1

Introduction to Information Systems

Essentials for the Internetworked E-Business Enterprise

Chapter

4
Computer Software

James A. OBrien

Introduction to Information Systems

Chapter Objectives
Describe several important trends occurring in computer software. Give examples of several major types of application and system software. Explain the purpose of several popular software packages for end user productivity and collaborative computing. Outline the functions of an operating system. Describe the main uses of high-level, fourthgeneration, object-oriented, and Web-oriented programming languages and tools.

James A. OBrien

Introduction to Information Systems

Categories of Computer Software

Computer Software

Application Software

System Software

GeneralPurpose Programs

ApplicationSpecific Programs

System Management Programs

System Development Programs

James A. OBrien

Introduction to Information Systems

Database Management Software

Development Tools

Databases Hardware

Operating System Graphics User Interface Special Applications Games

James A. OBrien

Introduction to Information Systems

Apple : Leopard ???? Microsoft Office Microsoft: Vista

James A. OBrien

Introduction to Information Systems

Apple : Goes to Intel Chip Leopard Yes Microsoft Office Microsoft: Vista

Operating systems are processor specific

James A. OBrien

Introduction to Information Systems

Functions of an Operating System

User Interface

Resource Management

Task Management

File Management

Utilities and Other Functions

James A. OBrien

Introduction to Information Systems

Trends in Computer Software

First Second Third Fourth Generation Generation Generation Generation Fifth Generation

Trend: Toward Easy-to-Use Multipurpose Network-Enabled Application Packages for Productivity and Collaboration
Natural & Object-Oriented Languages Multipurpose Graphic- Interface Network-Enabled Expert-Assisted Packages

User-Written Programs Machine Languages

Packaged Programs Symbolic Languages

Operating Systems High-Level Languages

DBMS Fourth-Generation Languages Microcomputer Packages

Trend: Toward Visual or Conversational Programming Languages and Tools

James A. OBrien

Introduction to Information Systems

Categories of Programming Languages

Machine Languages High Level Languages Markup Languages Use binary coded Use brief statements Use embedded instructions control codes 1001 1001 <H1>First heading</H> Compute X = Y + Z <!ELEMENT Product 1100 1101
(#Item | manuf)>

Assembler Languages Fourth Generation Object-Oriented Use symbolic coded Languages Languages Use natural statements Define objects that instructions LOD Y ADD Z
SUM THE FOLLOWING NUMBERS contain data and actions

Document.write (Hi There)

James A. OBrien

Introduction to Information Systems

10

10 PRINT HELLO 20 END

James A. OBrien

Introduction to Information Systems

11

10 PRINT HELLO 20 GOTO 10 30 END

James A. OBrien

Introduction to Information Systems

12

Programming Language Translation

Compiler Interpreter Assembler Language Translator Program

IF A := B THEN

1001101 1110101 0010110

Source Program
Written in BASIC, COBOL, etc.

Language Translation Process

Machine Language Object Program

Why do I want the source code?

James A. OBrien

Introduction to Information Systems

13

Categories of Programming Languages

Machine Languages High Level Languages Markup Languages Use binary coded Use brief statements Use embedded instructions control codes 1001 1001 <H1>First heading</H> Compute X = Y + Z <!ELEMENT Product 1100 1101
(#Item | manuf)>

Assembler Languages Fourth Generation Object-Oriented Use symbolic coded Languages Languages Use natural statements Define objects that instructions LOD Y ADD Z
SUM THE FOLLOWING NUMBERS contain data and actions

Document.write (Hi There)

James A. OBrien

Introduction to Information Systems

14

Application software types

Custom development programming
Expensive Consultant dependent Hard to get out of

Within application development

Written within an existing software environment Examples: Spreadsheets, Database applications

Turn key systems

Little customization dependent on the vendor Turn it on and run it

James A. OBrien

Introduction to Information Systems

15

Database Management Software

Development Tools

Databases Hardware

Operating System Graphics User Interface Special Applications Games?

James A. OBrien

Introduction to Information Systems

16

Categories of software: Layering

The hardware is the center The system software operating system
Controls the hardware and supports the application Supports GUI (graphics user interfaces) Controls communications

Development software tools for creating applications

Programming languages Database management software

Applications software The big area

James A. OBrien

Introduction to Information Systems

17

Common General- Purpose Applications A move toward generic applications that can be adapted spreadsheet software and database software. Electronic Mail Word Processing Presentation Graphics Multimedia Personal Information Manager Groupware

James A. OBrien

Introduction to Information Systems

18

Web Browsers
Discussion Groups Surf the Net Launch Information Searches

Typical uses of a Web Browser in Internet, Intranet, and Extranet Environments

Multimedia File Transfer

E-Mail

James A. OBrien

Introduction to Information Systems

19

Database Management Packages

Database Development
Primary Tasks of Database Management Packages

Database Interrogation

Database Maintenance

Application Development

James A. OBrien

Introduction to Information Systems

20

Multimedia Technologies
Video Capture Card Authoring Language Compact Disk Interactive

Storyboard

Sound Board

Key Technologies of Multimedia

Compressed Audio Computer Edit System

MIDI

Interactive Video

Digital Video Interactive

Digital Audio

James A. OBrien

Introduction to Information Systems

21

Business Enterprise Application Software

Accounting and Financial Management Customer Relationship Management Supply Chain Management

Business Decision Support Enterprise Resource Planning

Human Resource Management

James A. OBrien

Introduction to Information Systems

22

Summary Software is more capable Software is more graphic oriented - GUI Software takes more computer resources
Disk storage and RAM

Databases are more and more dominant Fewer standard computer languages Software is more object oriented Web based applications are increasing Database systems

James A. OBrien

Introduction to Information Systems

23

Chapter Summary
Computer software consists of two major types of programs: application software that directs the performance of a particular end user task, and system software that controls and supports the operations of a computer system. Application software includes a variety of programs that can be segregated into generalpurpose and application-specific categories.

James A. OBrien

Introduction to Information Systems

24

Chapter Summary (cont)

System software can be subdivided into system management programs and system development programs. The former is used to manage hardware, software, networks, and data resources. The latter is used by IS specialists to develop computer programs. An operating system is an integrated system of programs that supervises the operations of the CPU.

James A. OBrien

Introduction to Information Systems

25

Chapter Summary (cont)

There are 5 major levels of programming languages. Language translator programs convert programming language instructions into machine language instructions.