,

&

Wittgenstein

:
, 2009

 :
.
,
.
.

.
Wittgenstein,

.

.
.
.
Astrid, , Nikolai
.


1. ..........................................5
2. ...............................................................8
2.1. ......................................................................9
3. Wittgenstein .......................12
4. ...............................................16
5. Wittgenstein ......................................21
6. Wittgenstein............27
6.1. : .......................30
6.2. : ........34
6.3. : ....................39
6.4. Williams....................................44
7. Wittgenstein ..................................................47
8. Wittgenstein ..................................54
8.1. ..........................................................56
8.2. ...............57
8.3. ................58
8.4.
................................................61
9. Wittgenstein ......68
9.1 Wittgenstein...68
9.1.1. .................................................................68
9.1.2. .................................................................68
9.1.3. .......................................................................70
9.2. ..................................................70
9.2.1. Wittgenstein
...........................................................................72
9.2.2. Wittgenstein .................73
2

9.3. .................................74
9.3.1. ..........................................................75
9.3.2. ..................................................76
9.3.3. .........................................................78
10. Wittgenstein .......................................81
10.1.
.......................................................................................86
11. ..................................................................88
..............................................................................................91

Wittgenstein:

Wittgenstein:

Wittgenstein:

Wittgenstein:

Wittgenstein:

Wittgenstein:

Ts

Wittgenstein: Typescripts ( Wittgenstein)

1.
Wittgenstein
20 .
Wittgenstein,

.
Wittgenstein
, .

(.. ). ,
.
Wittgenstein
.
.

Wittgenstein .
.

.
,
, ,
.
.
,
. ,
,
, ,
- .

,

. Wittgenstein.


,
, Beth Savickey (1999),
.

( 23). ,
,
. , ,
Wittgenstein ,
.


. Wittgenstein
:


. Meredith Williams (1999)

.
Wittgenstein
. Wittgenstein
,
. , ,


. .
Wittgenstein
. Steve Gerrard (1996)
Paul Ernest (1998)
Wittgenstein , ,
.

,
.
6

 Ray Monk (2007) . Monk

.
,
.

. ,



.

2.

Ludwig Josef Johann Wittgenstein (26 1889 29 1951)

,
, .
20 .


,
Wittgenstein
. Wittgenstein , Frege Russell,
.
20 :
.
Wittgenstein
.

Wittgenstein to 1947

2.1.
Ludwig Wittgenstein
19 . , Karl,
1890
. , Leopoldine,
. Wittgenstein
, Ludwig
.
, Wittgenstein 1908
Manchester.

Russell .
Frege,
1911, Wittgenstein Cambridge
Russell. Russell

[...] , ,
: , ,
.
( Monk (2002: 48))
, 1914 Wittgenstein
. 1918
Monte Casino .
1919.
, Tractatus Logico Philosophicus,
. Wittgenstein
, 1921,
.


,

. ,
,
.
1929 Cambridge ,
Tractatus
. Tractatus
30 Wittgenstein
Cambridge. Tractatus, Wittgenstein
,
,
.
.
, .
,
Wittgenstein 1937,
,
.
,
Newcastle,
.
1945 Cambridge .

-
. Wittgenstein 1951 Cambridge.
, Ludwig Wittgenstein
.

.
(1995: 292)
10

. ,
.

.

. ,
: . ,
.

11

3. Wittgenstein

1919-1929 Wittgenstein
. Tractatus
,
. Savickey (1999: 50)

Tractatus . Wittgenstein
,

. ,
Wittgenstein

. ,

.



.

.


. ,
.


.
Arbeitsschule ( )
: (1)
, (2) -
(3) (integrated),
12


. , ,
-
-
. (motto)
Eduard Burger,
, : ,
, , .
Wittgenstein
:
, , .
(:117)
Wittgenstein
;


,
. Wittgenstein

:
, ,
. ; ,
, ;

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; ;
13

 ;

. Wittgenstein

.
20
.
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, ,

!
,

. , ,

.
( Savickey, 1999: 52)

, ,
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.

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,
.

, ,
14


.
,
, , ,
.


