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Ni dung gio trnh Chng 1. Gii thiu chung Chng 2. C bn v logic s Chng 3. Tng quan v h thng my tnh Chng 4. Kin trc tp lnh Chng 5. S hc my tnh Chng 6. B x l trung tm Chng 7. B nh my tnh Chng 8. H thng vo-ra Chng 9. My tnh song song

Chng 2 C BN V LOGIC S

Nguyn Kim Khnh Trng i hc Bch khoa H Ni

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Ni dung ca chng 2

2.1. Cc h m c bn H thp phn (Decimal System) con ngi s dng H nh phn (Binary System) my tnh s dng H mi su (Hexadecimal System) dng vit gn cho s nh phn

2.1. Cc h m c bn 2.2. i s Boole 2.3. Cng logic 2.4. Mch t hp 2.5. Mch dy

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1. H thp phn
C s 10 10 ch s: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 Dng n ch s thp phn c th biu din c 10n gi tr khc nhau:
00...000 99...999 = 0 = 10n - 1

Dng tng qut ca s thp phn

A = a n a n 1 ... a1 a 0 , a 1 ... a m
Gi tr ca A c hiu nh sau:
A = a n 10 n + a n 110 n 1 + ... + a1101 + a 0 10 0 + a 110 1 + ... + a m 10 m
n

A =

i = m

a 10
i

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V d s thp phn
472.38 = 4x102 + 7x101 + 2x100 + 3x10-1 + 8x10-2 Cc ch s ca phn nguyn:
472 : 10 = 47 d 47 : 10 = 4 d 4 : 10 = 0 d 2 7 4

2. H nh phn
C s 2 2 ch s nh phn: 0 v 1 ch s nh phn gi l bit (binary digit) Bit l n v thng tin nh nht Dng n bit c th biu din c 2n gi tr khc nhau:
00...000 11...111 = 0 = 2n - 1

Cc ch s ca phn l:
0.38 x 10 = 3.8 phn nguyn = 0.8 x 10 = 8.0 phn nguyn = 3 8

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Dng tng qut ca s nh phn

C mt s nh phn A nh sau:

V d s nh phn 1101001.1011(2) =
6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4

A = a n a n 1 ... a1 a 0 , a 1 ... a m
Gi tr ca A c tnh nh sau:
A = a n 2 + a n 1 2
n n 1

= 26 + 25 + 23 + 20 + 2-1 + 2-3
m

2-4

+ ... + a1 2 + a 0 2 + a 1 2 + ... + a m 2
1 0

= 64 + 32 + 8 + 1 + 0.5 + 0.125 + 0.0625 = 105.6875(10)

A =

i = m

a 2
i

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Chuyn i s nguyn thp phn sang nh phn

Phng php chia dn cho 2 V d: chuyn i 105(10)

Phng php 1: chia dn cho 2 ri ly phn d Phng php 2: Phn tch thnh tng nhanh hn ca cc s 2i

105 : 2 = 52 : 2 = 26 : 2 = 13 : 2 = 6:2 = 3:2 = 1:2 =

52 26 13 6 3 1 0

d d d d d d d

1 0 0 1 0 1 1

Kt qu: 105(10) = 1101001(2)

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Phng php phn tch thnh tng ca cc V d 1: chuyn i 105(10) 105 = 64 + 32 + 8 +1 = 26 + 25 + 23 + 20

27 128 0 26 64 1 25 32 1 24 16 0 23 8 1 22 4 0 21 2 0 20 1 1

2i

Chuyn i s l thp phn sang nh phn

V d 1: chuyn i 0.6875(10)
0.6875 x 2 = 1.375 0.375 x 2 = 0.75 0.75 0.5 x 2 = 1.5 x 2 = 1.0 phn nguyn = 1 phn nguyn = 0 phn nguyn = 1 phn nguyn = 1

Kt qu:

105(10) = 0110 1001(2) =

15 14 13 12

V d 2: 17000(10) = 16384 + 512 + 64 + 32 + 8 214 + 29 + 26 + 25 + 23

11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

Kt qu : 0.6875(10)= 0.1011(2)

17000(10) = 0100 0010 0110 1000(2)

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Chuyn i s l thp phn sang nh phn (tip) V d 2: chuyn i 0.81(10)

0.81 x 2 = 0.62 x 2 = 0.24 x 2 = 0.48 x 2 = 0.96 x 2 = 0.92 x 2 = 0.84 x 2 = 1.62 1.24 0.48 0.96 1.92 1.84 1.68 phn nguyn phn nguyn phn nguyn phn nguyn phn nguyn phn nguyn phn nguyn = = = = = = = 1 1 0 0 1 1 1

Chuyn i s l thp phn sang nh phn (tip) V d 3: chuyn i 0.2(10)

0.2 0.4 0.8 0.6 0.2 0.4 0.8 0.6 x2 x2 x2 x2 x2 x2 x2 x2 = = = = = = = = 0.4 0.8 1.6 1.2 0.4 0.8 1.6 1.2 phn nguyn phn nguyn phn nguyn phn nguyn phn nguyn phn nguyn phn nguyn phn nguyn = = = = = = = = 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1

