Tiu lun: K thut vin thng

V Th Qunh Anh
Lp: L10CQCN09-B

GII THIU
Cc h thng chuyn mch c ngha c bit quan trng trong mng vin thng, cc nh qun l h thng vin thng khi a ra nhng quyt nh chin lc pht trin mng thng da trn mt s tiu ch nh tin cy, mm do cng nh chc nng p ng c ca h thng trong mng m h ang qun l. K thut chuyn mch knh da trn nguyn tc thit lp knh ni dnh ring cho cc cuc ni phc v cho qu trnh truyn tin qua mng. K thut chuyn mch knh ng vai tr quan trng trong cc h thng mng vin thng k t mng chuyn mch cng cng truyn thng PSTN n cc mng quang hin i. Chuyn mch knh tn hiu s l qu trnh kt ni, trao i thng tin s trong cc khe thi gian c phn chia theo phng thc chia thi gian TDM. Tn hiu i qua knh thng thng l tn hiu PCM c ghp knh vi tc cao nhm tng kh nng ca h thng. Mt c trng ni bt ca k thut ny l hai trm mun trao i thng tin vi nhau th gia chng s c thit lp mt "knh"(circuit) c nh, knh kt ni ny c duy tr v dnh ring cho hai trm cho ti khi cuc truyn tin kt thc. Thng tin cuc gi l trong sut. Qu trnh thit lp cuc gi tin hnh gm 3 giai on: Giai on thit lp kt ni: Thc cht qu trnh ny l lin kt cc tuyn gia cc trm trn mng thnh mt tuyn (knh) duy nht dnh ring cho cuc gi. Knh ny i vi PSTN l 64kb/s (do b m ha PCM c tc ly mu ting ni 8kb/s v c m ha 8 bit ). Giai on truyn tin: Thng tin cuc gi l trong sut. S trong sut th hin qua hai yu t: thng tin khng b thay i khi truyn qua mng v tr nh. Giai on gii phng (hy b) kt ni: Sau khi cuc gi kt thc, knh s c gii phng phc v cho cc cuc gi khc. Kin trc ca trng chuyn mch knh gm hai phn: Chuyn mch thi gian T v chuyn mch khng gian S. Ni dung sau s i su vo phn tch trng chuyn mch khng gian S ca chuyn mch knh tn hiu s.

Tiu lun: K thut vin thng

V Th Qunh Anh
Lp: L10CQCN09-B

Chuyn mch khng gian (Space switch stage)

I. Khi nim v chuyn mch knh chuyn mch khng gian (tng s) 1. Cng ngh chuyn mch (switching technology) Cc h thng chuyn mch c ngha c bit quan trng i vi mng vin thng. Cc nh qun l h thng vin thng khi a ra nhng quyt nh chin lc pht trin mng thng da trn mt s tiu ch nh tin cy, mm do cng nh chc nng p ng c ca h thng chuyn mch trong mng m h ang qun l. Nng lc ca h thng chuyn mch l nhn t quyt nh cho php tr li cc cu hi nh: h thng c kh nng cung cp cc dch v nh th no, gi thnh dch v c tho mn ngi s dng hay khng? Cng ngh chuyn mch gn lin vi cng ngh mng

Hnh 1: M hnh h thng chuyn mch n gin

2.Chuyn mch knh Chuyn mch knh, hay ngn gn hn chuyn mch, l mt k thut ni-chuyn truyn thng c dng rng ri kin to cc mng in thoi. K thut ny hon tt mt ng lin lc thng tin c nh t ngun n ch. K n, thng tin (thng l dng tn hiu m thanh) s c chuyn trong ng ni. Sau khi hon tt, hay khi c lnh hu b th ng ni ny s b ct. Cc nt trong mng kiu ny cn c gi l trung tm ni chuyn hay trung tm chuyn mch (switching center).

