cao su ngay cang nhieu theo nhieu m rong cac on ien cao su cua thc dan Phap tren a ban Thu Dau Mot ong Nam bo. T au the ky XX, Thu Dau Mot a tr thanh tnh dan au ve trong cao su Nam bo. Theo o cac lang cao su lan lt c moc len tren at Thu Dau Mot ngay cang nhieu, nhat la xung quanh cac on ien cao su noi tieng nh Dau Tieng. Dan cao su Thu Dau Mot a so la nhng ngi nong dan mien Bac, mien Trung, von b khanh kiet ruong at, that c l van buoc phai bo x i lam phu cong tra cho cac chu Tay. Tren ay la nhng net c ban ve qua trnh hnh thanh cong ong dan c t thi ky vung at Bnh Dng bat au c khai pha en cuoc khang chien chong My cu nc cua nhan dan ta ket thuc thang li. Trong lch s phat trien xa hoi, Bnh Dng la vung at chu yeu ngi dan sinh song bang nghe san xuat nong nghiep. Nong dan chiem

30

tren 80% dan so. Vi tinh than lao ong can cu, sang tao, song tren vung at c thien nhien u ai ve kh hau va at ai, cong viec khai pha, trong trot cua ngi dan Bnh Dng c tien hanh tng oi thuan li. Qua qua trnh lao ong, Bnh Dng tuy co s phan hoa xa hoi nhng khong ang ke. Thanh phan ban nong va trung nong nho chiem a so; tang lp tren nong thon chu yeu la phu nong va mot so rat t a chu t ni khac en, nhng ho thng b bon t ban thc dan, e quoc chen ep. Bnh Dng vi ieu kien kh hau, a ly, a chat, tho nhng vi ac iem lch s xa hoi, lu dan ngi Viet va cac cong ong c dan ban a, cac cong ong di dan khac nh ngi Hoa, a chung lng au cat, khai dng cuoc song cung vi s giao thoa van hoa nhieu mien e ket tinh thanh ban sac van hoa ac trng cua ngi Bnh Dng ma ien hnh la cac nganh nghe truyen thong. Net ep, net van hoa, trnh o cam thu ky thuat va kha nang tao dng cuoc song cua ngi Bnh Dng c the hien ro tren cac hoa tiet cua nghe ieu khac go, nghe gom s, nghe sn mai va nghe tranh kieng a chinh phuc trai tim va tr tue cua nhieu ngi thuoc nhieu mien khac nhau trong nc va tren the gii.

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CHNG 2. NGHE GOM BNH DNG - CAC GIAI OAN PHAT TRIEN 1. Khi nguon 1.1. Gom thi tien - s s Bnh Dng c bao boc bi 3 con song ong Nai, Sai Gon va Song Be, tao nen moi trng sinh thai thuan li cho con ngi xa sinh song. Doc theo cac trieu song nay khao co hoc a phat hien nhieu di ch quan trong nh My Loc, Cu Lao Rua, Doc Chua, Phu Chanh, Ba Lua, Vnh Ba Ky Nhng di ch nay phat hien hang van manh gom co co iem chung ve chat lieu, ky thuat che tac, loai hnh kch thc nh nhng chiec noi, vo, bat bong bang gom co hoa van trang tr giong nhau. Khu vc Bnh Dng co ngi xa sinh song cach nay hang ngan nam, va nghe gom cung ra i t luc o. Tai Cu Lao Rua (Thanh Hoi-Tan Uyen) nam tren b song ong Nai, qua khai quat khao co a phat hien nhieu o gom co gia tr cao. Qua viec chnh ly 85.000 ngan manh gom c phat hien, cac nha Khao co hoc a phuc dng lai mot bo su tap o gom hoan chnh gom noi, to to, ly, bat bong. ac biet la 16 hien vat bat bong vi nhieu chung loai, c phat hien nhieu nhat t trc en gi khu vc Nam bo. T nhieu manh gom chay xam en va b bien dang khi a vao nung nhiet o cao c tm thay trong di tch, chng to Cu Lao Rua la mot trung tam san xuat ra nhng san pham o gom ln, nhieu chung loai, c trang tr nhieu motype hoa van ep, c giao lu trao oi hang hoa trong khu vc va cac vung lan can, co nien ai sm t 3500 3.000 nam cach ngay nay.

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Ke en la di tch Doc Chua nghe gom tiep tuc phat trien vi hn 250.000 manh gom u loai va 594 hien vat gom con nguyen ven c phat hien di tch, bao gom rat nhieu loai hnh khac nhau. Di tch Doc Chua that s tao an tng oi vi cac nha khoa hoc ve s a dang va quy mo rat ln cua nghe lam gom ay thi bay gi. Trong o mot so chung loai gom a at en o hoan chnh cao ve chat lieu, kieu dang va tham my, ien hnh nh noi, vo, bnh, bat, chau, tho la nhng loai hnh thong dung nhat cua di tch Doc Chua. Tuy gom Doc Chua khong co nhieu ve chung loai, nhng kieu dang va chat lng san pham gom a minh chng cho s phat trien cao ve nhu cau s dung. Cung vi viec san xuat o gom phuc vu cuoc song thng nhat, c dan Doc Chua con san xuat ra nhieu san pham khac bang gom phuc vu cho cac nganh thu cong, ac biet la det vai. Vi 479 chiec doi se si ma c dan Doc Chua con lu lai, minh chng rang, c dan thi bay gi rat chu trong en viec se si, an si va det vai mot cong viec khong the thieu trong i song cua c dan thi s s. Cung tai Doc Chua, lp c dan co con che ra vo so vien an bang loai at set co pha cat mn. Cung vi nhieu hang coc go cam sau vao long at vung snh lay dau tch Nha san cua c dan Phu Chanh, cac nha khoa hoc con phat hien ra nhieu ngoi mo c chon cat theo dang hnh chum, goi la mo chum. Cung vi mo chum la hien vat tuy tang theo ngi qua co cua c dan co Phu Chanh, bao gom trong ong, kiem go, noi gom, bat bong, coc gom, qua bau, moi da, gng ong, vai tho mau trang, lc b, qua cau, nan tre. Qua o, chung ta co the hnh dung c phan nao i song that cua c dan

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Phu Chanh xa. Nhng hien vat tuy tang nh noi gom, bat bong, coc gom cua c dan Phu Chanh nh minh chng rang, c dan ay khong the quen nghe gom co truyen cua chnh ho. . V rang, luc nay c dan Phu Chanh a biet s dung nhieu loai chat lieu lam gom nh set pha cat mn, set tron ba thc vat, xng mau en tuyen, xng mau nau en Thi tien s s, nghe gom Bnh Dng co mot trnh o ky thuat nhat nh, qua so lng gom c qua cac cuoc khai quat khao co, khap ni cua ha lu 3 con song ong Nai, Sai Gon va Song Be cho thay nghe gom phat trien e phuc vu cho i song xa hoi thi tien s s. No phan anh nhng bc tien ve trnh o nhan thc, kha nang sang tao va mc tien bo ve kinh te, xa hoi cua cac cong ong c dan song vung ong Nam bo, co the tng co trao oi giao lu, hoc hoi cach lam san pham nao o gia cac cong ong. Nhng khai lc ve thanh tu cua nghe gom Bnh Dng trong qua kh nh e nhan manh nhng thuan li c ban ve vung at nay nh ieu kien a ly, he thong giao thong, nguon nguyen lieu a la nhng tien e quan trong cho qua trnh xac lap nghe san xuat o gom Bnh Dng va thuc ay no phat trien nhanh hn trong cac giai oan sau.

1.2. Nguon goc ra i cua gom s Bnh Dng Hien nay Bnh Dng co ba gia thuyet ve nguon goc cua gom s cua Bnh Dng, cac gia thuyet eu a ra nhng lap luan e giai thch bao ve quan iem cua mnh. - Lang gom Lai Thieu (Huyen Thuan An):

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Lai Thieu la trung tam phat trien cua gom s Bnh Dng t cuoi the ky XIX (1867) Theo nha van Sn Nam: Lai Thieu ch cach Cay Mai 15km (lo gom co cua Thanh Pho Ho Ch Minh) khi cac lo Cay Mai phat trien thieu nguon nguyen lieu, trong o Lai Thieu co ieu kien t nhien thuan li nh he thong giao thong thuy bo, co nguon at set tru phu, rng bat ngan thuan li trong viec san xuat, van chuyen nen mot so lo gom Cay Mai a di ve Lai Thieu "Can c vao nam thanh lap va trung tu chua Ba Lai Thieu ta oan chac nghe gom ay khi au t nam 1867 [65.11] Trong mot cong trnh ve gom Bien Hoa cua Phan nh Dung cung noi ve gom Lai Thieu nh sau: Vao khoang gia the ky XIX, nguyen lieu at set vung e Ngan / Ch Ln can kiet, nhieu chu lo gom Cay Mai ngi Hoa a tr ve Bien Hoa, Thu Dau Mot (vung Lai Thieu, Bung, Tan Uyen) m lo gom. Ho chap hanh s ch ao phan cong chung cua cac bang trng ngi Hoa trong san xuat gom: Bien Hoa lam lu, vai, hu bang sanh nau, Thu Dau Mot lam chen, bat, a, Cay Mai (Ch Ln) lam san pham my nghe (tng, chau.) [11 . 54] Trong khi o Nguyen Minh Giao trong luan van thac s cua mnh nam 2003 a bac bo quan niem nay v cho rang gom Cay Mai chuyen san xuat tng trang tr trong nh chua, con gom Bnh Dng chu yeu la gom phuc vu dan dung "Y kien nay khong u o tin cay lam, v gom Cay Mai (theo cac tai lieu khao co gan ay) chu yeu san xuat ra san pham trang tr trong cac nh chua cua ngi Hoa Viet Nam, trong khi o gom

35

Lai Thieu san xuat ra cac san pham thong dung cung cap cho nhan dan s dung. Nh vay tren thc te t cac san pham san xuat ra cua gom Cay Mai, va gom Lai Thieu khac nhau hoan toan, nen kho co the khang nh rang nghe gom Lai Thieu la do gom Cay Mai di len e san xuat ay c" Trong luan van Thac s cua mnh, Nguyen Xuan Dung nam 1997 mot lan na khang nh Lai Thieu ni ra i au tien cua gom Bnh Dng "Nhng ngi ln tuoi trong than toc cua lo gom Kien Xuan ke lai rang: cach ay khoang 130 en 140 nam co Ong Vng To ngi tnh Phc Kien a t Trung Quoc qua Gia nh va sau o len Lai Thieu m lo gom lap nghiep au tien. Ni nay sau thuoc ap Bnh c, Xa Bnh Nham, Huyen Thuan An (Quan Lai Thieu cu) Ong Vng To von la ong noi cua Vng The Hung, chu c s lo gom Kien Xuan, mot trong nhng lo gom cha truyen con noi tai Lai Thieu. Ngoai ra mot so cu gia ln tuoi vung nay cung cho rang lo Kien Xuan ngay xa chuyen san xuat cac loai nh lu, khap, vai, hu la ni xuat hien au tien cua nghe gom tai Lai Thieu noi rieng va tai Bnh Dng (Thu Dau Mot) noi chung Trong a ch Thu Dau Mot 1910 cung xac nh luc o tnh co 40 lo gom th Lai Thieu co 17 lo (trong o An Thanh 5 lo, Hng nh co 8 lo, Tan Thi co 01 lo, Bnh Chuan co 02 lo xng chnh Lai Thieu va xem Lai Thieu la trung tam phat trien nhat ve gom T xng nay a cho ra san pham vi hieu "Cay Mai" thanh cong rat tuyet vi chat lieu ng au [63.10] Nhn chung vung at Lai Thieu co ieu kien phat trien rat sm, ngi Viet co mat t the ky XVI va tu c nhanh hn vao the ky XVII.

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Ngay nay Lai Thieu con 02 ngoi mo co cua tng thi Chua Nguyen Phuc Lan (1635-1648) la: Huynh Cong Trnh khu pho ong T, va Lang Trung Vo Tng Quan (Lang Ong Ho Van Vui) ap Bnh Phc, xa Bnh Nham, mot danh tng pho chua Nguyen Phuc Anh. "Gom Cay Mai" cua ngi Hoa t Sai Gon a chuyen len vung Lai Thieu ngay nay e lap nghiep. Bang kinh nghiem trong nghe, ho a phat hien vung nguyen lieu chat lng cao cung vi mot tr lng ln ay co the dung lam sanh s. o la c s cho viec hnh thanh nghe gom Bnh Dng t Lai Thieu va lan rong en cac vung lan can thuoc An Thanh, Hng nh (Thuan An) Chanh Ngha (Th Xa TDM) Tan Phc Khanh (Tan Uyen) [21.32]

- Lang gom Chanh Ngha (Ba Lua) (Phu Cng - Th Xa TDM): Can c vao cac chng tch cu the con lai lang gom Chanh Ngha vao khoang nhng nam 1840, 1850 co ba lo gom xuat hien au tien Th nhat la lo Vng Lng con goi la lo "Ong Ta" Lo c xay tren ngon oi thap ben canh mot con rach rat thuan tien cho viec van chuyen san pham ra song Sai Gon "Ong Vng Lang (Ut Lang 92 tuoi mat nam 1998) khi con song co cho biet rang ong noi cua ong ten goi Vng Lng t Phc Kien ( Trung Quoc ), a xay dng nen day lo gom nay t nhng nam 1845" ac biet, con rach lo gom en nay van con la ten "Rach Vam Ong Ta" [43.325] Ke en la lo Ky Kp do ong chn Than, mot ngi Viet co kien thc, kinh nghiem ve nghe gom s, xay dng au tien khu Sao o (Chanh

37

Ngha) e lam nghe. Gia pha cua ho Nguyen ap Chanh Trong, Xa Chanh Ngha con lu lai cho biet: Ong Chn Than sinh vao khoang nam 1815, nguyen quan Hoc Mon - Gia nh en sinh c lap nghiep tai ay vao nam 1842. Can c theo cac li ke cua cac nghe nhan cao tuoi cua cac lo co cua Chanh Ngha khang nh Chanh Ngha la nguon goc cua gom s Bnh Dng cach ngay nay hn 150 nam (1855)

