CHNG 1 KHI NIM V VT LIU V CNG NGH VT LIU Vt liu y ch dng ch nhng vt rn m con ngi s dng ch to dng c, my mc,

mc, thit b, xy dng cng trnh v ngay c thay th cc b phn c th hoc th hin ngh thut. Nh vy tt c cc cht lng, kh cho d rt quan trng song cng khng phi l i tng nghin cu ca mn hc. i tng nghin cu ca khoa hc vt liu l nghin cu bn cht, cu trc vt liu, mi quan h gia cu trc v tnh cht ca chng, t ra cng ngh ch to v vic s dng cho thch hp. Khi nim v cu trc vt liu bao gm cu to, lin kt nguyn t, cu trc tinh th, t chc vi m v v m. Tnh cht ca vt liu bao gm tnh cht c hc, l hc, ho hc, tnh cng ngh v tnh s dng. C tnh l nhm tnh cht c coi l qan trng nht i vi phn ln cc vt liu ang c s dng hin nay trong cng nghip. Vt liu hc bao gm cc lnh vc sau y: - Sn xut vt liu: luyn kim, sn xut vt liu plymer, gm, thu tinh v cht kt dnh. - Gia cng vt liu: th d c, bin dng (rn, dp), hn, x l b mt vt liu. - S dng vt liu: vt liu cho cc lnh vc phn ng ht nhn, ch to my, k thut in, in t, xy dng, y hc - Nghin cu v phng php kim tra: th d kim tra c tnh khng ph hu, t chc, kim tra thng k cht lng, phn tch s ph hu (hng). - nh tiu chun v k hiu: th d tiu chun thnh phn ho hc, kch thc, tnh cht v phng php th. - Khoa hc vt liu: khoa hc v mi quan h gia cu to tinh th vi tnh cht ca tt c cc nhm vt liu. 1.1. Phn loi vt liu 1.1.1. Vt liu kim loi: l vt liu ph bin nht. c im c lin kt kim loi (dng lin kt tinh th), dn in tt, c nh kim, c th bin dng do ngay c nhit thp, phn ln chu n mn km. Chng c cc loi: Kim loi en: st v hp kim ca st, in hnh l gang v thp, Chng c nhu cu rt ln. Kim loi mu: l cc kim loi khc tr st, bao gm cc nhm sau: - Kim loi mu nng: nh Cu, Pb, Ni, Sn c t trng 7,1-11,3 g/cm3. - Kim loi mu nh: Al, Mg, Ti c t trng 1,7-4,5 g/cm3. - Kim loi mu qu: Au, Ag, Mo, W, Sb, As, Bi. - Kim loi mu him: Ce, La

Vt liu kim loi, trc ht l thp, vn gi vai tr then cht trong qu trnh pht trin cng nghip. Trong nhng nm gn y, cng ngh vt liu ang i vo nghin cu v s dng cc loi thp c cht lng cao nh thp hp kim thp bn cao, thp hp kim ho vi lng, thp nit, thp kt cu siu bn Bn cnh , vai tr ca nhm trong k thut cng ngy cng tng, dn dn chim u th trong xy dng nh ca, phng tin giao thng, dng c in t, o lng Hp kim nhm nh c bn ring cao, chng n mn tt tr thnh loi vt liu rt thch hp trong cng nghip t, my bay, tu thu. Do nhng tnh cht u vit ca hp kim nhm m cc phng tin giao thng c kh nng tng h s ti trng c ch, tng tc , gim tiu hao nhin liu, em li hiu qu kinh t to ln.

1.1.2. Vt liu v c ceramic C lin kt ng ho tr (dng lng), ch yu gia kim loi v xy, th d SiO2, c tnh dn in km, c th nhn qua, khng bin dng do c, rt bn ho, nhit nng chy cao.

Nh nhng thnh tu mi trong khoa hc v cng ngh m vt liu gm s dng trong cng nghip khng ch s dng trong nhm vt liu chu la, vt liu ct gt m pht trin sang vt liu gm kt cu. Cc loi ng c my n ch to t gm kt cu h cacbid c nghin cu ch th v m ra k nguyn mi cho vic s dng ng c chy bng nhin liu hyr c hiu qu cao, khng gy nhim mi trng. Gm thu tinh (sital) cng l mt loi gm kt cu y tim nng. 1.1.3. Vt liu plymer C lin kt cc phn t theo mc xch cng nh dng si thng (xem hnh), c th ni cc mng nh nguyn t S trong cao su (xem hnh).

Vt liu polymer c nhiu u im nh bn ring cao, tnh do cao, tnh n nh ho hc cao trong nhiu mi trng cng vi kh nng d to hnh v gia cng, gi thnh r lm cho phm vi s dng ca polymer ngy cng rng ri. Tuy nhin, vi chc nng l vt liu kt cu, polymer cn c nhng nhc im l bn cha cao, kh nng chu nhit thp, tui th ngn. Khc phc nhng nhc im ny l nhim v nghin cu thng xuyn ca cc nh nghin cu v ch to vt liu. 1.1.4. Vt liu composite c phi hp ti thiu t hai vt liu khc nhau v c tnh cht rt khc so vi vt liu ban u. Th d: composite ct si gm cc si mnh rt bn trong nn mm, chc nh b tng ct thp. Trong b tng ct thp, thp chu ng sut ko cn b tng chu ng sut nn v bao ph cho thp khng b n mn. Vt liu composite v thc cht l mt kiu lai to vt liu (a hybrid creation) gia hai hoc nhiu loi vt liu, sao cho tnh cht ca chng b sung cho nhau. i vi composite kt cu th yu cu v bn ring cao, tnh do tt l yu cu hng u. Hiu v kim sot c qu trnh xy ra khi ch to composite c tm quan trng c bit pht trin loi vt liu ny. Nm gia cc vt liu kim loi v polymer cn c polymer dn in, gia kim loi v ceramics c vt liu bn dn v siu dn, gia ceramics v polymer c vt liu silicon. Cc vt liu bn dn v silicon c sp xp khng r rt trong nhm ny.

