UNIVERSITATEA ANDREI AGUNA FACULTATEA DE TIINE ECONOMICE SPECIALIZAREA: MANAGEMENT AN II SEMESTRUL I

CURS PRACTIC LIMBA ENGLEZ

As.univ. MAGDALENA BDIC

CONSTANA 2011
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CONTENTS

Topic 1 (Verb Tenses)

Auxiliaries TO BE/TO DO3 Present Simple Tense.4 Present Tense Continuous 4 Interrogative in English 6 Negative in English 7 Past Tense Simple ..7 Past Tense Continuous ..8 Future Simple 20 Future with Going To .21

Topic 2 (Nouns)
Countable and Uncountable Nouns .10 Gender in English ..10 Plural in English 11

Topic 3 (Articles)
Definite Articles 15 Indefinite Articles .16 Zero Articles ..17
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1. AUXILIARIES IN ENGLISH
TO BE I am=eu sunt You are=tu esti/voi sunteti He/She/It is=el/ea este We are=noi suntem They are=ei/ele sunt TO HAVE I have-eu am You have=tu ai/voi aveti He/She/It has=el/ea are We have=noi avem They have=ei/ele au

GREETINGS Hello! Hi! Good morning! Good afternoon! Good evening! Good night! Good bye! Bye! Bye! See you later!/See you soon!

2. PRESENT SIMPLE
We use this tense for : -facts and permanent states: Ralph works for a plumbing company. -general truths and laws of nature: The moon revolves around the Earth. -habits and routines(with always, usually..): We usually rent films at the weekends. -timetables and programmes (in the future): My plane lands at 6.00 exactly. -sporting commentaries, reviews and narrations: Lee swings his bat and scores a home run. -likes and dislikes I love Slovenia. Its a beautiful country.

It is formed with S/ES added at 3rd person singular Ex: to work-he works to wash-he washes TIME EXPRESSIONS used with present simple: -usually, often, always, every day/every week, in the morning, at night, on Fridays

3. PRESENT CONTINUOUS
-TO BE + VB +ING
-for actions taking place at or around the moment of speaking: He is washing his car now. -for temporary situations We are replacing the carpets in the bedroom this weekend. -for fixed arrangements in the near future Were signing up for a yoga class tomorrow. -for currently changing and developing situations
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The days are becoming shorter and shorter. -with adverbs such as ALWAYS to express anger or irritation at a repeated action You are always blaming others for your mistakes.

TIME EXPRESSION used with present continuous: -now, at the moment, at present, these days, nowadays, still, today, tonight

INTRODUCING SOMEONE (FAMILY AND FRIENDS) -Hi! This is my friend, Mike! -Hello, Mike! Nice to meet you!/ Glad to meet you!/How do you do, Mike! -Its a pleasure meeting you! -Hello! May I introduce Mary, Mikes sister? Vocabulary practice containing words describing family members and relatives

EXERCISES:
Put the verb in the correct form, present continuous or present simple: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Lets go out. It(not/rain) now. Julia is very good at languages. She .(speak) four languages very well. Hurry up! Everybody .(wait) for you. (you/listen) to the radio? No, you can turn it off. .(you/ listen) to the radio every day? No, just occasionally. The River Nile.(flow) into the Mediterranean. Look at the river. It.(flow) very fast today-much faster than usual. We usually .(grow) vegetables in our garden but this year we.(not/grow) any. 9. How is your English? Not bad. It .(improve) slowly. 10. Ron is in London at the moment. He.(stay) at the Park Hotel. He. (always/stay) there when hes in London. 11. Can we stop walking soon? I.(start) to feel tired. 12. Can you drive? I.(learn). My father..(teach) me. 13. Normally I (finish) work at 5.00, but this week I(work) until 6.00 to earn a bit more money. 14. My parents.(live) in Bristol. They were born there and have never lived anywhere else. Where ..(your parents/live)? 15. Sonia(look) for a place to live. She ..(stay) with her sister until she finds somewhere.
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16. What ..(your father/do)? Hes an architect but he.(not/work) at the moment. 17. (at a party) Usually I..(enjoy) parties but I..(not/enjoy) this one very much. 18. The train is never late. It.(always/leave) on time. 19. Jim is very untidy. He.(always/leave) his things all over the place.

