Multimedia Technology, Design

and Authoring

 3 : 
 1
2

Character and Fonts

Audio (sound)

Images

Graphics & Animation

Nopporn Chotikakamthorn

Video

E-mail : nopporn@it.kmitl.ac.th
http://www.kmitl.ac.th/~kcnoppor
http://elearning.it.kmitl.ac.th

1. Character and Font

1.1 Character Sets

Character Set

Character Encoding

Font Structure

Types of Fonts

Font Effects

Fonts

Text & Font

Font Editing Tools

< >

<
<< 2



<

<


< < (code efficiency)

1.1 Character Sets

1.1 Character Sets

Characters are grouped into alphabets

Any

set of distinct symbols, usually forming the basis of some written

language

A character set = a mapping between the characters of some

alphabet and bit patterns (code)

Ex:

A => 0011xxxx

Common Character Sets

ASCII

Unicode

iso-8859 series (ex: iso-8859-1)

tis-620

windows-874

See http://www.xencraft.com/training/webstandards.html for

tutorial material, in-depth explanation of character encoding.

1.1 Character Sets

1.1 Character Sets

(8-bit) ASCII

Easy to double the number of code points by using the eighth bit
of a byte

Maintain backward compatibility by keeping lower half (0127)
identical with US-ASCII

Use code points 128255 for accented letters, math symbols,
extra punctuation

256 code points still insufficient for all languages,
so must still use different variants ('code pages')

ISO 8859

ISO 8859 is a multi-part standard which defines a collection of
character sets, each designed to accommodate the needs of a
group of related languages

ISO 8859-1, known as ISO-Latin1, covers most Western
European languages

ISO 8859-11: Latin/Thai

http://www.nectec.or.th/it-standards/iso8859-11/vision.htm#intro

1.1 Character Sets

1.1 Character Sets

10

TIS-620, Window-874 and ISO-8859-11

Windows-874 = TIS-620 + { NBSP, ellipsis, quote_left,
quote_right,doublequote_left, doublequote_right, bullet, en_dash,
em_dash }

ISO-8859-11 = TIS-620 + { NBSP }

note:NBSP = Non-Breaking Space (0xA0 / U+00A0)

source :

Multi-byte character sets

256 code points is not sufficient for ideographically based
alphabets (e.g., Chinese) or for using many languages on the
same document.

16-bit (2-byte) character set with 65,536 code points can
accommodate 256 8-bit character sets simultaneously, and so
on with 24- and 32-bit sets

ISO 10646 is structured as a hypercube comprising 256 groups
(cubes) each of 256 planes of 256 rows, each with 256
characters

1.1 Character Sets

1.1 Character Sets

11

12

http://bugs.sun.com/bugdatabase/view_bug.do?bug_id=465
2234

Each code point can be written as a quadruple (g, p, r, c)

..

group, plane, row, character

Using * to mean all values from 0255, can also use
quadruples to identify subsets

(0,

0, 0, *) is the subset with all but lowest-order byte set to 0

In ISO 10646, (0, 0, 0, *) is identical with ISO Latin1
256 cubes

1.1 Character Sets

1.2 Character Encoding

13

14

Unicode

16-bit character set developed by an industry consortium

Unicode uses CJK consolidation to fit all characters required for
Chinese, Korean and Japanese into 16 bits
CJK consolidation: Characters that look the same have the same

position, even if they are in fact different

ISO

10646 Basic Multilingual Plane (0, 0, *, *) is identical to

Unicode

Mapping from code values to a sequence of bytes

charset specification in a MIME type identifies encoding and

character set

e.g.

text/html; charset = ISO-8859-1

Encoding of ISO 10646 uses four bytes for each 32-bit value

UCS 4

For values on BMP (Basic Multilingual Plane) drop zero bytes
UCS 2

UCS

2 is therefore identical to Unicode

UCS = Universal Character Set, Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character
Set

1.2 Character Encoding

1.3 Font

15

16

UTF-8 (Unicode Transformation Format)

Unicode < ( )
8 ASCII <
< 8 (16 48 ) <
<
<

UTF-16 (Unicode Transformation Format) 16
Unicode
< <
16 2 < < 32

UTF = Unicode Transformation Format

< ( )

<
< <

(Typeface)

<

1.3 Font

1.3 Font

17

18

Fonts are stored in specified locations on a computer system,

may be embedded in documents

If

font is not embedded, document may not display properly on systems

where that font is not installed

Font Size Body Size : <

<< < <

< Font Size
<
(point pt ) < 1 pt 1/72 > < <

ex

< 1 ex x ()

em

< < 1
em Body Size < Body
Size 12 pt > 1 em 12 pt

1.3 Font

1.4 Types of Fonts

19

20

XH (X-Height) :

x
BL (Base Line) :

DL (Descender Line) : <

<<
AL (Aescender Line) : <
<
CH (Cap Height) :

