n tp vt l 12 GV:

Nguyn Quang Hiu

Chng 1: Dao ng c hc.
I. Tm tt l thuyt:
1. Dao ng:
Dao
ng
L chuyn ng c gii hn trong khng gian lp i lp li xung quanh mt v
tr cn bng.
Tun
hon
L dao ng m trng thi ca chuyn ng c lp li nh c sau
nhng khong thi gian bng nhau.
iu ho L dao ng m ta m t bng quy lut dng sin hoc cosin:
( ) + t A x cos
trong
, , A
l nhng hng s.
Tt dn L dao ng c bin gim dn theo thi gian
Cng bc L dao ng c duy tr di tc dng ca ngoi lc bin thin tun
hon
( ) + t H f cos
. Nu tn s ca lc cng bc bng vi tn s
ring ca vt dao ng th bin ca dao ng t cc i.
( Hin tng cng hng)
2. Cc i l ng c tr ng cho dao ng iu ha:
Li ( ) + t A x cos di ca vt dao ng so vi gc
ta ( v tr cn bng)
Vn tc
( )
,
_

+ + +
2
cos sin '

t A t A x v
Cho bit vt chuyn ng nhanh
hay chm. Vn tc sm pha hn li

2

Gia tc
( )
( )
2
2
' '' cos
cos
a v x A t
A t


+
+ +
Cho bit vn tc ca vt bin thin
nhanh hay chm. Gia tc ngc pha
so vi li v sm pha so vi vn tc
2

Chu k
2
T

, nu trong thi gian t vt thc

hin c N dao ng th:
t
T
N
(s)
Thi gian vt thc hin c mt dao
ng.
Tn s
1
2
f
T

(Hz), nu trong thi gian t

vt thc hin c N dao ng th:
N
f
t
(Hz)
L s dao ng thc hin trong mt
n v thi gian.
Vn tc
gc
2
2 f
T

(rad/s)
L i lng trung gian cho bit dao
ng thc hin nhanh hay chm.
ng
nng
( )
2 2
2
s
2 2
d
mv m A
E in t

+ (J)
Nng lng ca vt c c do chuyn
ng, l i lng bin thin tun
hon theo thi gian vi chu k
2
T
,
tn s 2f.
Th nng
( )
2 2
2
s
2 2
t
kx kA
E co t + (J)
L nng lng c c do tng tc gia
cc phn ca l xo, l i lng bin
1
n tp vt l 12 GV:
Nguyn Quang Hiu
thin tun hon theo thi gian vi
chu k
2
T
, tn s 2f.
C nng
2 2 2
2 2
m A kA
E


Tng ng nng cng th nng. L
i lng khng i theo thi
gian( bo ton)
2
n tp vt l 12 GV:
Nguyn Quang Hiu
3. Cc con lc:
Cu to iu kin dao ng
iu ha
Chu k
Con lc
l xo
Mt l xo c khi lng khng
ng k, mt u c nh,
mt u gn vi mt qu
nng
Trong gii hn n hi
ca l xo, ma st khng
ng k
2
2
m
T
k

Con lc
n
Mt dy mnh, khi lng
khng ng k, khng dn,
mt u treo c nh, mt
u gn qu nng m.
c treo ni xc nh,
dao ng khng ma st
vi bin gc nh
2
2
l
T
g

4. Ch :
-Li dao ng t cc i khi vt bin: x = A
-Li dao ng t cc tiu khi vt v tr cn bng( VTCB): x =0
-Vn tc ca vt dao ng t cc i khi vt i qua v tr cn bng:
max
v A
-Vn tc ca vt dao ng t cc tiu khi vt bin:
min
0 v
- Gia tc ca vt dao ng t cc tiu khi vt v tr cn bng:
min
0 a
- Gia tc ca vt dao ng t cc i khi vt v tr bin:
2
max
a A
Vi con lc l xo chu k c tnh bng cng thc:
2
2
m
T
k

+ Vy chu k ca n ph thuc vo cng ca l xo v khi lng t vo vt.
Vi con lc n chu k c tnh bng biu thc:
2
2
l
T
g