4. INTERROGATIVE IN ENGLISH
In English the interrogative can be formed in three ways: -intonation -inversion -the verb TO DO 1. INVERSION is used in case of two verbs TO BE/TO HAVE(inversion of the subject with the predicate) Ex. His brothers are at home. Are his brothers at home? They have a black car. Have they a black car? 2. The use of the verb TO DO/DOES ( in the 3rd person singular)-it is used for all the other verbs in English: He wants to visit Italy next summer. Does he want to visit Italy? You have a very beautiful garden. Do you have a beautiful garden?

5. THE NEGATIVE IN ENGLISH

There are two ways to form the negative in English: 1. The verb TO BE/TO HAVE + NOT Ex: They are at home. They are not (arent) at home. His brothers have many blue books.
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His brothers have not (havent) many blue books.

2. With the verb TO DO/ DOES (3rd person singular):

-it is used for all the other verbs in English

6. PAST TENSE SIMPLE

We use the past tense simple: -for an action that occurred at a definite time (stated or implied) in the past The football organization fired the teams coach yesterday. -for actions that happened immediately after one another in the past He opened the window and shouted to his friend. -for habits or states which are now finished My uncle worked in a supermarket when he was younger.

-It divides the verbs into two groups: REGULAR VERBS: They receive ED at the end of the verb Ex. to work- he worked to jump-he jumped to listen-he listened IRREGULAR VERBS: They have three specific forms infinitive to go to eat to meet past tense went ate met past participle gone eaten met

Time expressions with PAST SIMPLE:

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yesterday, then, when, How long ago?, last night, three days ago, in 1999

7. PAST TENSE CONTINUOUS

-it is formed with TO BE (past tense) + VERB+ING -for an action that was in progress when another action interrupted it We were watching the tennis match when there was an electricity black out. -for two or more simultaneous actions in the past I was writing out the invitations while Philip was addressing the envelopes. -for an action that was in progress at a stated time in the past; we dont mention when the action started or finished At 7 oclock last night, I was working out at the gym. -to describe the atmosphere, setting and to give background information to a story A light breeze was blowing and the sun was shining. I was reading by the pool when I heard a scream. Time expressions with PAST CONT.: While, when, as, all morning/day/evening

EXERCISES:
Put the verbs into the correct form, past continuous or past simple: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Jane..(wait) for me when I..(arrive). What..(you/do) this time yesterday? I was asleep. .(you/go) out last night? No, I was too tired. Was Carol at the party last night? Yes, she(wear) a really nice dress. John..(take) a photograph of me while I .(not/look). How fast(you/drive) when the accident ..(happen)? We were in a very difficult position. We.(not/know) what to do. I havent seen Alan for ages. When I last (see) him, he .(try) to find a new job in London. 9. I.9walk) along the street when suddenly I..(hear) footsteps behind me. Somebody..(follow) me. I was frightened and I.(start) to run. 10. When I was young, I(want) to be a bus driver

8. NOUNS IN ENGLISH
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COMMON NOUNS: indicate objects of the same kind Woman Bird Happiness people water family

INDIVIDUAL NOUNS: indicate one single object Child Wife Cat Lily COLLECTIVE NOUNS: in singular, they indicate a multitude of identical objects, seen as a whole Army Council audience team flock swarm

NAMES OF MATTER: they indicate the matter or the substance the object is made of: Wine Gold flour milk

GENDER IN ENGLISH
-with suffixes actor actress conductor-conductress count-countess master-mistress -with different words bachelor boy father husband spinster girl mother wife child parent spouse

-words indicating the sex boyfriend girlfriend friend

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manservant

maidservant

servant

-words indicating nationality: an Englishman a Dutchman an English woman a Dutchwoman

-all the other nouns indicating nationality or the origin of a person have a single form: African American Asiatic Bulgarian Finn German Greek Russian

9. PLURAL OF THE NOUNS

-adding s in singular book-books top-tops head-heads cinema-cinemas -nouns ending in s, -x, -z, -sh, -ch get es in plural: bus-busses class-classes fox-foxes beach-beaches sandwich-sandwiches -nouns ending in -y preceeded by a consonant have the plural in -ies: sky-skies baby-babies story-stories -cand y is preceeded by a vowel, in plural we only add -s: boy-boys day-days play-plays -most nouns ending with f sau fe I singular, got s in plural: chief handkerchief gulf dwarf roof
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proof cliff safe -other nouns ending in f sau fe have the plural in ves: leaf-leaves thief-thieves loaf-loaves -nouns ending in o preceeded by a consonant have plural in es: cargo-cargoes hero-heroes potato-potatoes volcano-volcanoes -when the final o is preceeded by a vowel, the plural ends in final s: folio-folios radio-radios taboo-taboos IRREGULAR PLURALS Man-men Woman-women Child-children Foot-feet Tooth-teeth Ox-oxen Goose-geese Mouse-mice Louse-lice Brother-brethren COLLECTIVE NOUNS: -they have one single form designating a group of identical objects: army assembly class crew family jury school public