Spacing: monospaced (fixed width)/proportional

Serifs: serifed/sans serif

Serifs are the small strokes added to the ends of character
shapes in conventional book fonts

Shape: upright/italic/slanted

Slant is a vertical shear effect, italic uses different glyph shapes
with a slant

Weight: bold/normal/light

1.4 Types of Fonts

1.4 Types of Fonts

21

22

Serif vs Sans Serif

Serif fonts :
< (
serifs)

Sans Serif : <


: Times and Times New Roman, Arial, Tahoma

Monospace fonts (fixed pitch) :

Courier <

: Courier 12 pitch, <

10 (points),
12 >

Pitch : The number of characters within

one inch space

1.4 Types of Fonts

1.4 Types of Fonts

23

24

Fixed (Bitmap) Fonts v.s. Outline Fonts

Outline fonts
TrueType Fonts
Adobe Postscript Fonts (Type 1 Font)

Font Technologies

PostScript Type 1 : the font format from Adobe.

TrueType : is now built into the operating systems of both Macs
and PCs. Its superior hinting makes for better on-screen display.

OpenType : new format created by Microsoft and Adobe, to
merge features of Type 1 and TrueType.

http://www.adobe.com/type/opentype/main.html

Bitmap Font <

< < <

< <

<
> < <

<

<
> > Fixed (size) Font

1.5 Font Effects

1.5 Font Effects

25

Regular/Condensed/Expanded

Tracking

Kerning

<

bounding box. Kerning

()
> <

26

Aliasing Anti-aliasing

Aliasing
<


Anti-aliasing
<
> <
< grayscale <

Anti-aliasing
<

Anti-alising effect
option Windows
smoothing font.

1.6 Fonts

1.6 Fonts

27

28

Microsoft Windows(3.1x, 95, 98, NT, 2000, XP):

Arial (Bold, Italic)

Courier New (Bold, Italic, Bold Italic)

Times New Roman (Bold, Italic, Bold Italic)

Symbol

Wingdings

Lucida Sans Unicode (NT 3.x and higher only)

Marlett (95 and 2000 only)

Verdana
http://www.kayskreations.net/fonts/fonttb.html

Unix/Xfree bitmap fonts:

charter

clean

courier

fixed

helvetica

lucida

lucidabright

lucidatypewriter

new century schoolbook

symbol
terminal
times
utopia

More information on Linux and open-source fonts:

http://www.sabi.co.uk/Notes/linuxFonts.html

1.6 Fonts

1.6 Fonts

29

30

Macintosh (System 7 and

Macintosh System 8 and

higher, add:
Apple Chancery
Hoefler Text
Hoefler Text Ornaments
Skia

higher):

Chicago

Courier

Geneva

Helvetica

Monaco

New

York

Palatino

Symbol

Times

http://support.apple.com/kb/HT2444

Font mapping

Mac-> Windows

Chicago->System

Courier->Courier

New

Geneva->MS Sans Serif

Helvetica->Arial

Monaco->Terminal

New York->MS serif

Symbol->Symbol

Times->Times New Roman

Useful link for cross-platform font selection :

http://www.ampsoft.net/webdesign-l/WindowsMacFonts.html

1.7 Text & Font

1.7 Text & Font

31

MIME = a way to tell a program what type of data is and how

to handle (render/display..) it.

MIME Type : text

<

Labels and

Captions

Information Text

Navigation and User Support

Sans serif
< footnote header

Serif

1


< <

32

<

San

serif : Helvetica, Arial, and Verdana

Serif : Times or New Century Schoolbook, Times New Roman, Bodoni,
Garamond, Minion Web, ITC Stone Serif, MS Georgia

Cursive : Mistral, Author

Fantasy : Wingdings, Webding

Monospace : Courier

1.8 Font Editing Tools

2 Audio (sound)

33

34

ResEdit, FontLab Studio (Mac OS)

Fontographer (From Macromedia)

FontForge (freeware)

MIDI Waveform Sound

Features found in image/graphic editing software such as Photo

Audio File Formats

Shop, Illustrator.

http://www.microsoft.com/typography/TrueTypeHistory.mspx

Audio on the Web

2.1

2.1

35

36

Sound : an acoustic wave, produced by the vibration of

matter. Air pressure changed during the vibration.