- Vy chu k ca n ph thuc vo chiu di ca dy treo v gia tc ri t do
+ Gia tc ri t do ph thuc vo v a l v khong cch t ni treo con lc n
tm tri t nn chu k ca con lc cng ph thuc vo cc yu t ny.
+ Si dy ca con lc c th lm bng cc vt liu khc nhau nn chiu di ca n ph
thuc vo nhit ca mi trng nn chu k ca n cng ph thuc vo yu t ny.
- Biu thc c lp:
2
2 2
2
v
x A

+
5. Tng hp dao ng iu ha:
a. iu kin tng hp hai dao ng iu ha l hai dao ng ny phi cng phng,
cng tn s.
b. Cng thc tng hp:
Cho hai dao ng iu ha:
( )
( )
1 1 1
2 2 2
s
s
x Aco t
x A co t


+

'
+

+Vi
1 2
A A A
ta c dao ng tng hp l tng i s ca hai dao ng trn:
( ) ( )
1 2 1 1 2 2
s s x x Aco t A co t + + + +
=
1 2 1 2
2 cos s
2 2
A co t

+ _
+

,
+ Vi
1 2
A A
ta tng hp bng phng php Fresnel:
Bin tng hp l: ( )
2 2 2
1 2 1 2 2 1
2 cos A A A A A + +
Vn tc gc tng hp:

3
n tp vt l 12 GV:
Nguyn Quang Hiu
Pha ban u ca dao ng tng hp l:
1 1 2 2
1 1 2 2
sin sin
tan
cos cos
A A
A A

+
Nu hai dao ng thnh phn:
- Cng pha:
2 1
2k
th
1 2
A A A +
- Ngc pha:
2 1
(2 1) k +
th
1 2
A A A
- Lch pha nhau bt k:
1 2 1 2
A A A A A < < +
4
n tp vt l 12 GV:
Nguyn Quang Hiu
II. Cc dng bi tp th ng gp:

Dng 1: Vit phng trnh dao ng iu ha. Xc nh cc c trng ca mt dao
ng iu ha.
( ) + t A x cos
+ Xc nh tn s gc

; Bin A v pha ban u

Dng 2: Xc nh thi im vt i qua li x

0
v vn tc v
0
:
+ Xc nh thi im khi vt i qua li x
0
.
+ Xc nh thi im khi vt t vn tc v
0
.
+ Xc nh li khi vt c vn tc v
1
.
+ Xc nh vn tc khi vt i qua li x
1
.
Dng 3: Xc nh qung ng, vn tc trung bnh v s ln vt i qua li x
0
t
thi im t
1
n t
2
.
Dng 4: Xc nh lc tc dng cc i v cc tiu tc dng ln vt v chiu di ca
l xo khi vt dao ng.
Dng 5: Xc nh nng lng ca dao ng iu ha.
Dng 6: Xc nh thi gian ngn nht vt i qua li x
1
n x
2
.
Dng 7: Xc nh chu k T ca con lc l xo ghp ni tip v song song; Chu k
ca con lc n c chiu di
l =l
1
+ l
2
.
Dng 8: Tng hp hai dao ng cng phng cng tn s.
Dng 9: Bi ton v s cng hng ca dao ng.
Chng 2:Sng c hc. M HC
1. Sng c hc:
a. Khi nim:
Sng L nhng dao ng c hc lan truyn trong mi trng vt cht theo thi gian
ngang L sng c phng dao ng vung gc vi phng truyn sng
dc L sng c phng dao ng trng vi phng truyn sng.
b. Cc i lng c trng cho sng:
i lng Khi nim Biu thc.
Chu k
sng
L khong thi gian ngn nht mi phn t
mi trng c sng truyn qua thc hin mt
dao ng.
1
T
f

Tn s
sng
L s dao ng m mi phn t mi trng
thc hin c trong mt n v thi gian.
Bc sng +L khong cch ngn nht gia hai im
trn cng mt phng truyn sng dao ng
cng pha vi nhau.
+ L qung ng m sng truyn i c
trong thi gian mt chu k dao ng ca
sng.
v
T

