AP Chapter4 2011

Phn 1: Anten Chng 4: Cc Loi Anten Thng Dng
Dept. of Telecomm. Eng. Faculty of EEE
AP2011 BG, DH, HCMUT
NI DUNG
1. Dipole bng rng (biconical, cylindrical, folded, sleeve) 2. Anten sng chy (traveling wave antennas) v anten bng rng (anten dy di, V dipole, Rhombic, Helix, Yagi-Uda, Anten log-chu k) 3. Anten loa (horn antennas) 4. Anten phn x (reflector antennas)
1. DIPOLE BNG RNG: BICONICAL DIPOLE (1)

Trng in, trng t, dng v p:

Trng bc x:
in p gia 2 im trn 2 hnh nn cch nhau khong r so vi gc to , c cho bi:

Dng in trn b mt hnh nn khong cch r so vi gc to c xc nh bi:
Tr khng vo (input impedance): Hnh nn v hn: Tr khng c tnh (characteristic impedance): cng l tr khng vo ti im cp in:

Trong khng gian t do (free space), tr khng c tnh thnh: Trng hp cc hnh nn l nh:
Cng sut bc x:
1. DIPOLE BNG RNG: FOLDED DIPOLE (1)

Mt folded dipole c to bi 2 dipole ni thnh vng nh hnh v, khong cch s rt nh hn so vi bc sng.

Folded dipole c th c phn tch bng cch xp chng 2 ch : ch transmission line v ch anten (xem hnh v, xem thm [1]). Do tr khng vo ti im cp ngun l:
Vi Zd l tr khng vo ca dipole thng c chiu di l v bn knh tng ng ae ch anten: Tr khng vo Zd c xc nh bi:
10

Zt l tr khng vo ti im a-b (hay e-f) ch transmission line:
Vi Z0 l tr khng c tnh ca transmission line:
Nu s/2 >> a, th:
11

Trng hp c bit, l = /2:
Do :
12
2. ANTEN SNG CHY (1)

Anten vi u cui h mch (dipoles, monopoles, etc.) c xem nh anten sng ng (standing wave antenna hay resonant antenna). Dng trn anten ny l tng ca 2 dng theo hng ngc nhau (dng ca sng ti v sng phn x). V d, dng trn dipole chiu di l c cho bi:
13

Dng trn nhnh trn ca dipole c th c biu din nh sau:
14

Anten sng chy (traveling wave antenna) c c trng bi u cui phi hp tr khng (khng phn x sng) sao cho dng tng ng cho sng chy theo ch mt hng. Xem xt mt on anten sng chy vi chiu di l nm trn trc z nh hnh v (trng xa ca anten sng chy s l xp chng ca cc on anten sng chy). Dng sng chy dc theo trc z l:
15
16

B qua tn hao trn anten, ta c:
Vector th in trng xa:
17
18

t , ta c:
Do , trng xa ca mt on anten sng chy:
19

Nu = k, , ta c:
20

Mt cng sut bc x trung bnh:
21

Cng sut bc x ca mt on anten sng chy:
in tr bc x tng ng:
Cng bc x:
22

th nh hng chun ho:
Cc nh ca th hng tnh xy ra ti cc gc:
Gc ti gi tr cc i ca bp sng chnh tng ng vi m = 0 (hoc 2m+1 = 1).

23

Cc gi tr null ca th hng tnh xy ra ti cc gc:
H s nh hng ca on anten sng chy:
24

V Antenna:
25

V Anten n hng (Unidirectional V antenna):
26

V anten 2 hng (Bidirectional V anten):
27

V anten c ti:
28

Gc 0 ti u c c h s nh hng ln nht, theo [1]:
H s nh hng tng ng l:
29

Rhombic Antenna:
30
31
2. ANTEN BNG RNG: ANTEN XON C (1)

Anten xon c (Helical Antenna):
N vng xon c L = NS Chiu di tng cng ca dy anten:
32

Anten xon c thng dng vi 2 ch c bn: broadside (normal) v end fire (axial).
33

ch broadside: hng tnh cc i theo hng vung gc trc anten v xp x zero theo hng trc anten. ch endfire: ch c mt bp sng chnh cc i theo hng trc anten.
34

Xt anten xon c ch broadside: c xem gn ng nh s kt hp gia N dipole ngn (c chiu di S) v N anten vng (c ng knh D). Nh vy in trng ca anten gm 2 thnh phn (tng ng cho in trng ca dipole ngn E v in trng ca anten vng E)
35
H s AR (axial ratio) c nh ngha bi:
Bng cch thay i S v/hoc D, ta c: 0 AR < Khi AR = 0, E = 0: phn cc tuyn tnh hng ngang. Khi AR = , E = 0: phn cc tuyn tnh hng ng.
36

