MC LC

MC LC.................................................................Error: Reference source not found DANH MC CC BNG BIU.......................................................................................3 DANH MC CC HNH...................................................................................................4 M U....................................................................Error: Reference source not found 1. Tnh cp thit ca ti.....................................Error: Reference source not found 2. Mc tiu.................................................................Error: Reference source not found 3. Nhim v...............................................................Error: Reference source not found 4. Kt qu chnh t c.................................Error: Reference source not found 5. ngha khoa hc v thc tin ca ti.........Error: Reference source not found 6. Cu trc ca lun vn.........................................Error: Reference source not found Chng 1: C S L LUN V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU CA TI .....................................................................................Error: Reference source not found 1.1.1. T ng quan v ti nh hi nh nghin c u ta i..Error: Reference source not found 1.1.2. Lng ngh v pht trin lng ngh theo hng bn vng........Error: Reference source not found 1.1.3. Khi qut v nhim mi trng lng ngh Vit Nam hin nay..............Error: Reference source not found 1.1. 4. Quan i m va phng pha p nghin cu....Error: Reference source not found a. M t s quan i m nghin c u chi nh..................Error: Reference source not found - Quan i m h th ng:.............................................Error: Reference source not found Chng 2: CC NHN T NH HNG TI CHT LNG Error: Reference source not found MI TRNG LNG NGH DNG LIU..Error: Reference source not found 2.1. Khi qut lng ngh Dng Liu...................Error: Reference source not found 2.1.1. V tr a l.......................................................Error: Reference source not found 2.1.2. c im t nhin..........................................Error: Reference source not found 2.1.3. iu kin kinh t- x hi..............................Error: Reference source not found 2.2. Hin trng sn xut ca lng ngh................Error: Reference source not found 2.2.1. Nguyn liu ch yu cung cp cho lng ngh........Error: Reference source not found

2.2.2. Cng ngh sn xut........................................Error: Reference source not found 2.2.4. Sn phm v tr trng..................................Error: Reference source not found 2.25. Phn b sn xut.............................................Error: Reference source not found 2.3. Phn tch cc nhn t nh hng ti mi trng ca lng ngh................Error: Reference source not found 2.3.1. Cc ngun gy nhim t sn xut.............Error: Reference source not found 2.3.2. nh hng ca mt s nhn t t nhin v kinh t x hi......Error: Reference source not found 2.3.3. Thc trng qun l mi trng, thc bo v mi trng ca cng ng lng ngh............................................................................Error: Reference source not found 2.3.4. M t s y u t pha p ly ....................................Error: Reference source not found Chng 3: NH GI HIN TRNG NHIM MI TRNG......Error: Reference source not found LNG NGH DNG LIU V XUT MT S GII PHP GIM THIU .....................................................................................Error: Reference source not found 3.1. nh gi thc trng nhim mi trng ti lng ngh............Error: Reference source not found 3.1.1. Hin trng mi trng nc.........................Error: Reference source not found 3.1.2. Hin trng nhim rc thi rn...................Error: Reference source not found 3.1.3. Hin trng mi trng kh............................Error: Reference source not found 3.1.4. nh gi mc nhim mi trng ti lng ngh.. Error: Reference source not found 3.1.5. nh hng cu a s nhi m mi trng n tnh trng sc khe ca c dn khu vc.......................................................................Error: Reference source not found 3.2. Mt s gii php xut nhm bo v, ci thin mi trng lng ngh Dng Liu............................................................................Error: Reference source not found 3.2.1. nh hng pht trin lng ngh Dng Liu n nm 2015.Error: Reference source not found 3.2.2. D tnh lng thi ti lng ngh n nm 2015...........Error: Reference source not found 3.2.3. xut mt s gii php gim thiu nhim.......Error: Reference source not found

KT LUN...............................................................Error: Reference source not found TI LIU THAM KHO.......................................Error: Reference source not found PH LC 1: PHIU IU TRA PH LC 2: Cch tnh ti lng thi cho lng ngh Dng Liu

DANH MC CC BNG BIU Cc bng biu Bng 1.1. Trnh k thut cc lng ngh hin nay Bng 1.2. S lng cc lng ngh c quy hoch khng gian mi trng ti mt s tnh, thnh ph Bng 2.1. S ngi i hc nm 2007 Bng 2.2. Biu thng k mt s nguyn liu sn xut chnh 2008 Bng 2.3. C cu lao ng theo ngnh ca lng ngh 2008 Bng 2.4. Sn lng mt s sn phm ch yu ca lng ngh (2005) Bng 2.5. Hiu sut nguyn liu ca mt s hot ng sn xut Bng 2.6. Tng thi trung bnh nm ca lng ngh qua cc hot ng sn xut v sinh hot Bng 2.7. Tng lng nc thi v b thi t sn xut tinh bt Bng 2.8. Tng lng nc thi t CBNS lng ngh Dng Liu (2008) Bng 2.9. Tng lng rc thi t CBNS lng ngh Dng Liu (2008) Bng 3.1. Lng nc thi ca lng ngh Dng Liu nm 2008 Bng 3.2. Cht lng mi trng nc ti mt s a im ca lng ngh Bng 3.3. Tnh hnh rc thi rn trung bnh mi ngy ti lng ngh (nm 2008) Trang 25 32 46 48 49 50 53 54 57 59 59 70 72 74

Bng 3.4. Thnh phn rc thi ti bi rc lng ngh Dng Liu Bng 3.5: Cht lng mi trng khng kh ti lng ngh Dng Liu Bng 3.6. Phn chia cc mc nh hng theo cc tiu ch nh gi nhim mi trng lng ngh Dng Liu Bng 3.7. Bng im nh gi mc nhim Bng 3.8: Bng im nh gi mc nhim c nhn h s Bng 3.9. Mt s bnh ph bin ti lng ngh Dng Liu Bng 3.10. Kt qu d tnh ti lng thi ca lng ngh n nm 2015 Bng 3.11. C cu sn lng v cht thi ca cc ngh sn xut chnh lng ngh Dng Liu Bng3.12. M hnh quy hoch khu sn xut tp trung cho lng ngh Dng Liu Bng 3.13. nh hng mc thu ph mi trng i vi cc ngh CBNSTP Dng Liu

74 78 79 80 80 83 86 90 91 93

DANH MC CC HNH V Cc hnh v, biu Trang Hnh 1.1. S phn b cc lng ngh Vit Nam theo khu vc 23 Hnh 1.2. Mt s m hnh Pht trin bn vng 33 Hnh 1.3. Tm tt quy trnh v phng php nghin cu 41 Hnh 2.1. Cng ngh ch bin tinh bt sn 55 Hnh 2.2. Cng ngh ch bin tinh bt sn 56 Hnh 2.1. Cng ngh ch bin tinh bt sn 56 Hnh 3.1. Tnh hnh bnh tt trong dn c c lin quan n cht lng mi 82 trng (2007) Hnh 3.2. M hnh x l nc thi cho lng ngh CBNSTP 99 DANH MC CC K HIU, CC T VIT TT BOD BVMT CBNSTP CN - TTCN CNH - HH COD KT - XH Nhu cu oxy sinh hc Bo v mi trng Ch bin nng sn, thc phm Cng nghip, tiu th cng nghip Cng nghip ha, Hin i ha Nhu cu oxy ha hc Kinh t, x hi

TCCP VSMT

Tiu chun cho php V sinh mi trng

M U 1. Tnh cp thit ca ti. Cc lng ngh truyn thng Vit Nam v ang c nhiu ng gp cho GDP ca t nc ni chung v i vi nn kinh t nng thn ni ring. Nhiu lng ngh truyn thng hin nay c khi phc, u t pht trin vi quy m v k thut cao hn, hng ha khng nhng phc v nhu cu trong nc m cn cho xut khu vi gi tr ln. Tuy nhin, mt trong nhng thch thc ang t ra i vi cc lng ngh l vn mi trng v sc khe ca ngi lao ng, ca cng ng dn c ang b nh hng nghim trng t hot ng sn xut ca cc lng ngh. Nhng nm gn y, vn ny ang thu ht s quan tm ca Nh nc cng nh cc nh khoa hc nhm tm ra cc gii php hu hiu cho s pht trin bn vng cc lng ngh. c nhiu lng ngh thay i phng thc sn xut cng nh qun l mi trng v thu c hiu qu ng k. Song, i vi khng t lng ngh, sn xut vn ang tng v quy m, cn mi trng ngy cng nhim trm trng. Dng Liu l mt trong nhng vng trng im CBNSTP ca H Ni. Song, hin ti khu vc ny ang b nhim mi trng nghim trng do cc hot ng sn xut CBNSTP, c bit l nhim ngun nc thi v rc thi. Cc gii

php p dng cho Dng Liu cha gip ci thin c tnh hnh do lng thi ngy cng ln. Bi vy hc vin chn ti: nh gi hin trng nhim mi trng phc v pht trin bn vng lng ngh ch bin thc phm Dng Liu, huyn Hoi c, thnh ph H Ni lm ti cho lun vn tt nghip.