v
vT
f

Vn tc
sng
L vn tc truyn pha dao ng.
Bin
sng
Bin sng l bin dao ng ca phn
t vt cht ti im kho st khi c sng
truyn qua.
- Nhng phn t cng xa
ngun, nng lng m sng
truyn ti cng nh.
+ Sng l sng cu: Nng l-
ng truyn sng ( gim) t l
Nng l-
ng
+ Sng lm cho cc phn t mi trng c
sng truyn qua dao ng nn sng mang
5
n tp vt l 12 GV:
Nguyn Quang Hiu
sng nng lng.
+ Qu trnh truyn sng l qu trnh
truyn nng lng.
nghch vi bnh phng
khong cch ti ngun.
+ Sng l sng phng: Nng
lng truyn sng( gim) t l
nghch vi khong ti ngun.
+ Sng truyn trn mt -
ng thng th nng lng
truyn qua mi im l nh
nhau.
6
n tp vt l 12 GV:
Nguyn Quang Hiu
2. m hc:
a. Dao ng m v sng m:
- Dao ng m l dao ng c hc c tn s t 16 Hz 20 000 Hz ( 20 kHz).
- Sng m l sng c hc c tn s t 16 Hz 20 000Hz.
- Sng siu m: l sng c tn s f > 20 kHz. C mt s loi vt nh: Co co; Di; C
voi. C th pht ra v cm nhn c sng siu m.
- Sng h m: l sng c tn s f < 16 Hz.

Tai ngi khng th cm nhn c sng h m v sng siu m hay sng siu m v
sng h m khng gy ra cm gic m i vi tai ta.
b. Mi trng truyn m. Vn tc m:
- Mi trng truyn m:
+ m truyn c trong mi mi trng vt cht n hi: rn, lng, kh
+ m khng truyn c trong chn khng.
- Vn tc:
+ Ph thuc vo tnh n hi v mt ca mi trng, nhit ca mi trng:
v
rn
>
v
lng
>
v
kh
.
+ Cc cht nh, mm, xp truyn m km.

Ch : Khi sng truyn qua hai mi trng c tnh cht khc nhau th vn tc thay
i nn bc sng cng thay i. Tuy nhin chu k T, tn s f v tc gc

th khng
i.
c. Cc c trng vt l ca m:
- Tn s: f = 16 Hz 20 kHz.
- Vn tc m khong 340 m/s trong khng kh n vi nghn m/s trong cht rn.
- Bc sng:
v
vT
f

(m).
- Nng lng m Cng m Mc cng m:
+ Cng m (I): ti 1 im l nng lng truyn trong mt n v thi gian qua mt
n v din tch t vung gc vi phng truyn m. n v : W/m
2
.
+ Mc cng m(L): l i lng o bng log ca t l s gia cng I ti im
ang xt v cng m chun I
0
ca m ( I
0
= 10
12
W/m
2
)

0
( ) lg
I
L B
I

Mc cng m c n v l: Ben (B), n v khc l dexiBen (dB):

1
1
10
dB B

0
( ) 10lg
I
L dB
I

d. Cc c tnh sinh l ca m:
+ cao ca m: l c tnh sinh l ca m, n ph thuc vo c tnh vt l ca
m l tn s.
- Nu f nh: m l m trm.
- Nu f ln: m l m cao (bng).
+ m sc: L c tnh sinh l ca m, n ph thuc vo c tnh vt l ca m l
bin v tn s.
+ to ca m: l c tnh sinh l ca m, n ph thuc vo c tnh vt l ca
m l mc cng m L v tn s m.
e. Ngng nghe, ngng au v min nghe c:
- Ngng nghe: Mun gy cm gic m th cng m phi ln hn gi tr cc tiu
no gi l ngng nghe.
7
n tp vt l 12 GV:
Nguyn Quang Hiu
+ ngng nghe ph thuc vo tn s: C th khi f = 100 Hz th ngng nghe I = 10
12
W/m
2
;
Khi tn s f = 50 Hz th ngng nghe I = 10
7
W/m
2
.
+ Tai ngi rt thnh vi nhng m thanh c tn s f = 1000 5000 Hz m ging ni ca
ph n c tn s nm trong khong ny nn cc i pht thanh thng dng pht thanh
vin l n.
+ m cao nghe r hn m trm.
- Ngng au: Khi cng m 10 I W/m
2
vi mi tn s ca sng m, tai ta c mt cm
gic au n, nhc nhi gi l ngng au.
- Min nghe c: Min t ngng nghe n ngng au gi l min nghe c.
f. Ngun m v hp cng hng:
- Ngun m: l nhng vt dao ng pht ra m thanh. VD: dy n rung ng, ct
khng kh trong cy so, kn trng, m
- Hp cng hng: Hp rng c kh nng cng hng i vi nhiu tn s khc nhau.
3. Hin tng giao thoa v sng dng:
a. Hin tng giao thoa:
- Hai sng kt hp: l hai sng c cng tn s, cng pha hoc c lch pha khng
i.
- nh ngha hin tng giao thoa: l s tng hp hai hay nhiu sng kt hp trong
khng gian, trong c nhng ch c nh bin sng c tng cng hoc gim bt.
+ lch pha ca hai sng truyn t hai ngun truyn ti mt im M l:
2 1
2 2
d d d

