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A titration is a lab procedure where a measured volume of one solution (burette) is added to a known volume (flask) of another solution until the reaction is complete
Standard solutions
A standard is a solution of precisely known concentration It must be available in a highly pure state It must be stable in air It must dissolve easily in water It should have a fairly high relative molecular wt It should under go a complete and rapid reaction
Na2CO3 1 mole
+ 2HCl 2 moles
2NaCl + 2 moles
H2O + 1 mole
CO2 1 mole
EQUIPMENT
Apparatus used
Burette Volumetric flask Beaker Pipette Funnel Indicator White tile
Precautions
Conical flask should not be rinsed with solution it is to contain and swirl In using a Volumetric flask the last few cm cm must be added so that the meniscus rest on calibration mark Invert stoppered flask to ensure solution is homogeneous/uniform
Why is the funnel removed from the burette after adding the acid solution?
So that drops of solution from the funnel will not fall into the burette.
In using a burette, why is it important (a) to rinse it with a little of the solution it is going to contain. (b) to clamp it vertically. (c) to have the part below the tap full?
To remove any residual water, and so avoid dilution of the acid solution when it is poured into the burette.
To ensure that the actual volume of liquid delivered into the conical flask is read accurately.
The following procedures were carried out during the titration: The sides of the conical flask were washed down with deionised water. The conical flask was frequently swirled or shaken. Give one reason for carrying out each of these procedures.
To ensure that all of the acid added from the burette can react with the base. To ensure complete mixing of the reactants
To find the approximate end-point. This endinformation enables the subsequent titrations to be carried out more quickly.
To minimise error by getting accurate readings within 0.1 cm3 of each other.
Calculations
Volume of acid Va (cm3) is the titration figure from burette The concentration of acid is Ca (mol) na is the mol of full balanced equation per litre
Volume of base is Vb (cm3). Usually placed in the conical flask. Cb is the concentration of the base na is the mol of full balanced per litre
Calculations
USE FORMULA Va. Ca = Vb. Cb na nb Va = 37cm3 Ca is unknown na = 2 Vb = 25 cm3 Cb = 0.1 mol nb = 1
EXAM QUESTIONS
Look out for dilution factors e.g vinegar Choice of indicator Type of vol flask given 1L OR 250 Cm as you Cm have to adjust in your calculations Take titre reading from burette and given vol of solution is taken from conical flask USE FORMULA Va. Ca = Vb. Cb na nb