2. Mc tiu - nh gi c mc nhim mi trng (nc thi v rc thi) ti lng ngh Dng Liu, qua xut mt s gii php nhm bo v v ci thin mi trng ca lng ngh hng ti s pht trin bn vng. 3. Nhim v - Tng quan v tnh hnh nghin cu c lin quan n ti, ng thi xc nh r ni dung chnh ca ti nghin cu. - Thu thp, x l v phn tch cc ti liu v cc c im c bn v t nhin cng nh kinh t x hi ca a bn nghin cu. Tm hiu c th hin trng sn xut ca lng ngh v xc nh cc nhn t nh hng ti mi trng lng ngh. - Tin hnh ly mu v phn tch cc mu nc, kh v rc ti lng ngh v lp bng kt qu. - Phn tch, nh gi hin trng nhim mi trng (nc thi, rc thi) lm c s xut cc gii php bo v, ci thin mi trng theo hng pht trin bn vng. 4. Kt qu chnh t c - Xc nh c thc trng nhim mi trng lng ngh Dng Liu: ti khng ch xc nh c th ngun gy nhim v nh gi hin trng nhim mi trng lng m cn phn chia cc mc nhim khc nhau trn khng gian

ca lng ngh hin nay. l c s quan trng gip ch cho vic thc hin cc gii php gim thiu nhim. - xut mt s gii php nhm ci thin v bo v mi trng ca lng ngh, gm: + Gii php quy hoch khng gian sn xut gn vi bo v mi trng: Vi hai hnh thc l quy hoch tp trung v quy hoch phn tn. nh hng nhng i tng no nn a vo khu sn xut tp trung v n nh li nhng h sn xut phn tn cho ph hp. + xut cc gii php thu gom v x l rc thi, nc thi. + Ch trng gii php nng cao nng lc qun l mi trng gn vi s tham gia ca cng ng trn c s tm hiu r v hin trng sn xut, hin trng mi trng ca khu vc v thu thp mt s kin ca cng ng. + Mt s gii php khc: i mi k thut, cng ngh 5. ngha khoa hc v thc tin ca ti - Cc kt qu nghin cu ca ti v iu kin t nhin, kinh t x hi, hin trng xn xut, hin trng nhim mi trng ca lng ngh v mt s gii php xut l ti liu tham kho c gi tr cho cng tc qun l mi trng ca lng ngh Dng Liu. - Vic nghin cu l lun v gn vi thc tin ca vng nhm hng ti nhng gii php mang tnh kh thi s c nhng ngha ng k cho nh hng quy hoch lng ngh nhm bo v mi trng. - Qua ti ny, hc vin s tch ly c thm nhiu kin thc cng nh cc bi hc kinh nghim c lin quan n vic nh gi tc ng mi trng, xc nh mc nhim mi trng, quy hoch bo v mi trng, kin thc v lng ngh cng nh cc phng php nghin cu khoa hc 6. Cu trc ca lun vn. Ni dung chnh ca lun vn gm 3 chng: - Chng 1: C s l lun v phng php nghin cu ca ti.

- Chng 2: Cc nhn t nh hng ti cht lng mi trng lng ngh Dng Liu. - Chng 3: nh gi hin trng nhim mi trng lng ngh Dng Liu v xut mt s gii php gim thiu.

Chng 1: C S L LUN V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU CA TI 1.1.1. Tng quan v tinh hinh nghin cu tai a. Th gii Trn th gii, t nhng nm u ca th k XX cng c mt s cng trnh nghin cu c lin quan n lng ngh nh: Nh my lng x ca Bnh T (1922); M hnh sn xut lng x v X hi ha lng th cng ca N.H.Noace (1928). Nm 1964, t chc WCCI (World crafts council International Hi ng Quc t v ngh th cng th gii) c thnh lp, hot ng phi li nhun v li ch chung ca cc quc gia c ngh th cng truyn thng. [Ng Tr Mai, 2008] i vi cc nc chu , s pht trin kinh t lng ngh truyn thng l gii php tch cc cho cc vn kinh t x hi nng thn. Thc t nhiu quc gia trong khu vc c nhng kinh nghim hiu qu trong pht trin lng ngh, in hnh l Trung Quc, Nht Bn, Han Quc, n , Thi Lan. Trung Quc sau thi k ci cch m ca nm 1978, vic thnh lp v duy tr X nghip Hng Trn, tng trng vi tc 20 30 % gii quyt c 12 triu lao ng d tha nng thn. Hay Nht Bn, vi s thnh lp Hip hi khi phc v pht trin lng ngh truyn thng l ht nhn cho s nghip khi phc v pht trin ngnh ngh c tnh truyn thng da theo Lut ngh truyn thng[Trn Minh Yn, 2003]

i vi cc lng ngh CBNSTP, cc nc chu nh Thi Lan, Malaysia, Trung Quc c bit ch trng ti cc ngh ch bin tinh bt. Theo tc gi Jesuitas ca Thi Lan (1996), vic s dng phng php x l hiu kh bng b Acroten i vi nc thi cha nhiu tinh bt th lng hu c theo COD c th gim ti 70%. Mt s nc s dng b Biogas, tn dng b thi trong sn xut tinh bt sn xut kh sinh hc, phc v cho cc hot ng khc (nh chy ng c diezel). Theo cc tc gi Thery v Dang (1979); sau ny l Chen v Lee (1980), Trung Quc s dng hn 7 triu b ln men CH4 , trong c khong 20.000 b ln to kh chy ng c iezel kh sinh hc vi khong 4.000.106 m3 kh/nm [Nguyn Th Kim Thi, 2004]. c bit, vic s dng cng ng nh nhng nh qun l mi trng khng chnh thc v tnh cng ng l cng c bo v mi trng c thc hin thnh cng mt s nc trong khu vc v th gii bng cc hnh thc khc nhau [ng nh Long, 2005]. Cng theo ng nh Long, cc nghin cu ca World Bank chng minh rng, da trn sc p ca cng ng, cng vi vic tng cng nng lc ca cc c quan qun l mi trng c th ci thin c lng pht thi ti cc c s gy nhim. Mt s quc gia thc hin thnh cng cch qun l ny nh: Clmbia, Trung Quc, Hn Quc, Philippin, Bng-la-t, Malaysia, In--n-xia vi phng php cho im n gin dn chng nhn r c s no tun th cc tiu chun chng nhim ca quc gia v a phng; c s no khng tun th. Trung Quc cho php tnh cc loi ph nhim da trn s tho lun ca cng ng. Mc nh gi ph nhim da trn mc nhim, mc dn c phi hng chu hu qu ca nhim, mc thu nhp bnh qun Cng vi , chnh ph nc ny cng thng xuyn nng cao nng lc ca cng ng trong nhn thc v hnh ng gii quyt cc vn mi trng a phng. In--n-xia, di p lc ca cng ng a phng bng vic pht n kin cc c s sn xut gy nhim, qua chnh ph v cc c quan kim sot nhim

lm trung gian ng ra gii quyt, buc cc c s gy nhim phi n b cho cng ng v c nhng gii php gim thiu nhim [ng nh Long, 2005] Nh vy, cn thit c s phi hp gia Nh nc, X hi dn s v cng ng trong qun l mi trng cng nh gii quyt xung t mi trng. y l gii php mang tnh bn vng cho s pht trin ca x hi. b. Vit Nam Vit Nam, vn lng ngh c cp n qua nhiu thi k, vi nhng kha cnh v cc mc ch khc nhau. Trn kha cnh kinh t, vn ha, x hi c nhiu cng trnh nghin cu v lng ngh nhiu cp: V sch tham kho: C mt s cng trnh nh: Lng ngh th cng truyn thng Vit Nam [Bi Vn Vng, 1998]. Tc gi tp trung trnh by cc loi hnh lng ngh truyn thng nh: c ng, kim hon, rn, gm, trm khc , dt, thu ren, giy d, tranh dn gian, dt chiu, qut giy, my tre an, ngc trai, lm trng. y ch yu gii thiu lch s, kinh t, vn ho, ngh thut, t tng, k thut, cc b quyt ngh, th php ngh thut, k thut ca cc ngh nhn v cc lng ngh th cng truyn thng Vit Nam. Trong cun Bo tn v pht trin cc lng ngh trong qu trnh CNH HH [Dng B Phng, 2001], tc gi cp kh y t l lun n thc trng ca lng ngh: t c im, khi nim, con ng v iu kin hnh thnh lng ngh, tp trung vo mt s lng ngh mt s tnh vi cc quan im, gii php v phng hng nhm pht trin cc lng ngh trong CNH HH. Cng vi hng ny cn c cun Pht trin lng ngh truyn thng trong qu trnh CNH HH [Mai Th Hn, 2003] V nhiu cng trnh khc ca nhiu tc gi nh: Pht trin lng ngh truyn thng nng thn Vit Nam trong thi k Cng nghip ha, hin i ha [Trn Minh Yn, 2003], Lng i Bi G ng Bc Ninh [ Th Ho, 1987]; V hai lng ngh truyn thng Ph Bi v Hin Lng [Bi Th Tn, 1999] V ti nghin cu: ti khoa hc v vic Hon thin cc gii php kinh t ti chnh nhm khi phc v pht trin lng ngh nng thn vng ng bng sng