- im c bin cc i khi:
2 1
2k d d k

0, 1, 2, 3... k t t t
- im c bin cc tiu khi: ( ) ( )
2 1
2 1 2 1
2
k d d k

+ +
0, 1, 2, 3... k t t t
b. Sng dng: Sng c cc nt v bng c nh trong khng gian.
- Nhng im cch u c nh mt s nguyn ln na bc sng th l mt nt sng.
2
x k

- Nhng im cch u c nh mt s l ln
1
4
bc sng th l mt bng sng:
( ) 2 1
4
x k

+
II. Cc dng ton thng gp:
Dng 1: Vit phng trnh sng ti im M trn phng truyn sng cc ngun O
on x = OM.
Dng 2: Xc nh trng thi dao ng ca im M (Cc i hay cc tiu) bt k
trong min giao thoa hai sng.
Dng 3: Giao thoa vi hai ngun kt hp S
1
v S
2
. Tm s gn li (s dao ng cc i)
v s gn lm (s dao ng cc tiu) trn S
1
S
2
.
Dng 4: Xc nh iu kin c sng dng. Suy ra s im bng, s im nt.
Dng in xoay chiu.
I. Tm tt kin thc:
1. Dng in xoay chiu:
a. Sut in ng xoay chiu: Cho khung dy phng c din tch S quay u vi tc
gc

quanh trc vung gc vi ng sc ca t trng u c cm ng t

B
r
. Biu
thc sut in ng xut hin trong khung l
8
n tp vt l 12 GV:
Nguyn Quang Hiu
( )
0
s e E co t +
(V)
Trong
0
E BS
; pha ban u

; tn s gc
2
2 f
T

.
b. in cung cp cho mch ngoi:
( )
0
s
u
u U co t +
u: l in p tc thi.
U
0
: l in p cc i. (V)

: l tc gc ( rad/s)
u

: pha ban u hiu in th dao ng iu ha ( rad).

c. C ng dng in mch ngoi:
( )
0
s
i
i I co t +
(*)
i : dng in tc thi (A)
I
0
: dng in cc i (A)
i

: pha ban u ca dng in xoay chiu ( rad)

Ch : Quy c ni dng in xoay chiu l ch ni v dng in dao ng iu

ha. Nhng dng in i chiu nhng khng iu ha hay khng c m t nh biu
thc (*) th khng gi l dng in xoay chiu.
e. Cc gi tr hiu dng:
0
2
E
E
;
0
2
U
U
;
0
2
I
I
.
f. Nhit l ng ta ra trn in tr R:
2
2 0
2
I
Q R t RI t
Q: l nhit lng ta ra trn in tr R (J)
0
I
: l cng dng in cc i. (A)
I : l cng dng in hiu dng (A)
t
: l thi gian dng in xoay chiu chy qua in tr R. (s)
II. nh lut m cho cc loi mch in:
1. on mch in ch c in tr R; t in C hoc cun cm L:
on mch ch c in
tr thun
on mch ch c cun
cm
on mch ch c t in
S

mc
h
i
n
c
i
m
- in tr R
- in p gia hai u
on mch bin thin
iu ha cng pha vi
dng in.
- Cm khng:
2
L
Z L fL
- in p gia hai u
on mch bin thin
iu ha sm pha hn
dng in gc
2