>

(Amplitude)
< 0
< < < < < 120
> <


< < (Frequency)
>

<
< <> <<
< Hertz (Hz) <

<
< 20 Hz 20,000 Hz

(Voice Sound) >

<
<

< (Audio Sound)

2.1

2.2

37

38

(Mono Sound)

(Stereo Sound)

(Multi-channel Sound)

< <

(Waveform Sound)
<
Digitization < <

< < (MIDI Sound)
<
< <
(Synthesizer) -<
<

2.2

2.2

39

40

Waveform Sound

Smoothed and continuous curve of a sound waveform cannot be
directly represented by a (digital) computer

Analog sound signal needs to be converted to digital data through
sampling and quantization through the use of ADC (Analog-to-Digital
Converter)

Digital representation of sound needs a device called DAC (Digital-toAnalog Converter) to convert to a sound heard by human

< sound card < > ADC DAC

2.2

2.2

41

42

Sampling Sampling Rate

Sampling & Quantization

Nyquist

Theory : For signal with bandwidth of fc, the minimum sampling

rate is 2*fc

8000 Hz, 4 bits, mono

Analog sound

Wave Sound

4000 Hz, 8 bits, mono

Sampling

Quantization Levels

Wave Sound

8000 Hz, 8 bits, mono

Quantization
Wave Sound

Discrete

sound data must be represented by a finite-precision data unit.

The process of converting analog discrete data to digital data is called
quantization

Discrete sound

Digital sound

2.2

2.2

43

44

4000 Hz, 4 bits, mono

Sampling rate r is the number of samples per second

Sample size s bits

Each second of digitized audio requires rs/8 bytes

CD quality: r = 44100, s = 16, hence each second requires just

over 86 kbytes (k=1024), each minute roughly 5Mbytes (mono)

2.2

2.2

45

46

Although according to the Nyquist Theorem, you need twice as many

Common sampling rate and no. of bits/sample

Sampling
rate
44.1 KHz
44.1 KHz
44.1 KHz
44.1 KHz
22.05 KHz
22.05 KHz
22.05 KHz
22.05 KHz
11 KHz
11 KHz
8 KHz

Resolution
16-bit
16-bit
8-bit
8-bit
16-bit
16-bit
8-bit
8-bit
8-bit
8-bit
8-bit

Stereo or
Mono
Stereo
Mono
Stereo
Mono
Stereo
Mono
Stereo
Mono
Stereo
Mono
Mono

Bytes for 1
min
10.5 MB
5.25 MB
5.25 MB
2.6 MB
5.25 MB
2.5 MB
2.6 MB
1.3 MB
1.3 MB
650 K
8K

Comments
CD-quality recording
Suitable for high-quality mono (e.g., voice-overs)

Acceptable for speech

Better trade stereo with higher resolution

Telephone quality

samples per second as the highest frequency we want to preserve.

For High-fidelity sound, this means 40-48 K Samples/sec, because human
can hear sound at 20-20 KHz.

In practice, due to imperfection of the devices used for conversion. Better
sound is gained for sample rate at 96KHz (used in the DVD-Audio standard
and by most professional digital recording equipment)

Standard bit dept of 16 bits per sample is OK for most cases.

However, for most professional audio equipment and the DVD-A standard,
24 bits per sample is adopted.

This preserves sound quality if further adjustment, such as mixing, is
required.

2.3 MIDI

2.3 MIDI

47

48

MIDI = Musical Instrument Digital Interface) is a communication

standard for electronic musical instruments and computer.

It was developed to allow synthesizers from different
manufacturers to be able to use together, by sending and
receiving messages as specified by the standard through a
connected cable.

MIDI file contains time-stamped commands that instruct a music

synthesizer to play which instrument sound, for how long, and

how loud.

A waveform audio file contains numeric representation of sound
amplitude over time. It can be created by digital recording of
any sound.

MIDI file is generally much smaller than that of a waveform
audio file (for the same duration of sound).

MIDI file is more flexible in editing than waveform audio file

2.3 MIDI

2.3 MIDI

49

50

MIDI, in addition to the requirement to understand how

digital audio recording functions, a creator must have

some background knowledge in music.

Quality of sound for MIDI varies depending on the
synthesizer used. This is not the case for waveform audio.

2.4 Audio File Formats

51

52

WAV, AU

Multimedia formats used as 'container formats' for sound

compressed with different codecs

QuickTime,

MIDI <

/
<

MIDI (MIDI device)


<

2.4 Audio File Formats

Platform-specific file formats

AIFF,

MIDI Waveform sound

Windows Media, RealAudio

MP3 has its own file format, but MP3 data can be included

as audio tracks in QuickTime movies and SWFs

Waveform Audio File Format (.wav)

was developed for MS Windows, but now supported on
Macintosh as well.

can support arbitrary sampling rates and bit depths

usually uncompressed, but a compressed standard achieves a
4:1 compression ration through an the lossy ADPCM (Adaptive
Differential Pulse Code Modulation) scheme that drops each
sample down from 16 bits to 4 bits.

2.4 Audio File Formats

2.4 Audio File Formats

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54

Audio Interchange File Format (.aif or .aiff)

was developed as the standard audio format for the Macintosh
platform, but it is now supported by Windows and other
platforms.