- Lang gom Tan Phc Khanh (Tan Uyen): Trong so cac thng thuyen nc ngoai, Chua Nguyen co u ai hn oi vi cac thng thuyen ngi Trung Hoa, nen ho c i sau hn vao at lien e tm mua hang. Co mot thng nhan ngi Hoa thng a thuyen buon cua mnh vao ca rach Ben Nghe roi ngc len thng lu song ong Nai, en Tan Uyen (ngay nay) th bat gap nhng ngi trong bo toc thng xoa at trang tren ngi. Thay la ong ta quan sat, i tm va thay o la loai at quy, lam c gom s. T o cac chuyen hang sau ong ta mang mot so ngi Hoa khac en vung nay nh c, m lo san xuat gom s. San pham lam ra ban cho kinh o Hue va thanh Gia nh s dung, so khac a len thuyen mang ve ban Trung Hoa. Trong khi o nhng ngi Hoa goc Quang ong Tan Phc Khanh noi rang Tan Phc Khanh lo gom ra i rat sm. Theo ho sau s kien Nong nai ai pho b Tay Sn tan cong nam 1776, nhng ngi Hoa ay ngc song ong Nai ve vung Tan Phc Khanh ch cach Bien Hoa mot con song va lai co vung at set (at cuoc) vo tan, rng bat ngan (Chien

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khu ) la ieu kien t nhien thuan li e phat trien nganh gom s. "Nhng ngi Hoa goc Quang ong Tan Phc Khanh gii thieu rang lo gom Thai Xng Hoa la c s gom s lau nam nhat Bnh Dng [10.13] Nhn chung nguon goc ra i cua nghe gom Bnh Dng en nay van cha the khang nh. Trong qua trnh hnh thanh cua mnh nghe gom a co ba vung trong iem tren at Bnh Dng xa. Ba vung trong iem nay eu co nhng ieu kien thuan li gan giong nhau nh ieu kien a ly, vung nguyen lieu. Va chung toi ngh rang, o chenh ve nien ai hnh thanh khong nhieu ch khoang mot hay hai thap nien. Nhng thc te lch s cho thay ngay gia the k XIX, cac trung tam san xuat gom cua Bnh Dng a hnh thanh va a khang nh v tr cua mnh bang mot mang li gom s thng mai khong ch tren th trng noi a ma tren ca th trng quoc te vi cac tau buon cua Anh, Nhat, Phap, Bo ao Nha, Tay Ban Nhaen t cac nc phng tay thong qua cang Ben Nghe cua vung at ong Nai Gia nh xa.

2. Nghe gom Bnh Dng t cuoi the ky XIX en nam 1954 2.1. Vung phan bo cac lo gom T cuoi the ky XVIII vung at Bnh Dng a hnh thanh cac lo gom, au tien la Tan Van trc thuoc tnh Bien Hoa, nay la xa Bnh Thang, Huyen D An. So lo gom nay c mot tac gia ngi Phap ang trong tap ch nghien cu ve nghe gom Nam Ky nam 1882 vi Bien Hoa co 05 lo gom nam lang Bnh Dng va An Xuan va cac nghe khac vi cong nhan la 30 ngi [53. 6]

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Nam 1776 Tay Sn anh pha Cu Lao Pho so th gom thu cong ngi Hoa dat qua Tan Van lap nghiep, khien ni ay mot thi noi tieng san xuat lu hu ln nhat Phng Nam [11.203] en cuoi the ky XIX Bnh Dng hnh thanh ba lang gom va noi tieng en ngay nay la Lai Thieu (Thuan An) Chanh Ngha Phu Cng (Th Xa Thu Dau Mot) Tan Phc Khanh (Tan Uyen). Nhng lo gom au tien cua Bnh Dng eu hnh thanh vao nhng nam 80 cua the ky XIX ben cac b song va kenh rach nh: Rach Lai Thieu (Rach Tan Thi) va Rach Ba Lua, Rach Ong Ta (Th xa Thu Dau Mot) Trong a ch Thu Dau Mot 1910 (Monographie de la Province de Thu Dau Mot) c xuat ban lan au tien vao au nam 1910, in trong tap san Hoi nghien cu ong Dng, nha in Sai Gon co ghi "Trong Tnh co c khoan 40 lo gom, trong o An Thanh 05 lo, Hng nh co 08 lo, Tan Thi co 01 lo, Phu Cng co 11 lo, Bnh Chuan co 03 lo va 09 lo Tan Khanh. Xng chnh Lai Thieu la trung tam phat trien nhat ve gom. T xng nay a cho ra san pham vi hieu "Cay Mai" vi chat lieu ng au. So lo gom trong vung huyen Lai Thieu trong tnh Thu Dau Mot o 60 cai, s dung khoang 10.000 cong nhan. Ngoai ba lo cua ngi Viet so con lai la cua t san Hoa Kieu. Cac lo nay cung cap o gom cho ca Nam Ky, cho cac vn cao su. [17. 480 ] Ngoai ra cac lo gom, hoat ong khai thac at set cung het sc quan trong theo thong ke a tng 6 iem khai thac set trang: Chanh Lu (Ben

40

Cat) Tan Phc Khanh (Tan Uyen) Bnh Hoa, An Thanh , Thuan Giao (Thuan An) Xa Thuan Giao thuoc huyen Lai Thieu (Thuan An) dan so 1.356 ngi, het 60% gia nh song vi nghe khai thac ham at. Khi lo gom phat trien nhu cau nguyen lieu, at set khai thac tai cho khong u cung ng nen ngi dan mua at song t cac ni khac em ve xa e loc thanh ho (at chn) cung cap cho cac chu lo. - Ham at Bnh ang - Xa Bnh Nham Lai Thieu (Thuan An) at set tai ay c khai thac t lau, so tr lng rat doi dao, thuoc loai at set o rat tot. a iem khai thac la mot go at cao, thieu nc nen ngi dan thng ao lay at song ban cho cac chu ham hay cac lo Lai Thieu. Ngoai ra con co cac ham at xa Chanh Phu Hoa (Ben Cat) phuc vu cho cac lo xa Tan An va Tng Bnh Hiep va cac ham at set xa An My (Th Xa Thu Dau Mot) ham at Go nh (Th Tran An Thanh Thuan An). Hang ngay co t 25m3 en 30m3 (khoang 70 tan) t set song va ho c cung cap cho cac khu lo gom Tan Phc Khanh, Lai Thieu va Phu Cng [22 .99]

2.2 Ky thuat truyen thong cua gom s Bnh Dng Viec san xuat gom s Bnh Dng chu yeu tien hanh mt cach thu cong t khau khai thac che bien cao lanh, chuan b phoi lieu, tao dang, say kho men nung va ra thanh pham. 2.2.1 Nguyen lieu

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at set Bnh Dng lam gom co thanh phan chu yeu la khoang Kaolinit (Al2 03 2S103 2H20) co nguon goc la san pham phong hoa cua cac a sang mau nh Granit, Riolit, Andexit, nhan dan thng goi la set trang hoac cao lanh. Bnh Dng at set lam gom co khap ni, nhat la Th Xa Thu Dau Mot va 04 huyen Pha Nam (Thuan An, D An, Tan Uyen va Ben Cat) t cong oan lay at set tho en van chuyen chu yeu bang sc ngi va suc vat. at cuoc la mo at set lo thien noi tieng t au the ky XX, dung cuoc co the lay at set nguyen lieu sat mat at. S dung nguyen lieu cua vung at cuoc san pham t khi bien dang du oi khi nhiet o lo cao hn 13000c. Do o nguyen lieu at set cua at Cuoc rat c cac lo gom cua cac ni en lay e san xuat. 2.2.2. X ly nguyen lieu Quy trnh khai thac gom co cac cong oan sau: Boc at phu thoat nc xuc boc van chuyen bai cha

Moi lo co mot mat bang rong rai e cha at set tho, at c "phi am" di tri ma va anh sang mat tri e phan huy het chat phen chua. Sau khi phi ma nang mot thi gian nhat nh, at c a vao ho nc e x ly c goi la "xoi ho" Ket thuc giai oan "xoi ho" e loai tap chat, at c nghien e co o mn can thiet, nghien tho (vi gom tho) hoac nghien mn (vi san pham sanh mn va s). Thi xa ngi th s dung coi a, coi ap e nghien va

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ho xay dng nhng be e lang loc at cho sach cat, chat hu c va tap chat trc khi a vao san xuat. Moi lo thng xay nhieu be loc at e s dung. Qua giai oan nghien va lang loc ngi ta phan loai phoi lieu: phoi lieu ep deo, phoi lieu ep ban tho, o o rot Day chuyen chuan b phoi lieu s ien hnh cac lo gom sau:

Trng thach

Cao lanh, set

Thach anh

Chon ra

May nghien tho

Nung s bo

Dap

anh ti

Tuyen la

Nghien

Sang

Dap

Sang

Khuay va lang

Nghien

Kho cha

Kho cha

Can

Can

Can

Nghien bi

Kh sat

Be khuay

Luyen lento chan khong

Tao hnh deo

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2.2.3. Tao dang san pham Tao dang san pham la mot khau rat quan trong trong qua trnh che tao o gom, khau nay khong ch oi hoi ban tay kheo leo ma ca oc sang tao, oc tham my. Ngay t thi tien s vi giai oan au la nhng chien noi vo tho thien t chat lieu en kieu dang. theo thi gian cac san pham nay cang c nang len vi nhieu kieu dang, nhieu loai hnh phu hp vi tng loai chat lieu. T nhng san pham ch n thuan phuc vu cho nhu cau cuoc song nh un nau, tang tr lng thc en nhng san pham phuc vu cho nhu cau cao hn cho cuoc song va cho cac nghi thc tn ngng cua cong ong. Tao dang san pham la mot khau ay sang tao. Va cung chnh khau nay tao nen nhng ac trng rieng cho mot nghe, mot lang nghe va ca mot thng hieu. Tao hnh bang phng phap xoay tay la phng phap co ien a c th gom thc hien t xa xa e lam cac san pham hnh tron. Phng phap nay gom co tam cong oan lien he mat thiet vi nhau, ngi thc hien bat buoc phai lam tot, ung qui trnh ky thuat tng cong oan, e khi chuyen sang oan ke tiep khong b tr ngai: lam at, nhoi at, bo at, khui lo, len at, xoay ong thang, xoay ong bau, lam nguoi. - Lam at: at set tho loc lay chat tinh, luc nay chat tinh dang ho loang, chuyen at ho len vat hut nc, at tinh ac lai thanh ho deo va u kn e gi o am. Sau o dung chan ap cho at quyen lai vi nhau va nen thanh tng khoi c u kn.

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- Nhoi at: lay mot lng at chng 02kg, hai tay nhoi cuon theo hnh xoan oc, en khi nao at mn eu, khong con bot khong kh, at khong dnh tay la co the s dung c. - Bo at: at khoi at vao ngay tam ban xoay, e qua trnh xoay khong lam chao ao . - Khui lo: khui mot lo ung ngay tam khoi at la thao tac quyet nh o day mong cua san pham. - Len at: keo at len e thanh hnh ong, toc o ban xoay quay cham (100 vong / phut) - Xoay ong thang: ay la bc c ban nhat e xoay cac ban pham nhieu kieu dang khac nhau, cat ong lam oi e kiem tra o day mong. - Xoay hnh co hong bau: t ong thang, ngi th chuyen thanh ong co hong bau e thc hien cac bc: ra hong, vo eo co, be la mieng - Lam nguoi: ay la khau cuoi cung trong qua trnh tao dang san pham, ngi th cao cho mat lan van tay tren mat san pham, miet lang, moc ay

2.2.4. My thuat tren gom T lieu thu c t cac cuoc khai quat khao co Bnh Dng, a xac nhan rang e tao mau cho gom ngi xa a biet tron them chat phu gia va s tac ong cua nhiet o khi nung lam cho mau cua xng va ao gom oi thanh cac gam mau khac nhau nh mau nau o, mau nau en, mau en va mau xam en. ieu o co ngha e lam cho gom ep hn, ben hn, ky thuat nay khong ngng ngay cang c hoan thien.

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Gom Bnh Dng t khi mi xuat hien a s dung men mau, ngi ta dung trau va voi nung chn gia nguyen, tron vi nc ho (at set tinh quay loang) nhung san pham vao, sau khi a vao lo nung san pham se cng, ao gom co mau en, hoac mau da ln. Loai san pham co men loai nay thng dung cho o sanh. en nam 1925 trng My Nghe Bien Hoa a nghien cu cho ra loai men mi goi la "men ta" tao s chu y cho ngi s dung va ap ng th trng luc bay gi.

- Trang men: Men gom la dang thuy tinh bao boc mat o gom, do tac dung nhiet nen b nong chay, khi nguoi ong cng thanh lp ao tren san pham gom. Men tao ve ep cho o gom, ong thi lam san pham khong tham nc. Thanh phan cua men gom ba thanh phan chu yeu sau ay: - Chat tao kieng Oxit Silic (Si02) la cat nguyen chat nong chay 17000c. e ha nhiet nong chay, ngi ta them chat chay vao - Chat chay (RO hay RO2R la kim loai) lam ha nhiet nong chay cua men do s tng tac phoi hp cua cac nguyen lieu lam men gom - Chat chu nhiet Oxit nhom (Al203) lam men cng vao tao cho men o nht lam men chn nhiet o cao Ngi ta v ba thanh phan tren la "xng, mau, tht" cua c the con ngi, thieu mot trong ba thanh phan tren khong thanh men. Toa men: ngi ta dung cac khoang chat, cac hp chat hoa hoc trong thien nhien phoi hp vi nhau e ieu che men. Cong thc phoi lieu thng c th gom goi la toa men.

