1.

THE TRIANGLE INEQUALITY:

u, v Proof u v x  u  u 2 u  v  v  v  u u |x| u . v , u Cauchy Schwarz  u v u  v . u  v
2 2 2 2 2

Rn

u v

u  v

 u v  u v

 xx

2 u  v  v  2|u  v |  v x
2 2

R R Rx R

2 u v

 v

|u  v |

2. Show that u  v 
1 4 2 1 4

u v u v
2

for all vectors u and v in R n . R

Solution We simplify the right-hand side:

1 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 2  v
2

1 4 v 1 4 u
2

    u v

u v  u v

v  u 1 uu 4

v 2 u v  v  v

u  u 2 u  v  v  v 1 2 u v 2 u v 4 u v  1 u v 2

3. Let u and v be vectors as shown in the given diagram. Find the coordinates of:

a. u
1

Solution
u  u cos 60 , u sin 60 1  1, 3 2 2

b. v Solution
v  v cos 210 , v sin 210 3  3 , 1 2 2

c. u  v Solution
u v   2 1 3 , 3 2 1, 3 2 2  1 3 , 1 2 2 0, 37; 0, 37

d. 3 u
2v

Solution
3u 2v  3  1, 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 , 2 2 3 , 1 2 2 3, 23; 3, 6

4. Complete the following definition: A vector v is a linear combination of the vectors v 1 , v 2 , Solution There are scalars c 1 , c 2 ,
, c r such that v  c1 v 1  c2 v 2    cr v r 4

, v r if ...

5. Let x and y be any vectors in R 2 . R R R a. State the Triangle Inequality in terms of x and y . Solution b. If x  3, 4 and y 
2, 3 , verify The Triangle Inequality. 2  3, 4  2, 3  2, 3 8, 61  5  13 1, 7 7, 07 and, 3, 4 x  y   5 2 x y x  y

Solution
x y x  y

therefore, 6. Let a and b be nonzero vectors in R 2 . Show that the projection proj b a of a on b is given by 4
proj b a  b. ab a b . Therefore ab bb

x y

Solution Let  be the angle between a on b . Then cos  

proj b a  proj b a     a a cos  ab a b ab 2 b ab bb , un u  b b b b

b b

b b

7. a. Define the length of a vector u in R n . R R R Solution u  u 1 , u 2 , Solution u  u  u c. Show that: u  v  1

4
2 2 2 u1  u2    un

b. Express u  u in terms of u .
u v
2

. Solution
6

u v
2

u u u
2 2

v v  u v  v
2

  u u v
2 2

u v  u v  v
2

2 u  v

2 u v

 4 u v u v  1 4 u v k1

d. If v 
k k1

determine the values of k such that

2v

 8.

Solution

8 2v 2v k1 4 k k1 
2

64   2v 

2v  4 v  v

k1 k k1

 4 k  1  k 2  k 2  2k  1  4 2k 2  3k  2 2k 2  3k  2  16 k 2k 2  3k 14  2k  7 k 2  0 7 or k  2. and k 1 2 k  2.