Khi AR = 1: xy ra khi:
Khi anten c phn cc trn cho mi hng (ngoi tr ti = 0o, ti trng bng zero). hot ng ch broadside, gi s dng phn b trn dy anten c bin v pha l hng s (chiu di tng cng ca dy anten rt nh hn bc sng).
37

Xt anten ch end fire, ta c cc cng thc tnh thc nghim [1] vi gi s cho anten phn cc trn: Tr khng vo (thun tr): rng bp sng na cng sut:
rng bp sng gia 2 null u tin:
38

H s hng tnh:
H s AR: th hng tnh chun ha (trng xa):
39

Trng hp xem anten xon nh dy anten endfire gm N phn t, khong cch gia cc phn t l S, cc phn t nm trn trc z:
Trng hp xem anten xon nh dy anten HansenWoodyard gm N phn t, khong cch gia cc phn t l S, cc phn t nm trn trc z:
40
2. ANTEN BNG RNG: ANTEN YAGI-UDA (1)

Anten Yagi-Uda dng cc phn t anten thng: i vi dy anten thng thng (chng 3), tt c cc phn t ca dy u c kch thch dng. Vi dy anten YagiUda (thuc nhm dy k sinh - parasitic array), thng ch c mt phn t c kch thch in, cc phn t khc khng c kch thch in m chi c ghp tng h in t (thng c gi l cc phn t k sinh). Phn t c cp ngun gi l phn t li (driven element) thng l - dipole hoc folded dipole, phn t pha trc phn t li gi l phn t hng x (director) mang tnh cm khng, phn t pha sau gi l phn t phn x (reflector) mang tnh dung khng. Thng dy anten Yagi-Uda c s dng ch end-fire. Dng tng qut ca anten Yagi-Uda nh sau:
41
42

Anten Yagi-Uda dn dng cho TV:
43

V d th hng tnh ca dy anten Yagi-Uda gm 15 phn t (xem v du 10.2, pp. 587-588, [1]).
44

V d h s hng tnh theo bng thng ca dy anten YagiUda gm 6 phn t (p.593, [1]).
45

u im dy anten Yagi-Uda: Trng lng nh Gi thnh thp n gin trong ch to Bp sng n hng (da vo thng s Front-to-back ratio) Tng h s hng tnh so vi cc loi anten thng khc ng dng thc t cc bng tn: HF (3-30 MHz), VHF (30300 MHz), UHF (300 MHz - 3 GHz)
46

Cc thng s tiu biu ca dy anten Yagi-Uda: Phn t li: c chiu di 0.45 - 0.49, ty thuc bn knh, folded dipole c dng tng tr khng vo. Phn t hng x: chiu di 0.4 - 0.45 (khong 10% - 20 % ngn hn phn t li), cc phn t khng cn c kch thc ging nhau. Phn t phn x: khong 0.5 (khong 10% - 20 % di hn phn t li) Khong cch gia cc phn t hng x: 0.2 - 0.4, khng cn u. Khong cch vi phn t phn x: 0.1 - 0.25
47

in trng ca dy anten Yagi-Uda vng xa: l tng ca cc in trng ca N phn t, mi phn t c chiu di ln:
48

Dng trn mi phn t c th phn tch bi chui Fourier vi s bc (mode) l M:
Bi tp: Vit chng trnh tnh in trng tng cng cho dy anten Yagi-Uda (tham kho chng trnh yagi-uda.exe v cc v d kt qu km theo, da theo v du 10.2, pp. 587-588, [1]).
49

Tr khng vo ca dy anten Yagi-Uda ph thuc nhiu vo khong cch gia phn t phn x v phn t li. V d (p. 593, [1]):
Do cn c s phi hp tr khng gia anten v ng dy truyn sng.