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Mot toa men c ban (men cai) gom cac phan sau: voi, cat, at, kaolin nung Oxit kem, tan (talc) nung Muon co mau, ngi ta ch can them vao men cai cac oxit mau. Ty le phan tram co the thay oi do hoa chat noi hay ngoai; mau am hay nht, men cai T mot so nguyen to kim loai nh cobalt, ong, sat, mangan, crome, niken ngi th co the tao ra vo so mau men

-ong vi cobalt - Cobalt va sat - Cobalt va mangan - Mangan va sat - Crome va cobalt - Crome va sat

cho sac sang cua mau luc hi dng cho mau luc cua ong (xanh ong) mau hi o ta mau nau hi o vang, nau hi o mau dng hi xanh (luc) nau o, nau nga en

Cac phng phap trang men: - Trang long san pham - Cham men - Nhung men - Xoi men Viec tao ra mot mau men va y, phai ton nhieu cong phu, no mang yeu to va ky thuat va my thuat, ong thi cung la b quyet nghe nghiep. - Trang tr:

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Ve ky thuat trang tr, ve hoa van thng co cac phan sau: - Van ve chm: khac noi tren xng gom di men, ve khac xong roi mi nhung men, sau khi nung san pham cac hoa van se noi len t nhien, nh cap rong, phung tren cac lu ln, vai to mau da ln ma chung ta thng gap. - Van ve noi: dung mau ve len san pham, sau khi san pham a nung xong, cach nay mau sac ti, phong phu hn, nhng khong ben, s dung lau ngay, se bong, troc bay mau. - Cham khac la dung vat nhon, cng tao cac ng oan, net tren xng at cua san pham. Cac ng net cham khac khong sau, u tao cam giac phan cach cac hoa tiet - Khac chm: dung cay khac sac nhon khac len xng gom, ng net to, nho khac nhau. Net khac e trang tr san pham, cung la ng phan cach mau men khac nhau. ng net can ln eu, khong gay gap, o sau va phai. - Chu e trang tr hoa van va ve hnh tren gom Bnh Dng: Trang tr gom Bnh Dng, ngoai yeu to ng net hnh hoc, hi vn, song nc. Ngoai ra con trang tr tren gom theo cac chu e hnh t linh: Long, Lan, Qui, Phung; t qu: Mai, Lan, Cuc, Truc Hoa van day la. Ngoai ra ve trang tr theo cot truyen thuyet: Au c, Lac Long Quan, Hai ba Trng, Luc Van Tien, Tnh mau t, Phat Ba Quan The Am nhieu ong vat gan gui vi cuoc song c cach ieu a vao trang tr: Ca, Tom, Di, Cop, Hu, Nai, Trau Hoa van trong ong, hoa van tho cam cac dan toc hoac hnh tng Phc, Loc, Tho Cac loai thao moc, rang tre, cay tung

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Ngoai ra do ac iem nhieu chu lo gom Bnh Dng von goc Hoa nen ho a mo phong rat nhieu cac phong canh Trung Quoc e the hien tren san pham (y mau)

2.3. Nung san pham Nung la khau vo cung quan trong trong ky thuat san xuat gom s co anh hng quyet nh en chat lng san pham. Trc khi nung, san pham c sap eu tren tam van mong phi nang, co chieu dai khoang 3,0m mot ngi co the nang c e em ra phi nang cho kho trc khi em nung c goi la san pham song. Nung la cong oan cuoi cung cua qua trnh san xuat gom: lo la mot cong oan k thuat rat quan trong e ngi th cho ra i cac san pham at ve so lng cung nh chat lng. Lo gom khi au t he thong nung ng mng co vom can nhiet. Cau truc lo gom ngay nay phc tap hn nhieu, nhng nguyen ly th khong thay oi. Nhiet a vao buong lo (buong nung) cha cac san pham. Nhiet o tang len, lng oxy trong lo c kiem soat, khong che theo yeu cau cua men va san pham. Qua trnh nung san pham gom co cac giai oan sau: ot nung san pham (200 - 9500) ham nhiet (9500-1050) nung khe hay hoan nguyen (10500 - 13000) duy tr trong khoi lo 2-5% CO, sau o nung lang. Ke en lam nguoi, cuoi cung san pham ra lo co nhiet o thng 600. T viec nung n gian nhiet o thap (bang cui cha, canh cay nho, la cay) cac vat dung nau nng (noi, om, tra, trach) lo c cai tien qua

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hang the ky nham muc ch tang nhiet cho buong nung. Nhiet o c duy tr co hieu qua hn quanh cac san pham bang cach: xay vach ngan buong nung, lam cac mat lo e a them chat ot vao va xay ong khoi lam tang sc hut. Bnh Dng ngi ta xay cac kieu lo ong hoac lo bao ac iem cac loai lo nay la xay cac buong dai theo sn doc tao ng dan nhiet t nhien cua hi nong. e tiet kiem chat ot, cac lo c cai tien nhieu kh thai nong buong trc tan dung ot nong cho san pham buong sau. Kieu dang cua lo co hnh tron hoac hnh ch nhat c ot bang cui.

2.3.1. Ky thuat xay lo ong - Cau tao cua lo ong: Lo co hnh dang nh mot ng ong nam dai tren mat phang nghieng, doc t 130- 250 tuy theo ngi s dung Co hai loai lo ong: lo lai co o doc thap 130- 150 e nung lu, khap, gom my nghe; lo chen (hay lo tam cap) co o doc 180- 250 nen lo xay them bac tam cap e nung lo gom dan dung. Lo ong co ba phan: au lo, than lo, cuoi lo la ong khoi. - au lo (can au tien) la ni ot khi ong cho mot ky nung: thiet ke au lo phu hp cac yeu cau sau: + La ni cha nhieu cui, khi ot + Mieng lo u ln, thoang, ay c cui ln. - au lo - tuy thiet ke, xay theo hai cach:

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+ Theo kieu cu th nen bau lo bang phang, thap hn nen than lo tiep giap 0,5m nh vay khi than nhieu len th la au lo van ngang nen than lo, se khong hut la chan. + Mieng lo chia lam hai phan: phan di ln e ay cui goc khi xong lo va cui ln khi phat la ln; phan tren ngan cach han vi phan di bang mot cay a, o la lo nho hn dung e len la trung hue. Hai ben vach, sat nen lo la hai lo nho (mui) e thong gio. Trai qua qua trnh nghien cu, cai tien ngi ta thiet ke kieu au lo ong mi vi hang ranh la va v la. V la xay bang gach chu la, nam tren cac ranh la. V la co o chuc xuong ni giap nen than lo. Thiet ke them ranh la va v la tao thong gio nhieu hn khi ot au lo. Nh ranh la, oxi cung cap t di boc len lam cui chay de dang hn, mat khac lam giam ang ke lng tro tham khi ot au lo. - Than lo la phan ln nhat, quan trong nhat cua lo gom. Than lo co dang ong thang loe dan pha cuoi lo, tuy nhien en gan ong khoi th so o chieu ngang, chieu cao cua lo khong oi. Chieu dai than lo phu thuoc qui mo san xuat, thng dai t 30 -50m. Than lo chia lam nhieu can, moi can la mot khoang (buong) lo. Ni tiep giap gia hai can co lo nho hai ben vach e cho cui nho vao. Kch thc can lo nh sau: + Can au dai 0,9m; rong 1,4m; cao 1,2m + Can gia than lo dai 1,4m; rong 1,8m; cao 2m + Can gan cuoi than lo dai 1,6m; rong 2,0m; cao 2,2m

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- Can cuoi cung co kch thc nho hn dai 1,2m; rong 2,0m; cao 2,2m. Moi can khong dai qua 1,6m e nhiet o nung c eu Hai hong lo co nhng ca hong tien cho viec ra vao lo - Ong khoi e thoat kh thai, chieu cao t le thuan vi s lu thong khong kh trong lo. Tuy thuoc chieu dai va o doc cua lo ma ngi ta lam ong khoi thap hay cao, thng mot lo ong dai 50m, doc 150 th ong khoi cao 6,0m. Co mot vach ngan tan ong gia ong khoi va can cuoi cung than lo e ieu chnh ng i cac luong kh, lam nhiet o nung trong lo phan phoi eu.

- Van hanh cua lo ong: Cac bc van hanh: - Viec au tien la don dep sach xa ban, trong ngoai lo, khoa cat nen lo. Sau ky nung, lp cat nen lo chai cng lai, v the th lo phai dung xeng xan lam mem nen, o them lp cat u day 8cm-10cm. Lp cat co hai tac dung: giup ngi vao lo de dang ieu chnh thang cac cay hop (bao chup) ng vng khi nung, lp cat co o xop cao de hut nhiet khi nung, lp cat nay nong len se duy tr nhiet o nen lo on nh, tranh hien tng mat la chan. - Xep gach can au. Can au lo hng la trc tiep t au lo phat ra nen nhiet o ni nay thng rat cao. Mat khac can s thong thoang thch hp e ngon la chuyen ong ve pha ong khoi, v vay ngi th thng

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bo mot hoc hai can (tuy o dai lo) e xep gach chu la. Trc thap nien 80 the ky XX, th lo thng dung ong kham e xep vao nhng mat au tien. Nhng thc te cho thay xep ong kham khong tao c ng i cua la tot va eu nh xep gach. - Chuan b so lng bao chup (bao hop) va u phu hp nhieu chung loai san pham vao lo - Khau chuan b cui cung het sc quan trong: cui phai kho, che theo ba c khac nhau: cui nho e len can, cui va (bang co chan) e phat ln, len trung hue, cui to e xong lo. Vao lo: la cong oan sap xep, phan bo san pham cha nung vao lo (e nung) vi cac yeu cau sau: - Tan dung triet e tiet dien (cho phep) cua lo e xep san pham, ha gia thanh nung san pham mot ky ot lo - Bao am cac luong kh lu thong hp ly trong lo, khong nghet la song cung khong trong qua e la i het. S thong thoang va phai vi hang chan hp ly tao s chay tot, nhiet o tang theo y o cua th la. - Xep san pham theo cac loai men. Th la gioi biet ro men nao de chay, men nao de bay, can xep san pham o cho thch hp trong lo. V du: men xanh dng chu nhiet cao th san pham e ni co nhiet o cao, men vang hoac hong de b bay, san pham e ni co nhiet o thap hn. - Hop ng la san pham phu tr e cha cac chnh pham co men trong lo. Nh hop ng, san pham c xep t chan len ngon khong ung vao nhau. Nam trong hop ng, be mat men tranh c tro va ngon la trc tiep pha vao. Trc ay, ngi ta xep hop len nen lo, sau nay cai tien,

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th ke gach roi mi xep hop len, tao s thong thoang, giup la chan eu hn so vi la ngon. Hop xep thanh cay ngay ngan noi lien nhau thanh hang het chieu ngang cua lo. Tuy kch thc bao chup va lo, cac cay cach nhau 4cm 10cm va cach hai ben thanh lo 10cm - 15cm e la chuyen ong tot vung thanh lo. Th thng tha tran nh cac cay hop cha san pham nho va san pham co men chu nhiet cao. Tuy nhien ngay sat lo chum cui van phai che mot so hop be e tranh tro, than ri vao. Co trng hp khong co san pham va, ngi th van phai e mot phan hop ng len nham tranh tren ngon trong nhieu qua. Mot can lo thng xep 2-3 hang va mot hang be. Hang be thang vi hai lo mat tren thanh lo, no chnh la vach ngan tam thi gia hai can lo. Ngi th vao hang be co hai muc ch: o la hang can la nham tang nhiet o can thiet cho can trc, ong thi cung la noi e chum cui len can ke tiep. Hang be thng co so cay t hn cac hang khac va so le vi hang trc no. Neu cac hang trong mot can lo co the at sat vi th khoang cach gia hang be va ke no phai t 20cm - 25cm, o chnh la ranh chum cui can va gat than xuong. Hai cay ben can cach thanh lo la 25cm - 40cm e de chum cui chan. Hang be xep gan ngang lo mat, ben tren lot lp gach hoac nap lu e de chum la, cui khong ri xuong chan va san pham hang be khong chay mieng do than nhieu.

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Khi lo ang nung, cac luong kh ben trong lo chuyen ong rat manh, hop ng chan giam lc nay khi nhiet o cao, de gay o be, nen can chon hop ng chac chan xep di. Cac cay hop can thang ng, chen chac vi nhau vao thanh lo bang cac mieng hop be. Mieng th la th khong the thieu giup th la biet o chn cua men. Trc ay, ngi ta dung cay mong (montre con goi la con (cone: ong ho la) phoi lieu thanh phan theo cong thc nhat nh, ung o nhiet cao nao o th mong se guc xuong. Ve sau, th dung cac mieng san pham men cha nung lam mieng th, thng at nhieu mieng th vi nhieu loai men, mau chu nhiet o khac nhau. Mat men cua mieng th hng ve lo mat, sao cho th la co the quan sat, gap ra de dang ngay khi ang nung. Vao lo xong, ngi ta bt cac ca vao lo mat e tien hanh nung san pham. Ky thuat nung: Trai qua hai giai oan: Khi ot, cac ca eu bt lai, ch cha mot lo ch nhat kch thc 10cmx15cm. Khi len can mi m ra e nem cui vao. Ve nguyen tac, qui trnh hoat ong cua lo ong: xong lo, la ln, len can ot au lo nham -Xong t t e hi nc trong san pham bay hi -Tao nhiet o cao cac can au, tch nhiet cac can ke tiep lam a cho gia oan len can. ot au lo gom ba giai oan: + Xong lo: keo dai 6 gi - 12 gi tuy theo san pham xep ben trong. San pham ln va day th thi gian xong lo dai e hi nc thoat het ra

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ngoai. Ngi ta thng ot cui goc vi ngon la nho sao cho nhiet o cac can au khoang 1000c. Cuoi giai oan xong lo, nhiet se tang t t. + Giai oan phat la ln: dai t 10 gi - 18 gi (tuy o dai lo) Nhiet o c tang t t, lng cui tang dan sau moi lan chum Phan chia giai oan (khoang cach hai lan chum) tuy theo cui loai nao, thng t 15 phut - 20 phut. Ngi th nhn ngon la lo e xac nh luc can tiep them cui. Khi mi chum la thng ay, chay dai ve pha ong khoi, sau o ngon la ngan dan cung vi cui trong lo sup xuong. Neu cui khong kho, ong than nhieu, phai dung cay sat dai xi len cho cui chay tot hn. Cuoi giai oan phat la ln, lng than bau lo tng oi nhieu th ngi ta bt mieng lo, len la trung hue. Lo khong co la trung hue th bt mot na di mieng lo. + La trung hue: la giai oan cuoi cua ot au lo, keo dai t 2 gi 12 gi. Cui nho hn, co o phat la cao hn giai oan trc, Moi lan chum, lng cui ay vao lo nhieu hn t 0,2m3 - 0,4m3 (tuy lo ln / nho). Ngi th can c o dai ngon la hng ve pha ong khoi ma quyet nh lng cui va thi gian cua giai oan nay. S tch nhiet cac can au lo rat quan trong cho giai oan len can. Lo dai ma la au lo khong u o dai can thiet, khi len mat se co hien tng mat la, san pham de song. Lo dai 25m th la au phai bo ti can th mi tr len at yeu cau. Khi mieng th lo can th nhat chn gia, mieng th lo mat th hai rm chay th ket thuc giai oan la au lo, chuyen sang giai oan tiep theo.