10

Hng [Hc vin ti chnh, 2004]; Tip tc i mi chnh sch v gii php y mnh tiu th sn phm ca cc lng ngh truyn thng Bc B thi k n nm 2010 [B Thng Mi, 2003]... c bit phi k n l ti Nghin cu v quy hoch pht trin lng ngh th cng theo hng CNH nng thn nc CHXHCN Vit Nam ca B NN & PTNT hp tc cng vi t chc JICA ca Nht (2002), iu tra nghin cu tng th cc vn c lin quan n lng ngh th cng nc ta v tnh hnh phn b, iu kin KT-XH ca lng ngh, nghin cu nh gi 12 mt hng th cng ca lng ngh Vit Nam (v nguyn liu, th trng, cng ngh, lao ng) [Trn Minh Yn, 2003] Nhn chung cc tc gi lm r v khi nim, lch s pht trin, c im, thc trng sn xut v xu hng pht trin ca cc lng ngh. kha cnh mi trng: Gn y, trong cc nghin cu v lng ngh, vn mi trng ang c nhiu tc gi quan tm, thc t th vn ny ang gy nhiu bc xc v nan gii i vi kinh t x hi ni chung: Cun sch Lng ngh Vit Nam v mi trng, [ng Kim Chi v nnk, 2005]: y l mt cng trnh nghin cu tng qut nht v vn lng ngh v thc trng nhim mi trng cc lng ngh hin nay. Tc gi nu r t lch s pht trin, phn loi, cc c im c bn lng ngh cng nh hin trng kinh t, x hi ca cc lng ngh Vit Nam hin nay. Cng vi l hin trng mi trng cc lng ngh (c phn loi c th 5 nhm ngnh ngh chnh). Qua cng nu r cc tn ti nh hng ti pht trin kinh t v bo v mi trng ca lng ngh, nu d bo pht trin v mc nhim n nm 2010, mt s nh hng xy dng chnh sch m bo pht trin lng ngh bn vng v xut cc gii php ci thin mi trng cho tng loi hnh lng ngh ca Vit Nam. Qua nghin cu ca tc gi, "100% mu nc thi cc lng ngh c kho st c thng s vt tiu chun cho php. Mi trng khng kh b nhim c tnh cc b ti ni trc tip sn xut, nht l nhim bi vt tiu chun cho php (TCCP) v nhim do s dng nhin liu than ci. T l ngi dn lng ngh mc bnh cao hn cc lng thun nng, thng gp cc bnh v ng h hp, au

11

mt, bnh ng rut, bnh ngoi da. Nhiu dng sng chy qua cc lng ngh hin nay ang b nhim nng; nhiu rung la, cy trng b gim nng sut do nhim khng kh t lng ngh". Nghin cu ca PGS.TS ng Kim Chi cng cc cng s ti 3 lng ngh Bc Ninh cho thy mi trng xung quanh cc lng ngh b nhim ngy cng trm trng. Ti lng ngh sn xut giy Dng (Phong Kh Bc Ninh): nng CO cao hn 5mg/l so vi TCCP (28 36 mg/l). Bi khu vc dn c c nng cao hn TCCP t 1,3 n 3 ln. CO ti khu vc sn xut cao gp 2 ln TCCP, ting n cao hn TCCP t 3 10 dbA; ti lng ngh ti ch st thp a Hi: Khng kh xung quanh khu vc h gia nh sn xut cao ln hn TCCP 12 ln, ting n ln hn 28 ln TCCP, bi hn 6 ln, nhit ln hn nhit khng kh t 4 5 0C; lng ngh ti ch nha Minh Khai: nng bi ln hn TCCP 1h v 24h l 1- 4 ln v 3 - 6 ln, nng HCl cao hn TCCP 1,6 ln. [L c Th, 2008] Bn cnh cn c rt nhiu cc cng trnh nghin cu ca cc tc gi khc v tnh trng mi trng v sc khe ti cc lng ngh: Nghin cu v Nhng vn v sc khe v an ton trong cc lng ngh Vit Nam, cc tc gi Nguyn Th Hng T, Nguyn Th Lin Hng, L Vn Trnh (2005) nu mt s nt v lch s pht trin lng ngh Vit Nam. Mi trng v sc kho ngi lao ng. An ton sn xut lng ngh, cc bin php phng nga. Chm sc v nng cao sc kho cho ngi lao ng lng ngh. Cun Nghin cu nguy c sc kho cc lng ngh ti mt s tnh pha Bc v gii php can thip [Nguyn Th Lin Hng, 2006] cho thy tnh trng sc khe cc lng ngh pha Bc u trong tnh trng bo ng. T l ngi lao ng c phng tin bo h t TCVSL thp (22,5%); 100% cc h sn xut CBLT-TP nc thi khng qua x l, thng ra cng rnh. Nng cc cht kh gy nhim trong mi trng (H2S, NH3) c n 3/5; 1/5 mu khng t yu cu. T l ngi mc bnh h hp chim 34,7%, bnh v da chim ti 37,3%... Ti cc lng ngh ti ch c mc nhim cao v mc nhim nghim trng. Qua nghin cu ca Phan Thy Yn v cc cng s ti lng ngh ti ch ch

12

ng Mai (Hng Yn) cho thy kt qu xt nghim i vi ngi lao ng: ALA/niu > 10mg/l chim ti 67%; nhng ngi c s lng hng cu gim chim 19,4%; nhng ngi mc bnh do nhim ch chim 67,7%. Hay i vi cc lng ngh Bc Ninh, in hnh nh lng ngh Phong Kh, Ph Lm c khong 50 x nghip, vi 70 phn xng sn xut, khi lng hng ha t 18.000 n 20.000 tn sn phm/nm, nhng ng thi thi vo mi trng 1.200 n 1.500 m3 nc thi/ngy vi hm lng coliform ln hn TCCP hn 100 ln. (nc thi c cha ch yu l xt, thuc thy, phn kp, nha thng, phm mu). [L c Th, 2008] Ngoi ra cn c nhiu nghin cu khc v cc khu vc lng ngh a phng nh nghin cu v mi trng lao ng mt s cc lng ngh Nam nh ca Trn Vn Quang v cc cng s (2001); Nghin cu v mi trng, sc khe lng ngh ch bin thuc nam Thit Tr (Hng Yn) ca an Th Lan Hng [L c Th, 2008] Nhng ti ny nhn chung gii quyt c vn l lun c bn v cc lng ngh, hin trng v xu hng pht trin, vn nhim mi trng v mt s gii php. Nhng cc ti i su vo mt lng ngh no th hu nh cha nghin cu mt cch ton din nht. Mi khu vc lng ngh c nhng iu kin v thc t khc nhau cho s pht trin v bo tn. Hn na, mi khu vc bi nhim cung co nhng ngun gy nhim khng ging nhau, v vy vic nghin cu c th, chi tit c th nh gi ton din v tim nng, thc trng cng nh xu hng ca cc lng ngh c ngha quan trng c v khoa hc v thc tin. Nghin cu v cc gii php: Hin ti, i vi mi cng trnh nghin cu v vn mi trng lng ngh t nhiu u c cp n cc gii php khc nhau nhm ci thin v bo v mi trng, hng ti s pht trin bn vng. Tng qut nht c l phi cp n cun Lng ngh Vit Nam v mi trng ca ng Kim Chi v cc cng s. Da trn c s nghin cu tng quan v c im cng nh thc trng sn xut, hin trng mi trng cc lng ngh, tc gi i n cc gii php chung nht cho tng loi hnh lng ngh. y cng cp n vic nh hng xy dng mt s chnh sch m bo pht trin lng ngh bn vng (nh cc chnh sch v h tr ti chnh, chnh sch v th trng, v c s