Tiu lun: K thut vin thng

V Th Qunh Anh
Lp: L10CQCN09-B

Hnh 2: Minh ho cch truyn thng tin ca k thut Ni-chuyn mch

2.a. Phng thc hot ng c bn: Mng chuyn mch c th bao gm nhiu nt (hay trm ni dy). Mi nt v mi u cui u c a ch ho. Ngun gi thng tin s yu cu ni mng ti mt a ch ch. Cc nt mng s t ng tm ra cc nt trung gian ni thnh mt mch dn t ngun ti ch mt cch lin tc theo thut ton nh sn (qu trnh ny s lu hn nu hai my ngun v my ch cch nhau qua nhiu nt trung gian hn). Trng hp mt trong cc nt trung gian khng th hon tt vic ni mch th tn hiu bn (busy) c th c chuyn v t nt . Trong thc t, mi nt u c sn mt bng ghi nhn cc a ch v cc nt tng ng gi l bng chuyn tip (forwarding table). Bng ny c cp nht mi khi c thm nt mi hay a ch mi. Do , cc nt ch vic yu cu ni dy vi ng ra thch hp da vo bng ny mi khi c lnh thit lp ng ni t ng vo ti mt a ch bt k. Nu my ch chp thun, v vic ni mch vi my ch hon tt th tn hiu thng mch (hay tnh hiu chp thun) s c tr v. Ngc li tn hiu ht thi lng (timeout) s c gi v my ch. My ch bt u trao i thng tin hay hu b vic trao i. Cc nt mng cng s t hu b ng ni, gii phng cc nt cho cc yu cu ni-chuyn khc.
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Tiu lun: K thut vin thng

V Th Qunh Anh
Lp: L10CQCN09-B

2.b. c im tin cy rt cao: mt khi ng ni hon tt th s tht thot tn hiu gn nh khng ng k. Bng thng c nh. i vi kiu ni ny th vn tc chuyn thng tin l mt hng s v ch ph thuc vo c tnh vt l cng nh cc thng s ci t ca cc thit b. C th dng k thut ny vo nhng ni cn vn tc chuyn d liu cao hoc ni no cn truy nhp d liu vi thi gian thc (realtime data access). Tuy nhin, cc vn chuyn ny s ly nhiu ti nguyn v chng c cp cho mt ng ni dy cho ti khi dng xong hay c lnh hu. Ni cch khc, cc ng ni d liu nu trong thi gian m ng ni m gp phi cc nt u ang bn dng cho ng ni truc th buc phi i cho ti khi cc nt ny c gii phng.

Hnh 3: K thut chuyn mch

Tiu lun: K thut vin thng

V Th Qunh Anh
Lp: L10CQCN09-B

3. Chuyn mch khng gian (tng chuyn mch s) Mt chuyn mch khng gian k thut s bao gm mt ma trn TDM vi cc h thng PCM u vo v u ra, c iu khin bi b iu khin cc b. truyn bt k khe thi gian no trong h thng PCM n khe thi gian ra tng ng, to thch hp ca ma trn chuyn mch khng gian phi c kch hot trong sut thi gian hot ng ca khe thi gian ny m bo rng s chuyn hng khng gian tn hiu c hon tt. Trong sut thi gian ca cuc gi (cc mu tn hiu thoi cch nhau 125 microsec) tip im ny c s dng, sau tip im s phc v cho cuc ni khc. Tnh chu k ny s c iu khin bi mt vi phng php n gin thng qua b iu khin cc b Tng chuyn mch khng gian S d trn cc ma trn tip im chuyn mch c kt ni theo hng v ct (hnh 4). Cc hng u vo v cc tip im chuyn mch c tip ni vi cc tuyn PCM u vo. Cc ct u ra v cc tip im chuyn mch c tip ni vi cc tuynPCM u ra. Cc tip im chuyn mch ny c th l cc linh kin bn dn logic s khng nh ( v d cng AND ). Cc tip im c iu khin bi mt b nh u ni ( Connection Memory ) hay cn gi l b nh iu khin ( Control Memory ) nm trong khi iu khin cc b. Mi b nh iu khin c s ngn nh bng s khe thi gian ca tuyn PCM u vo. Nh vy mi tip im chuyn mch trong mi ct c gn mt a ch duy nht, v a ch cho php tc ng m tip im. S bit nh phn trong mt ngn nh iu khin cn phi nh s ht a ch cc tip im. Vi ma trn nh trn hnh 2.6, tng s a ch l n + 1. Khi , s bit cn thit trong mt ngn nh CM phi ln hn hoc bng log2(n+1). Nu c n tuyn u vo v m tuyn u ra th ta cn c ma trn n x m Thng thng ma trn chuyn mch l vung (n x n). Mi b nh u ni c ni ti b gii m a ch. B gii m ny thc hin gii m thng tin a ch c t CM iu khin tip im trn ct tng ng vi a ch . Qu trnh iu khin chuyn mch bao gm vic c ni dung nh trong khong thi gian ca TS cn chuyn qua v s dng cc a ch la chn tip im thng qua b gii m DEC. Qu trnh ghi/c b nh c iu khin thng qua b chn Selector vi tn hiu ng h ly t b cung cp thi gian c s ng b vi tn hiu ca tuyn PCM. Cc s liu ghi vo b nh iu khin CM trn c s thng tin s liu t b iu khin trung tm CC. Tn hiu a ch Add t b chn Selector s tr n cc a ch m s liu iu khin cn truy xut ng b vi tuyn PCM u ra trn ct.
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Tiu lun: K thut vin thng