.
,

, ,


1919-1926
Wittgenstein .
Wittgenstein

. ,
Savickey (1999: 50), .
,
Wittgenstein

-

.
Wittgenstein.

15

4.
Wittgenstein
.
.
.
(. .4).
.

. Wittgenstein
.

( 23, 19).

, . (1995:
103):
.
. .


Wittgenstein . status
, Wittgenstein
.
, . (1995:
208)
:
.

(.. , , ).
,
, ,
.

16

 ,
(
).
(1995: 208)
, ,

.
8.
. Wittgenstein:
, , .
( . 280/226)

; ;

.

. homo sapiens


.
241 Wittgenstein
:

;
.
.
( 241)
;
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17

Wittgenstein

, . ,
,
.
minimum
.
.
, ,
. :
.

.
.
Wittgenstein

( 134).
.
(. .74), , .

.
. , ,
,
, ,
,
.
, ,
. Cavell (1976: 57)

.

(. , 1995: 209).
Wittgenstein
18


. ,
. Wittgenstein
. ,

.
Cavell (1979: 178) :
[ ]

...


... ,
.
(Cavell, 1979: 178)
Paul Ernest
,
, ,
(Ernest, 1998: 69). Ernest, ,
,
, , (Lebenswelt) Husserl,
, Dasein
Heidegger. Heidegger
,
.
, , Wittgenstein
. Ernest
Husserl
30. , Ernest
Dreyfus Rabinow
(discursive practice) Foucault. discursive practice,
, , discourse
19

 .

,
. , discursive practice
Foucault
,
Wittgenstein.

20

5. Wittgenstein
(...)
,
;,
;, ;. .

.
( : 187-188)
Wittgenstein
,
. :
(1)
(2)
. ,

.
, ,
. Wittgenstein
.
Wittgenstein
.
Wittgenstein :
( 109).
Wittgenstein
, , ,
.

.
.
Wittgenstein
, , ,

21

, ,
, . (. Stroll 2002: 82).

,
.

, ,
.
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.
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,
. ( 90),
.
Wittgenstein


.

. Wittgenstein
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( 92).
.
.
22

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(
25/1). ;,
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:
, ( 89).
:

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( 108).
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92). Wittgenstein : !

. ,

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, .
,
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, , .
Wittgenstein, ,
:
( 127).
23

 Wittgenstein
.
. ,

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; - ; .
( 435, )
Wittgenstein .
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.

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, (mastery of the
concept).
, Wittgenstein,

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. ,
24

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Wittgenstein ,
( 124),
. , Wittgenstein
, , .
Wittgenstein
,
.
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, , .

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( 109). .
( .31).

.
. , , Wittgenstein ,
( 116). Wittgenstein

.
,
. Tractatus

, Wittgenstein
.
,
.
.

.
,
.

25

, , Wittgenstein,
. Floyd (2005, 77)
Wittgenstein
- , ,
.

. ,
,

.
, .
Wittgenstein :
(...)
. . o
( ).
(TS 213 86-3)
, Wittgenstein
,
, , ,

. , Wittgenstein
,
. ,
, ,
Hegel Freud:
Hegel
, .
,
. motto
King Lear: Ill teach you differences.
(Rhees, 1981: 171)
26

6.
Wittgenstein
Wittgenstein


:


. ,
(
Freud), ,
. ,

.
: .
!
(, . 392, , 1996: 249)

,
. ,

- . Meredith
Williams
.
Williams ,

. ,
-

27

Anna Sfard
-.
-
, . ,

. ,
Williams
Wittgenstein
.
Williams (1999: 188)
Wittgenstein. ,
..., ; - .
,
.
,
(indexicals), ,
, , . , Williams,
Wittgenstein
: ,
, ,
.
Wittgenstein
.

Williams ,

, ,
.
Williams (1999: 188)
Wittgenstein .

, .
28

,
.

.

.


, ,
, .
, Williams (1999: 189)
,
.

.