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- ot la can: la giai oan quyet nh ket qua ky nung lo. ot la can can at cac yeu cau: - ieu chnh nhiet o trong mot can lo phu hp o chay cua men - ieu chnh nhiet o trong lo sao cho eu gia chan va ngon, gia lo va ra thanh lo. -Tranh ong nhieu than lam anh hng ti san pham Cui ot can lo c che nho de chay. Tai nhng can gia va cuoi lo, nhiet o khi bat au khui va ot a vao khoang 8000c - 10000c Cui nho nang nhiet o can o len o chay cua men khoang 12000c hoac hn . Khi khu lo mat tren, ngi ta van ot la va va nho can di e lu nhiet can a chn va ho tr cho hai can tren. Khi len mat, lng cui nang dan theo tng chan ca ngon va chan, lng cui chan t hn ngon. Trong luc ot, th quan sat la lo mat lo e ieu chnh nhit cho phu hp va eu. V du: la chan va ba yeu hn th phai tang lng cui ni o va neo ngon lai ch cho eu (hoac ngc lai) Th lo thng ch ngon la ha xuong, quan sat de, chnh xac hn. e xac nh nhiet o, can chu y cac bieu hien sau: la mau vang bieu hien nhiet o gan ti, mau trang bieu hien nhiet o cao nhng mau la phu thuoc cui, ngi th con phai nhn vao cac ke hop nung, cat khi la trong. Cuoi cung, mieng th giup th biet men chn, cha chn va chn gia, non hoc va ti. Tat ca nhng ieu o giup ho quyet nh viec ot la can o a hoan thanh cha. Thi gian ot mi can t 40 phut - 60 phut. Mot lan nung san pham phai mat t 36 en 48 gi mi xong va phai ot lien tuc.

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2.3.2 Ky thuat xay lo bao (lo bau) Lo bao la loai lo dung e nung cac san pham ln. Lo co o doc t 150- 20 0 san lo dang bac thang, co nhieu can (buong nung) con goi la bao nung hay bao lo. Bao nung hnh ch that khoang 5,5m x 2,0m mot canh la be ngang than lo, canh kia la be ngang bao nung. Lo thng c thiet ke 11 bao nung vi chieu dai khoang 25m, cho cao nhat ben trong bao nung khoang 2,8m Cuoi moi bao lo, di chan xep gach tao lo e ng la i goi la ham rang la. Moi bao co hai ca oi nhau e th vao, ra san pham de dang. Tren bao co mot lo quan sat la, di chan cung co lo quan sat mieng men hay con (cay mong) Bau la hnh ch nhat co cac lo thong hi cho khong kh i vao, kch thc 1,0m x 1,5m be ngang than lo, co ba cho ot cung mot luc. San pham nung thanh cong quyet nh bi nhieu yeu to sau: khau chuan b cui, cach ot lo, xem la trong lo thong qua cac "hoa nhan" neu khong u la san pham se song, qua la san pham se b h. Nhiet lng qui nh thng t 4000c - 8000c oi vi o ngang, t 8000c en 12000c oi vi o s va mot lan nung san pham phai mat t 36 gi en 48 gi mi xong va phai ot lien tuc. [25.33] a so cac lo gom tai Bnh Dng la lo bao xay tren mot dien tch kha ln, cau tao nghieng theo o doc e ngon la co the di chuyen t can th nhat cho en can cuoi cung. Lo xay bang gach chu la sa mot ket hp vi gach the loai ac biet. Khi ot la se t di thap boc len cao, moi can

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lo eu co cha mot lo nho goi la mat lo (hoa nhan) e ngi th lo quan sat. Nung lo khau cuoi cung, cung la khau quan trong nhat. Trong giai oan nay, khau nung hoan toan la thu cong, da theo kinh nghiem la chnh, nen ngi th nung lo rat c coi trong, neu la th gioi c trong vong.

2.4. Cac loai san pham gom s Bnh Dng Gom s truyen thong tren at Bnh Dng, giai oan nay chu yeu la gom dan dung nham phuc vu nhu cau trong i song sinh hoat hang ngay, la nhng loai san pham co cot gom ben chac, chu yeu ap ng cho nhu cau s dung trong gia nh nh: chen, a, to, bnh cam hoa thng c goi la gom a vi nen trang men xanh. Qui trnh san xuat, ky thuat nung, chat lieu, hnh thc trang men va trang tr hoa tiet cho loai gom nay n gian, khong phc tap, cau ky nen gia thanh san pham re phu hp vi ieu kien kinh te cua nhieu ngi, nhieu tang lp. Cac lo gom Trieu Chau, Phc Kien luon co u the v cac loai san pham nay. Con cac loai khap, lu, che, sieu nc, am tra hay chau kieng, ong nc. co men mau en, mau da ln thng c goi la sanh do co o ben chac rat cao, mau sac trang nha tien dung cho sinh hoat gia nh nong thon ke ca trong lnh vc xay dng. San pham sanh thng la the manh cua cac lang gom Phc Kien. - Lu: tieng a phng goi la "mai" ngi mien Tay goi la "kieu"

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Lu gom co 5 loai. o la lu nhat, lu nh, lu ba, lu t va lu nam. Trong o lu nhat la loai lu ln nhat, ng c khoang 200 lt nc, con cac loai lu ke tiep cang theo th t cang ve sau cang nho, lu nam la nho nhat. Hoa van trang tr tren lu thng la hnh rong, phung ap noi. Lu co men mau vang da bo, da ln. ay la loai men chu yeu luc bay gi. Lu nh dung ng ng tai cac lo ng luc bay gi, loai lu nay co men mau en. Khap co 3 loai: khap hai, khap ba ln va khap ba nho - Khap: la loai san pham nho hn lu, khong co hoa van, ch c phu mot lp men mau da bo hoac da ln, khap co hnh dang khac vi lu. Neu lu co phan mieng va e nho hn phan bung nhieu th khap co hnh dang gan nh thon dai, ng knh mieng, e va bung co o chenh khong ln. - Hu la loai co kch thc nho hn lu, mieng that, mau men giong nh mau cua lu. Hu c tao tac rat a dang ve kieu dang, kch thc, o day, mong khac nhau. Co loai vai ln, thanh mieng ng, g mieng bang, hu men nau co ba tai hnh bm nho gan tren vai va loai men vang da ln khong gan tai. Co loai hu n ra gia than, nhn mat cat doc gan giong hnh thoi, loai nay phu men mau. Cung co loai phu men da ln, thanh mieng hi vat, hu thng dung ng ru, nc mam, mat S lng t hn cac loai lu, khap. - Chau: la o dung c san xuat nhieu do nhu cau s dung, v the co nhieu loai khac nhau. Mieng chau hi loe, bang, than vat dan xuong di, ay bang hay lom. ac iem cua chau hi day, nang, o nung cao,

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chac chan. Chau co rat nhieu cong dung khac nhau nh:ng nc ra mat, ra cac loai rau qua, lam mang cho ln an. - To, da la loai dung trong viec an, uong hang ngay. Loai nay thng co men trang ve lam. - Noi: noi co 2 loai noi co tay va noi tay cam (nh tay cam cua sieu nau nc). Va moi loai c chia lam 2 kieu la noi ln va noi nho. Ni khong co men va c nung nhiet o cao nen khong the ngam nc. - Sieu: nhn tong the, phan than cua sieu giong hnh tru, hi phnh ra oan gia, thu hep phan ay va mieng, ng knh mieng va ay bang nhau. Sieu co voi va tay cam c che tac rieng, sau o gan vao than. Np hnh tron lam bang khuon in, co mot num nho, det pha tren, co hai loai trang men. Thi gian sau nay lang gom Bnh Dng lam them cac loai san pham mi nh chen (bat). Chen co 02 loai: Loai 1: lam bang at set deo va phu men trang vi hoa van gn song doc theo than, c ngi Phap goi la Kaibat (cai bat). Loai 2: goi la chen con ga (ve hnh con ga thanh chen) ca hai loai nay c nung nhe la nen xng gom co o xop. Ben canh loai chen co them cac loai khac nh to, to, a, tho

2. 5. Th trng 2.5.1. Th trng trong nc T gia the ky XIX tr ve trc nghe gom Bnh Dng ch san xuat gom gia dung. Trong o, san pham lam cho nghe gom Bnh Dng noi

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tieng bay gi khong ch tai th trng trong tnh ma con cac khu vc mien Tay, mien Trung la cac loai lu, khap, hu, vai, ac biet la cac loai lu. Trong luc o lang gom Bien Hoa cung lam lu, nhng lu cua Bien Hoa lai to, nan bang tay nen rat day va lai khong co men, at lam loai lu nay la at bun nen lu co mau nau sam khong cng bang lu do th Bnh Dng lam ra. Do gon, nhe, co trang men va bau cao nen viec van chuyen i xa cung nh s dung rat tien. Do vay lu Bnh Dng dan dan chiem lnh th trng trong nc luc bay gi. Hien nay, tuy co nhieu mat cung chc nang s dung nh cac loai thung nha, thung inox, song cac loai lu cua lang gom Bnh Dngvan c tieu thu rong rai. Ngoai nhng san pham tren, cac loai nh chen a, bat con ga cua lang gom Bnh Dng cung c th trng luc bay gi (t mien Trung tr vao) tieu thu rat manh. oi vi cac loai san pham la gom my nghe nh chau canh, on voi, tng... th trng tieu thu chu yeu la cac trung tam tnh l, trung tam huyen va cac thanh pho. Ngay nay, th trng tieu thu cua gom Bnh Dng con c m rong ra mot so tnh pha Bac, chu yeu la mot so gom s my nghe va mot so san pham dung trong xay dng nh e cap tren. 2.5.2. Th trng nc ngoai Cac san pham gom Bnh Dng ban au ra i chu yeu e phuc vu nhu cau cua ngi dan trong vung, dan dan ban hang vung lan can tm

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en do o, th trng cua gom Bnh Dng c m rong them, khong ch trong nc ma co mat ca th trng cac nc khac. Trc thi Phap thuoc, th trng Campuchia la th trng nc ngoai chu yeu cua gom Bnh Dng. Thng lai buon Viet Nam va Campuchia sau khi mua cac san pham tai ay xong th cho thuyen ngc dong theo song Sai Gon e qua Campuchia tieu thu, cac san pham c th trng Campuchia tieu thu chu yeu luc bay gi nh: cac loai lu, cac loai khap, hu cac loai, noi, sieu... ngoai ra con co cac la nh chen a, chen con ga, to, to, da... Theo cac chu lo gom th hien nay th trng nay van con dung cac loai san pham cua gom Bnh Dng. en thi Phap thuoc th trng gom Bnh Dng lai c m rong sang Phap, th trng Phap chu yeu tieu thu cac loai san pham dan dung, san pham dan dung cao cap ma gom Bnh Dng san xuat nh bo tach tra, chen, a... Tat ca cac loai san pham nay ch s dung hai mau xanh va trang, ma nh mot so ngghe nhan trong nghe tai ay noi o la mau cua quoc ky Phap nen ngi Phap muon nhng loai san pham xuat sang th trng nay ch c dung hai mau tren ma thoi.

3. Nghe gom Bnh Dng giai oan 1954 - 1975 3.1. Vung phan bo T nam 1954- 1975 khap Sai Gon Ch Ln Gia nh qua trnh o th hoa nhanh chong dan en nha ca, pho xa moc len san sat, kenh rach b lap i hang loat anh hng ln en hoat ong cua cac lo gom ho phai di di lo en Thu c va khu vc lan can [61.74]

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Trong cong trnh a ch Bnh Dng xuat ban nam 1975 co thong ke so lo gom Bnh Dng la 108 cai gom: Th Xa Thu Dau Mot co 53 (Phu Cng 43, Phu Hoa 2, Tng Bnh Hiep 1 va Tan An 7); Thuan An 28 (Bnh Nham 18, Hng nh 10) va Tan Uyen la 27 (Tan Phc Khanh 21, Vnh Trng 6) Theo chung toi so lieu tren ay cha chnh xac v vao nam 1935 Lai Thieu a co khoang 60 lo gom vi 10.000 ngi lao ong trong nganh gom [11.480]. Trong giai oan nay c s ha tang phat trien, nhat la ng bo, nghe gom c trang b may moc trong khau khai thac nguyen lieu, x ly atlo gom phat trien manh nhng khu vc truyen thong cua tnh nh: Chanh Ngha, Phu Tho, Phu Hoa (Th Xa Thu Dau Mot) Thuan Giao, Tan Thi, Hng nh, An Thanh, Bnh Nham (Thuan An) An Bnh (D An) Tan Phc Khanh, Tan Vnh Hiep (Tan Uyen) e phuc vu cho s phat trien lo gom viec khai thac nguyen lieu cung phat trien theo ngoai cac khu vc khai thac truyen thong nh: Thuan Giao, Bnh Nham, An Thanh, An Phu (Thuan An) Chanh Lu (Ben Cat) Phu My, Phu Hoa (Th Xa Thu Dau Mot) ong An (D An) m rong them Tan Phc Khanh, Tan Vnh Hiep, at Cuoc, Tan Lap (Tan Uyen). Nhng va at s trang va cac lp cat giau at s ang c khai thac at Cuoc, Lai Thieu, Chanh Lu, Bnh Hoa. cung ng nguyen lieu doi dao cho cac lo gom Bnh Dng, Bien Hoa [11.145]