0.81(10) 0.1100111(2)
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0.2(10) 0.00110011 (2)

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3. H mi su (Hexa)
C s 16 16 ch s: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9, A,B,C,D,E,F Dng vit gn cho s nh phn: c mt nhm 4-bit s c thay bng mt ch s Hexa

Quan h gia s nh phn v s Hexa

4-bit
0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110

Ch s Hexa
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F Bi ging Kin trc my tnh 18

V d chuyn i s nh phn 1011 00112 = B316 0000 00002 = 0016

s Hexa:

0010 1101 1001 10102 = 2D9A16 1111 1111 1111 11112 = FFFF16

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1111 5 September 2009

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2.2. i s Boole
i s Boole s dng cc bin logic v php ton logic Bin logic c th nhn gi tr 1 (TRUE) hoc 0 (FALSE) Php ton logic c bn l AND, OR v NOT vi k hiu nh sau:
A AND B : A OR B : NOT A : AB A+B A

2.2. i s Boole Cc php ton NAND, NOR, XOR: A NAND B : AB

A NOR B : A + B A XOR B: A B = A B + A B

Th t u tin: NOT > AND > OR

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Php ton i s Boole

P 0 0 1 1 P 0 0 1 1
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Cc ng nht thc ca i s Boole

P+Q 0 1 1 1 P+Q 1 0 0 0
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Q 0 1 0 1 Q 0 1 0 1

P 1 1 0 0 PQ 0 1 1 0

P.Q 0 0 0 1 P.Q 1 1 1 0

AB=BA 1A=A AA=0 0A=0 AA=A A (B C) = (A B) C A B = A + B (nh l De Morgan)

5 September 2009

A+B=B+A 0+A=A A+A=1 1+A=1 A+A=A A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C A + B = A B (nh l De Morgan)

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A (B + C) = (A B) + (A C) A + (B C) = (A + B) ( A + C)

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2.3. Cc cng logic (Gate)

Cc cng c bn
AND OR NOT

Cc cng logic (tip)

Cc cng
NAND NOR XOR

Chc nng c th biu din bng bng tht (truth table)

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Tp y L tp cc cng c th thc hin c bt k hm logic no t cc cng ca tp . Mt s v d v tp y :

{AND, OR, NOT} {AND, NOT} {OR, NOT} {NAND} {NOR}
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S dng cng NAND

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S dng cng NOR

Mt s v d vi mch logic

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Hm logic Hm logic c th c biu din theo mt vi cch:

Bng tht (Truth table) Ba Cac-n Biu thc logic Dng s

2.4. Mch t hp Mch t hp l mch logic trong tn hiu ra ch ph thuc tn hiu vo thi im hin ti. L mch khng nh v c thc hin bng cc cng logic c bn Mch t hp c th c nh ngha theo ba cch:
Bng tht Dng s Phng trnh Boole

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B dn knh (Multiplexer-MUX)
Multiplexer
2n u vo d liu n u vo chn 1 u ra

Multiplexer (tip)
Thc hin MUX bn u vo d liu

4-data input MUX

u vo chn (S) xc nh u vo no (I) s c ni vi u ra.

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B phn knh (Demultiplexer DeMUX)

B gii m (Decoder)
B gii m chn mt u ra tng ng vi mt t hp ca N u vo.

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B gii m (tip)

B gii m 74LS139

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B m ha (Encoder)

B cng (Adder) B bn tng (Half-adder)

Cng hai bit to ra bit tng v bit nh

B ton tng (Full-adder)

Cng 3 bit Cho php xy dng b cng N-bit

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B cng (tip)

B cng 16-bit

A 16-bit ripple-carry adder

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2.5. Mch dy Mch dy l mch logic trong tn hiu ra ph thuc tn hiu vo hin ti v qu kh L mch c nh, c thc hin bng phn t nh (Latch, Flip-Flop) v c th kt hp vi cc cng logic c bn Mch dy bao gm:
Mch t hp Mch hi tip

Cc thnh phn chnh ca mch dy

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Cht (Latch)
C kh nng nh bit

Cht (tip)

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D Latch
D Latch (ng b theo mc)
Trnh t hp SR = 11

Flip-Flops
D Flip-Flop (ng b theo sn)

(Flip-Flop D ng b theo sn dng)

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Flip-Flops (tip)

JK Flip-Flop

Latches

Flip-flops

J 0 0 1 1
Low level High level Positive edge Negative edge

K 0 1 0 1

Qn+1 Qn 0 1 Qn

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V d chip
D latches JK flip-flops

Thanh ghi dch

C chc nng lu tr v dch s liu

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Chip thanh ghi

74164 shift Register chip

B m B m nh phn
Thit k n gin B bits c th m t 0 n 2B1 B m khng ng b (Ripple counter) B m ng b

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V d b m khng ng b (ripple counter)

LSB

V d b m ng b
c thit k da trn nguyn tc sau:
Thay i u ra nu bit m trc l 1 Q1 thay i khi Q0 = 1 Q2 thay i khi Q1Q0 = 11

A modulo-8 binary ripple counter

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Ht chng 2

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