V Th Qunh Anh
Lp: L10CQCN09-B

Hnh 4: Nguyn l chuyn mch khng gian k thut s

Nh vy, trng chuyn mch khng gian khng gy tr v mt thi gian, nhng c th gy nn hin tng Blocking khi c nhiu hn mt khe thi gian u vo cng mun u ni ti 1 khe thi gian u ra. Dung lng ca trng chuyn mch khng gian ph thuc vo s tuyn u vo v u ra cng vi dung lng knh ( khe thi gian ) trn mi tuyn. Tnh thi gian trong trng chuyn mch khng gian c l gii trn thc t ca cc tip im , n ch thc s ng trong khong thi gian nh trc ti cc khe thi gian.

Tiu lun: K thut vin thng

V Th Qunh Anh
Lp: L10CQCN09-B

II. C ch hot ng ca tng chuyn mch khng gian S minh ha cho hot ng ca tng chuyn mch S, ta xt v d: Yu cu kt ni gia u vo PCM2 v u ra PCM54 vi khe thi gian TS4. Cn c vo yu cu chuyn mch c th cho, trc ht h thng iu khin trung tm CC ca tng i s to cc s liu iu khin np vo b nh C-Mem ca tng S, im chuyn mch tng ng trn ma trn c th m bo cho yu cu kt ni PCM2 pha u vo vi PCM54 pha u ra l AND254, do CC to m a ch nh phn cho phn t AND254 ny. M theo yu cu phi thc hin chuyn mch cho khe thi gian TS4 do vy CC s chim nh c a ch m nh phn 00000100 tng ng ca C-Mem. Cc s liu c bn c CC np a ch nh phn AND254 vo nh 4 ca C-Mem tng S, xong ri n giao quyn iu khin cho khi iu khin cc b LC iu khin trc tip qu trnh tip theo. Khi bt u mt khung tn hiu PCM tn hiu ng h th nht tc ng vo b m khe thi gian TS-C lm cho b m ny thit lp trng thi 00000100 c m nh phn tng ng vi a ch nh 4 ca C-Mem, nh b chn a ch Selector m trng thi ny c a ti BUS a ch ca b nh C-Mem. ng thi vi vic to m a ch, Selector to ra tn hiu iu khin c a ti C-Mem, do ni dung cha trong nh 4 c a ra thanh ghi gii m. V ni dung ny li chnh l a ch ca phn t chuyn mch AND254, do to c tn hiu iu khin im chuyn mch ny, nh tn hiu PCM cha trong khe thi gian TS4 ca PCM2 pha u vo c chuyn qua phn t chuyn mch AND254 hng ti PCM54 pha u ra ca ma trn chuyn mch S, tc l thc hin chc nng chuyn mch.