3. 2. Ky thuat truyen thong

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3.2.1. Ve nguyen lieu va s phat trien khau nguyen lieu trong san xuat gom s giai oan nay viec a nguyen lieu t mo at set ve ni san xuat, ngoai s dung xe trau bo keo, ngi ta a s dung xe c gii vao viec van chuyen. Khi van chuyen nguyen lieu ve, ngi ta phai nghien gia nhuyen at ra, sau o ti nc vao e loc bo tap chat, con lai at set tinh lam gom. Trc ay nghien at lam bang thu cong, giai oan nay ngi ta a dung may moc thay the, ban au dung may xay, can, chay bang ong c xang dau, giai oan sau dung moteur ien. Viec xoi ho cung the, ngi ta a biet dung bm nc bang ien e xoi ho, ch khong dung tay nh trc. Thay the may moc vao cac khau nay a lam tang nang suat lao ong, chat lng at set c tinh luyen hn va san pham ra i chat lng cao hn. Van e chon nguon nguyen lieu cho san xuat gom s cung kha cong phu, phai tch luy kinh nghiem t i nay sang i khac, cha truyen con noi, mi co ket qua, khong phai at set nao, bat c au cung lam gom s c ma moi loai san pham sanh, s eu co loai nguyen lieu chon loc rieng danh cho no. 3.2.2. Tao dang san pham Ngoai viec tang cng s dung may moc gia cong phoi lieu, thi ky nay phai ke en viec s dung khuon in thach cao, may xoay ban tua co ong c cho viec tao dang san pham. - Ve cai ban xoay:

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o gom thi tien s nhng cong ong c dan co a het s dung ban xoay e tao hnh san pham gom va c xem no la mot cong cu quan trong va luon c cai tien tren con ng phat trien. Ve hnh dang mat ban xoay, nguyen tac tao hnh san pham tren ban xoay van nh cu, nhng cai tien quan trong nhat nam khau lam cho mat ban xoay chay. Trc ay muon cho ban xoay chay, ngi ta phai lay tay ay, hoac keo no, lam mat nhieu sc lc va cung kha bat tien, hieu qua lao ong khong cao, v ngi th va phai chu y vuot, nan san pham tren mat ban xoay va phai keo cho ban xoay chay. Cho en cuoi nhng nam 40 au nam 50 cua the ky XX, ngi ta a dung phng phap truyen lc cua bo phan truc gia va day xch cua xe ap gan vao e ap cho ban xoay chay bang oi ban chan ngi th, t o a giai phong c oi tay, oi tay ngi th ch tap trung cham chut vao viec tao hnh dang ep cho san pham gom. Vao gia thap nien 70, viec khi ong, chay ban xoay a t ong hoan toan, yeu to ky thuat tien tien c a vao bang cach dung moteur ien e keo ban xoay chay, duy ch co ong tac tao hnh san pham tren ban xoay van con va chac co le khong co g co the thay the c oi ban tay tai hoa cua ngi th gom. Phng phap tao dang bang ky thuat mi nh o rot, in khuon thach cao c ap dung: * Khuon rot: dung cho san pham nhieu chi tiet, san pham khong qua ln, chi tiet n gian , co lo di ay e rot at nguyen lieu vao. San xuat san pham hang loat, nhanh, san pham eu, t hong

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Phng phap tao hnh bang cach rot ho at vao khuon c sang tao au tien Phap nam 1780, tuy nhien hn 100 nam sau vao nam 1890 mi pho bien rong rai. Nam 1960 phng phap nay c s dung rong rai trong cac c s gom mien Nam. - Ho rot bam vao khuon kho tao lp at tren mat khuon, be day lp at phu thuoc thi gian rot ho vao khuon - Phng phap rot khuon gom co cac cong oan sau: khuon rot + chuan b ho rot + rot ho vao khuon + lam nguoi san pham - In san pham bang khuon thach cao In la dung tay ep at vao khuon cho hien ro hoa tiet trong khuon hoac cac hnh can trang tr trong khuon + Cac loai khuon in: Khuon in bang xi mang, khuon in bang kim loai, khuon in bang thach cao. + In khuon Nguyen lieu: Tao khuon bang thach cao o khuon n gian: + Mau san pham co the la mau at, mau thach cao, mau go + Khuon n gian co the chia mot hay nhieu manh * Khuon in: Khuon in ra i la e ap ng viec san xuat ra cac san pham co kch thc ln, co hnh dang phc tap nh nhieu goc canh, loi lom. Trc nay vat lieu tao ra khuon c lam bang go hoac kim loai va sau o la thach cao.

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Khuon c lam nhieu manh, khp noi nhau phai that kn. Cung co nhng khuon c thiet ke cung luc nhieu san pham hoac tng phan cua san pham. Sau khi a at set vao khuon tao hnh vat mau, ngi ta rap noi cac phan cua san pham trc khi nung. Nhn chung, viec san xuat o gom bang khuon in thng mat nhieu thi gian ma luon phai thay oi lam cho gia thanh san pham cao hn.

3.2.3. My thuat tren gom en giai oan t nhng nam 1950 - 1970 ky thuat pha che men mau a co s phat trien ang ke. e phat trien nganh nghe ngi chu phai t may mo pha che th nghiem nhieu, co khi gan ca i ngi mi tm ra mau men oc ao, do vay nhng kho khan trong qua trnh tao men a bien cong oan nay tr thanh mot cong oan then chot trong qua trnh canh tranh gia cac lo gom vi nhau do vay ho gi rat ky khong lu truyen cho ngi ngoai. Neu truyen ky thuat nay cho con th ch truyen cho mot a con trai c tin tng, con gai dt khoat khong c truyen b quyet nghe. Ngoai nc men n gian (da bo, da ln cua o sanh luc au) ngi ta a biet dung cac loai a trang thach, thach anh, oxyt coban, a voi, sicilat, oxyt ong, nhom, kem lam chat phu gia e pha che men, lam cho men co nhieu loai game mau khac nhau nh: mau xanh, mau trang hong, mau vang, mau nau, mau o rat a dang phong phu. Trong khoang t nam 1958 en nam 1970 cac lo gom Bnh Dng thng s dung men cua Ong Ly Van Tng (chu c s gom s Thach Dung) vi cac mau xanh, xanh reu, xanh choi bac, en bac, nau [10.39].

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ac biet la gom my thuat cua x nghiep Thanh Le s dung men gia co, cung vi cac tao dang, cham men, ve hoa van trang tr... tao cho cac san pham gom tr thanh tac pham my thuat, chiem c cam tnh cua khach hang trong va ngoai nc. T nam 1971, Ong Ly Ngoc Minh - Dng Van Long a nghien cu va che tao thanh cong men chay (nung bang cui) gop phan lam phong phu hoa cac loai men gom [10.39]. ac biet cach dung men mau chay e trang tr hoa van la bc nhay vot ve ky thuat va nghe thuat giai oan nay, no khac phuc c viec s dung lau ngay san pham b bong, bay mau nh giai oan trc. - Ve tao hnh va trang tr tren e gom: giai oan sau t 1960 en nam 1975 viec trang tr, ve hoa van co nhieu kieu cach hn, tuy theo hnh dang san pham, tuy theo chat lieu, the loai ma ngi ta dung cach nay, hay cach khac e tao hoa van tren gom cho phu hp, co gia tr. - Cham long (cham thung) Dung dao mui nhon cat xng at thanh cac lo hong. Ngi ta thng cham long cac san pham nh: en, voi, on, lo, bnh

3.3. Nung san pham - Ve ky thuat xay lo: C ban ve nguyen tac van gi nh cu khong thay oi, nh lo van xay tren o doc nghieng 150 -200 nhng ve chat lng lo co tang len nh lo bau noi dai co nhieu bau hn, t bay len en tren 10 bau lo, chat lng gach

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chu la e xay lo cung c cai thien hn, thi gian s dung dai hn. Ve so lng khi nung, moi bau lo cha t vai tram en hn ngan san pham tuy loai, loai san pham nho nh chen, bat th cha nhieu hn, loai ln nh lu, khap cha t hn. ac biet ngoai lo bau, giai oan nay ngi ta a cai tien va xay mot loai lo khac hn lo bau o la lo ong. Lo ong xay theo dang dai, giong nh lo gach, o nghieng van phai tuan thu nh lo bau. Ve nguyen tac o nghieng nay a co t rat lau, cac lo gom noi tieng t thi nhaThanh (Trung Quoc) nh Canh c Tran, hay cac lo gom Bat Trang Viet Nam cung co chung nguyen tac o. Tai Bnh Dng en nam 1975 cha co lo nao s dung nhien lieu xang hay dau e ot lo ma ch dung cui. T sau nam 1972 cui rng t i, cac chu lo thay bang cui cao su re tien hn nhng phai ot trong thi gian lau hn [22.112]

3.4. Cac loai hnh san pham en giai oan nay ngoai san pham dan dung a dang hn so vi giai oan trc, Bnh Dng bat au san xuat loai gom my nghe va ngay cang c tieu thu rong rai. Can c vao cac tieu chuan: mau men (hiem, la, mi) kieu dang, kieu thc (co s sang tao phong phu) va nghe thuat trang tr at yeu cau ve my thuat e phan nh au la gom s dan dung va au la gom s my thuat. Gom s my thuat co the chia lam nhieu dang tuy thuoc va the loai e tai nh:

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- Gom my nghe phuc che, gia co: ay la nhng loai san pham chu yeu dung vao muc ch trang tr noi that, t s dung trong sinh hoat hang ngay. Nhng chiec bnh, da, am, chen, bo o tra, oc bnh, bnh cam hoa c phuc che vi loai men qu hiem nh: men lam, men ngoc, men bac, men luc, men en. e co c nhng san pham cho that giong va at hieu qua my thuat, cac nghe nhan, cac th gom khong ch phai co ban lnh nghe nghiep ieu luyen ma con phai co s hieu biet sau sac ve nien ai, lch s, kien thc ve my thuat. Kho khan ln nhat oi vi cac loai san pham nay la s chnh xac ve kieu thc, kieu dang, mau men, hoa tiet trang tr nham at c s trung thc cua san pham gia co, thuyet phuc c ngi mua. Do tnh chat ac biet cua san pham nen so lng san xuat cac mat hang nay thng khong nhieu, gia thanh lai at, t c ngi bnh dan s dung, phan ln c cac gia nh giau co hay co thu nhap kinh te cao, cac c s van hoa, dinh th s dung e trang tr noi that hoac xuat khau ra nc ngoai e ap ng nhu cau su tap , lam qua tang Mot vai c s san xuat gom Lai Thieu,Tan Phc Khanh trong o ac biet nhat la c s Thanh Le (Thu Dau Mot) luon c khach hang a chuong vi mat hang gom s gia co nay. - Gom my nghe dan dung: ay la nhng san pham thong dung, rat gan gui trong cuoc song i thng, va co gia tr s dung, va co gia tr tham my, ac biet nhat la trong lnh vc trang tr moi trng noi that va ngoai that. San pham gom my nghe Bnh Dng rat a dang, phong phu ve chung loai va mat hang, co the ke cac dang chnh nh sau:

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- Tng gom my nghe: lnh vc nay co s ket hp gia gom va cac nghe nhan ieu khac trong viec sang tao mau ma. Ben canh cac mau cu c sao chep nhieu lan e san xuat hang loat vi muc ch li nhuan, cac nghe nhan ieu khac vi y thc tm toi, sang tao nham tao ra nhieu mau mi, phu hp vi th hieu tham my cua ngi tieu dung trong hoan canh xa hoi cu the. Bnh Dng nghe lam tng gom my nghe that s phat at trong nhng nam 1950, 1960 va tiep tuc phat trien cho en sau nay vi cac the loai tng nh: + Tng co e tai ton giao e phuc vu nhu cau tn ngng nh cac tng: Phat Thch Ca, Quan am Bo tat, Cac v La han, ong a, Than tai, cac loai tng Thanh, Chua, c Me ong trinh, cac tng N than, Phc Loc tho, e th trong chua, nha th hay trong gia nh, lam hoa van trang tr e cung cap cho nhu cau xay dng cac c s ton giao + Tng vi e tai vi con ngi, ac biet la hnh tng ngi phu n nh: co gai oc sach, anh an, phu n ba mien, khoa than, ngi ca, cac co gai ngi dan toc, muc ong, mau t. + Tng vi e tai loai vat vi cac loai con vat gan gui trong i song con ngi nh: meo, cho, ga, vt, ngong, nga, chim, co, s t, cop nham muc ch trang tr ngoai that hay cac con vat song di nc nh ca ech, tom, cua e trang tr cho cac be canh, non bo - on voi va Chau canh ay la hai loai mat hang truyen thong va cung la hai san pham chnh cua mot vai c s san xuat gom my nghe Tnh Bnh Dng trong vai nam gan ay. on voi c san xuat vi nhieu kch thc khac nhau,

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chu yeu e trang tr hoac dung lam ghe ngoi. Kieu dang hoa van hoa tiet trang tr tren than voi c ve ky lng, ang oi mau sac hai hoa. Cac chu lo san xuat thng s dung cac loai men tong hp vi nhieu cach pha tron phc tap dung lam mau cho on voi va chau canh. on voi, bo ban ghe on voi la nhng mat hang ma khach trong va ngoai nc rat a chuong. Cung vi on voi, chau canh cung la mot mat hang thiet yeu phuc vu i song tinh than, i song tam hon con ngi. Vi quan niem con ngi ton tai khong the khong hoa ong vi thien nhien, hang tram loi hnh chau hoa canh cua tnh Bnh Dng luon hien dien cac san nha, cong vien, cac cong trnh van hoa, ton giao, e trang tr lam ep moi trng song cua con ngi. T nhng e tai, cac loai gom s neu tren, chung ta nhan thay ro vi nghe truyen thong c hnh thanh va phat trien t hn mot the ky, gom s Bnh Dng a lam ra nhng san pham gom my thuat phuc vu nhieu lnh vc khac nhau cho moi ngi, giup con ngi hng thu ca ve nhu cau vat chat, nhu cau s dung va con c thoa man nhu cau hng thu cai ep trong i song cua mnh. 3.5. Th trng gom Bnh Dng 3.5.1. Th trng trong nc Trong nhng thap nien 1954 1975 nghe gom c au t manh me ve von va ky thuat, cung nh lc lng lao ong co tay nghe cao. Nghe gom Bnh Dng bat au m rong th trng va giao lu vi cac tnh trong khu vc, v the san pham a dang va phong phu hn.

