1

1.1



, . (. 1)
3
x 5

e
3

, ,

0 .

. , ,

= ,

0 .

={ , 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ...} ,

={0, 1, 2, 3, ...} .

, ,

1 -

130

{0}, {0}, {0} {0}

* , * , * * .

.
. ,
:
1) A ,
2)

+ +

3)

4)

, > 0
.
, < 0

, + +

A , .
> ,0 , ,

5) , 0 * , :

6)

0 ( 0

0)

7) A > 0 ,

131

1
1
.

, < , ,
:
3

(, ) ={x | < x < } :

a

(, ] ={x | < x } : -
.

[, ] ={x | x } :
[, ) ={ x | x < } : -

,

:

( , +
) ={x | x >}

[ , +
) ={x | x }

(
, ) ={ x | x < }

(
, ] ={ x | x }

(
,+
) .

, ,
.

, | | ,
:

,
| |=
,

0
<0

,
,
5

|a |

1 -

132

.
6

|
|a

3 2

:
1) | | 2 = 2

2)

2 =| |

3) | | =| | | |

4)

||

| |

5)

| | | | | + | | | +| |

| x x0 | < x0 < x < x0 + ,

6)

>0

:
1

i) A = x | 1
x

ii) A = x|

1
2 <1 .
x

i) E

1
1
1 0 1
x
x
0

x 1
x

x ( x 1) 0

x < 0 x 1 .
,0) [1,+
) .
A =(

ii)
1
1
2 <1 1 < 2 <1
x
x

1 <

1
<3
x

x 0

1 > x >

133

1
.
3

1
A = , 1 .
3

1.2

.

,
.

.
() f ,
x A y. y
f x f ( x) .
, :
f :A

x f (x ) .

x,
, y, f
x, .
f D f .
f x A ,
f f ( A) . :

f (A) = {y | y = f (x)

x A} .

:

.

1 -

134

f ,
.
f (B ) f
x B . :

f ( B ) = { y | y = f ( x)

x B} .

, f
:

, f ( x) , x .

, , f
f ( x ) .
f
x, f ( x ) . ,
, 2]
,
, f : (
f ( x ) = 4 2 x f f ( x ) = 4 2 x
, , f ( x ) = 4 2 x ,

y = 4 2 x .

o f :
i) f ( x) =

x2 3 x + 2
x

ii) f ( x) = 1 ln x

i) H f ,
x 2 3x + 2 0

x 0.

x 2 3 x + 2 1 2. ,
x 2 3 x + 2 0 ,

x 1

x 2.

1
,

A =(
,0) (0, 1] [ 2,+
) .

135

ii) f ,

1 ln x 0 .

1 ln x 0 ln x 1
ln x ln e

0 < x e .

, f

A =(0, e] .

f Oxy

M
(
x
,
y
)
.

y = f (x ) , M ( x, f ( x )) , x A ,
f C f .
, , y = f ( x ) C f .
, y = f ( x ) f.
x A y ,
f .
f
(. 7).
, (. 7).

Cf

(a)

7
C

O
()

C f f, :
) f
C f .

1 -

136

)
C f .

f ( A)

) f x 0 A
x = x 0 C f (. 8).
y

y
Cf

()

Cf

f ()

x=x0

f (x0)

Cf
x

O
()

A(x0,f (x0))
x0

()

C f , f ,
, f
| f | .
)
f ,
x x ,
f,
M ( x,f ( x ))
M ( x, f ( x )) ,
x x . (. 9).

y=f (x)
(x,f (x))
x

O
(x,f (x))

y=f (x)

) | f |
C f

x x ,
x x ,
C f
. (. 10).

10

y=| f (x)|

y=f (x)

, .

137

f ( x) = x +
11

a>0

a<0

a=0

f ( x) = x 2 , 0 .
y

12

y
x

O
>0

<0

f ( x) = x 3 , 0 .
y

>0

f ( x) =

<0

, 0 .
x

13

1 -

138

14

x
x

>0

<0

f ( x) = x ,

g( x) = | x | .

y= |x|

y= x

15

x , x <0

g ( x ) =
,
x
, x 0

y =

.
y y .

y =

| x|