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Nouns have singular or plural meaning according to a specific situation; when they designate a whole, they have singular and when they designate a group they use plural: The committee consists of 12 people. His family was small. -when they refer to members of a group, collective nouns use plural: His family were all asleep in their beds. SINGULAR WITHOUT PLURAL: -some nouns have only singular while corresponding nouns have both singular and plural: advice information business furniture income information money -matters, substances and the names of some raw materials: happiness peace copper cotton sand bread rice a piece of advice a piece of furniture an item of information a loaf of bread PLURALIA TANTUM (plurals without singular): -body parts: loins, bowels -diseases and moods: measles, mumps, rheumatics, blues -clothing: clothes, jeans, sneakers, trousers -tools, instruments made up of 2 parts: binoculars, glasses, tweezers, scissors -games: billiards, darts, dominoes -sciences: civics, economics, mathematics, physics, politics, statistics -geographical names: the Alps, te Highlands, The Netherlands, the US FOREIGN PLURALS: Latin plurals: alga, algae
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libra, librae alumnus, alumni stimulus, stimuli codex, codices Greek plurals: analysis, analyses Crisis, crises Oasis, oases Hypothesis, hypotheses

EXERCISES:
Complete the sentences using a word from Sections A or B. Sometimes you need A or SOME: My eyes arent very good. I need This plant is.very rare.. Footballers dont wear trousers when they play. They wear.. The bicycle isof transport. The bicycle and the car areof transport. I want to cut this piece of material. I need . Ann is going to writeof articles for her local newspaper. There are a lot of American TV..shown on British television. While we were out walking, we saw 25 different ..of bird. Most of these sentences are wrong. Correct them where necessary; put RIGHT if the sentence is already correct: The government want to increase taxes.. Susan was wearing a black jeans. Brazil are playing Italy in a football match next Wednesday I like Martin and Jill. Theyre very nice persons. I need more money than that. Ten pounds are not enough. . Im going to buy a new pyjama. .. The committee havent made a decision yet. . Many people has given up smoking. .. There was a police standing at the corner of the street. Has the police arrived yet? This scissors is not very sharp. .

10. ARTICLES IN ENGLISH

A/AN/THE
I had a sandwich and an apple for lunch. The sandwich wasnt very good but the apple was nice.
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A man and a woman were sitting opposite me. The man was American but I think the woman was British. When we were on holiday, we stayed at a hotel. Sometimes we had our evening meal at the hotel and sometimes we went to a restaurant. THE is used when we are thinking of one particular thing. We use it when it is clear in the situation which thing or person we mean. For example, in a room we talk about the light/the floor/the ceiling/the door/the carpet Can you turn off the light, please? (the light is in this room) I took a taxi to the station. (the station in that town) Id like to speak to the manager, please (the manager of this shop) We use THE: - when there is only one of something: What is the longest river in the world? -the is used before same (the same) Your pullover is the same colour as mine. These two photographs are the same. -go to the cinema, to the theatre I often go to the cinema but I havent been to the theatre for ages. When we say THE CINEMA/THE THEATRE < we do not necessarily mean one particular cinema or theatre. BREAKFAST/LUNCH/DINNER We do not normally use the with the names of meals .. What did you have for breakfast? We had lunch in a very nice restaurant. What time is dinner? BED WORK HOME

Its time to go to bed now. I sat down on the bed. Go to work/be at work/ start work/finish work Ann didnt go to work yesterday. THE+ ADJECTIVE We use THE+ adjective (without a noun) to talk about groups of people, especially: the young the old the elderly the rich the poor the unemployed the homeless the sick the disabled the injured the dead
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Do you think the rich should pay more taxes to help the poor? The homeless need more help from the government. These expressions are always plural in meaning; you cannot say a young or an unemployed; the correct is a young woman, an unemployed woman We do not use the with names of people or places: Continents: Africa, Europe, South America Countries: France, Japan, Switzerland States, regions: Texas, Cornwall, Central Europe Islands: Corsica, Sicily, Bermuda Cities, towns: Cairo, Madrid Mountains: Everest, Etna, Kilimanjaro But we use THE in names with Republic, Kingdom, States The United States of America The United Kingdom The Dominican Republic We use THE with the names of oceans, seas, rivers and canals The Atlantic the Mediterranean The Indian Ocean the Channel the Red Sea the Rhine