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Ngoai ra nhieu x nghiep gom cua Bnh Dng tiep tuc au t nha xng, c s vat chat, ky thuat, tay nghe lao ong. Nh x nghiep gom Thanh Le co xng o gom chuyen san xuat gom my thuat cao cap. X nghiep mi goi hang chuc nghe nhan t Bien Hoa sang tra lng rat cao (01 thang 3600 ong, ma 01 lng vang luc o ch co 2800 ong). Nhng loai gom my thuat phan nhieu la nhng vat dung dung trang tr trong nha va lam canh nh: oc bnh cam hoa, tng voi, ky lan, chau kieng, on, o tra, bnh tch nc, chen kieu.v.v... chiem c cam tnh cua khach hang. Ngoai ra, con co san pham tng thach cao u loai nh: Phat ba Quan Am, Chua Giesu, c ba Maria, Phc Loc Tho, Quan Cong, Than Tai, ong a, cac loai chim thu... ac biet la nhng san pham gom gia co, mot bc ot pha trong s dung men, s kheo tay, kinh nghiem nhng nghe nhan cua x nghiep gom Thanh Le a sang tao ra nhieu mau ma kha ep, giau gia tr tham my va nghe thuat, rat hp vi th hieu khach hang trong va ngoai nc.

3.5.2. Th trng nc ngoai ac biet giai oan nay co x nghiep gom Thanh Le tao ra nhng san pham phu hp vi th hieu khach hang (nhat la Chau Au). Hang gom s Thanh Le san xuat va co chat lng va co hnh thc ep tao ra cac san pham co gia tr my thuat cao, ban tren cac th trng Tay c, B, Hong Kong, Uc, Phap, My... va mot so nc Chau Phi.

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CHNG 3. NGHE GOM TRONG C CAU KINH TE XA HOI CUA BNH DNG TRONG GIAI OAN LCH S CUOI THE KY XIX 1975 1. Cau kinh te xa hoi Bnh Dng giai oan cuoi the ky XIX-1954 1.1. Nganh nong nghiep Vi ieu kien thuan li ve a ly, at ai, song ngoi va kh hau vung at Bnh Dng sm c khai pha, dien tch nong nghiep tang nhanh chong, dan c tu hop ngay cang ong Vung at ong Nai Gia nh xa ngay t rat sm a tr thanh da lua ln trong ca nc [3.206]. Rieng Bnh Dng la vung co dan so phat trien nhanh, vao cuoi the ky XIX dan so khoang 60.000 en 90.000 ngi, kinh te phat trien, lua gao khong nhng u cung cap cho a phng ma con cung cap cho vung mien Trung Phu Xuan. Ngay t rat sm lua gao a c san xuat d tha so vi nhu cau lng thc trong vung. Va so lua d tha ay a bien thanh hang hoa c mang i cac ni khac trong nc chu yeu la cac phu pha ngoai x ang trong, nhat la x Thuan Hoa va ban ca ra ang ngoai. Dien tch at cua ca Bien Hoa la 689 mau, th Bnh An co toi 543 mau chiem 79% at cua toan tnh Bien Hoa [5.8]. Du vay, Trai vi a so cac vung khac cua Nam Ky, Thu Dau Mot khong phai la x s ruong lua ph nhieu, mac dau vung at thap cua Tnh co ac iem a ly nh cac vung khac cua Nam Ky.[63.8] Dien tch at trong lua 13.305ha , dien tch trong trot cac loai cay khac la 11.579ha. Bnh Dng khong co nhng canh ong co bay thang canh ma la nhng khu at nho thch hp vi cac loai cay cong nghiep va

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cay an qua, mang nhieu tnh chat vn hn la ruong. Vi loai hnh at ai nh vay, kinh te nong nghiep ch co the bo hep kinh te gia nh, neu thieu th ch thue mn theo thi vu, v the nong dan Bnh Dng a co tnh t do, thch hp vi loai hnh kinh te kieu ket hp nong nghiep dch vu tieu thu cong nghiep [5.7] Ngoai cay lua, con co cay khoai m (san) khoai lang, bap (ngo) au phong (lac) Rat thch hp vi cung at oi go, de trong va cham soc nen phat trien rat tot. ac biet la cay an trai c trong rat sm va phat trien nhanh v phu hp vi tho nhng va kh hau ni ay nh: chanh, bi, cam, qut, chuoi, mt, da Ve sau co them sau rieng, man cau, mang cut, chom chom, mt to n cay an trai cua Bnh Dng phat trien rat lau i va noi tieng cua vung ong Nai Gia nh khong nhng cung cap ap ng nhu cau cua a phng ma con c trao oi, buon ban trong khu vc. Tuy la cay an qua ch mc kinh te vn, nhng t rat sm, kinh te vn a vt qua gii han cua nen kinh te t cap t tuc va a mang tnh san xuat hang hoa. Kinh te vn a co s trao oi, mua ban va ngay cang co v tr kinh te cao trong c cau cay trong cua ngi dan Bnh Dng thi ky khai pha. Ngi ta c oan rang Mang Cut cua cac vung Bnh Chanh (Thuan An) va Bnh ien (Th Xa Thu Dau Mot) c cung cap cho toan mien Nam Ky Viet Nam. Ngi Viet cung trong che vi chat lng cao va chu yeu la trong da vi qui mo. Ngi ta thay c nhieu canh ong trong ma tren cac vung mang lai li ch cao [63.9] Khi thc dan Phap thon tnh mien Nam, chung lien tien hanh ngay chnh sach khai thac thuoc a, do o nganh nong nghiep Bnh Dng co

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nhieu thay oi quan trong. S thay oi o the hien nhieu mat nh dien tch trong trot, phan bo, c cau, nang suat va san lng cac loai cay trong. ac biet la xuat hien nhieu giong cay mi, cung nh phng phap che bien, bao quan san pham. Tat ca lam thay oi dien mao nganh nong nghiep Bnh Dng. S thay oi au tien mang tnh ot pha, la s ra i cua he thong on ien cao su. No tao ra tac phong cong nghiep ve nhu cau lao ong, cung cach quan ly san xuat mi, tao ra mot lc lng cong nhan ong ao lam viec cac on ien, tao nen mot bc nhay vot ve nhu cau lc lng lao ong cua a phng. Bnh Dng la tnh noi tieng ve nganh san xuat cao su thien nhien, dien tch cao nhat la nam 1941 at 45.000ha [16.101] cay cao su tr thanh the manh trong nganh nong nghiep cua Bnh Dng. T nam 1953 cao su la mot trong nhng nganh em lai nhieu ngoai te nhat cho Viet Nam. Nam 1959 cao su chiem 62% so hang xuat cang ma mot phan quan trong do Bnh Dng cung cap [22.102] Ngoai cay cao su, cay cong nghiep con co cay ma, co mat rat sm va tr thanh pho bien nh th hang hoa nong san thc s. Cay thuoc la xuat hien Viet Nam vao au the ky XX, nhng la loai cay de trong, t sau benh, co the trong tren nhng vung at xau, ngheo dinh dng, nen ch phat trien khoang 5.000ha T lau tren at Bnh Dng cay tieu c xac nh la mot trong nhng cay quan trong, ke en la cay ieu va cay ca phe. Co the noi trong qua trnh phat trien nganh nong nghiep Bnh Dng co s thay oi can ban va khang nh the manh cua mnh. ac biet la chon cac loai cay trong phu

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hp vi ac iem kh hau tho nhng, a hnh va ca tap quan canh tac, tao cho nong nghiep Bnh Dng khac nhieu vi cac tnh khac cua Nam bo.

1.2. Nganh lam nghiep Cung nh khu vc mien ong Nam Bo, cach nay ba the ky Bnh Dng c bao phu bi rng nhiet i ram rap, hoang s. Tai nguyen rat phong phu ni cung cap go va thu rng, nghe khai thac rng phat trien rat sm. Khai thac rng la mot nguon li ln, viec ban go khong nhng la mot muc tieu ln cua hoat ong kinh doanh ma ngi ta con chu trong en viec khai thac cac san pham t go nh dau, khai thac nha dau a em lai li nhuan rat cao. Noi chung cac nha buon go xa cua tnh la nhng nha giau ang ke. Rng bao gom nhieu loai cay qu nh: Go, Trac, Sao, Ven Ven, Cam Lao, Bi Li, Gao va Dau [63.9] Sau khi hoan thanh cuoc xam lc, thc dan Phap bat au chnh sach khai thac thuoc a, lam can kiet tai nguyen va tho san cua Bnh Dng. Cho en au nhng nam 1930, co khoang gan 10.000ha rng b pha e trong cay cao su, chu yeu la Dau Tieng, Ben Cat, Tan Uyen T rat sm Thu Dau Mot cung co nhng chu xng than ham c lay t cac khu rng b chay, e cung cap nhien lieu cho Sai Gon, Bien Hoa va cac tnh mien Trung [5.81] Khi bc vao thi ky khang chien chong thc dan Phap xam lc, di s kiem soat cua chnh quyen cach mang, khai thac go e xay dng nha ca, doanh trai. phuc vu khang chien. Cung co mot vai hoat ong

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kinh te nh to chc ban khoan lam san, thu tien e xay dng ngan sach khang chien. Chan nuoi la mot trong nhng bo phan chnh yeu e cau thanh nen kinh te nong nghiep, do vay co the noi chan nuoi c hnh thanh ay t kha sm. Tuy nhien chan nuoi c coi la th yeu trong c cau nong nghiep, no ch mang tnh gia nh, ho nong dan ca the manh mun, nho be.

1.3. Nganh thu cong nghiep Vao gia the ky XIX, the manh kinh te vung at Bnh Dng xa, chu yeu tap trung vao cac nguon lc nh lam san, che bien go, nghe moc, nghe gom s dan dung, nghe sn mai my thuat. Nh vao nguon nguyen lieu doi dao, luc nong nhan, c dan ngi Viet a tham gia lam cac nghe ca, xe, moc, sn mai, ieu khac, gom. San pham cac nghe thu cong khong ch ap ng nhu cau tieu dung cua c dan hang ngay ma no con c em buon ban, trao oi vi c dan cac a phng khac tren ca nc, nhat la Nam Ky Luc Tnh. Chnh cac nghe thu cong nay, chiem mot v tr quan trong trong i song kinh te cua ngi dan luc bay gi, no con anh dau s phan cong lao ong va qua trnh chuyen mon hoa lao ong trong cong ong dan c Bnh Dng luc bay gi [3.207] Ban au th moc tham gia lam ghe thuyen phuc vu cho hoat ong san xuat va nhu cau i lai tren vung song nc. Nghe nay nhanh chong phat trien e ap ng yeu cau van tai, giao thong, trao oi hang hoa.cac

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trai ong thuyen cua nha nc, t nhan c m ra qui tu nhieu th thu cong gioi. Bnh Dng hnh lang nhng lang nghe hn 100 nam nh: lang ieu khac, lang lam guoc, lang sn mai, lang gom... Tai Thu Dau Mot a hnh thanh rai rac cac lang nghe nh lang Phu Cng la Trung tam cua xe go, ong thuyen ln nhat nh Nam ky An Nhat Thuyen (ni ong thuyen ln nhat x Bnh An tc Bnh Dng Ngay nay) chay doc theo trieu song Sai Gon en thon Chanh Hiep [5.145] Nghe ieu khac my thuat Nghe moc (ca xe, ong mi, cham tro, ieu khac) noi chung xuat hien at Bnh Dng rat sm. Theo chan nhng ngi th mien ngoai nghe moc vao Nam Bo va phat trien rat nhanh. at mi, ngi mi, vi s nhan nai va oc sang tao vi oi ban tay kheo leo, ngi Viet tren at Bnh Dng xa a tan dung c s u ai cua thien nhien, gop sc mnh vao cong cuoc khai pha, hnh thanh c cac khu dan c, lang nghe cho en ngay nay. Tai nguyen rng a ban phat nguon li cho bao lp c dan en sinh song, lap nghiep va co anh hng trc tiep en i song vat chat va tinh than nhieu the he sau. Ho a bien go thanh nha, xay dng cac cong trnh cong cong au tien nh: nh, chua tao dau an my thuat trong nep sinh hoat hang ngay. Vi nguon go doi dao va phong phu ve chung loai nh: sao, go, an, giang hng, trai C dan ni ay a tm cach khai thac s dung nguon tai nguyen, tao thanh cac san pham cung cap cho nhu cau tieu dung trong a phng va cac tnh lan can. Doc theo b rach Lai Thieu,

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co day nha chuyen ve kieng, th cai (th ca) ve mo hnh, phu n, tre con th to nc sn, roi th cai ieu chnh lan chot. Th can, th tien, th moc t Bac Bo vao song quanh ch [17.345] Nghe moc xuat hien va phat trien tai vung at thuoc tnh Bnh Dng la tat yeu cua s phat trien kinh te xa hoi trong qua trnh phat trien cua vung, do ieu kien t nhien hoi u, cong vi s linh hoat, nhay cam cua lu dan Viet. o go gia dung cua vung at Thu t lau a c a chuong do kieu dang ep, chat lng go tot, khong pha tap nh nhng vung hiem go khac. Th cham tro go Bnh Dng biet cham, tro, khac hoa cac hoa van, motip trang tr dan da nh tung, bach, cac loai hoa nh hoa cuc, mau n La vung at thu hut cac th moc t mien Bac va mien Trung co tay nghe cao lan lt di dan vao Bnh Dng. Hanh trang cua ho mang theo la s kheo leo, oc sang tao va cac kinh nghiem ve ky thuat cham, kham xa c tren cac tu th, ghe da, trng ky, hng ancung nh cac loai hoanh phi, cau oi. Va, at Thu Dau Mot tng c coi la cai noi cua nghe moc gia dung. Nghe sn mai Sn mai co nguon goc t Trung Quoc va c truyen vao Viet Nam vao khoang the ky th XV, vi dang ban au la tranh sn son thep vang nh vat dung th cung nh nh hoanh phi, cau oi, ien th, hng an th. Sau o vi s phat hien ra cay Sn at Phu Tho, cho mot loai nha mau sac ep, lang bong, ben, cac nghe nhan a dan thay the cho chat lieu sn cua Trung Quoc trc o e tao nen nhng bc sn mai mang u mau sac dan gian Viet Nam. Qua cuoc di dan t Bac vao Nam vao the ky XVII,