13

h tng, gio dc mi trng). Qua xut cc gii php, nhn chung tp trung vo hai nhm chnh l gii php k thut v gii php qun l nhm gim thiu nhim mi trng cho cc lng ngh. Cc gii php ny c cp c th hn trong TNC c s khoa hc v thc tin cho vic xy dng cc chnh sch v bin php gii quyt vn mi trng cc lng ngh Vit Nam (KC.08.09, 2005), c th l cc Ti liu hng dn p dng cc gii php ci thin mi trng cho cc lng ngh nha; ch bin nng sn, thc phm; th cng m ngh; dt nhum. Cc nghin cu ca Nguyn Th Lin Hng, Trn Minh Yn, ng Vn Trnh nu trn u c cp n cc gii php can thip. Ngoi nhng gii php v k thut (sn xut sch hn v s dng cng ngh x l cht thi) th trong cng tc qun l mi trng, cc nh nghin cu hin ang lu n mt s gii php c tnh kh thi v c hiu qu trong iu kin ca Vit Nam hin nay l gii php c s tham gia ca cng ng v pht trin lng ngh gn vi pht trin du lch. V kha cnh ny c mt s nghin cu, bi vit in hnh nh: S tay hng dn xy dng k hoch pht trin lng ngh s dng phng php c s tham gia ca cng ng [Bi nh Toi, Nguyn Th Thu Qu, 2005]; Mi trng lng ngh vi vic pht trin du lch bn vng [L Hi, 2006]; Pht trin bn vng du lch lng ngh sinh thi vn ha [Nguyn Th Anh Thu, 2005); c bit trong c nghin cu v Tnh cng ng v xung t mi trng ti khu vc lng ngh ng bng sng Hng, thc trng v xu hng bin i [ng nh Long, 2005]. Nghin cu cp n tnh trng xung t mi trng hin nay ti cc lng ngh Vit Nam, nht l khu vc ng bng sng Hng. Cc tc gi nu c s l lun ca vic nghin cu mi quan h gia tnh cng ng vi xung t mi trng ti khu vc nng thn ng bng sng Hng v i n nhng kt lun kh r rng c lin quan nh: cht lng mi trng ti cc lng ngh hin nay l rt xu; nhn thc i vi vic bo v mi trng ca cng ng cn hn ch; Tm l ph bin ca chnh quyn v cng ng trc thc trng nhim l s trng ch vo cc cp cao hn, cha c thc t gic; m hnh ng x c

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bn ca ngi dn i vi vn mi trng l khng bit lm g v khng c nhng hnh vi c th bo v mi trng. Theo kt qu kho st ca cc tc gi ti 3 lng ngh in hnh th t l nhng kin trng ch s gii quyt nhim vo Nh nc chim ti 56,6%; gii php nng cao nhn thc mi trng chim 14,8%; thng cm v cng ngi sn xut x l nhim ch c 8,5%, c bit kin nu khng x l nhim th ngng sn xut ch c 1,1% [ng nh Long, 2005]. Qua cho thy rng thc ca cng ng trong vn pht trin kinh t gn vi mi trng cn nhiu hn ch, vn xung t mi trng c nguy c kh cao v phc tp. Vit Nam cng ang c nhiu c gng trong vic tip thu kinh nghim ca cc nc i trc trn th gii v trong khu vc trong lnh vc qun l mi trng. i vi mi trng lng ngh, nm 2005 B Ti nguyn v Mi trng phi hp vi Ngn hng th gii (WB) cng vi B Mi trng Hn Quc t chc Hi tho p dng kinh nghim Hn Quc trong qun l mi trng cc lng ngh truyn thng Vit Nam. Ti hi tho, cc nh nghin cu Vit Nam nu r hin trng nhim mi trng lng ngh v gii thiu nghin cu in hnh Ci thin mi trng lng ngh Vn Phc. Cc chuyn gia v mi trng ca Hn Quc trao i v kinh nghim, nh hng qun l mi trng nng thn v gii thiu cng ngh mi trng ca Hn Quc. [www.isge.monre.gov.vn, 30/1/2005] Hn na, k t khi Hip hi lng ngh Vit Nam c thnh lp (2005) cho n nay c nhiu chng trnh hot ng c th nhm ci thin v mt chnh sch, ng h v ngun vn, nng cao kinh nghim qun l, m rng th trng, to thng hiu cho cc sn phm, quan tm n vn mi trng cac lang ngh, khuyn khch cho cc lng ngh pht trin v nhiu mt. c. Khu vc nghin cu. H Ni l mt trong nhng tnh c hot ng lng ngh pht trin in hnh khu vc ng bng sng Hng. Sau khi m rng, H Ni co hoang 1.275 lang ngh, trong o co 226 lang ngh c UBND TP cng nhn vi cac tiu chi cua lang ngh. Vi vai tr v hin trng ca cc lng ngh nh hin nay, thanh ph cng

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nh nhiu tc gi c nhng bi vit v cc ti nghin cu v hot ng lng ngh, v thc trng sn xut, nhng kh khn hin ti v xu hng, kin ngh V d nh: Pht trin mt s lng ngh truyn thng trong qu trnh cng nghip ha, hin i ha vng ven th [Mai Th Hn, 1998]; Nghin cu xc lp c s khoa hc cho quy hoch bo v mi trng mt s lng ngh tnh H Ty [Ng Tr Mai, 2008]. Mt s vn bc xc v mi trng lng ngh H Ty [Phng Thanh Vn, 2009]; B ba lng ngh bt lc trc nhim mi trng [www.isge.monre.gov.vn , 8/2007] ti nghin cu ca S NN & PTNT H Ni v nh gi thc trng v xut chnh sch pht trin mt s lng ngh nng thn ngoi thnh H Ni: cp n nhng vn c tnh l lun v ngnh ngh v lng ngh nng thn, cc nhn t nh hng n s pht trin lng ngh. Phn tch thc trng lng ngh v s tc ng ca chnh sch n pht trin ngnh ngh nng thn ngoi thnh H Ni giai on 1995 2000, trong nhn mnh cc gii php chnh sch pht trin ngnh ngh. [Trn Minh Yn, 2003] Cc bi vit nu c khi qut quy m v sn phm ch yu ca cc lng ngh H Ni. Nht l cp nhiu n tnh trng nhim mi trng ca cc lng ngh. Tuy nhin i su vo mt khu vc nh th cha c th, nht l nhng gii php ph hp vi iu kin thc tin ca mt khu vc lng ngh. Trong bi cnh mi H Ni m rng nh hin nay v vi s chun b n i l 1000 nm Thng Long v nm du lch quc gia nm 2010, Trung tm Thng tin v xc tin du lch H Ni va xut vi y ban nhn dn thnh ph v vic bo v mi trng ti cc lng ngh, ph ngh. Theo , ngnh du lch H Ni s tin hnh kho st, la chn cc ph ngh, lng ngh cc tiu chun v: Sn phm tiu biu, h tng c s vt cht, vn minh giao tip, mi trng cnh quan xy dng cc im du lch. Tip n, cc a phng s p dng cng ngh sn xut sch, ng dng cc h thng x l cht thi v xy dng quy ch bo v mi trng ti cc im du lch ph ngh, lng ngh.

