Practical physics

,
1

Table of Contents

-
-

11
16
20

22

26
29

32

35

38

 Introduction


.
101
.

:



:
-1
-2


-3 ( - -...)

-4
-5

-6
-7
-9
-10
-11

Graph

....

:
:

M
X

-

( )

100

80

60

40

20

14

10

4.2

1.5

 100 18
1 100 10 cm
20cm 14
1cm( )1
14

X
5

1
M
100

80

60

40

20
()1

10-20-30-40-50-60-70
100-200-300-400-500-600-700..

0.5-1-1.5-2-2.5-3-3.5
0.1- 0.2-0.3-0.4- 0.5
0.2- 0.4- 0.6- 0.8- 1- 1.2- 1.4

h10-2

h10-2

1.5

0.015

5.6

0.056

8.23

0.0823

14.5

0.145

3
14.5
2

1

1.5

10-2

h103

h10

1.5

1500

5.6

5600

8.23

8230

14.5

14500

14.5

1
1.5

103

-


( )
.
y=mx+c m c ,
. c=0 y=mx

/

y 2 y1
x 2 x1
7

 :
( ) ............

:

(( = )( / )) 100

70

65

60

55

50

45

40

35

30

L cm

1.04 1.34 1.40 1.53 1.66 1.72 2.02 2.12 2.20 T2 sec2

T2 sec2

2.2
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
L cm
80

70

50

60

40

30

20

10

m= )21 ) )61 30) = 0.0323 sec2 /cm

0.5-1-1.5-2-2.5-3-3.5 ( 0.2- 0.4- 0.6- 0.8- 1
) 0.510 =0.05 cm

0.02

........................... ............ :

)
............:

.........:

/ S,P
188
5200

150
4280

80
2800

40
1200

60
1600

10

26
800

unit
unit

S
P

Vernier Caliper

:
()1
-1 A , 1mm
B
-2 C D

1/10

-3 E
1cm

0
0

C
D

11

 ()1

:

-1 50 1/50 0.02mm
-2 20 1/20 0.05mm
- -3 10 1/10 0.1 mm

:
= () + ()
:
B , D ( )
.

( ) +
( ) -

+ 0

cm

mm

A
mm(+ 0.2( B

( (- 0.2mm 10
:
( ) 2

( ) 2

12


-1
A
-2

B

:
A

B
0

0

0.1mm

/10 = 0.2cm + 0.6/10

/10 = 0.5cm + 0

0.2cm
0.3cm 0.2cm
0.6mm



cm

0.5cm
0

cm
10

mm 10 mm
( )2+ 0.6 mm
B

13

 - 20

0.15mm
mm

20 0.05mm
3.6 cm = 36mm
0.65mm

= = 36 + 0.65
- 50

( 50 )0.02mm
= 24 mm = cm2.4
= 0.62mm
= = 24 mm+ 0.62mm
*****************************************************
: - - - ( )

:
-1
-2
-3
-4
( ) .
14

..................................... :

.................. :

............:

/
( ) ............................................

:
= ............. ................................................................................................................
= ............ ..............................................................................................................
= ............. .............................................................................................................
............. ......................................................................................
= ............... .....................................................................................

:
= ............... ..............................................................................................................
= ................. .....................................................................................................
= .................. ..........................................................................................................
.................. .................................................................................................
= .................... ...............................................................................................
.................... .............................................................................................
= ....................... .............................................................................................

:
" " = ................................................................................................................
................... ................................................................................................. =
...................................................................................................................... =
............................... ........................................................................................
15

: Micrometer
:

0.01mm

:
( ) 1
-1 A ( )

-2 B
-3 C 50 100
-4 D
-5 E
B
D

()1

( )


100/1
100/1

:
= ( + )
X= Z+( n/100)

16

 :
B D
a

-1 b
-2 b
+
0

)a

90

0
0

10

mm

100

0
0

0.03 =

+0.02 =

:



= ( + )

17


)A

18.5mm =
( 10mm = )

= 18.5 + 10 + 0 =18.6mm
100

)B

15.5mm =
13mm =
=
13 + 0 = 15.63mm
=
100

15.5 +

**********************************

:
-1
-2
-3
-4 ( )

18

..................................... :

.................. :

............:

/
) ............................................ (

:
= ............. ................................................................................................................
= ..................................................................................................................
............................. ......................................................................................
= .................................. .....................................................................................

