IV. Summary [ I.

B ]

sin

x dx ,

cos

x dx
1 cos 2x p ) 2

n even (n = 2p) -write

sin n x = sin 2 p x = (sin 2 x) p = (

= 1p (1 cos 2x) p , or
2

2 powers of cos 2x

cosn x = 1p (1 + cos 2x) p , expand algebraically and integrate term-by-term as

n odd (n = 2p+1) -n n1 write sin x = sin x sin x algebraically; n 2 or cos x = (1 sin

= sin 2 p x sin x = (1 cos2 x) p sin x , 2 p use the substitution u = cos x , du = sin x dx (1 u ) (du) , and expand x) p cos x , u = sin x , du = cos x dx (1 u 2 ) p du

any integer n > 1 -can also use the reduction formulae

sin n x dx = 1 sin n1 x cos x + n1 sin n2 x dx , n n 1 n1 n n1 cos x dx = n cos x sin x + n cosn2 x dx

sin

x cos n x dx
n even ( n = 2q ) I.D I.C.1 n odd ( n = 2q + 1 ) I.C.2 I.C.1 or I.C.2

m even ( m = 2p ) m odd ( m = 2p + 1 )

sin m x cos n x = sin 2 p x cos n x sin x = (1 cos 2 x) p cos 2q x sin x , 2 p 2q use the substitution u = cos x , du = sin x dx (1 u ) u (du) , and
I.C.1: write expand algebraically

I.C.2: write

sin m x cos n x = sin m x cos2q x cos x = sin m x (1 sin 2 x) q cos x , 2p 2 q use the substitution u = sin x , du = cos x dx u (1 u ) du , and
expand algebraically I.D:write

sin m x cos n x = sin 2 p x cos 2q x , which can be expressed as either (1 cos2 x) p cos2q x or sin 2 p (1 sin 2 x) q ; expand algebraically and integrate

term-by-term as powers of sin2x or cos2x , using the results in I.B m m 2p special case ( m = n = 2p ) -- can also write sin x cos x = (sin x cos x) 1 cos 4 x p = ( 1 sin2x) 2 p = 1p (sin 2 2x) p = 1p ( ) = 1p 1p (1 cos 4 x) p 2 2 2 2 2 2 22 2 1 p = 3 p (1 cos 4 x) , expand algebraically and integrate term-by-term as 2 powers of cos 4x

 sec x dx n n (results are analogous for cot x dx , csc x dx

[ II.B ]

tan

x dx ,

secant (any integer n > 1) -n n2 write sec x = sec x sec 2

x and use integration by parts with u = secn2 x ,

dv = sec2x dx ; the integration produces a term containing the original integral; can also be used to obtain the reduction formula

sec

1 x dx = n1 sec n2 x tan x + n2 n1

sec

n2

x dx

tangent (any integer n > 1) -n n2 write tan x = tan x tan 2 x

= tan n2 x (sec 2 x 1) and use integration by

parts one of the terms, with u = tann 2 x , dv = sec2x dx ; the integration on produces a term containing the original integral; can also be used to obtain the reduction formula

tan

1 x dx = n1 tan n1 x

tan

n2

x dx

tangent for n even ( n = 2p ) -n 2p can also write tan x = tan x

= (sec 2 x 1) p , expand algebraically and

integrate as powers of sec2 x , using the results above

tan
m

x sec n x dx

(results are analogous for n even ( n = 2q ) II.C II.C or II.D

m 2q

cot

x csc n x dx

m even ( m = 2p ) m odd ( m = 2p + 1 )

n odd ( n = 2q + 1 ) II.E II.D

tan x sec x = tan x sec x = tan m x sec 2q2 x sec 2 x , m 2 q1 use the substitution u = tan x , du = sec2x dx u ( u + 1) du , and
II.C: write expand algebraically

II.D: write

tan m x sec n x = tan 2 p +1 x sec n x = tan 2 p x sec n1 x sec x tan x , 2 2p n1 use the substitution u = sec x , du = x tan x dx ( u 1) u du , and sec
expand algebraically

II.E: write tan x sec x = tan x sec x = (tan x) sec x = (sec x 1) sec expand algebraically and integrate term-by-term as powers of sec x , using the results in II.B
m n 2p n 2 p n 2 p

x ,

12-21 September 2003 revised and amended 25-26 January 2009

-- G. Ruffa