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mot dong ngi dan goc Ngu Quang xuoi theo song Sai Gon en huyen Bnh An a mang theo nghe sn mai lap nghiep, sinh song va truyen nghe sn mai ay co ieu kien ton tai va phat trien. at Tng Bnh Hiep (Th xa Thu Dau Mot) la ni co nhieu nghe nhan gioi a tap hp thanh mot lang nghe sn mai cha truyen con noi. en nam 1901 Phap thanh lap trng Ba Nghe thc hanh Thu Dau Mot, chu yeu day ve nghe cham tro, trang tr, sn mai. T o nghe sn mai a phat trien nhanh chong va rong khap nh hien nay. Nghe sn mai a tao ra lc lng lao ong ong ao, ong gop tch cc cho s phat trien cua Bnh Dng. Hoat ong tieu cong nghiep Bnh Dng co mot vai tro va v tr kinh te quan trong cho a phng va khu vc. Cac nghe thu cong nghiep a giai quyet cho mot lc lng lao ong co cong an viec lam tng oi on nh. Thu cong nghiep la mot hoat ong kinh te quan trong gop phan cho Bnh Dng phat trien. Bnh Dng la mot vung co nhieu nganh nghe thu cong noi tieng, oi ngu th thu cong kha ong va tap trung nghe thu cong thu hut mot lc lng lao ong ang ke chu yeu tap trung Lai Thieu va Th xa Thu Dau Mot dien tch at ch chiem 12% cua ca tnh, trong khi o dan so chiem 70% (190.000 ngi / 260.000 ngi) tap trung nhng lang ong dan nh Phu Cng, Tng Bnh Hiep, Tan An, An Thanh, Tan Phc Khanh [22.58]

1.4. Nghe gom

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Nghe gom cua Bnh Dng co mot vai tro va v tr kinh te quan trong cua a phng va khu vc so vi s phat trien cua nganh nghe tren, nghe gom ong vai tro rat ln trong viec phat trien kinh te cua Tnh Bnh Dng. Ngoai khu vc Tan Van (D An) phat trien nghe gom t the ky VIII, ke en la khu vc Lai Thieu, Phu Cng, Tan Phc Khanh hnh thanh mot trung tam phat trien gom t cuoi the ky XIX. Thu Dau Mot la mot trong hai trung tam san xuat gom ln nhat mien Nam [43.113] Vung dan c da tren yeu to a d va kinh te a c thanh lap t lau va co tnh cach vnh vien. Nhng a danh Lai Thieu, Tan Thi, Bung, Phu Cng a c nhac en trong cac s lieu nh la cac vung tru phu, thng mai phat trien, dan c ong uc. Phu Cng a tr thanh huyen l Bnh An (nay la Bnh Dng); Bung co thi a la thu phu cua Thu Dau Mot. Lai Thieu, Tan Thi c xem nh la mot trong nhng vung nh c au tien cua ngi Viet x ong Nai [22.57] Lai Thieu la tu iem giao lu thuy bo nen ch phat trien nhanh, tiem an tap nap, che chao, ca phe ban suot em, vi nhieu khach vang lai, khong kem mot tnh l. Theo nien giam ong Dng nam 1912, Ch Lai Thieu ng ong hang vi cac ch sung tuc pha ong bang nh O Mon, Bnh Thuy (Can Th) ngang vi tnh l Tra Vinh, Thu Dau Mot, Long Xuyen, Chau oc, Bien Hoa [40.350]. Theo s sach con e lai trong the ky XVIII va XIX a co tau buon cua Anh, Nhat, Phap, Tay Ban Nha, Bo ao Nha, Trung Quoc. en Viet Nam buon ban. Gom s Bnh Dng la mot trong nhng mat hang c lu thong t thi gian o [43.121]

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Tren ng Thu Dau Mot en Sai Gon, chung ta i qua cac vung a phng nh Bung, Lai Thieu mot trong nhng ch quan trong nhat cua mien ong Nam bo. ay ngi ta buon ban o gom va hang an lat [55.7] T 40 lo gom co t au the ky XX ba vung Lai Thieu, Phu Cng, Tan Phc Khanh Lan lt phat trien ra cac vung lan can nh Thuan Giao, Phu Hoa, Tan An en nhng nam 30 Bnh Dng phat trien gan 100 lo gom thu hut hang chuc ngan dan lao ong. So lo gom trong vung huyen Lai Thieu trong tnh Thu Dau Mot o 60 cai, dung khoang 10.000 cong nhan. Tr ba lo cua ngi Viet th tat ca la cua t san Hoa Kieu. Cac lo nay cung cap o gom cho ca Nam Ky, cho cac vn cao su. Lo gom Lai Thieu thanh lap t 1888 [17.480] Khi lo gom phat trien nhu cau nguyen lieu, at set khai thac tai cho khong u cung ng nen ngi dan mua at song t cac ni khac em ve xa e loc thanh ho (at chn) cung cap cho cac chu lo. Xa Thuan Giao thuoc huyen Lai Thieu (Thuan An) dan so 1356 ngi, het 60% gia nh song vi nghe khai thac ham at. Hang ngay co t 25m3 en 30
m3

(khoang 70 tan)

at set song va ho c cung cap cho cac lo gom Tan Phc Khanh, Lai Thieu va Phu Cng [22. 99]

2. C cau kinh te xa hoi Bnh Dng giai oan nam 1954 - 1975 2.1. Ve nong nghiep Trong khang chien chong My do chien tranh dien tch at nong nghiep b suy giam nang, nhng trong san xuat nong nghiep bc au

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c au t von, ky thuat canh tac, a may moc c gii hoa nong nghiep, cho vay von au t t ngan hang... Cang phat huy manh me the manh van la cay cong nghiep ngan va dai ngay. Nam 1968 do chien tranh dien tch at cua cay lng thc b suy giam nang, 16.667 ha ruong vn b bo hoang [22.99] T nam 1965 en nam 1975, e quoc My a thc thi chnh sach vien tr kinh te, a vao mot so thiet b may moc nong nghiep, giong mi, xang dau, phan bon, phat trien tn dung, ngan hang nong nghiep a ra mot so u ai cho nong dan... Bi vay trong trot va chan nuoi a co mot so thay oi nhat nh, lua va cay hoa mau c tang cng, dien tch tang t 12.000ha en 15.000ha [5.26] Trong tap quan chan nuoi cua dan gian, heo thuoc loai de nuoi, nuoi trong chuong la pho bien. Thi ky 1954 co cac chng trnh nh canh nh c va khuyen nong tr von cho cac ho nong dan au t ln chuong trai, nuoi theo kieu cong nghiep, co nha may thc an gia suc kem theo va nh vay co ca khu vc che bien, lo mo va van chuyen nguon thc pham tai cho [5.65] Trong giai oan 1954 1975, Bnh Dng tr thanh a ban nong nghiep quan trong, la ni cung cap nguon lng thc, thc pham quantrong cho thnah pho Sai Gon. Cac trai heo giong va chan nuoi phat trien theo kieu cong nghiep ai tra, cai tien ky thuat phoi giong, trai gia suc va cac xng che bien thc an gia xuc, che bien va lam ong lanh nguon tht ti t cac bo mo a c xay dng Thuan An, D An, Thu Dau Mot... gop phan lam cho so lng an heo tang nhanh vao nam 1972 trau 18.500

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con, bo 19.500 con va heo 120.000 con, gia xuc gia cam 1.500.000 con [5.66] Cuoi nam 1973, co ba on ien hoat ong, on ien Michelin (Dau Tieng) thu dung 1100 nhan cong, on dien Phc Hoa (Phu Giao) s dung 400 nhan cong va on ien Lai Khe thu dung 70 nhan cong [16.102] Trong khang chien chong My, tnh hnh dien bien phc tap ve chnh tr nen kinh te lam nghiep cung anh hng nhieu. Do chien tranh bom an, chat oc pha hoai, nan chay rng. Rng Bnh Dng kiet que va suy thoai.

2.2. Ve nganh thu cong nghiep Trong thi ky t 1954 1975 tieu thu cong nghiep Bnh Dng co bc phat trien nhat nh. Tren a ban hnh thanh cac lang nghe va x nghiep hoat ong noi tieng. Hnh thc x nghiep trong nganh la mot hnh thc mi. Tai Bnh Dng co ba xng san xuat quan trong hoat ong noi tieng: Thanh Le, Tran Ha, Van Thoat (Th Xa Thu Dau Mot) X nghiep sn mai Thanh Le co nam c s: xng moc, xng o gom, xng sn mai, xng tham len va hai phong trien lam. X nghiep thu hut ca ngan cong nhan. San pham ban rong rai trong nc va th trng the gii nh: Tay Au, Phap, c Co the noi khong qua, Thu Dau Mot la mot trung tam ve nghe sn mai. ay khong ch co cac c s sn mai noi tieng nh Thanh Le ma con co ca lang sn mai Tng Bnh Hiep theo mot so chuyen gia, sn mai Thu Dau Mot chu c kh hau vung han i Chau Au, khong b bong nt hoac bien dang [67.115]

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Mot so tai lieu phan anh t nam 1954 1960 moi nam cac xng sn mai Thu Dau Mot san xuat c khoang 40.000 san pham ln nho, tr gia 25 trieu ong mien Nam, Phan ln san pham c xuat cang sang Phap, My, Tay c,Singapore

2.3. Vai tro cua nghe gom en giai oan nay Bnh Dng tr thanh mot trung tam san xuat gom ln nhat mien Nam. Tren a ban tnh co hn 100 lo gom, san pham kha a dang gom: cac loai vat lieu xay dng nh gach, ngoi, cac san pham dan dung nh chen, bat, lu, vai, cac san pham gom my thuat nh on voi, tng ngi, tng thu, am chen, bnh hoa Tnh Bnh Dng hien co 108 lo gom ln, nho san xuat cac loai gom my thuat va thc dung [16.110], Nam 1964-1975 tren toan Th Xa Thu Dau Mot so c s gom a tang len 47 lo vi 93 chu nhan va 718 nhan cong lam thue [25.7]. Nghe gom c au t trang b ky thuat cho cac cong oan khai thac nguyen lieu, khau tron at, tao mau, tao cac chat phu gia, men trang tr va nang cao trnh o hoa hnh len san pham ac biet hang gom gia co cua X Nghiep Thanh Le c nc ngoai a chuong. Hoat ong lo gom la nganh tieu cong nghe quan trong nhat Bnh Dng (Bnh Dng la tnh hoat ong lo gom ai dien cho mien Nam thi bay gi) [22.113]

2.4. S phat trien nghe gom gop phan on nh xa hoi 2.4.1. Thu hut lao ong

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Von la mot vung at mi, ben canh nhng c dan ban a, t the ky XVII at Bnh Dng a lien tuc on nhng c dan t moi ni en lap c. o la nhng ngi Viet vung Ngu Quang en lap nghiep v khong chu noi s v vet boc lot cua trieu nh cung nh canh song c cc, lam than do cuoc chien tranh gia hai tap oan phong kien Trnh Nguyen gay ra. Ben canh ngi Viet, con co mot bo phan khong nho ngi Hoa khong chu lam toi cho nha Thanh, a xin chua Nguyen cho lam dan Viet a lanh nan tai at Bnh Dng xa. Lch s vung at Thu a chng minh rang, chnh t nhng lp c dan au tien t cac vung khac nhau, xuat phat t nhieu nguon van hoa khac nhau a hnh thanh nen van hoa vung at Thu Bnh Dng, the hien ro net qua nhng san pham gom do con ngi at Thu tao nen. Vung at mi co nhieu u ai nhng cung ay nhng kho khan th thach do a hnh go, oi, nhieu rng, t ruong nen ngoai cay lua nc truyen thong, cong ong c dan Bnh Dng phai song bang mot so nganh nghe phu hp vi ieu kien t nhien cua vung at. Chnh v vay ma t rat sm Bnh Dng a xuat hien nghe gom noi tieng oi hoi s sang tao va kheo tay. S hien dien cua ngi Hoa Thu Dau Mot, chac chan co mot vai tro quan trong trong hoat ong nghe gom cua Bnh Dng [67.114] S hnh thanh va phat trien nhanh chong cua nghe gom Bnh Dng co nguyen nhan la trong so lu dan co mot bo phan khong nho nhng ngi th. So nay a mang theo trong hanh tranh cua mnh cac kien thc va ky xao cua cac nghe gom co truyen t ni que hng ban quan. Vi tay nghe san co la ng trc kha nang rat ln ve ieu kien, nhng ngi nay a biet tan dung nhng nguyen lieu tai cho, va mnh hanh

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nghe, va truyen nghe lai cho con chau, cho ngi than nhng ai that s tha thiet hoc nghe.

2.4.2. Nang cao tay nghe Ben canh nhng gia tr ve kinh te, nghe gom truyen thong tai Tnh Bnh Dng con co vai tro to ln ve mat xa hoi. Trc het, o la viec giai quyet viec lam cho mot so c dan lao ong trong vung. e lam nghe gom, ngi th khong can co nhieu von, khong can phai co trnh o hoc van cao, ma ch can mot t dung cu cung vi oi ban tay kheo leo va s sieng nang can man. Vi ieu kien nh the, lang nghe a thu hut c nhieu lao ong so vi cac nganh nghe khac. Nghe gom Bnh Dng khong ch tao viec lam cho c dan trong lang, ma con cung cap c nhieu viec lam cho nhng ngi trong tnh va cac vung lan can qua viec cung cap nguyen lieu, dch vu hoan chnh va tieu thu san pham. Cac lang nghe ve gom s, ben canh tao viec lam cho hn mi ngan lao ong vung, con tao viec lam cho nhng c dan lan can, chuyen cung cap nguyen lieu at set va nhng ngi dan buon ban cac ch trong vung nh Thu c, Bien Hoa.. Ngi th Bnh Dng xa co tieng kheo tay, co au oc my thuat noi tieng khap Nam Ky luc tnh. Sach Gia nh Thanh thong ch a chep rang Quanh tran Gia nh, t phu Tan Bnh trai dai len Bnh An en Tran Bien, dan nhieu ngi kheo tay, gioi nghe. Ho chuyen lam cac o trang sc, o quy hiem, kham cham nga voi, sng te giac, ve tren go, ca xe, lam gom, lu, hu, khap lay ke sinh nhai that an nhan Co the noi, nghe gom Bnh Dng a phat huy c nhng yeu to tinh than c ban thong

89

qua cac lp th au tien nay. Ngoai ra, nghe gom s con tao cong an viec lam cho hang ngan th gom va gia nh cua ho, hnh thanh mot lp nghe nhan cho a phng, va ke tha c tinh hoa nghe nghiep cua cha ong e xay dng mot nghe truyen thong co vai tro ang ke cho tiem lc phat trien kinh te a phng trong lnh vc tieu thu cong nghiep.