16

y l mt xut hay v cn thit ci thin tnh trng nhim mi trng, h tng c s khng m bo v giao thng cht chi ang din ra ph bin ti cc lng ngh. Bi hin nay du lch lng ngh, ph ngh H Ni tr thnh mt trong 7 tour du lch c sc, hp dn du khch nhn i l 1000 nm Thng Long H Ni v Nm du lch quc gia 2010. i vi khu vc lng ngh x Dng Liu, hin c cng trnh nghin cu ca trng i hc tng hp (c) nm 1996: Nghin cu x l nc thi ca lng ngh Dng Liu; hay Kho st iu kin lao ng v bc u p dng gii php can thip ti lng ngh ch bin lng thc x Dng Liu. Cc nghin cu cng tp trung vo vn nhim ca lng ngh, song vn cha c nhng gii php tha ng v hin nay mc nhim vn ngy cng nghim trng hn [Nguyn Th Kim Thi, 2004] Gn y c bi nghin cu khoa v Hin trng sc khe mi trng lng ngh ch bin thc phm Dng Liu, Hoi c, H Ty [Phm Th Linh, 2007]. Bo co cng tp trung vo hin trng sn xut CBNSTP ca lng ngh, mt s nguyn nhn gy nhim, phn tch tnh trng nhim v c a ra mt s gii php gim thiu nhim. Nhn chung bo co phc tho c thc trng nhim mi trng ti Dng Liu song vic nh gi mc nhim cha c th. Tm li, thc tin cc lng ngh Vit Nam cn c nhiu bt cp. Cc sn phm truyn thng ca chng ta khng nhng l nhng mt hng c gi tr kinh t cao, to cng n vic lm cho nhiu lao ng nng thn, gim thiu thi gian nng nhn, m cn c ngha vn ha dn tc su sc. Vit Nam cng c nhiu tim nng cho pht trin cc ngh truyn thng nh ngun lao ng kho lo, giu kinh nghim, ngun nguyn liu phong ph Song tc pht trin cc lng ngh nh hin nay cha tng xng vi tim nng, c bit hin trng mi trng v trnh cng ngh cng nh thc trng qun l mi trng hin ti l mt thch thc ln i vi vic bo tn v pht trin bn vng cc ngh truyn thng ca nc ta. 1.1.2. Lng ngh v pht trin lng ngh theo hng bn vng a. Khi nim lng ngh.

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T xa xa, ngi nng dn Vit Nam bit s dng thi gian nng nhn sn xut nhng sn phm th cng, phi nng nghip phc v cho nhu cu i sng nh: cc cng c lao ng nng nghip, giy, la, vi, thc phm qua ch bin Cc ngh ny c lu truyn v m rng qua nhiu th h, dn n nhiu h dn c th cng sn xut mt loi sn phm. Bn cnh nhng ngi chuyn lm ngh, a phn lao ng va sn xut nng nghip, va lm ngh, hoc lm thu (ngh ph). Nhng do nhu cu trao i hng ha, cc ngh mang tnh cht chuyn mn su hn, c ci tin k thut hn v thng c gii hn trong quy m nh (lng), dn dn tch hn nng nghip chuyn hn sang ngh th cng. Nh vy, lng ngh xut hin. C th hiu lng ngh l lng nng thn Vit Nam c ngnh ngh tiu th cng nghip, phi nng nghip chim u th v s lao ng v thu nhp so vi ngh nng [ng Kim Chi, 2005]. C rt nhiu kin v quan im khc nhau khi cp n tiu ch mt lng nng thn c coi l mt lng ngh. Nhng nhn chung, cc kin thng nht mt s tiu ch sau: - Gi tr sn xut v thu nhp ca t phi nng nghip lng ngh t trn 50% so vi tng gi tr sn xut v thu nhp chung ca lng ngh trong nm; hoc doanh thu hng nm t ngnh ngh t nht t trn 300 triu ng, hoc: - S h v s lao ng tham gia thng xuyn hoc khng thng xuyn, trc tip hoc gin tip i vi ngh phi nng nghip lng t nht t 30% so vi tng s h hoc lao ng lng ngh c t nht 300 lao ng. - Sn phm phi nng nghip do lng sn xut mang tnh c th ca lng v do ngi trong lng tham gia. Theo Bo co mi trng quc gia nm 2008, tiu ch cng nhn lng ngh gm c 3 tiu ch sau: - C ti thiu 30% tng s h trn a bn tham gia cc hot ng ngnh ngh nng thn.

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- Hot ng sn xut kinh doanh n nh ti thiu 2 nm tnh n thi im ngh cng nhn. - Chp hnh tt chnh sch Php lut ca Nh nc [www.isge.monre.gov.vn]. b. Vai tr ca cc lng ngh truyn thng. Vi hn 2000 lng ngh trong c nc, gm 11 nhm ngnh ngh, s dng hn 10 triu lao ng, ng gp hn 40 ngn t ng cho thu nhp quc gia cc lng ngh truyn thng v ang ng mt vai tr quan trng i vi s pht trin kinh t x hi Vit Nam, c bit l khu vc kinh t nng thn: - Sn xut tiu th cng nghip tn dng ngun nguyn liu phong ph vi gi thnh r. Cc ngh truyn thng ch yu s dng cc nguyn liu sn c trong nc, vn l cc ti nguyn thin nhin in hnh ca min nhit i: tre na, g, t tm, cc sn phm ca nng nghip nhit i (la go, hoa qu, ng, khoai, sn), cc loi vt liu xy dng - Mt khc, sn phm t cc lng ngh khng ch p ng cc th trng trong nc vi cc mc nhu cu khc nhau m cn xut khu sang cc th trng nc bn vi nhiu mt hng phong ph, c gi tr cao. Trong , in hnh nht l cc mt hng th cng m ngh (hin nay, mt hng ny xut khu t gi tr gn 1 t USD/nm). Gi tr hng ha t cc lng ngh hng nm ng gp cho nn kinh t quc dn t 40 50 ngn t ng. Gp phn chuyn dch c cu kinh t, y nhanh qu trnh CNH - HH nng thn. - c bit, pht trin cc ngh truyn thng ang gp phn gii quyt cng n vic lm cho hn 11 triu lao ng chuyn v hng ngn lao ng nng nhn nng thn, gp phn nng cao thu nhp cho ngi dn. - Hn na, nhiu lng ngh hin nay c xu hng pht trin theo hng phc v cc dch v du lch. y l hng i mi nhng ph hp vi thi i hin nay v mang li hiu qu kinh t cao, ng thi c th gim thiu tnh trng nhim mi trng, nng i sng vt cht v tinh thn cho ngi dn, phc v mc tiu pht trin bn vng. c. Phn loi lng ngh.

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Lng ngh vi nhng hot ng v pht trin c nhng tc ng tch cc v tiu cc n nn kinh t, i sng x hi v mi trng vi nhng nt c th rt a dng. Vn pht trin v mi trng ca cc lng ngh hin nay ang c nhiu bt cp v ang c ch nghin cu. Mun c c nhng kt qu nghin cu xc thc, ng n v c th qun l tt cc lng ngh th cn c s nhn nhn theo nhiu kha cnh, nhiu gc khc nhau i vi lng ngh. Bi vy, h thng phn loi cc lng ngh da trn cc s liu thng tin iu tra, kho st l c s khoa hc cho nghin cu, qun l hot ng sn xut cng nh vic qun l, bo v mi trng lng ngh. Ca ch phn loa i la ng ngh ph bi n nh t la phn theo loa i hi nh sa n xu t, loa i hi nh sa n ph m. Theo ca ch na y co th phn tha nh 6 nho m nga nh sa n xu t g m: + m t, dt vi v may da. + Ch bin lng thc thc phm, dc liu. + Ti ch ph liu (giy, nha, kim loi). + Th cng m ngh, thu ren. + Vt liu xy dng, khai thc v ch tc . + Ngh khc (mc gia dng, c kh nh, ng thuyn, qut giy, an v, li..). Ngoai ra con co th phn loi theo quy m sn xut (ln, nho, trung binh); phn loi theo ngun thi v mc nhim; theo lich s phat trin; theo mc s dng nguyn liu, theo th trng tiu th sn phm hoc theo tim nng tn ti v pht trin d. Vi nt v lch s pht trin ca lng ngh. S pht trin ca cc lng ngh Vit Nam tri qua nhng giai on khc nhau, gn vi nhng cung bc thng trm ca lch s. c bit, t giai on i mi nn kinh t n nay, di tc ng to ln ca s bin i nn kinh t trong nc cng nh trn ton th gii, s pht trin ca cc lng ngh cng c nhng thay i ln, c nhng thnh cng mi nhng cng c khng t nhng vn nan gii. Xut hin t rt lu i (in hnh nh cc lng ngh H Ty (c), Bc Ninh, Hng Yn, c t thi nh L, Nh L). Cc lng ngh nng thn c nhng