50

Thit k dy anten Yagi-Uda ([1]): Da vo bng 10.6 (p. 595, [1]) vi t s ng knh ca phn t anten trn bc sng l d/ = 0.0085. Phn t li l /2-folded dipole. Khong cch gia phn t li v phn t phn x (ch 1 phn t phn x) l 0.2. Da vo Hnh 10.27 biu din chiu di (cha b) ca cc phn t phn x v hng x vi 0.001 d/ 0.04. Da vo Hnh 10.28 chiu di b (tng thm) ca cc phn t phn x v hng x cho trng hp tr anten bng kim loi v 0.001 D/ 0.04, vi D l ng knh ca tr . Thng s vo (specification) thng l: tn s trung tm, h s hng tnh, d/, D/. Cc phn t lm bng nhm. Cc gi tr cn tm l: cc chiu di v cc khong cch gia cc phn t.
51

Bng 10.6:
52
53

Hnh 10.27:
54

Hnh 10.28:
55

Xem v d 10.3, pp. 596-597, [1].
56
2. ANTEN BNG RNG: ANTEN LOG CHU K (1)

Xt anten log chu k (log-periodic antenna) dng dy cc dipole:
Anten log chu k c xem nh anten c lp vi tn s (frequency-independent antenna), loi anten ny thng c t s bng thng 10:1 ( fmax : fmin ).
57

Quan h gia cc kch thc ca anten log chu k vi t s hnh hc (geometric ratio) nh sau:
H s khong cch gia cc phn t (spacing factor):
58

Kt ni: khc vi anten Yagi-Uda, cc phn t ca anten u c kt ni vi nhau.
59

Cc phng trnh thit k anten log chu k:
Chiu di phn t di nht v ngn nht ca anten ty thuc tn s hot ng thp nht (fmin) v cao nht (fmax) ca dy anten. nh ngha bng thng vng tch cc Bar nh sau: Bng thng c thit k Bs c xc nh bi: vi B l bng thng mong i.
60

Chiu di tng cng ca anten (t phn t ngn nht lmin n phn t di nht lmax):
S phn t ca (dy) anten:
nh ngha tr khng c tnh trung bnh:
61

T s gia tr khng c tnh dy truyn sng (Z0) trn tr khng vo (Rin) c xc nh bi th:
62

Khong cch s (gia 2 nhnh ca dipole):
Thit k: Thng s vo (specification): H s hng tnh D0 (theo dB). Tr khng vo Rin. ng knh cc phn t d. Bng thng mong i B (fminfmax). Cc bc: 1. Cho trc D0, xc nh v t th sau:
63
64

2. Xc nh . 3. Xc nh Bar v Bs. 4. Tm L v N. 5. Tm Za. 6. Tm Z0/Rin. 7. Tm s. Xem v d 11.1 pp. 634-635, [1].
65
ANTEN KHE H (APERTURE ANTENNA) (1)

Anten khe h (aperture antenna) c khe h (vi nhiu loi khc nhau) sng in t c th c pht hoc thu. V d: anten khe (slot antenna), ng dn sng (waveguide), anten loa (horn antenna), anten phn x (reflector), anten thu knh (lens antenna). Phng php phn tch anten khe h khc vi phn tch anten dy. Anten khe h c dng nhiu trong cc ng dng trong hng khng v khng gian.
66

Xt ng dn sng hnh ch nht c u cui h mch c ni n mt phng t dn in (mt phng xoy):
67

Gi s trng trong ng dn sng ch gm mode TE10, phn b trng khe h ng dn sng l:
vi
68

Trng bc x vng xa l:
69

Trng trn mt phng E ( = 90o) v H ( = 0o) l:
70
3. ANTEN LOA (HORN ANTENNAS) (1)

Anten loa l phn chuyn i (hay phi hp) gia mode dn sng trong ng dn sng v mode truyn sng trong khng gian t do. Anten loa gim sng phn x v do c t s sng ng (VSWR) thp. C 3 loi anten loa: Anten loa theo mt phng E (bc x ch theo hng mt phng E) Anten loa theo mt phng H (bc x ch theo hng mt phng H) Anten loa theo hnh kim t thp (bc x theo c 2 hng mt phng E v H). ng dn sng gn vi anten loa hot ng n mode, tn s hot ng trn tn s ct ca mode TE10 nhng di tn s ct ca mode cao nht k tip.
71

Anten loa theo mt phng E:
72
73

Trng vng xa ca anten loa mt phng E, trng theo mt phng E ( = /2):
74

vi
75

Trng vng xa ca anten loa mt phng E, trng theo mt phng H ( = /2):
76

vi
77

H s hng tnh DE ca anten loa mt phng E:
78

Anten loa theo mt phng H:
79
80

Trng vng xa ca anten loa mt phng H, trng theo mt phng E ( = /2):
81

Trng vng xa ca anten loa mt phng H, trng theo mt phng H ( = /2):
82

H s hng tnh DH ca anten loa mt phng H:
83

Anten loa theo hnh kim t thp:
84

Anten loa kim t thp c th hng tnh theo c 2 hng mt phng E v mt phng H. Trng theo hng mt phng E ging trng theo mt phng E ca anten loa mt phng E, v trng theo hng mt phng H ging trng theo mt phng H ca anten loa mt phng H. H s hng tnh DP ca anten loa kim t thp:
85
4. ANTEN PHN X (1)