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KET LUAN Hn 100 nam (1861-1975) manh at Bnh Dng khong luc nao yen tieng sung, do hoan canh o, s phat trien kinh te noi chung va s phat trien nghe gom noi rieng b nhieu s chi phoi cua hoan canh lch s au tranh giai phong que hng gianh oc lap cho dan toc. Trong suot chieu dai lch s 100 nam ay, lu dan ngi Viet va cac cong ong c dan ban a, cac cong ong di dan khac nh ngi Hoa, a chung lng au cat, khai dng cuoc song cung vi s giao thoa van hoa nhieu mien e ket tinh thanh ban sac van hoa ac trng cua ngi Bnh Dng, ma ien hnh la cac nganh nghe truyen thong. Net ep, net van hoa, trnh o cam thu my thuat va kha nang tao dng cuoc song cua ngi dan Bnh Dng c the hien ro tren cac hoa tiet cua nghe ieu khac go, nghe gom s, nghe sn mai va nghe tranh kieng a chinh phuc trai tim va tr tue cua nhieu ngi thuoc nhieu mien khac nhau trong nc va tren the gii. ac biet la nghe truyen thong gom s vi ieu kien thien nhien u ai ve v tr, a hnh, nguyen lieu (at set va rng doi dao) con ngi can cu lao ong a a nghe gom t luc hnh thanh, a khong ngng phat trien tr thanh mot trung tam gom s noi tieng cua vung ong Nai Gia nh en Nam Ky Luc Tnh va hien nay. Ky thuat san xuat gom Bnh Dng giai oan nay van con mang am tnh thu cong. Hau het cac cong oan san xuat, ngoai tr mot so t chi tiet s dung may moc, nh cac mo t e quay cac bm phun, con hau het dung sc ngi, dung oi tay kheo leo la chnh. Cac th thu cong trong

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nganh gom co nhieu hang, mot so ngi co tay nghe, ky thuat cao, co tham nien nghe nghiep, thng la nhng ngi ln tuoi hoac chu cac lo gom. Con lai la th thu cong tre tuoi, ang hoc nghe, thc hien cac thao tac n gian tuy cac cong oan san xuat. Ben canh o, cac lo gom trong giai oan nay a so s dung cui lam nguon nguyen lieu. Nhng giai oan 1861 1975, thc s la a tao mot dau moc quan trong trong qua trnh hnh thanh nghe gom tren vung at Bnh Dng xa. S a dang nhng san pham t nhng vat dung n gian nh lu, hu, chau.v.v... en nhng san pham co chat lng cao hn c dung trong sinh hoat nh chen, bat, a en nhng san pham dung trong th cung va ca nhng san pham at trnh o tham my cao dung trong trang tr. Nhng san pham cua nghe gom Bnh Dng khong ch c s dung tai cho ma con thong qua cac cang th nho nh Lai Thieu, Ba Lua... vn xa hn e chiem mot th phan quan trong tren toan vung Nam bo, Tay Nguyen va ca Trung bo. Khong dng lai th phan noi a, nghe gom Bnh Dng a vt bien gii en nhng vung xa hn cac quoc gia Chau Au nh: Phap, Bo ao Nha, Anh, Tay c, B, Hong Kong, Uc, My... Giai oan 1861 1975, nghe gom Bnh Dng a at mot nen tang quan trong trong c cau kinh te xa hoi cua Tnh, thu hut mot nguon lc lao ong quan trong. Va cung trong giai oan nay nghe gom a tham nhap sau hn vao cong ong c dan Viet va lc lng lao ong co tay nghe a that s co mot s chuyen giao ky thuat t ngi Hoa oi vi ngi Viet. So lng chu lo gom ngi Viet tang len ben canh qua trnh tham nhuan van hoa Viet vao trong tng san pham cua o gom Bnh Dng. Hnh nh ay

92

cung la giai oan ma ngi ta nhn san pham cua nghe gom Bnh Dng la cua ngi Bnh Dng ma khong truy nguyen coi nguon cua no. au nam 1975, nghe gom Bnh Dng cung ng trc hang loat cac th thach phai vt qua va cung co mot giai oan ngan (1975 1986) b dng lai. Nhng t sau nam 1986, nghe gom Bnh Dng dan phuc hoi va a tr lai ung v tr cua mnh trong c cau kinh te - xa hoi cua Tnh. Ngay nay, Bnh Dng la mot trong nhng tnh thanh nam trong vung trong iem phat trien kinh te pha Nam. Trong giai oan hien nay, e co the hoi nhap vao nen kinh te khu vc va the gii cung vi ca nc. Bnh Dng a va ang tien hanh thc hien cong nghiep hoa, hien ai hoa trong tat ca cac nganh nghe, trong o ac biet la cac nganh gom. Cung vi nong nghiep, nganh gom a ong vai tro quan trong trong i song cua c dan, vung at nay ngay t khi mi c hnh thanh. en nay, v tr cua nganh gom Bnh Dng khong nhng khong mat i ma con tang them gia tr van hoa tinh than va co y ngha quan trong trong viec bao ton va phat huy ban sac dan toc qua nhng san pham nghe thu cong truyen thong. Nganh san xuat gom s va vat lieu xay dng phat trien kem theo o la van e o nhiem moi trng. Ngoai viec quy hoach, ban hanh cac chnh sach khuyen khch di di cac c s san xuat len vung pha bac cua Tnh gan vung nguyen lieu, tnh con co chnh sach khuyen khch thay oi cong nghe nung lo, cu the la chuyen sang s dung la gas. Bnh Dng manh at giau tiem nang, giau truyen thong cach mang, vi nhng no lc khong ngng cua chnh quyen va nhan dan trong tnh a gop phan thuc ay kinh te cua tnh nha hoa nhp vao s phat trien chung

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cua ca nc, Bnh Dng se tiep tuc phat trien, ong gop tch cc va xng ang vi v tr mot tnh trong vung kinh te trong iem pha nam va khong nhng chu trong en tang trng kinh te, Bnh Dng a co nhieu no lc trong viec gan lien phat trien kinh te vi bao ve moi trng mot cach thiet thc. Mac du vay, van ton tai nhieu thach thc to ln pha trc va oi hoi nhng co gang hn na cua cong ong, doanh nghiep, c quan nha nc va xa hoi e Bnh Dng co the at c phat trien ben vng.

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TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

1.

Phan An (1999) "Ve cac nghe thu cong Bnh Dng" Thu Dau Mot -

at lanh chim au, Nxb Van Nghe Thanh Pho Ho Ch Minh. 2. ao Duy Anh (2002) Lch s Viet Nam t nguon goc en the ky XIX,

Nxb Van Hoa - Thong Tin. 3. Phan Xuan Bien (chu bien) (2008), T nhien Nhan van, a ch Bnh

Dng tap 1 (ban thao lan 3), Uy ban nhan dan Tnh Bnh Dng. 4. Phan Xuan Bien (chu bien) (2008), Lch s truyen thong, a ch Bnh

Dng tap 2 (ban thao lan 3), Uy ban nhan dan Tnh Bnh Dng 5. Phan Xuan Bien (chu bien) (2008), Kinh te, a ch Bnh Dng tap 3

(ban thao lan 3), Uy ban nhan dan Tnh Bnh Dng 6. Phan Xuan Bien (chu bien) (2008), Van hoa Xa hoi, a ch Bnh

Dng tap 4 (ban thao lan 3), Uy ban nhan dan Tnh Bnh Dng 7. Tran Khanh Chng (2001), Gom Viet Nam t at nung en s, Nxb

My Thuat, Ha Noi. 8. Quynh C - o c Hung (2001), Cac Trieu ai Viet Nam, Nxb Thanh

Nien. 9. Nguyen Xuan Dung (1997), Lang nghe gom s Lai Thieu Huyen

Thuan An, Tnh Bnh Dng, Luan van thac s Van hoa hoc, Trng ai Hoc Van hoa Ha Noi. 10. Nguyen An Dng (chu bien) (1992) Gom s Song Be, Nxb Tong hp Song Be.

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11. Phan nh Dung, Nguyen Van Thong, Nguyen Yen Tri (2004) Gom Bien Hoa, Nxb Tong Hp ong Nai. 12. Pham c Dng, Chau Thi Hai (1998), Bc au tm hieu s tiep xuc va giao lu van hoa Viet - Hoa trong lch s, Nxb The Gii Ha Noi. 13. Nguyen nh au (1998), a ly hanh chnh Tnh Bnh Dng qua cac thi ky, Ky yeu hoi thao khoa hoc Thu Dau Mot - Bnh Dng 300 nam hnh thanh va phat trien. 14. Trnh Hoai c (Tu trai Nguyen Tao dch) (1972), Gia nh Thanh thong ch, tap trung, quyen 3, Nha Van Hoa, Phu Quoc Vu khanh ac trach van hoa xuat ban, Sai Gon. 15. Trnh Hoai c (Tu trai Nguyen Tao dch) (1972), Gia nh thanh thong ch, tap Ha, quyen 4,5 & 6 Nha Van Hoa, Phu Quoc Vu Khanh ac trach Van hoa xuat ban, Sai Gon. 16. Trnh Hoai c (Tu trai Nguyen Tao dch) (1972), Gia nh thanh cong ch, tap Thng, quyen 1 & 2 Nha Van Hoa, Phu Quoc vu Khanh ac trach van hoa xuat ban, Sai gon. 17. Tran Bach ang (chu bien) (1991), a ch Tnh Song Be, Nxb Tong Hp Song Be. 18. Huynh Ngoc ang (1999), Chnh sach cua chnh quyen ang trong oi vi ngi Hoa (t 1600-1777), Luan van Thac s Khoa hoc Lch s, Trng ai Hoc Khoa Hoc Xa hoi va Nhan van Thanh pho Ho Ch Minh. 19. Huynh Ngoc ang (1990), Phu Cng, lch s van hoa va truyen thong cach mang, S Van hoa Thong tin, Nxb tong hp Song Be.

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20. Phan Thanh ao (2004), Nha Co Bnh Dng - Hoi Van Hoa Nghe Thuat Bnh Dng. 21. Ban chap hanh ang Bo Tnh Bnh Dng (2003), Lch s ang Bo Tnh Bnh Dng (1930-1975), Nxb Chnh Tr Quoc Gia - Ha Noi. 22. a phng ch Tnh Bnh Dng (1975) 23. Tran Van Giau, Tran Bach ang, Tran Van Tra (1998), Sai Gon xa va nay, Nxb Tre Thanh pho Ho Ch Minh. 24. Tran Van Giau (1961), Giai cap cong nhan Viet Nam s hnh thanh va phat trien cua no i t giai cap "T mnh en giai cap cho mnh", Nxb S That - Ha Noi. 25. Nguyen Minh Giao (2001), S phat trien cua nganh tieu thu cong nghiep gom s Tnh Bnh Dng trong thi ky 1986 2000, Luan van Thac s Khoa hoc lch s, Trng ai Hoc Khoa hoc Xa hoi va Nhan van Thanh pho Ho Ch Minh. 26. Bui Ch Hoang (2007), "Bnh Dng va nhng van e khao co hoc tien s ", Thong tin Khoa hoc Lch s so 9 Hoi Khoa hoc Lch s Bnh Dng. 27. Nguyen Th Tuyet Hong (1989), Luan van tot nghiep ai hoc, Khoa lch s, ai hoc tong hp Thanh pho Ho Ch Minh. 28. Huynh La (1998), "Phac thao vai net ve at Bnh Dng thi khai pha", Ky yeu hoi thao khoa hoc Thu Dau Mot - Bnh Dng 300 nam hnh thanh va phat trien, S Van Hoa - Thong Tin tnh Bnh Dng. 29. Huynh La (1987), Lch s khai pha vung at nam bo, Nxb Thanh Pho Ho Ch Minh .

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30. Tran Th Mai (2007), Lch s Gia nh Sai Gon thi ky 1802-1875, Nxb Tong Hp Thanh pho Ho Ch Minh. 31. Nhieu tac gia (1998), Gop phan tm hieu lch s - van hoa 300 nam Sai Gon - Thanh pho Ho Ch Minh, Nxb Tre Thanh pho Ho Ch Minh. 32. Nhieu tac gia (1998), Bien Hoa - ong Nai 300 nam hnh thanh va phat trien, Nxb ong Nai . 33. Nhieu tac gia (2007), Nhng van e khoa hoc xa hoi va nhan dan (chuyen e lch s), Nxb ai hoc Quoc gia Thanh pho Ho Ch Minh. 34. Nhieu tac gia (2007), Nhng van e lch s Trieu Nguyen, Tap ch xa va nay, Nxb Van hoa Sai Gon. 35. Nhieu tac gia (2007), Nam bo at va ngi tap V, Hoi Khoa hoc Lch s Thanh pho Ho Ch Minh - Nxb Tre. 36. Nhieu tac gia (2008), Nam bo at va ngi tap VI - Hoi Khoa hoc Lch s Thanh pho Ho Ch Minh, Nxb Tong Hp Thanh pho Ho Ch Minh. 37. o Van Ninh, Lu Tuyet Van (1998), "S an xen gia cac yeu to Hoa - Viet trong nghe san xuat thu cong Viet Nam" bc au tm hieu s tiep xuc va giao lu van hoa Viet - Hoa trong lch s, Nha xuat ban The Gii, trang 93 112. 38. Sn Nam (1997), Bien khao lch s khan hoang mien Nam, Nxb Tre. 39. Sn Nam (1984), at Gia nh xa, Nxb Thanh pho Ho Ch Minh. 40. Trng Cao ang My Thuat Trang tr ong Nai (1992), Giao trnh gom ong Nai (dung e giang day trong trng My Thuat Trang Tr)

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