It can support up to six channels and arbitrary sampling rates
and bit depths

MP3 (.mp3) <

< MPEG 1 Layer 3 (

< < MP3) < < <
MPEG-1
(< ) <
( MPEG 1 Layer 3)
>

<



<

2.4 Audio File Formats

55

Apple QuickTime Audio (.mov)

Apple < <
< <
<
<
MPEG 1 Layer 3

10:1 ( 10 )

2.4 Audio File Formats

56

RealMedia/RealAudio (.rm, .ra) :

<

RealNetworks < < <

Streaming <

Streaming

<

< <
< <

2.4 Audio File Formats

2.4 Audio File Formats

57

Windows Media (.wma, .asf) :

Microsoft
RealMedia

<

< 16 Kbps 192 Kbps.

< < (8 Kbps)
(ACELP codec)

2 <
> < < 96
KHz Bit Depth < 24 bits/samples

AAC (Advanced Audio Coding) :

<

MPEG-2 MPEG-4 <

QuickTime, Windows Media
48
< < 96KHz

2.4 Audio File Formats

2.4 Audio File Formats

59

60

Ogg and Vorbis

Super Audio CD (SACD)

MPEGs AAC

<
< Ogg
Vorbis <
Ogg

58

The

SACD standard provides high-density storage for two-channel CD

(44.1-kHz/16-bit) and two-channel and multichannel (containing both a
5.1-channel mix and a stereo mix) SACD audio recordings.

SACD recordings use 1-bit Direct Stream Digital (DSD) coding with a
high sampling frequency of 2.8224MHz. DSD's sampling frequency
means that in theory it can code signals up to 1.4112MHz--far beyond
the range of audio frequencies.

SACD recordings can achieve a high-frequency response of 50kHz and
a dynamic audio range of 120dB.

2.4 Audio File Formats

2.5 Audio on the Web

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Further Reading

Dolby Laboratories (www.dolby.com and www.dolby.com/tech)

Digital Theater Systems (DTS) (www.dtsonline.com)

MPEG (www.mpeg.org)

MPEG-2 AAC (Advanced Audio Coding) (www.mpeg.org/MPEG/aac.html)

Lexicon (www.lexicon.com)

Sensaura (www.sensura.com)

SRS Labs (www.srslabs.com)

Spatializer Audio Laboratories (www.spatializer.com)

QSound Labs (www.qsound.ca)

Sound & Vision Magazine (www.soundandvisionmag.com)

Home Theater Forum (www.hometheaterforum.com)

THX (www.thx.com)

SDDS (www.sdds.com)

MIME Types

audio/mpeg3 (.mp3)

audio/x-ms-asf (.asf, asx)

audio/x-ms-wma (.wma)

audio/x-pn-realaudio-plugin (.rpm)

audio/x-pn-realaudio (.ra, .ram)

video/quicktime (.qt, .mov)

2.5 Audio on the Web

63

Simple Links

<A HREF="audio/song.wav">Play the song

(3.5 MB)</A>

<A HREF="groovy.mp3"><IMG

SRC="buttons/playme.gif"></A>
Background Sound

<BGSOUND SRC="audio/song.mid" LOOP=3>

<META http-equiv="refresh content=

0;url=audio/song.mid">

2.5 Audio on the Web

Streaming Sound

64

<html>
<head>
<title>Windows Media Player Simple Link</title>
</head>
<body>
Click <a HREF = "http://WebServer/MyFile.wvx">
here</a> to play a nice file.
</body>
</html>
=====================
<ASX version = "3.0">
<Entry>
<Ref href =
"mms://WindowsMediaServer/MyFile.wmv" />
</Entry>
</ASX>

2.6

2.6

65

66

The higher the sampling frequency, the more the

digitized sound resembles the source sound.

The higher the number the better quality of the digitized
sound.

File size = sampling rate * duration of recording in secs
*(bits per sample)

If the input sound level is too low -> noisy sound

If the input sound level is too high -> distortion

Clipping

If

recording level is set too

high, signal amplitude will
exceed maximum that can be
recorded, leading to unpleasant
distortion

But if level is set too low,
dynamic range will be restricted

2.7 Software Tools

2.7 Software Tools

67

68

Sound Forge :

> <
(Acoustic Environment) <
http://www.sonymediasoftware.com/products/

Adobe Audition : Cool Edit Pro
>
< http://audacity.sourceforge.net/

Audacity :

< >

<

Sound Card



< Ogg Vorbis, MP3, WAV




< >


< (Pitch)

Audacity

http://audacity.sourceforge.net

2.7 Software Tools

69

SONAR (
Cakewalk) : >

Windows XP MIDI
(http://www.cakewalk.com/Products/SONAR)

Digital Performer :
< Mac OS X
> MIDI
< (http://www.motu.com/products/software/dp/)

Logic Pro :
< Mac OS X
Digital Performer (http://www.apple.com/logicpro/)