Present Tenses

Present Simple
do/does) ( V1/s,

Present Continuous
(am/is/are V-ing)

Indicators: usually, every day / year, often, always, at the weekend, on Mondays.. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Permanent states Repeated actions, daily routines General truths / laws of nature Timetables Giving instructions or directions (have/has

Indicators: now, at the moment, these days, nowadays, still, today, tonight, . 1. temporary actions around now 2. with always, constantly, continually to express irritation 3. arranged future especially with arranged time and place 4. Changing and developing situations

Present Perfect
V-ed/3)

Present Perfect Continuous (have/has been Ving)

Indicators: for, since, already, yet, always, just, ever, never, so far, today, this, how long, lately, recently 1. Present actions which started in the past 2. result of the recently finished actions 3. no exact time mentioned 4. action in period (since / for) 5. unfinished actions (this week / year )

Indicators: for, since, how long, all day/week 1. Emphasis on the duration of the present action started in the past 2. visible effect of the actions (the pie smell)

Past Tenses
Past Simple
( V2/ed, did)

Past Continuous
ing)

(was/were V-

Indicators: yesterday, when, then, how long ago?, last week / year.., ago, in 1997 1. past actions at a definite time 2. actions happened immediately one after another in the past 3. past habits which are now finished (used to)

Indicators: while, when, as, all morning, yesterday at 5 oclock. 1. actions in progress (Past Continuous) interrupted by other actions (in Past Simple) in the past 2. simultaneous actions in the past 3. Background situation 1. actions happened before another action in the past or a stated time

Past Perfect

(had V-ed/3)

Indicators: before, after, already, just, when, by, by the time, never.

2. finished actions in the past with visible result in the past 3. We can use both Past Simple verbs with before and after without any difference in meaning

Future Forms Future Simple (will V1)

Indicators: tomorrow, soon, next week, in a week 1. Instant decisions 2. Predictions based on your opinion (with be sure, think, believe, expect, probably, perhaps, certainly) 3. Promises, threats, warnings, requests, hopes, offers 4. Events in future which we cant control

Be going to
1. Plans, intentions, ambitions for future. 2. Predictions with evidence