1

1 :

) x (
m
m
x
g
=

) s , h , u , v ( | | | | | |
fg f
x + =
:
fg f
v x v v + =


f g
g g
v x v x
v x
V
V
+

=
) 1 (


) (
1 2
1 3
1 3
1 2
x x
x x
y y
y y

+ =

) (
1 3
1 2
1 2
1 3
x x
x x
y y
y y

+ =


p
p
T
h
C |

\
|

=
v
v
T
u
C |

\
|

=
T R n V P = , T R m V P = , T R v P =
M C C
po po
= , ( ) | | K kmol KJ R = 314 . 8 , M R R = , M m n =
dT C dh
po
= , dT C du
vo
=
k C C
vo po
= , R C C
vo po
=

v p u h + =
) ( :

=
2
1
2 1
dV P W
:
: const v P
n
=
) :(
n
V P V P
W

=
1
1 1 2 2
2 1

n=1 ) ( :
( ) ( )
2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1
ln ln P P V P V V V P W = =

b V a P + = ) ( :
( ) ( )
1 2 2 1 2 1
2
1
V V P P W + =
:

( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2
2
1 2
1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 1
2
1
2
1
p
A
V V
K V V P V V P P W

+ = + =

2

( )
2 1 1 2
2
1
2
2
1 2 2 1
2
W Z Z g m
V V m
U U Q + +
|

\
|

+ =

0
. .
= +

i
i
e
e
v c
m m
dt
dm
& &


v
V
A m = &




. .
2
. .
2
. .
2 2
v c e
e
e
e
e
v c
i
i
i
i
i v c
W Z g
V
h m
dt
dE
Z g
V
h m Q
&
& &
&
+
|
|

\
|
+ + + =
|
|

\
|
+ + +




. .
2
. .
2
v c
v c
Z g m
V
m U E
|
|

\
|
+ + =
Q , W
.

SSSF :
. .
.
i
m& ,
e
m& ,
. .v c
Q
&
,
. .v c
W
&
.
0
. .
=
dt
dm
v c
0
. .
=
dt
dE
v c


USUF :
. .
. .

:
+
|
|

\
|
+ + =
|
|

\
|
+ + +
e
e
e
e
e i
i
i
i
i v c
Z g
V
h m Z g
V
h m Q
2 2
2 2
. .


. .
. .
1
2
1
1 1 2
2
2
2 2
2 2
v c
v c
W Z g
V
u m Z g
V
u m +
(
(

|
|

\
|
+ +
|
|

\
|
+ + +



1 . 2 . 3 .
4 . 5 . .



3
1 0
H
L H
H
net
Q
Q Q
Q
W
= =

) (
: < 0
L H
L L
Q Q
Q
W
Q

= =
: < ' 0
L H
H H
Q Q
Q
W
Q

= = '
1 ' =


H
L
carnot
T
T
=1
) (
L H
L
carnot
T T
T

=


rev
T
Q
dS |

\
|

vdP dh Tds = Pdv du Tds + =



|
|

\
|
+
. .
. . . .
v c
v c
i
i i
e
e e
v c
T
Q
s m s m
dt
dS
&
& &

0
. .
+
dt
dS
dt
dS
surr v c


SSSF : 0
. .
=
dt
dS
v c




+ =
i
i i
e
e e
o
v c surr
s m s m
T
Q
dt
dS
& &
&
. .


USUF : ( )
. . 1 1 2 2 . . v c v c
s m s m S =


+ =
i
i i
e
e e
o
v c
surr
s m s m
T
Q
S
. .


:

|
|

\
|
+
|
|

\
|
=
1
2
1
2
1 2
ln ln
v
v
R
T
T
C s s
vo


|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|
=
1
2
1
2
1 2
ln ln
P
P
R
T
T
C s s
po


4
) ( ) :(
const v P
k
=

1
2
1
1
1
2
1
2

|
|

\
|
=
|
|

\
|
=
k
k
k
v
v
P
P
T
T

:

-
.

s
a
turb
w
w
=
.

a - , s -
/
a
s
comp
w
w
=
.



a
T
comp
w
w
=
.

T -

2
2
2
2
es
e
nozzle
V
V
=
e - , es -



SSSF ) : (

=
e
i
dP v w
:
: ( )
i i e e
v P v P
n
n
w

=
1

) ( : ( )
i e
T T
n
R n

=
1


n=1 : ( )
i e i i
P P v P w ln =

) ( : P v w
p










5
:

) (
1
1
1

=
k
v
th
r

) , (
( ) 1
1 1
1
1

=

d
k
d
k
v
th
r k
r
r


:
min
max
V
V
r
v
= :
min
.
V
V
r
comb of end
d
=

) (
( )
( ) k k
th
P P
1
min max
1
1

=


( ) k k
th
P
P
T
T
1
min
max
max
min
1

|
|

\
|
=