Phng php ta trong khng gian

79
PHNG PHP TA TRONG KHNG GIAN
I. H TRC TA
N: H trc ta cc vung gc trong khng gian

1 2 3
2 2 2
1 2 3
1 2 2 3 3 1
e ; e ; e
e e e 1
e e e e e e 0
x Ox y Oy z Oz x Ox
x Ox y Oy z Oz

= = =

= = =

II. TA CA 1 IM
1. ( ) , , M x y z ( )
1 2 3
, , e e e OM x y z OM x y z = + +


2. Ta cc im c bit
Cho
( )
( )
( )
1 1 1
2 2 2
3 3 3
, ,
, ,
, ,
A x y z
B x y z
C x y z

Trung im ca AB c ta l:
1 2 1 2 1 2
I , ,
2 2 2
x x y y z z + + + | |
|
\

im chia AB t s k l im tho mn
JA
k
JB
=

1 2 1 2 1 2
, ,
1 1 1
x kx y ky z kz
J
k k k
| |
|
\

Ta trng tm tam gic ABC:
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
, ,
3 3 3
x x x y y y z z z
G
+ + + + + + | |
|
\

III. TA CA 1 VCT
1. nh ngha:
( )
( )
1 2 3 1 1 2 2 3 3
1 2 3 1 1 2 2 3 3
, , e e e
, , e e e
a a a a a a a a
b b b b b b b b

= = + +

= = + +

.
Nu
( )
( )
1 1 1
2 2 2
, ,
, ,
A x y z
B x y z

th ( )
2 1 2 1 2 1
, , AB x x y y z z =

.
2. Php ton: ( )
1 1 2 2 3 3
, , ; a b a b a b a b =

( )
1 1 2 2 3 3
, , a b a b a b a b =

1
e

z
y

2
e

3
e

O
x
L
M
M
K
H
Chng IV. Hnh gii tch Trn Phng

80
IV. TCH V HNG V DI
1. ( ) cos , a b a b a b =


; 2.
1 1 2 2 3 3
a b a b a b a b = + +

;
3.
1 1 2 2 3 3
0 0 a b a b a b a b a b = + + =



4.
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2 3
; a a a a b b b b = + + = + +

;
5. ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
1 1 2 2 3 3
a b a b a b a b + = + + + + +

6. ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
1 1 2 2 3 3
a b a b a b a b = + +

;
7. ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 1 2 1 2 1
AB x x y y z z = + +

8. ( )
1 1 2 2 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2 3
cos ,
a b a b a b
a b
a a a b b b
+ +
=
+ + + +


;
9. ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
1 2 2 1 1 3 3 1 2 3 3 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2 3
sin ,
a b a b a b a b a b a b
a b
a a a b b b
+ +
=
+ + + +



V. TCH C HNG CA HAI VCT: ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
, , ; , , ; , , a a a a b b b b c c c c = = =

1. nh ngha:
[ ]
2 3 3 1 1 2
2 3 3 1 1 2
a a a a a a
a b p
b b b b b b
| |
= =
|
\

2. Tnh cht: a p b

; a

cng phng b

[ ]
0 a b =

[ ]
( )
2 2 2
2 3 3 1 1 2
2 3 3 1 1 2
sin ,
a a a a a a
a b a b a b
b b b b b b
= + + =



, , a b c

ng phng
[ ]
0 a b c =

VI. CC CNG THC TNH DIN TCH V TH TCH:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4
, , ; , , ; , , ; , , A x y z B x y z C x y z D x y z
( )
2
2 2 1 1
, .
2 2
ABC
S AB AC AB AC AB AC

(
= =


;
1
,
6
ABCD
V AB AC AD
(
=


;
,
AD
V AB AD AA

( =
hp


Phng php ta trong khng gian

81
BI TP
Bi 1. Cho ( ) ( ) ( ) 3; 4; 1 ; 2; 0; 3 ; 3; 5; 4 A B C . Tm di cc cnh ca ABC.
Tm cosin ca cc gc A, B, C. Tm din tch ABC.
Bi 2. Cho ( ) ( ) ( ) 2;1; 1 , 3; 0;1 , 2; 1; 3 A B C v O D y . Bit th tch V ca
ABCD l 5. Tm ta D.
Bi 3. Cho ABC vi ( ) ( ) ( ) 1; 2; 1 , 2; 1; 3 , 4; 7; 5 A B C . Tnh di ng
phn gic trong gc B.
Bi 4. Cho ( ) ( ) ( ) 2; 3;1 , 5; 7; 0 , 3; 2; 4 a b c = = =