We use THE with plural names of people and places: People: the Taylors, the Johnsons Countries: the Netherlands, the Phillipines, the United States Groups of islands: the Canaries, the Bahamas the British Isles Mountain ranges: the Rocky mountains, the Andes, the Alps Cardinal points: the north of France the south-east of Spain northern France south-eastern Spain

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NAMES WITH ZERO ARTICLE:

Fifth Avenue Broadway

We do not use THE with names of most streets/roads/squares/parks: Union Street Blackrock Road Hyde Park Piccadilly Circus

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Waterloo Bridge Many names especially, names of institutions and buildings are two words: Kennedy Airport Cambridge University The first word is usually the name of a person or place. We do not usually use THE with names like these: Victoria Station Westminster Abbey Edinburgh Castle Buckingham Castle London Zoo Canterbury Cathedral Most other names have THE: THE+ADJECTIVE +NOUN NAME The Hilton Hotel The National Hotel The Sahara Desert The Atlantic Ocean These places usually have names with THE: Hotels, restaurants, pubs, theatres, cinemas, mseums, galleries, other buildings, oceans, seas, canals, newspapers, organizations The Station Hotel The Bombay Restaurant The Palace Theatre The British Museum The Empire State Building The Washington Post The Suez Canal The European Community Sometimes the name is only THE+NOUN: The Vatican (in Rome) The Sun (British Newspaper) Many shops, restaurants, hotels, banks are named after the people who started them. These names end in-S `S. We do not use THE with these names: Lloyds Bank Mc Donalds Harrods
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Churches are often named after saints: St. Johns Church St. Pauls Cathedral Names of companies, airlines are usually without THE: Fiat Sony Kodak British Airways

EXERCISES:
Put in A/AN/THE: This morning I bought ..newspaper and ..magazine. newspaper is in my bag but I dont know where I putmagazine. I sawaccident this morning. .car crashed into.tree. ..driver of..car wasnt hurt but.car was badly damaged. There are two cars parked outside: ..blue one and ..grey one. ..blue one belongs to my neighbours; I dont know who..owner of.grey one is. My friends live in..old house in..small village. There is ..beautiful garden behind ..house. I would like to have garden like that. Put in THE where necessary. If you dont need THE, leave the space empty (-) I havent been to ..cinema for ages. I lay down onground and looked up at..sky. Sheila spends most of her free time watching .television. ..television was on but nobody was watching it. Have you haddinner yet? Mary and I arrived atsame time. Youll find..information you need at..top of..page 15. Peru is country in South America..capital is Lima.

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FUTURE SIMPLE/FUTURE WITH GOING TO

FUTURE SIMPLE:
We use it for: -decisions made at the moment of speaking: This rooms a mess, Ill tidy it later.

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-predictions about the future, based on what we think, believe or imagine, using the verbs TO THINK, TO BELIEVE, TO EXPECT, the expressions BE SURE, BE AFRAID and the adverbs PROBABLY, CERTAINLY, PERHAPS: She will probably accept the job offer. -promises, threats, warnings, requests, hopes and offers Will you lend me some money till next weekend? -actions, events, situations which will definitely happen in the future and which we cannot control Our oldest son will be thirty next May.

FUTURE WITH GOING TO

We use this tense for: -plans, intentions or ambitions for the future: Hes going to be a vet when he graduates -actions we have already decided to do in the near future We are going to buy that antique mirror we saw. -predictions based on what we can see or what we know, especially when there is evidence that something will happen He feels very guilty; hes going to tell her the truth. Time expression with these tenses: Tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, tonight, soon, next week/month/year/summer, in a week/month

EXERCISES:
Where ( we spend).the night? Cardiff. Ive booked us in at the Angel Hotel. Why do you ask? Thats another thirty miles away. We (run).out of petrol before we get there. I (stop).at the next filling-station. Half an hour later This road goes on forever. We (get) .stuck. The cars stopping. We (have to)..walk. Come on then. Perhaps someone (give)..us a lift. Not a filling-station in sight and look at those black clouds. It (rain) Look! A cars coming. I (wave)to the driver. Oh good! Hes slowing down. He (stop).

BIBLIOGRAPHY: Eastwood, John, Oxford Practice Grammar, Oxford University Press, London, 2007 Vasiliu, Anamaria, Vasiliu, Porfira, Gramatica limbii engleze- teorie, exerciii,rezolvri-Carminis, Piteti,2009

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