Wittgenstein
.
.
.
Williams (1999: 189)
: ,
. (ostensive learning)
. ,


. , Williams,
,
(bedrock) .
Williams,
:
,
,
. , ,
29

 . , , :
;
Williams ,
,
, ,
,
.
Williams
.
6.1. :
Wittgenstein

(, 1).
.

. Williams (1999: 190-1)

(1)
(2)
,
. ,
,

. ,

(ostensive definition). ,
Wittgenstein ,

.
.
.
30



. ; Wittgenstein
-
.
Wittgenstein,

.
(, 198).
.
, Williams,
,
.
,
.
,

. Wittgenstein,
( 31).
, Wittgenstein , (stage
setting) .
.


.
.
Ivan Pavlov,


(..

).

minimum
.
31


.

, ,
. ,
,
,
.
,
. , Wittgenstein,
,
.
Williams (1999: 193), ,
.

. , ,
, ,
. ,
, . (..
) (
, )

.
, (drives)


.


. ,
, .
, Williams,
.
, .
32

 , ,

.
status .
, .
. Williams (1999: 194)

.
,
,
.
.
Williams, ,
(conditioning).
,
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,
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. Williams (1999: 194)


. : (1)
(rule-conforming), (2)
(pattern-governed) (3)
(rule-obeying).

, .
, ,

,
,
33

 . Williams
:

,
. Williams
. ,

.
, Williams,

.

pattern,
,
pattern.


. Williams

,

.
6.2. :
Williams (1999: 197) ,
,
.

Chomsky Fodor. ,


. Chomsky Fodor

34

 Wittgenstein -,
,
. Williams
.
Williams

.

.
,
. Williams (1999: 198)
:

,

.
Wittgenstein
. , ,
,

. Williams (1999: 198),
(bedrock)
. ,
,
.

Wittgenstein
-.
, Williams

(pattern-governed behaviors)
.
, ,
. ,
35

 ,
. ,
Williams, ,
, .


. ;
;
.. -
; Wittgenstein
, .
, (knowhow)

. ,
.
.
Williams (1999: 201),
,
.. , ,
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, . -.
,
,
,

.

.
Wittgenstein
. ,

; Williams (1999: 202)

36


. ,
.
Wittgenstein ,
.

,
:


.
.
(, VI, 21)
.

. ;
; Wittgenstein
.

. ,
, .
Wittgenstein, Williams, 238
:
, (, 238). ,

-
,

. ,

.
.
37


. Wittgenstein
: ,
(, VII, 39),
[ ] ; .
(, VII, 40). Wittgenstein
:
[ ]; -
:
(, 198)
. (,
206). , .
, Williams,
,

.

.


,
.
(rule-obeying),
(patterngoverned). ,
,

. , Williams,
Wittgenstein : (2, 4, 6, 8,
.) .

38

6.3. :
Williams,
. ;

.

.
.
Williams (1999: 207), .

,
.
:
[ ] : .
.
.
.

, .
, , . .
(, VI, 8)
Wittgenstein .
, Williams, Hume

Wittgenstein .

Wittgenstein , :
.

/ -
.
39

, , Williams Wittgenstein

. Williams
(1999: 208),

. ,

, .

, , ,
. .
Williams, o Wittgenstein

.
status ,
,
.
,
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,
. Wittgenstein
-

.
.
; Williams,
(skilled activity)
. Williams
: ,
(, VI, 2). , ,

. ,
(, VI, 2). Wittgenstein
40

 . Wittgenstein

(, VI, 2).
, ,
.

. ,
Wittgenstein, .
, .
, .., ,
, .
8 9 = 72
. .
status .
status
. , ,
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. , Williams,
. ,

,
. ,
.
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, ..
2, 4, 6, 8, ... . Williams,

-,
,
.
, .

41

 -,
, .
.
,
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.

, ,
,
. Williams,


.
,
, , (, VI, 33).
,
:
25 25 = 625 , ,
, , 25 25,
625 (, VI, 23). ,

. Wittgenstein
: . ,
, .
.
, , , ,
(, VI, 23).
Williams (1999: 214) :
1.
(pattern-governed).
.
. ,

42

 .

.
2.

/
, ,
, .
3. ,

, , . ,

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.
4.

