Nhim v ca cc tng trong m hnh OSI c th c tm tt nh sau:

Tng ng dng (Application layer lp 7): tng ng dng quy nh giao din gia ngi s dng v mi trng OSI, n cung cp cc phng tin cho ngi s dng truy cp v s dng cc dch v ca m hnh OSI. Cc ng dng cung c cp nh cc chng trnh x l k t, bng biu, th tn v lp 7 a ra cc giao thc HTTP, FTP, SMTP, POP3, Telnet. Tng trnh by (Presentation layer lp 6): chuyn i cc thng tin t c php ngi s dng sang c php truyn d liu, ngoi ra n c th nn d liu truyn v m ha chng trc khi truyn bo mt. Tng ny s nh dng d liu t lp 7 a xung ri gi i m bo sao cho bn thu c th c c d liu ca bn pht. Cc chun nh dng d liu ca lp 6 l GIF, JPEG, PICT, MP3, MPEG Tng giao dch (Session layer lp 5): thc hin thit lp, duy tr v kt thc cc phin lm vic gia hai h thng. Tng giao dch quy nh mt giao din ng dng cho tng vn chuyn s dng. N xc lp nh x gia cc tn t a ch, to ra cc tip xc ban u gia cc my tnh khc nhau trn c s cc giao dch truyn thng. N t tn nht qun cho mi thnh phn mun i thoi ring vi nhau. Cc giao thc trong lp 5 s dng l NFS, X- Window System, ASP. Tng vn chuyn (Transport layer lp 4): tng vn chuyn xc nh a ch trn mng, cch thc chuyn giao gi tin trn c s trc tip gia hai u mt, m bo truyn d liu tin cy gia hai u cui (end-to-end). Cc giao thc ph bin ti y l TCP, UDP, SPX. Tng mng (Network layer lp 3): tng mng c nhim v xc nh vic chuyn hng, vch ng cc gi tin trong mng (chc nng nh tuyn), cc gi tin ny c th phi i qua nhiu chng trc khi n c ch cui cng. Lp 3 l lp c lin quan n cc a ch logic trong mng Cc giao thc hay s dng y l IP, RIP, IPX, OSPF, AppleTalk.

Tng lin kt d liu (Data link layer lp 2): tng lin kt d liu c nhim v xc nh c ch truy nhp thng tin trn mng, cc dng thc chung trong cc gi tin, ng gi v phn pht cc gi tin.Lp 2 c lin quan n a ch vt l ca cc thit b mng, topo mng, truy nhp mng, cc c ch sa li v iu khin lung. Tng vt l (Phisical layer lp 1): tng vt l cung cp phng thc truy cp vo ng truyn vt l truyn cc dng Bit khng cu trc, ngoi ra n cung cp cc chun v in, dy cp, u ni, k thut ni mch in, in p, tc cp truyn dn, giao din ni kt v cc mc ni kt. M hnh TCP/IP c bn lp: Layer 4: lp ng dng (Application), lp vn chuyn (Transport), lp Internet (lin kt mng), lp truy xut mng (Network access). - Lp ng dng: Cc nh thit k TCP/IP cm thy rng cc giao thc mc cao nn bao gm cc chi tit ca lp trnh by v lp phin. n gin, h to ra mt lp ng dng kim sot cc giao thc mc cao, cc vn ca lp trnh by, m ha v iu khin hi thoi. TCP/IP tp hp tt c cc vn lin quan n ng dng vo trong mt lp, v m bo d liu c ng gi mt cch thch hp cho lp k tip. - Lp vn chuyn: Lp vn chuyn cp n cc vn cht lng dch v nh tin cy, iu khin lung v sa li. - Lp Internet: Mc tiu ca lp Internet l truyn cc gi t ngun n c ch. Giao thc c trng khng ch lp ny c gi l IP. Cng vic xc nh ng dn tt nht v hot ng chuyn mch gi din ra ti lp ny. - Lp truy xut mng: N cng c gi l lp Host-to-Network. N l lp lin quan n tt c cc vn m mt gi IP yu cu to mt lin kt vt l thc s, v sau to mt lin kt vt l khc. N bao gm cc chi tit k thut LAN v WAN, v tt c cc chi tit trong lp lin kt d liu cng nh lp vt l ca m hnh OSI. Cc thit b phn cng mng: Chng ta s tm hiu mt s thit b mng cn bn khc nhau v chc nng ca chng. 1. Card mng NIC (Network Interface Card)