1.2. Cng ngh vt liu Cng ngh vt liu bao gm nhng bin php, gii php v cng ngh ch to ra vt liu hoc cc chi tit c th trn c s nhng kt qu nghin cu ca khoa hc vt liu. Cng ngh vt liu bao gm hai lnh vc: - La chn vt liu - Gia cng vt liu 1.2.1. La chn vt liu Cht lng v bn ca sn phm ph thuc ch yu vo vt liu c s dng. Cc tnh cht ca vt liu c chn phi p ng c cc iu kin lm vic ca sn phm. Cc tiu ch dng nh gi v la chn vt liu l: - C tnh: cn xc nh ch lm vic v kh nng chu ti ca sn phm nh cng v hng tc dng ca lc, bn cc i m chi tit phi chu, tnh chu mi mn, kh nng chu n mn - iu kin lm vic: nhit v mi trng c nh hng rt ln n bn ca chi tit. - Kh nng ch to v lp rp chi tit: y l hng la chn cng ngh ch to. Mt chi tit c th c ch to bng nhiu cng ngh khc nhau. Mi cng ngh u c u v nhc im. - Hiu qu kinh t: tng hp cc yu t nu trn quyt nh s dng loi vt liu no v cng ngh ch to cho ph hp. Cng khng nn s dng loi vt liu c tnh cht qu cao so vi nhu cu, gy lng ph, tn km. Vt liu c th ti sinh, s dng nhiu ln hoc ch to chi tit t sn phm ti sinh u lm gim gi thnh chi tit. - Bo v mi trng v an ton lao ng: vt liu c s dng khng c thi cht c nh hng n sc kho con ngi, qu trnh s dng v vn hnh cng ngh ch to phi m bo an ton cho ngi s dng. 1.2.2. Phng php gia cng Mt chi tit hay sn phm c th dng nhiu phng php gia cng ch to. 1.3. Vt liu hc Nghin cu quan h t chc tnh cht hay s ph thuc ca tnh cht ca vt liu vo cu trc ca n. 1.3.1. T chc (hay cu trc) L s sp xp ca cc thnh phn bn trong. Khi nim v t chc ca vt liu bao gm c t chc v m v vi m.

T chc v m cn gi l t chc th (macrostructure) l hnh thi sp xp ca cc phn t ln vi kch thc quan st c bng mt thng (n gii hn khong 0,3 mm) hay bng knh lp (0.01 mm). T chc vi m l hnh thi sp xp ca cc phn t nh, khng quan st c bng mt thng hay knh lp. N bao gm: - T chc t vi (microstructure) l hnh thi sp xp ca cc nhm nguyn t hay phn t vi kch thc c micromet hay c cc ht tinh th vi s gip ca knh hin vi quang hc hay knh hin vi in t. Thng gp hn c l t chc t vi quang hc cho php phn ly c ti gii hn c 0,15 micromet (m). Trong nghin cu cng thng dng t chc t vi in t cho php phn ly c ti gii hn nh hn, c chc nanomet (nm). C tnh ca vt liu ph thuc rt nhiu vo t chc, tc khng nhng vo thnh phn ho hc m c vo cc nhm nguyn t, phn t k trn m ta gi l pha theo s lng, hnh dng, kch thc v s phn b ca chng. Trong thc t ngi ta thng xuyn s dng phng php phn tch t chc t vi quang hc m trong cc ti liu k thut ch c gi n gin l t chc t vi. - Cu to tinh th l hnh thi sp xp v tng tc gia cc nguyn t trong khng gian, cc dng khuyt tt ca mng tinh th. lm c vic ny phi s dng ti phng php nhiu x Rnghen cng nh mt s k thut khc, iu ny ch thc s cn thit khi nghin cu cc vt liu mi. 1.3.2. Tnh cht Bao gm cc tnh cht c hc (c tnh), vt l (l tnh), ho hc (ho tnh), cng ngh v s dng. i vi vt liu kt cu, c bit l vt liu c kh, c tnh c ngha quan trng hng u. V th mi quan h t chc c tnh c kho st kh k cng v s l tin cho vic xc nh thnh phn ho hc ca vt liu cng nh ch gia cng thch hp. Ngoi c tnh ra, cc vt liu c kh cng c quan tm di kha cnh n nh ho hc trong kh quyn hay trong mt s mi trng n mn (axit, bad, mui,). Tho mn c l ho tnh ra nhng cha c th chuyn ho vt liu thnh sn phm phc v mc ch ra, m cn phi tnh n kh nng gia cng, ch bin thnh cc hnh dng nht nh c gi tng qut l tnh cng ngh. Nu khng c tnh cng ngh th d vt liu c u vit n u cng kh a vo s dng. V d: ngi ta tm c mt s cht siu dn nhng u b hn ch bi tnh dn qu cao khng th ko thnh dy dn c. Cui cng, tnh s dng l tng hp ca cc ch tiu: tui th, tin cy (kh nng khng gy ra s c) v gi thnh cng quyt nh kh nng p dng ca vt liu cho mc ch chn.