.
5.
.
-
. ,

.

, ,

.
, ,
.

43

 ,
.
, , .

,
.
Williams

.
Lev Vygotsky.
Vygotsky
(activity theory) -
. Vygotsky

Jean Piaget.
Vygotsky
. Vygostsky

.

. ,
Wittgenstein

. Wittgenstein

Vygotsky.
6.4. Williams
Williams.
( , . 50), Wittgenstein
.
: ,
(, ,
44

 .) ( 40).
Williams, o Wittgenstein
.

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( 55)
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;
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,
( 55).
2+2 4;
,
45


, , .

.
,
Williams
- Wittgenstein

46

7. Wittgenstein

Wittgenstein
. ,
,
, .
,
.

. ,
.
243 . 315
, .
Saul Kripke
202: , .
.
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.

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47

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307.

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50

, ; - ,
.
, 1956

;
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Wittgenstein
,
.
,
.
,
.
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, ,
.
Wittgenstein ,
Descartes.

,
,
,
.


.
, ,

.
,
51

 .

,
.
.
Williams,

.
, .


Husserl (1900). Husserl,

, ,
.

.
, Husserl
. ,

.

Husserl :
; , ,
,
: , ,
. , Wittgenstein

. ,
-
Husserl. ,
, Wittgenstein
status

52

.
Wittgenstein Husserl.
Wittgenstein
.
,
.

53

8. Wittgenstein
Steve
Gerrard (1996) Wittgenstein
. Gerrard (1996)
Wittgenstein :
Tractatus (3.314),
,
Wittgenstein
. Wittgenstein
,
. Wittgenstein
. ,
,
(. 107).
30 Wittgenstein
.

-
,
-. Wittgenstein

. , Gerrard (1996: 191)
Wittgenstein
,
.

-, . Gerrard (1991: 127-128),
Wittgenstein ,
. Wittgenstein

, .

54

 .
Wittgenstein
:
[ ]
, ,
, ,
. (
).

. (, 23)
,
.
.
.

Wittgenstein
,
. Wittgenstein
.
, .
,
,
.
V, 2
:
.
, ,
.
(, V, 2)

55

 Wittgenstein
.
, , , .
8.1.
Wittgenstein
:
; (, V, 8)

; (, V, 15).
, Wittgenstein :
.

. Wittgenstein

:

:

: , , ,
, , . :
.
.. .
; ,
. (...)
, .

.
(, 67)
Wittgenstein :
,
56


. (, 68). Wittgenstein
,

. ,
.

,
, ,
(. Cavell, 1979: 182).
a priori
. ,
Wittgenstein
, , ..
,
(, 68).
8.2.
Wittgenstein

, ,
.
Wittgenstein
. Gerrard (1996: 178) Wittgenstein

.
, ,
, ,
, ,
. :

.
. :
57

 ( III, 75).
,
. ,
: []
. , ,
( VII, 1).
W. W. Tait:
( Gerrard 1996: 178). ,

.
;
.
8.3.
Wittgenstein
.
,


2- 4 = -2
-. , ,

. Wittgenstein
,
, ,
. , ,
, .
. , 2 2 4
. ,
, .
Gerrard (1996: 179) 81 + 81 = 162
.

58

 : (1) , (2)
(3) . Gerrard :
(1)
, . 81
81
. 162
. ;
.
(2) , 81 + 81 = ; .
81 81 162. ,
Wittgenstein, (1):
. ,
: . ( , 67)
(3) ,
.
81 + 81 = 162.
Wittgenstein
(2) (3)
81 81 162.
, (2) (1),
(3). (1) (2) (3)
. (3)
. ,
.
,
. ,
. (. Ill teach you differences
Wittgenstein - Wittgenstein

).
59


Wittgenstein:
,
, . ,

.
,
:
... - .
.
(, VI, 15)
, . :
.
.
(, IV, 31)
Wittgenstein
.

,
.
.

..
,
. ,
: . ,

. ,

, ,
.
60

 (. , 50).
, .
, Wittgenstein,
,
.
. Wittgenstein

.
8.4.