Thit b ny cn c bit n vi nhiu tn khc nhau nh network card (card mng), Network Interface Card (card giao din mng) l mt tm mch in c cm vo trong my tnh dng cung cp cng kt ni vo mng. Card mng c coi l mt thit b hot ng lp 2 ca m hnh OSI. Mi card mng c cha mt a ch duy nht l a ch MAC - Media Access Control. Card mng iu khin vic kt ni my tnh vo cc phng tin truyn dn trn mng. Ni n card mng chng ta cng ni n phng thc truyn ti thng tin trn mng, chnh l kiu cap dng kt ni, c th dng dy hay khng dy cn ty thuc vo card mng. Chng hn, trc khi xy dng mt mng v bt u mua card mng, dy cp, bn phi quyt nh xem nn dng Ethernet, Ethernet ng trc, Token Ring hay mt tiu chun mng no khc. Mi tiu chun mng c di v nhc im ring. Thit k mt m hnh mng l mt bc quan trong.

Hnh 1: Card Ethernet Cc mng Ethernet hin i u s dng cp i xon vng 8 dy. Cc dy ny c sp xp theo th t c bit v u ni RJ-45 c gn vo phn cui cp. u ni RJ-45 trng ging nh b kt ni phn cui dy in thoi, nhng ln hn. Cc dy in thoi dng b kt ni RJ-11, tng phn vi b kt ni RJ-45 dng trong cp Ethernet. Bn c th thy v d mt cp Ethernet vi u ni RJ45 trong hnh.

Hnh 2: Cp Ethernet vi mt u kt ni RJ-45 2. Repeater - B lp

Repeater l mt thit b hot ng lp 1 (Physical) ca m hnh OSI khuych i v nh thi li tn hiu. Repeater khuych i v gi mi tn hiu m n nhn c t mt port ra tt c cc port cn li. Mc ch ca repeater l phc hi li cc tn hiu b suy yu i trn ng truyn m khng sa i g.

Repeater vi cc host trong mng 3. Hub Cn c gi l multiport repeater, n c chc nng hon ton ging nh Repeater nhng c nhiu port kt ni vi cc thit b khc. Mi my tnh trong mng s c kt ni ti mt hub thng qua cp Ethernet. Hub thng thng c 4, 8, 12 v 24 port v l trung tm ca mng hnh sao. Khi mt my tnh gi yu cu n mt my khc, th n s gi n Hub ri gi ra tt c cc my tnh c trong mng. Mi card Ethernet u c cung cp mt a ch vt l MAC (Media Access Control) duy nht. Tt c my tnh u nhn d liu, sau so snh a ch ch vi a ch vt l MAC ca n. Nu khp, my tnh s bit rng n chnh l ngi nhn d liu, nu khng n s l d liu i. Vic truyn d liu trn Hub thng gy ra xung t, khi mt my truyn d liu trn dy cng thi im my khc cng truyn th n s gy ra xung t, cc gi tin s b ph hy, sau mt thi gian n s truyn li, vic ny s lm chm h thng rt nhiu v vi h thng cng ln th vic xy ra xung t cng ln., do ngy nay vai tr ca Hub dn c thay th bi cc thit b cp cao hn nh switch. Hub hat ng mc 1 ca m hnh OSI.

Hub 4. Bridge - Cu ni Bridge l mt thit b hot ng lp 2 ca m hnh OSI dng kt ni cc phn on mng nh c cng cch nh a ch v cng ngh mng li vi nhau v gi cc gi d liu gia chng. Vic trao i d liu gia hai phn on mng c t chc mt cch thng minh cho php gim cc tc nghn c chai ti cc im kt ni. Cc d liu ch trao i trong mt phn on mng s khng c

truyn qua phn on khc, gip lm gim lu lng trao i gia hai phn on. Bridge c th ni nhiu hub li vi nhau nh hnh di y.

Cu ni Bridge 5. Switch: Cng ngh chuyn mch l mt cng ngh mi gip lm gim bt lu thng trn mng v lm gia tng bng thng. B chuyn mch cho LAN (LAN switch) c s dng thay th cc Hub v lm vic c vi h thng cp sn c. Ging nh bridges, switches kt ni cc phn on mng v xc nh c phn on m gi d liu cn c gi ti v lm gim bt lu thng trn mng. Switch c tc nhanh hn bridge v c h tr cc chc nng mi nh VLAN (Vitural LAN). Vlan c mt chc nng quan trng trong switch, ng vai tr nh mt mutiswitch. Switch c coi l thit b hot ng lp 2 ca m hnh OSI. Ngy nay c nhng thit b switch hot ng lp 3 chc nng ging nh mt router.