. CMR: , , a b c

khng ng phng.
Cho ( ) 4;12; 3 d =

. Hy phn tch vect d

theo 3 vect , , a b c

.
Bi 5. Cho ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1; 0;1 , 1;1; 2 , 1;1; 0 , 2; 1; 2 A B C D . CMR: A, B, C, D l 4
nh ca t din. Tnh di ng cao ca ABCD h t nh D.
Tnh
ABCD
V , suy ra di ng cao AH ca t din.
Bi 6. Cho ( ) ( ) ( ) 1; 2; 4 , 2; 1; 0 , 2; 3; 1 A B C . Gi M( ) , , x y z (ABC). Tm h
thc lin h gia , , x y z .
Tm ta im D bit ABCD l hnh bnh hnh v tnh
ABCD
S .
Bi 7. Cho ( ) ( ) ( ) 1; 0;1 , 2;1; 3 , 1; 4; 0 A B C . Gi M( ) , , x y z (ABC).
Tm h thc lin h gia , , x y z . Tm trc tm H ca ABC.
Tm tm v bn knh ng trn ngoi tip ABC.
Bi 8. Cho t din ABCD vi ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ; 2;3;1 , 1;1; 2 , 2;1; 0 , 0; 1; 2 A B C D ,
ng cao AH. Tm ta H v AH.
Bi 9. Cho ( ) ( ) ( ) 2; 2; 2 , 0; 3 2; 3 2 , 2; 3 2; 3 2 A B C + + .
CMR ABC vung ti A. Tm im D sao cho ABDC l hnh vung.
Tnh th tch ca hnh hp y ABDC v cnh bn l AO.
Bi 10. Cho ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1;1;1 , 4;1; 5 , 4; 6; 5 , 1; 6;1 A B C D . Xc nh hnh dng ca t
gic ABCD. Tnh khong cch t O n (ABC)
Chng IV. Hnh gii tch Trn Phng

82
Bi 11. Cho ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1; 2; 3 , 1; 0; 2 , 1; 2; 4 , 0; 5; 0 A B C D .
CMR: ABCD l hnh t din. Tm ta hnh chiu H ca A ln BD.
Tnh cosin ca gc nhn to bi cnh i AB v CD ca t din ABCD.
Bi 12. Cho ( ) ( ) ( ) 1; 2; 4 , . 1; 0; 2 , 1; 2; 3 A B C , ( ) 0; 4; 2 D .
CMR: ABCD l hnh t din trc tm.
Tm ta trc tm ca ABCD.
Bi 13. Cho hnh chp SABC vi ( ) ( ) ( ) 1; 2; 1 , 5; 0; 3 , 7; 2; 2 A B C ,
( )
, SA ABC S Oyz . Tnh ta S.
Xc nh ta giao im ca Ox, Oy vi (ABC).
Bi 14. Cho ( ) 1; 2; 1 A . Tm B i xng vi A qua Oxy , C i xng vi A qua
trc Oz. Tnh
ABC
S
Bi 15. Cho
( )
15
6; 8;
2
u =

. Tm a

bit 50 a =

; a

cng phng u

v a

to
vi ( ) 0; 0;1 k

mt gc nhn.
Bi 16. Cho ( ) ( ) 1; 2; 1 , 4; 3; 5 A B . Xc nh O m x sao cho M cch u A, B.
Bi 17. Cho ( ) ( ) ( ) 1; 2; 1 , 5;10; 1 , 4;1;1 A B C .
Chng minh: A, B, C khng thng hng. Tm ta trc tm ABC
Tm ta trng tm v tm ng trn ngoi tip ABC.
Bi 18. Cho ( ) ( ) 4; 1; 2 , 3; 5; 1 A B . Tm C bit trung im AC thuc Oy, trung
im BC thuc Oxz.
Bi 19. Cho ( ) ( ) 1; 2; 7 , 5; 4; 2 A B . AB ct Oxy ti M. im M chia on AB
theo t s no? Tm ta M.
Bi 20. Cho ( ) ( ) 3; 2; 2 , 18; 22; 5 a b

. Tm c

bit 14, , c c a c b =

, c

to vi
( ) 0; 0;1 k

mt gc t.
Bi 21. Cho 0 v

. Gi , , l 3 gc to bi v

vi , , Ox Oy Oz .
Chng minh rng:
2 2 2
cos cos cos 1 + + =