Wittgenstein .
Bloor
,
.
Wittgenstein
(Bloor Gerrard, 1996: 183). Wittgenstein
:
.
(, VI, 49).
,
.
.
Wittgenstein
,
. , Wittgenstein :

.
(
),

(, VI, 49).

61

 Wittgenstein
(, VI, 13).
,
. 25 2 = 625 25 2
625 . ,
-
. ,
25 2 = 625
. , Wittgenstein
.
Wittgenstein (. , VII, 1)

. ,

( Wittgenstein)

( Wittgenstein, ,
). , , ,
,


-.

:
- 2 2 = 4 2 2 = 4
. ,
, :
. .
(, xi, 281)
.
, , .

62

,
, Wittgenstein.

,
:
- : 2 2
5, 4. , ,
; - ,
,
. ; (
; ,
.)
(, xi, 281)
Wittgenstein ,
, . ,
. ; ,

. Wittgenstein :
.
:
. ,
.
, ;
(LFM, p. 240, Gerrard (1996: 186))

;. ;
; ;
Wittgenstein. ;
;
.
63



.

-. ,
,
.
;

;
status
. Wittgenstein

.
,

. , Gerrard (1996: 186)
:
(1) 2 + 2 = 4
(2) 2 + 2 = 4

Wittgenstein
. , Gerrard
(1996: 196),

. Wittgenstein
,
(. , 132). ,
, Wittgenstein .
,
.

64

 Wittgenstein ;
Gerrard (1996: 188), (...)
.


-.
:
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, ,
, ,
,
. ,

,
, ,
, .
(, 142)
.
, ,

. , ,

Wittgenstein. ,
.
.
. Wittgenstein

. ,
. Wittgenstein
.
, ,
. Wittgenstein,
65


: ,
. .
, .
, , (LFM, pp. 183-4
Gerrard, 1996: 190).

. (. )
,

, (, IV,
8). ,
, ,
.

66

9. Wittgenstein

Paul Ernest
Wittgenstein . Ernest

. Wittgenstein
.
Ernest Wittgenstein

.
Wittgenstein
( Ernest, 1978:
66)
.
Ernest, , ,
Wittgenstein ,
, Lakatos,

20 . ,

. Ernest: [ Wittgenstein]

(Kreisel

1958,

Kielkopf

1970),

(Dummett 1964) (Maddy 1992) ( Ernest 1998: 67).

,
Gdel,
. Ernest, ,
Bloor, Tymoczko Shanker
Wittgenstein
.
Ernest ,

67


.
9.1. Wittgenstein
,

Wittgenstein. Wittgenstein
Wittgenstein ,
30 40
,
.
9.1.1. : Ernest :
Wittgenstein
- ,
Wittgenstein ,
-. Wittgenstein :

, :
.
( 43)
.
( VI.41)
9.1.2. : Wittgenstein

.
.
:

68


.
( 7)

.
( 23)
(.
), Ernest
, , ,
(Ernest, 1998: 69).
, , .
,
, , .
( VI.34)
Ernest Wittgenstein
:
1. , .
2.
.
3.
,
.
4. .
,
.
5. .
, ,

69

 , ,
.
6.
.
7. .
,
.
8.
. ,
.
9.
,
,
.
Ernest (1998: 72),
,
Wittgenstein Tractatus.
,
.
9.1.3. : ,
, Wittgenstein
, , ,
,
.
, .
, .
( 224)
,

. Wittgenstein
70

 .
,
.
, Wittgenstein,

.
Gerrard

. , Ernest, ,

, .
, Ernest
:
: AB, . ,
Ernest,
.
, ( , )
, , .

. ,

instance

-. ,
modus ponens. , Ernest
(
) (, ).
.
9.2.
Ernest
Wittgenstein ,

71

 . Wittgenstein
,
.
,
. , Wittgenstein
,

Wittgenstein -.
, Wittgenstein
Wittgenstein ,
.
Ernest Wittgenstein
, (Ernest, 1998: 75).
Wittgenstein
.
.
,
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9.2.1. Wittgenstein :
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72

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88


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90


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93