Periodic analog signal can be simple or composite signal Composite periodic analog signals composed of multiple sine waves

s Single sine wave can be send to alarm to security center while for data communication(talking over the phone) we have to use composite signal. composite signal is combination of simple sine waves with different frequencies , amplitude and phases. Composite signal can be periodic or non-periodic Periodic composite signal can be decompose into simple sine waves with discrete frequencies while

Figure 4-15

Bandwidth

Range of frequencies contained in composite signal is called B.W. (Difference between the Highest and

In general if signal has L level it required log 2l number of bits

 Transmission of Digital signal Base band Transmission Broad band Transmission

 attenuation- it loses some of energy to overcome the resistance of medium. (heat energy) to compensate loss , we are using the amplifier to amplify the signal

 Distortion- signal changes its form. it can occurs in composite signal made of different-different frequencies. Delay in each component of signal can cause the phase change at receiving side.

 Noise thermal noise- random motion of electrons in wire which creates an extra signal impulse noise- a signal with very high energy in short span of time cross talk- effect of one wire on other

 Noiseless channel L is number of levels used to represent the data by increasing the number of level we are putting the burden on the receiver Nyquist bit rate=

 Noisy channel SNR is signal to noise ratio Capacity- channel capacity in bits per second it is independent of number of levels db=10 log10 p2/p1 gain or loss

data rate depends onnoise bandwidth number of levels

Performance
Bandwidth Throughput Delay(Latency)= transmission time+ propagation delay+ queuing delay+ processing delay