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bc nh du kh r nt trong lch s kinh t x hi Vit Nam. Vt ln cc nhu cu v nng nghip, cc sn phm nh: snh s, gm, vi vc, n, th cng, hng m ngh, giy c ch bin phc v cho nhu cu i sng hng ngy, phc v cho i sng tm linh, cho vic hc tp, cho i sng vn ha v cho c xut khu. Lng ngh trc Cch mng thng Tm kh phong ph, a dng, n c hnh thnh t cc ngh c v mt s ngh mi c pht trin nhm p ng th trng lun thay i phc tp (nhn chung khng khc lm so vi cc ngh ng thi). Thi gian ny, ngh dt la (H ng) c nhng bc tin xa hn, tr thnh ngh th cng xut khu v to cng n vic lm cho s lng lao ng ln. T sau Cch mng thng Tm n nay, c th chia lch s pht trin ca lng ngh thnh cc giai on sau: - Giai on 1954 1978: Do chnh sch Cng nghip ha, u tin pht trin cng nghip nng, khuyn khch cc th th cng tham gia vo cc Hp tc x. Ti mt s lng ngh xut hin nhng HTX tiu th cng nghip, ch yu sn xut cc mt hng xut khu sang cc nc XHCN, vi cc hng ha chnh l hng th cng m ngh. Do , chng loi, s lng v gi tr hng ha c quyt nh bi ng li, chnh sch ca Nh nc. Cng chnh trong giai on ny, nhiu lng ngh b mai mt. - Giai on 1978 1985: Kinh t chnh tr th gii c nhiu bin ng, cng vi sc p v dn s v s cm vn ca M kinh t Vit Nam lm vo giai on khng hong, i sng ca nhn dn gp rt nhiu kh khn. S suy sp ca h thng bao cp khin cc h nng dn v tiu th cng nghip buc phi tm ng ci thin cuc sng theo con ng t pht. Nhiu lng ngh c khi phc li nhm p ng nhu cu rt thp ca nhn dn. - Giai on 1986 1992: y l giai on quan trng i vi s pht trin ca lng ngh, n c nh du bng s chuyn i t c ch qun l bao cp sang c ch th trng. Cc chnh sch kinh t, c bit l chnh sch i mi qun l trong nng nghip v pht trin cc thnh phn kinh t c tc ng mnh m

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n s pht trin kinh t nng nghip, nng thn ni chung v vi lng ngh ni ring. Trong giai on ny, nhiu lng ngh truyn thng c khi phc v pht trin, m rng quy m sn xut, u t vn, k thut, hnh thnh nhiu c s kinh doanh mi, thu ht ngy cng nhiu lao ng, tng dn sn lng v kim ngch xut khu in hnh nh lng gm Bt Trng, gm ng Nai, chm khc H Ty, thu ren Thi Bnh Cc sn phm truyn thng ca lng ngh Vit Nam c tiu th kh n nh cc th trng ng u v Lin X, kim ngch xut khu hng th cng m ngh t trn 246 triu rp [ng Kim Chi, 2005]. Tuy vy, do bin ng ca nn kinh t th gii, m xut pht t s sp ca m hnh CNXH ca Lin X v ng u, sn xut ca cc lng ngh b nh tr do th trng tiu th khng cn nh trc na, s lao ng trong cc lng ngh gim nhanh chng. - Giai on t nm 1993 n nay: Do tm c hng i mi cho cc sn phm ca lng ngh v cho nn kinh t Vit Nam ni chung m nn kinh t Vit Nam bc sang mt giai on mi. S hi nhp nn kinh t th gii, cng vi thi k d b s cm vn ca M, s hp tc kinh t v th trng ca Vit Nam khng ngng c m rng. Nhiu lng ngh khi phc nhanh chng, trong nhiu lng vn duy tr c c ngh nghip v mt hng truyn thng (nh lng Chm bc ng Xm, lng ngh thu Qut ng, lng gm Bt Trng). Hn na nhiu lng ngh mi c hnh thnh (Lng g ng K, gch ngi Hng Canh). Cho n nay, c nc c 2.017 lng ngh di khp c 3 min Bc, Trung, Nam, trong tp trung phn ln vng ng bng sng Hng. Cc lng ngh thu ht hn 10 triu lao ng, nng cao thu nhp cho ngi dn, ci thin ng k i sng cho mt b phn dn c khu vc nng thn. Hin nay, Nh nc c nhiu chnh sch nhm khuyn khch lng ngh pht trin, c bit t khi Hip hi lng ngh Vit Nam c thnh lp (2005), c nhiu chng trnh, chnh sch nhm bo tn, thc y s pht trin lng ngh. Tuy nhin, nhiu lng ngh c nguy c lm vo tnh trng suy thoi do nhiu nguyn nhn khc nhau (do b tc v th trng, do b cnh tranh, do thiu vn ci tin sn xut, gy nhim mi

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trng). gii quyt nhng kh khn ny, cn c ci nhn tng quan v lng ngh v gn vi thc trng kinh t x hi trong nc v th gii ni chung. e. Mt s c im ca lng ngh Vit Nam hin nay Theo thng k, hin trong c nc c 13% s h nng dn chuyn sn xut ngh, 27% s h nng dn tham gia sn xut ngh, thu ht hn 29% lc lng lao ng nng thn. Cc lng ngh hot ng vi cc hnh thc kh a dng: Trong tng s 40.500 c s sn xut cc lng ngh c 80,1% l cc h c th, 5,8% theo hnh thc Hp tc x v 14,1% thuc cc dng s hu khc [ng Kim Chi, 2005]. Lng ngh Vit Nam c mt s c im c bn l: * Phn b lng ngh trong c nc Vi cc ch tiu ra, cho nay, Vit Nam c khong 2017 lng ngh, thuc 11 nhm ngnh ngh khc nhau, trong gm 1,4 triu h tham gia sn xut (c h kim), thu ht hn 11 triu lao ng. Nhiu tnh c s lng cc lng ngh ln nh H Ty (c) vi 280 lng ngh, Bc Ninh (187), Hi Dng (65), Hng Yn (48) vi hng trm ngnh ngh khc nhau, phng thc sn xut a dng. Tuy nhin, s phn b v pht trin cc lng ngh li khng ng u trong c nc. Cc lng ngh min Bc pht trin hn min Trung v min Nam, chim gn 70% s lng cc lng ngh trong c nc (1594 lng ngh), trong tp trung nhiu nht v mnh nht l vng ng bng sng Hng. Min Trung c khong 111 lng ngh, cn li min Nam hn 300 lng ngh [Hip Hi lng ngh Vit Nam, 2009].

15.5 5.5

Min Bc
79

Min Trung Min Nam

Hnh 1.1. S phn b cc lng ngh Vit Nam theo khu vc

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* Tnh hnh sn xut ca cc lng ngh - Nguyn liu cho sn xut: Nguyn vt liu cho cc lng ngh ch yu c khai thc cc a phng trong nc. Nc ta c kh hu nhit i m gi ma, phong ph nng sn v thc vt, ng thi c ngun khong sn phong ph, a dng trong c cc loi vt liu xy dng. Do , hu ht cc ngun nguyn liu vn ly t trc tip t t nhin. Do s pht trin mnh m ca sn xut, vic khai thc v cung ng cc nguyn liu ti ch hay cc vng khc trong nc ang dn b hn ch. V d, theo thng k, lng ngh gm Bt Trng (H Ni) mi nm tiu th khong 70.000 tn than, gn 100.000 tn t nguyn liu; Cc lng ngh ch bin g, my tre an trong nhng nm qua i hi cung cp mt khi lng nguyn liu rt ln, c bit l cc loi g qu dng cho sn xut g ga dng v g m ngh. Nhiu nguyn liu chng ta phi nhp t mt s nc khc. S khai thc ba bi, khng c k hoch lm cn kit ti nguyn v gy nh hng ti mi trng sinh thi. Vic s ch cc nguyn liu ch yu do cc h, cc c s sn xut t lm vi k thut th cng hoc cc my mc thit b t ch lc hu. Do , cha khai thc ht hiu qu ca cc nguyn liu, gy lng ph ti nguyn. - Cng ngh, thit b v c s h tng sn xut Hu ht cc c s sn xut ngh nng thn, nht l khu vc cc h t nhn vn cn s dng cc loi cng c th cng truyn thng hoc ci tin mt phn. Trnh cng ngh cn lc hu, c kh ha thp, cc thit b phn ln c, s dng li ca cc c s sn xut cng nghip quy m ln khng m bo yu cu k thut, an ton v v sinh mi trng. Trnh cng ngh th cng v bn c kh vn chim t l hn 60% cc lng ngh. Hin nay, p ng nhu cu ca th trng trong nc v th gii, nhiu lng ngh p dng cng ngh mi, thay th my mc mi, hin i. V d, lng gm Bt Trng dng dn dn a cng ngh nung gm s bng l tuy nen (dng ga v in) thay cho l hp v l bu (dng than v ci), nho luyn t bng my thay cho bng tay th cng, dng bn xoay bng m t in thay cho bn xoay bng tay...; lng