- Dung khng:
1 1
2
C
Z
C fC

- in p gia hai u
on mch bin thin
iu ha tr pha so vi
dng in gc
2

nh
lut
U
I
R

L
U
I
Z

C
U
I
Z

R
B A B A
L C
B A
9
n tp vt l 12 GV:
Nguyn Quang Hiu
m
2. Dng in xoay chiu trong on mch RLC. Cng sut ca dng in xoay chiu:
Gi s gia hai u on mch RLC c in p
0
s u U co t
th trong mch c dng in xoay chiu
0
s( ) i I co t
; trong :
0
0
U
I
Z
;
( )
2
2
L C
Z R Z Z + =
2
2
1
R L
C

_
+

,
gi l tng tr ca on mch RLC.
tan
L C
Z Z
R

(
u i

l gc lch pha gia in p gia hai u on mch vi cng
dng in chy qua mch).
3. Hin t ng cng h ng trong on mch RLC ni tip:
Khi hin tng cng hng xy ra:
2 2
max min
1
0 1
Z C
I I Z Z R Z Z LC
LC

Cng dng in cc i l:
max
U
I
R

in p gia hai u on mch v cng dng in cng pha.

4. Cng sut ca dng in xoay chiu:

cos P UI
cos
R
Z
gi l h s cng sut.
Cng sut c th tnh bng nhiu cng thc khc nu ta lin h gia cc i lng trong
biu thc vi cc cng thc lin quan.
IV: My pht in:
1. Cu to v nguyn tc hot ng:
My pht in xoay
chiu mt pha.
My pht in xoay
chiu ba pha
Nguy
n tc
hot
ng
Da trn hin tng cm ng in t.
Cu
to
- Phn cm: To ra t tr-
ng.
- Phn ng: To ra dng
in.
Phn cm cng nh phn
ng c th quay hoc
ng yn. B phn quay
gi l rto v b phn
ng yn gi l stato.
- B gp: gm hai vnh
khuyn t ng trc,
cch in v hai chi
qut t ln hai vnh
khuyn.
- Tn s c pht ra:
- Stato: gm ba cuc dy
t lch nhau 120
0
trn
vng trn to ra dng
in.
- Rto l mt nam chm
in to ra t trng.
10
R C
B A
L
n tp vt l 12 GV:
Nguyn Quang Hiu
. f p n
+ n l tc quay ca
rto.
+ p l s cp cc t.
2. Dng in xoay chiu ba pha:
a. nh ngha: Dng in xoay chiu ba pha l h thng ba dng in xoay chiu cng
bin , cng tn s, nhng lch pha nhau mt gc bng
2
3

rad, hay 120

0
, tc l lch nhau
v thi gian
1
3
chu k.
b. Cch mc dng in xoay chiu ba pha:
* Cch mc hnh sao:
+ in p gia dy pha vi dy trung ha gi l in p pha, k hiu l U
P
.
+ in p gia hai dy pha vi nhau gi l in p dy, k hiu l U
d
+ Lin h gia in p dy v in p pha: 3
d p
U U
+ Dng in trong dy trung ha lun bng 0.
1 2 3
0 i i i i + +
. Dy trung ha cn c gi
l dy ngui, dy pha cn gi l dy la hay l dy nng.
* Cch mc tam gic:
V. ng c khng ng b ba pha:
1. Nguyn tc hot ng: Da trn hin tng cm ng in t v bng cch s dng t tr-
ng quay.
2. Cu to: Gm hai b phn chnh:
- Rto hnh tr c tc dng nh cun dy qun trn li thp.
- Stato c ba cun dy ca ba pha in qun trn li thp c b tr trn mt vng trn
to ra t trng quay.
VI. My bin th:
1. Nguyn tc hot ng: Da trn hin tng cm ng in t.
2. Cu to: - Li thp gm nhiu l thp mng k thut in hnh ch nht rng hoc
hnh trn rng ghp cch in vi nhau.
- Hai cun dy dn c in tr nh qun chung trn li thp, s vng dy ca hai cun
dy khc nhau. Mt cun ni vi mch in xoay chiu gi l cun s cp v cun kia ni
vi ti tiu th gi l cun th cp.
3. S bin i in p v c ng dng in qua my bin th:
* Gi N
1
v N
2
ln lt l s vng dy ca cun s cp v th cp.
U
1
v U
2
ln lt l in p hai u cun s cp v th cp.
2 2
1 1
U N
U N