:
= ............... ..............................................................................................................
= ................. .....................................................................................................
= .................. ..........................................................................................................
.................. .................................................................................................
= .................... ...............................................................................................
.................... .............................................................................................
= ................................... .................................................................................

:
() = ....................................................................................................

19

Archimedes Base

:

.
:
m
= = V

m=V

W=V

W=m

:
=
F = Wa Ww = ma mw

Wa
=
Wa Ww

****************************************

:
-1 V

-2
-3

-4
-5
-6
20

..................................... :

.................. :

............:

:
( ) ............................................
= ................ .............................................................................................................
= ............ ..............................................................................................................
= ............. ............ .................................................................................................
............. ......................................................................................
= .................... ................................................................................
= ..................................... ..............................................

:
....................................................................................................... = Wa
........................................................................................................ = Ww
= ......................................................................................................................

:
................ .............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
................ .............................................................................................................................

:
................ .............................................................................................................................
............................................... ..............................................................................................
............... .............................................................................................................................

21

Hooke's Law
:

:
M M
g
F = Mg
:

x x0
F ( ) 1

( ) 1

F = kx
kx = M

x = ] /k [ M
1

y = mx
2
M x X Y g/k
m = /k

gm/sec2

=k
m

k ( )

22

y2 y1

cm/gm

x2 x1

=m
x

,
,

:
-1 ( )x0
-2 20 gm ( ) x1

() x = x1 x0
-3

-4

23

..................................... :

.................. :

............:

= ( ) .................................

............................................................................................................
........... ........................................................................
m = ...................................................................................................................
...... .........................................................................................
K = ....................................................................................................................

24

25

:
m
.A

:
A
L

:
-1 L .
-2 10 (
1 2 1 )
T T2
-3 10 T2 T
-4 T2 L
m

sec 2
cm

4 2
g
-5
m

:
-1
-2 L 30 cm
-3

26

..................................... :

.................. :

............:

............................................................................................................
...................................................................................
m = ...................................................................................................................
.......................................................................
= ....................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................... =

27

28


viscosity

:
.

:


.


(

.( "1cm"

-:

F 1 F2

d
F3
( 1

( ) 1
:
- 1 F1 = 6r
- 2
- 3

" "r
" "

= F2

= F3

" "
" "
F3 = F1 + F2
= 6r +
=

:
) Gm/cm.sec ( pois

29

:
- 1 .
- 2 10
. "d"
- 3 " "r .
- 4 " " t - sec " "d .
- 5 " "V " V= d / t " .
- 6 :
=
- 7 2 6 .
- 8 :
=

30

 76

..................................... :

.................. :

............:

.........................................................................

d
=V
t
cm/sec

t
sec

r2
d
cm2
cm

10
cm

r
mm

R
mm

........................................................................................
................. ...........................................................................................................................

=
=
=

31

.
" " A
,
" " B

". " BC

"" Tc

T

T

( )

A
Tc

.
t

:
.

:
- 1 .
- 2 .
- 3 .
- 4 "
"
- 5
.

32

..................................... :

.................. :

............:

..............................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................

Tc = ............................................................................................................................

33

34

:
.
:
k
=P
V

" " k .
"a , b"

" "a " "b

" "b .
" "h "a , b" ""a
" "L :

" "S

.
"h" " "
" " .

h
b

:
-1
-2

.
" "b
". "a

-3
-4

" "h " "L ""a

" "h , L

-5

"h" " "

" "

35

..................................... :

.................. :

............:

..........................................................................................................
..................................................................................................

P0 = ...........................................................

36

37

, - ,

........................................................................................................

38