24

g m ngh ng K Bc Ninh hin nay u t 11 my x ngang, 300 my ct dc, 100 my vanh, 500 my khoan bn, 500 my phun sn phc v cho sn xut, nh m nng sut v cht lng sn phm cng c nng cao r rt

Bng 1.1. Trnh k thut cc lng ngh hin nay

Trnh k thut Ch bin nng lm thy sn 61.51 38.49 0 Th cng m ngh v vt liu xy dng 70.69 29.31 0 Cc ngnh dch v 43.90 56.10 0 Cc ngnh khc 59.44 40.56 0

Th cng bn c kh (%) C kh (%) T ng ha (%)

Ngun: ng Kim Chi, 2005 Song nhn chung, phn ln cng ngh v k thut p dng cho sn xut trong cc lng ngh nng thn cn lc hu, tnh c truyn cha c chn lc v u t khoa hc k thut nng cao cht lng sn phm cn thp, do cha p ng c nhu cu th trng v gim sc cnh tranh. Hn na, cc lng ngh hin nay nhn chung u gp kh khn v mt bng cho sn xut. Tnh trng ph bin nht hin nay l vic s dng lun nh lm ni sn xut. Cc c s sn xut ln th thng ch c ln che lp fibr xi mng, rm r, l ma, cng bt mang tnh cht tm b. Cc bi tp kt nguyn liu, k c cc bi, kho cha hng gn khu dn c, tm b, khng ng tiu chun mi trng. (v d nh lng ngh ti ch nha Minh Khai, Hng Yn; lng ngh ti ch ch Ch o, Hng Yn). V nh xng, cc lng ngh ch c s t (10 30%) cc nh xng kin c, cn li l bn kin c v tm b. T l ng giao thng tt trong cc lng ngh a s ch chim trn di 20%. H thng cp nc sch cha p ng c c cho sinh hot v cho sn xut. Ch c 60% s h nng dn dng nc sch theo cc hnh thc nc ging khoan, nc ma, nc ging khi, cn li l dng nc mt ao h, sng, sui [ng Kim Chi, 2005]. Do khai thc ba bi nn ngun nc b cn

25

kit. Nc thi hu nh t c x l nn gy nhim nc mt v nc ngm ngy cng nghim trng. c bit l trong nhng nm gn y, quy m sn xut ca nhiu lng ngh tng ln, p dng nhiu bin php cng ngh c s dng ha cht, thit b v nhiu liu gy nhim nng n cho mi trng sng. Nh vi cc lng ngh ca H Ni, nhng nm gn y c s h tr Ngn sch ca nh nc v s ng gp ca nhn dn, c s h tng lng ngh c nhiu ci thin. H thng ng giao thng ri nha c 10%, b tng t 40%. Tuy nhin, cn 50% vn l ng cp phi, mt ng cn hp, s dng ba bi. Nguyn vt liu v ph thi trn c ra ng, ng x thng xuyn b ly li khi ma do h thng thot nc cha tt, bi m mt khu tri nng y cng l tnh trng chung ca nhiu lng ngh Vit Nam hin nay. Nh vy va gy mt v sinh, va bi bn, n o xung quanh, va khng an ton cho sn xut, to iu kin pht tn nhim mi trng nhiu v nhanh hn. - c im v lao ng v t chc sn xut Trong nhng nm gn y, hot ng sn xut ca lng ngh ang c nhiu bc tin mi, nht l trong thi i hin i ha, ton cu ha nn kinh t th gii nh hin nay. Cc lng ngh thu ht mt lc lng lao kh ng o, chim gn 30% lao ng nng thn (hn 10 triu lao ng). Hin nay, mi c s chuyn lm ngh bnh qun to vic lm n nh cho 27 lao ng thng xuyn, 8 10 lao ng thi v. Mi h chuyn ngh to vic lm cho 4 6 lao ng thng xuyn, 2 5 lao ng thi v. c bit ngh dt, thu ren, my tre an, mi c s c th thu ht 200 250 lao ng. Nhiu lng ngh thu ht hn 60% lao ng trong vng v nhiu lao ng t cc vng khc n. V d lng gm Bt Trng (H Ni) gii quyt vic lm cho gn 2.430 lao ng ca x v t 5000 6000 lao ng t cc vng khc n; hay lng ngh ng K (Bc Ninh), cng to vic lm cho hn 4500 lao ng ti ch v khong 1500 lao ng t vng ln cn [ng Kim Chi, 2005]. Do hn ch v cng ngh v k thut sn xut nn cc lng ngh vn s dng ch yu l cc lao ng th cng hu ht cc cng on, k c nhng cng on

26

nng nhc v c hi nht. Mt khc, nhiu sn phm c c th i hi trnh k thut v tnh m thut cao, tay ngh kho lo ch yu l cc lng ngh truyn thng, sn xut cc sn phm th cng m ngh. Trong cc lng ngh truyn thng, vai tr ca cc ngh nhn rt quan trng, c coi l nng ct ca qu trnh sn xut v sng to ra ngh thut. Cht lng lao ng v trnh chuyn mn cc lng ngh nhn chung cn thp, ch yu l lao ng ph thng, lao ng ngh chim t l rt nh. Vi ngi lao ng trc tip, thnh phn tt nghip ph thng cc c s sn xut v cc h chuyn chim hn 70%; cn i vi cc h kim v cc h thun nng, lao ng ngh chim t 40 n 70% mi tt nghip cp I v II, t l ht cp III cha n 20%. i vi cc ch h v ch doanh nghip, nhn chung trnh hc vn, chuyn mn cn rt hn ch. C ti 1,3 1,6% trong s h khng bit ch, trnh hc vn bnh qun mi t lp 7 8/12. T l cha qua o to kin thc qun l chuyn mn cc ch h chim 51,5 69,89%, i vi cc ch doanh nghip chim hn 43% [Trn Minh Yn, 2003]. y l mt trong nhng hn ch c nh hng ln n hiu qu sn xut, cht lng sn phm v bo v mi trng trong hot ng ca cc lng ngh. Trong lch s pht trin lng ngh cc giai on qua th hnh thc t chc sn xut kinh doanh ph bin nht l hnh thc h gia nh. Cho n nay, cng vi , mt s hnh thc sn xut khc ra i v pht trin ph hp vi xu hng kinh t mi. Cc hnh thc t chc sn xut ca cc lng ngh ch yu gm: T chc sn xut Hp tc x; doanh nghip t nhn; h gia nh; cng ty trch nhim hu hn; cng ty c phn. Cc hnh thc ny cng tn ti, tc ng ln nhau trong iu kin kinh t mi ca nn kinh t th trng. Song, hin ti, h gia nh vn l hnh thc t chc sn xut ph bin nht trong cc lng ngh Vit Nam. - Th trng cng ngh mang mt c tnh ring ca cc lng ngh. Cc th th cng c kh nng to ra cc cng c sn xut t n gin n phc tp. Qu

27

trnh chuyn mn ha sn xut l ng lc cho ra i cc lng ngh chuyn ch to cng c sn xut cung ng cho cc lng ngh. V d, c ni chuyn sn xut cc loi my mc (my ct, trng bn min, khun c hoa vn, my nho luyn t, may dt) cho cc lng ngh. Hin nay, do tc dng ca cch mng Khoa hc K thut, th trng cng ngh dn chuyn giao cng ngh mi, hin i vo sn xut. Tuy nhin, hiu qu t c cn nhiu hn ch, do iu kin kinh t x hi ca nc ta, nn nhiu cng ngh ch yu s dng li cng ngh c ca cc nc khc, cc h sn xut s dng cng ngh c ca cc xng sn xut ln hn gy nhim mi trng v nh hng n an ton lao ng. - Th trng tiu th sn phm: Trc y, v c bn th trng ny nh hp, tiu th ti ch (cc vng nng thn, cc lng ngh) do gi thnh cng thp. T khi nn kinh t chuyn sang c ch th trng, c cu kinh t v quan h h sn xut nng thn cng dn thay i, iu ny tc ng mnh m n tnh hnh sn xut v kinh doanh ca cc lng ngh, chng dn thch ng, p ng cc nhu cu ca mt nn kinh t mi. Sn xut h gia nh c khuyn khch v chim u th to iu iu cho vic s dng lao ng, t do chn nguyn liu v sn phm, tng gia sn xut, la chn th trng v tiu th sn phm. Nhiu mt hng t cc lng ngh c nhiu th trng trong nc chp nhn v vn ti cc th trng nc ngoi, mang li ngun thu ng k cho quc gia, c bit phi k n l cc mt hng th cng m ngh (my tre an, hng dt, thu ren, gm), g gia dng, g m ngh Hin nay, th trng xut khu cc mt hng truyn thng ca Vit Nam m rng sang khong hn 100 quc gia trn th gii, trong c cc nc nh Trung Quc, Hng Kng, Singapo, thm ch c cc th trng kh tnh nh Nht Bn, Hn Quc, Hoa K, EU Nm 2000, kim ngch xut khu t 562 triu USD, trong cao nht l cc mt hng g gia dng v g m ngh. - Gi tr sn lng cc lng ngh Trong thi gian qua, cc lng ngh Vit Nam c nhiu bc tin mi trong qu trnh pht trin. Cc lng ngh to ra mt khi lng hng ha ln p ng nhu cu trong nc v xut khu. Theo thng k ca B Nng nghip v pht