- Nu N
2
> N
1

U
2
> U
1
: My tng p.
- Nu N
2
< N
1

U
2
< U
1
: My h p.
* Nu b qua mi hao ph in nng th ta c P
1
= P
2
( Trong P
1
v P
2
ln lt l cng
sut tiu th ca cun s cp v cun th cp).
1 2 1
1 1 2 2
2 1 2
U I N
U I U I
U I N

Vy dng my bin th tng hiu in th ln bao nhiu ln th cng dng in

gim i by nhiu ln.
4. S truyn ti in nng:
11
n tp vt l 12 GV:
Nguyn Quang Hiu
Gi
ph
P
l cng sut cn truyn ti i xa, U
ph
l in p trc khi truyn ti, r l in tr
ca dy dn. Ta c lng hao ph in nng l:
2
2
2
.
ph
hp
ph
P
P r I r
U

T biu thc ny ta thy gim hao ph in nng trong qu trnh truyn ti ta cn:
- Gim in tr ca dy dn

Bin php ny ch nn dng nu cn truyn ti in

nng trong mt phm vi khng ln lm. ( VD: Tng tit din ca dy dn, dng vt liu c
tnh dn in tt)
- Tng hiu in th trc khi truyn ti

Bin php ny c dng trong vic truyn ti

in nng i xa ni tiu th. ( Ta s dng my bin th. C th l dng my tng th trc
khi truyn ti v dng my h th trc khi tiu th).
II. Cc dng ton thng gp:
Dng 1: Tm tng tr ca on mch RLC mc ni tip.
Dng 2: on mch RLC ni tip. Cho biu thc cng dng in i qua on mch
( )
0
s
i
i I co t +
. Vit biu thc in p gia hai u in tr R, hai u cun cm L v
gia hai bn t in C, gia hai u on mch.
Dng 3: on mch RLC ni tip. Cho biu thc in p gia hai u on mch
( )
0
s u U co t
. Vit cng dng in qua mch, biu thc in p gia hai u in
tr R, hai u cun cm L, gia hai bn t in C.
Dng 4: Xc nh cng sut tiu th v h s cng sut ca on mch.
Dng 5: on mch RLC ni tip, trong in p gia hai u on mch, in tr
R khng i. Tm L (hay C, hay

, f) :
+ Cng sut tiu th ca on mch (hay cng dng in qua mch) t
cc i.
+ in p v dng in cng pha.
Dng 6: on mch RLC ni tip, bit in p gia hai u in tr R, hai u cun
cm L, gia hai bn t in C. Tm:
+ in p gia hai u on mch.
+ Gc lch pha gia in p hai u on mch v dng in.
Dng 7: Xc nh tn s ca dng in xoay chiu to bi my pht in xoay
chiu 1 pha.
Dng 8: My bin p: Tm cng dng in trong cun th cp v in p hai
u cun th cp.
Dng 9: Cc bi ton v truyn ti in nng: in nng hao ph trn ng dy
truyn ti.
12
n tp vt l 12 GV:
Nguyn Quang Hiu
DAO ng v sng in t
I. Dao ng in t:
1. Dao ng in t trong mch dao ng:
- Mch dao ng l mch kn gm t in c in dung C v cun cm c t
cm L.
- Bin thin ca in trng v t trng trong mch LC gi l dao ng in t.
- Tn s gc:
1
. LC

; Chu k:
2
2 . T LC

; Tn s
1
2 .
f
LC

.
2. Nng lng in t trong mch dao ng:
- Nng lng in trng tp trung t in, nng lng t trng tp trung cun cm,
nng lng in t ca mch LC bng tng nng lng in trng v nng lng t trng.
- Trong qu trnh dao ng ca mch, nng lng t trng v nng lng in trng lun
lun chuyn ha cho nhau nhng tng nng lng in t l khng i.
3. Sng in t:
- Qu trnh lan truyn in t trng c gi l sng in t.
- Sng in t l sng ngang.
- Bc sng ca sng in t:
c
cT
f

(c = 3.10
8
m/s l tc nh sng trong chn
khng).
II. Cc dng bi ton thng gp:
Dng 1: Xc nh chu k (tn s) dao ng ring ca mch dao ng? Bc sng ca
sng in t?
Dng 2: Mt my thu v tuyn in c mch LC li vo c kh nng bt sng in
t c tn s f (hoc bc sng ). Xc nh C (hay L) ca mch dao ng.
13