M hnh mt Switch trong mng 6. Router: Chc nng ca Router l nh tuyn, chuyn cc gi d liu t mng ny sang mng khc. Router hot ng lp 3 trong m hnh OSI. C nhiu loi router t r n cc loi t tin, ty tng m hnh h thng mng m yu cu thit b router tng ng. Router rt cn thit cho h thng mng. Chng ta s i su tm hiu v chc nng ca switch v router phn sau.

Nhim v ca cc tng trong m hnh OSI c th c tm tt nh sau: Tng ng dng (Application layer lp 7): tng ng dng quy nh giao din gia ngi s dng v mi trng OSI, n cung cp cc phng tin cho ngi s dng truy cp v s dng cc dch v ca m hnh OSI. iu khc bit tng ny l n khng cung cp dch v cho bt k mt tng OSI no khc ngoi tr tng ng dng bn ngoi m hnh OSI ang hot ng. Cc ng dng cung c cp nh cc chng trnh x l k t, bng biu, th tn v lp 7 a ra cc giao thc HTTP, FTP, SMTP, POP3, Telnet. Tng trnh by (Presentation layer lp 6): tng trnh by chuyn i cc thng tin t c php ngi s dng sang c php truyn d liu, ngoi ra n c th nn d liu truyn v m ha chng trc khi truyn bo mt.Ni n gin th tng ny s nh dng d liu t lp 7 a xung ri gi i m bo sao cho bn thu c th c c d liu ca bn pht. Cc chun nh dng d liu ca lp 6 l GIF, JPEG, MP3, MPEG Tng giao dch (Session layer lp 5): thc hin thit lp, duy tr v kt thc cc phin lm vic gia hai h thng. Tng giao dch quy nh mt giao din ng dng cho tng vn chuyn s dng. N xc lp nh x gia cc tn t a ch, to ra cc tip xc ban u gia cc my tnh khc nhau trn c s cc giao dch truyn thng. N t tn nht qun cho mi thnh phn mun i thoi ring vi nhau.Cc giao thc trong lp 5 s dng l NFS (Network File System), XWindow System (HT ha), ASP (ngn ng lp trnh Web). Tng vn chuyn (Transport layer lp 4): tng vn chuyn xc nh a ch trn mng, cch thc chuyn giao gi tin trn c s trc tip gia hai u mt, m bo truyn d liu tin cy gia hai u cui (end-to-end). bo m c vic truyn n nh trn mng tng vn chuyn thng nh s cc gi tin v m bo chng chuyn theo th t.Bn cnh lp 4 c th thc hin chc nng iu khin lung v iu khin li.Cc giao thc ph bin ti y l TCP, UDP, SPX. Tng mng (Network layer lp 3): tng mng c nhim v xc nh vic chuyn hng, vch ng cc gi tin trong mng(chc nng nh tuyn), cc gi tin ny c th phi i qua nhiu chng trc khi n c ch cui cng. Lp 3 l lp c lin quan n cc a ch logic trong mng Cc giao thc hay s dng y l IP, RIP, IPX, OSPF, AppleTalk (s dng cho MAC OS).

Tng lin kt d liu (Data link layer lp 2): tng lin kt d liu c nhim v xc nh c ch truy nhp thng tin trn mng, cc dng thc chung trong cc gi tin, ng gi v phn pht cc gi tin.Lp 2 c lin quan n a ch vt l ca cc thit b mng, topo mng, truy nhp mng, cc c ch sa li v iu khin lung. Tng vt l (Phisical layer lp 1): tng vt l cung cp phng thc truy cp vo ng truyn vt l truyn cc dng Bit khng cu trc, ngoi ra n cung cp cc chun v in, dy cp, u ni, k thut ni mch in, in p, tc cp truyn dn, giao din ni kt v cc mc ni kt. Mc d ra i t rt lu, m hnh tham chiu OSI vn ang l kim ch nam" cho cc loi mng vin thng, v l cng c c lc nht c s dng tm hiu xem d liu c gi v nhn ra sao trong mt mng my tnh ni chung.