Anten phn x (reflector antenna) dng b mt phn x lm tng li ca anten, l loi anten thng dng trong thng tin c ly v trong radar phn gii cao.
86
4. ANTEN PHN X (2)

V d:
87
4. ANTEN PHN X (3)
88
4. ANTEN PHN X PARABOL (1)

Anten phn x parabol (Parabolic reflector)
89
90
91
92
93
94

in trng vng xa:
vi Pt l tng cng sut bc x ca ngun t ti tiu c ca anten, cng bc x ca ngun ny c cho bi:
l hm li ca ngun bc x, v
95
96

H s hng tnh: Gi s hm khng ph thuc v khi , ta c trng ti , l:
Cng bc x:
97

Do , h s hng tnh:
Nu
, th
98

Hiu sut m (aperture efficiency):
99

AP Chapter4 2011

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Phn 1: Anten Chng 4: Cc Loi Anten Thng Dng

Dept. of Telecomm. Eng. Faculty of EEE

AP2011 BG, DH, HCMUT

Dept. of Telecomm. Eng. Faculty of EEE

AP2011 BG, DH, HCMUT

1. DIPOLE BNG RNG: BICONICAL DIPOLE (1)

Dept. of Telecomm. Eng. Faculty of EEE

AP2011 BG, DH, HCMUT

1. DIPOLE BNG RNG: BICONICAL DIPOLE (2)

Dept. of Telecomm. Eng. Faculty of EEE

AP2011 BG, DH, HCMUT

1. DIPOLE BNG RNG: BICONICAL DIPOLE (3)

in p gia 2 im trn 2 hnh nn cch nhau khong r so vi gc to , c cho bi:

Dept. of Telecomm. Eng. Faculty of EEE

AP2011 BG, DH, HCMUT

1. DIPOLE BNG RNG: BICONICAL DIPOLE (4)

Dept. of Telecomm. Eng. Faculty of EEE

AP2011 BG, DH, HCMUT

1. DIPOLE BNG RNG: BICONICAL DIPOLE (5)

Dept. of Telecomm. Eng. Faculty of EEE

AP2011 BG, DH, HCMUT

1. DIPOLE BNG RNG: FOLDED DIPOLE (1)

Dept. of Telecomm. Eng. Faculty of EEE

AP2011 BG, DH, HCMUT

1. DIPOLE BNG RNG: FOLDED DIPOLE (2)

Vi Zd l tr khng vo ca dipole thng c chiu di l v bn knh tng ng ae ch anten: Tr khng vo Zd c xc nh bi:

Dept. of Telecomm. Eng. Faculty of EEE

AP2011 BG, DH, HCMUT

1. DIPOLE BNG RNG: FOLDED DIPOLE (3)

Dept. of Telecomm. Eng. Faculty of EEE

AP2011 BG, DH, HCMUT

1. DIPOLE BNG RNG: FOLDED DIPOLE (4)

Vi Z0 l tr khng c tnh ca transmission line:

Nu s/2 >> a, th:

Dept. of Telecomm. Eng. Faculty of EEE

AP2011 BG, DH, HCMUT

1. DIPOLE BNG RNG: FOLDED DIPOLE (5)

Dept. of Telecomm. Eng. Faculty of EEE

AP2011 BG, DH, HCMUT

2. ANTEN SNG CHY (1)

Dept. of Telecomm. Eng. Faculty of EEE

AP2011 BG, DH, HCMUT

2. ANTEN SNG CHY (2)

Dept. of Telecomm. Eng. Faculty of EEE

AP2011 BG, DH, HCMUT

2. ANTEN SNG CHY (3)

Dept. of Telecomm. Eng. Faculty of EEE

AP2011 BG, DH, HCMUT

2. ANTEN SNG CHY (4)

Dept. of Telecomm. Eng. Faculty of EEE

AP2011 BG, DH, HCMUT

2. ANTEN SNG CHY (5)

Vector th in trng xa:

Dept. of Telecomm. Eng. Faculty of EEE

AP2011 BG, DH, HCMUT

2. ANTEN SNG CHY (6)

Dept. of Telecomm. Eng. Faculty of EEE

AP2011 BG, DH, HCMUT

2. ANTEN SNG CHY (7)

Do , trng xa ca mt on anten sng chy:

Dept. of Telecomm. Eng. Faculty of EEE

AP2011 BG, DH, HCMUT

2. ANTEN SNG CHY (8)