28

trin nng thn, tnh n nm 2000, tng gi tr sn lng ca cc lng ngh trong c nc t khong 40.000 t ng, tc tng trng bnh qun trong thi gian ny qua kho st t t 7 9%/nm. C cu cc ngnh ngh cng a dng hn, c s chuyn dch ng k, tng t trng cc ngnh ch bin lng thc, thc phm v c kh, gim t trng cc ngnh sn xut vt liu. Cc sn phm v ang dn bm st nhu cu v th hiu ca th trng. Nhiu lng ngh mi c thnh lp, nhiu lng ngh c u t ci tin k thut, nng cao tay ngh Do gi tr sn lng cng nh cht lng sn phm khng ngng tng ln, dn xm nhp cc th trng kh tnh trn th gii. Mt s tnh in hnh vi gi tr sn lng ca cc lng ngh cao nh: Nm 2000 gi tr hng ha cc lng ngh tnh Nam nh t 224 t ng, Bc Ninh t 210 t ng, Hi Dng t 637 t ng, H Ty t ti 1045 t ng [ng Kim Chi, 2005]. Theo bo co ca Hip hi lng ngh Vit Nam (5/2009): Gi tr sn xut CN-TTCN ca lng ngh trong vng chc nm nay tng t 21-25% /nm. Gi tr xut khu cc mt hng th cng m ngh ca Vit Nam trong nhng nm qua lin tc tng: t 235 triu USD nm 2001, ln 600 triu USD nm 2006 v hn 800 triu USD nm 2008 v mc tiu ra s t 1,5 t USD nm 2010. Cc th trng ch yu m chng ta hng ti hin nay nh Hoa K, EU, Nht Bn, Xingapo, Hng Kng, Trung Quc Thc t cho thy cc th trng ln nh Hoa K, Nht Bn, EU l cc th trng c nhiu tim nng cho cc mt hng th cng m ngh ca Vit Nam. [Vietcraftb2b.com, 2009] * Mt s thch thc ch yu i vi cc lng ngh hin nay [Tp ch cng nghip, 25/12/2008] S pht trin lng ngh v cc lng ngh truyn thng gp phn thc y chuyn dch c cu nng thn theo hng gim nhanh t trong gi tr sn xut nng nghip, tng gi tr sn xut cng nghip v dch v nng thn, gp phn gii quyt vic lm cho nhiu ngi lao ng. Sn xut ti cc lng ngh to ra nhiu mt hng c gi tr kinh t cao, kim ngch xut khu lin tc tng mi nm; nhiu c s

29

sn xut ti mt s lng ngh bc u khng nh c uy tn cht lng v thng hiu hng ho ca mnh i vi khch hng trong nc v quc t. Tuy nhin, hin nay cc lng ngh ang ng trc nhiu kh khn, l pht trin kiu phong tro, cha c quy hoch; quy m sn xut nh, cng ngh sn xut lc hu, cc thit b c chp v, thiu ng b, trnh tay ngh lao ng khng ng u. c bit, cc lng ngh truyn thng cn c mt im yu quan trng dn n b thua thit khi cnh tranh trn th trng trong v ngoi nc l cha c chin lc xy dng v pht trin thng hiu cho cc sn phm ca mnh. Cc kh khn trong xy dng v pht trin lng ngh Vit Nam c th nu ngn gn, in hnh nh: Th nht l ni lc ca cc lng ngh ni chung cn yu, th hin: - Mt bng sn xut ca nhiu lng ngh cn cht hp, khng th m rng v pht trin sn xut tip c. a s cc c s sn xut nm ngay trong khu dn c, thm ch l chung vi nh . - C s h tng cc lng ngh tuy c kh hn so vi c s h tng cc lng nng thn khc, c bit l iu kin giao thng v in. Nhng nhn chung, c s h tng kinh t - x hi cho pht trin lng ngh vn cn yu km nh: ng trong cc lng ngh nhn chung cn hp, ch yu l tri v b tng cha phc v tt cho vn chuyn nguyn vt liu v sn phm. - Thiu thng tin v th trng tiu th, thiu vn v k thut l nhng vn ph bin nht vi cc lng ngh. Vn sn xut kinh doanh va nh, va thiu, "80% lng ngh thiu vn. Do th tc vay cn phc tp, ch c di 10% s ngi sn xut c th s dng h thng ti chnh ca Nh nc" (JICA); cc nh sn xut thng vay ca t nhn. - Ngi lao ng sn xut tiu th cng nghip cc lng ngh tuy di do, nhng cn thiu nhn lc qun l v lao ng k thut, theo JICA, ch c 24,2% trong tng s lao ng tham gia sn xut tiu th cng nghip cc lng ngh c o to chnh thc.

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Nu khng c chnh sch khuyn khch v h tr ca Nh nc v khng c s lin kt gia cc c s sn xut trong lng ngh, lin kt vi doanh nghip ln th cc c s sn xut nh, phn tn ca cc lng ngh rt kh c th nng cao ni lc ca mnh. Th hai l kh nng cnh tranh trn th trng: Hng ha Vit Nam ni chung c kh nng cnh tranh thp, trong c c cc hng ha ca lng ngh (Theo iu tra, nh gi ca t chc JICA, phn ln c sc cnh tranh trung bnh v yu). Hn ch ny xut pht t ni lc sn xut cn thp v cc khu bo v mi trng, m bo v sinh an ton thc phm km hiu qu, dn n cht lng sn phm khng cao, sc cnh tranh yu km. Ba l, pht trin cc lng ngh hin ang lm gia tng nhim mi trng nghim trng. Hu ht cc lng ngh Vit Nam hin nay v ang b nhim c ba dng: nhim nc, nhim rc thi v kh thi. Trc nhng kho khn o, oi hoi cn co nhng chinh sach phat trin cac lang ngh phu hp, sao cho tn dung c nhng li th cua t nc trong qua trinh phat trin, vt qua nhng th thach cua hi nhp va am bao cho s phat trin lu dai, hiu qua. Mt trong nhng nguyn nhn ca tnh trng trn l do cch thc t chc v qun l sn xut ca cc lng ngh hin nay cha tht s hiu qu. a s cc lng ngh sn xut vi hnh thc nh l, thiu s h tr v vn, cng ngh, cng nh nhng thng tin v th trng Nhm gip ci thin tnh trng ny th vic quy hoch khng gian sn xut gn vi bo v mi trng l mt trong nhng gii php ang thu c hiu qu ng k. Tuy nhin, hin nay vic quy hoch cc lng ngh cn hn ch v s lng cng nh thnh tu do thiu s ng b. * Hin trng quy hoch hin c: Theo nh gi c th ca mt s nh nghin cu v din tch s dng, v h tng c s ti cc khu quy hoch thng qua cc hot ng cp nc, thot nc, cp in, h thng ng i cng nh cc h thng x l mi trng lng ngh ca Vit Nam hin nay hu nh cha c quan tm. Nhn chung, hin trng quy hoch cc lng ngh nc ta din ra cn manh mn, cha c k hoch c th cp tnh, thnh ph.

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Hin nay, mt m hnh quy hoch khc ang c trin khai l: Chnh quyn a phng v cc h sn xut trong lng ngh cng xem xt phng n quy hoch a khu vc sn xut ngh ra khi ni sinh hot ca gia nh. a phng s quy hoch khu t ring thuc a bn ca x. Cc h gia nh s c cho thu t chuyn chuyn xng sn xut ra ngoi. H tng c s s do a phng v h ngh cng gp vn xy dng. in hnh ca m hnh ny l khu quy hoch lng sn xut giy Phong Kh Bc Ninh. Tuy nhin m hnh ny mi ch c p dng trn c s t nguyn ca cc h sn xut. Bng 1.2. S lng cc lng ngh c quy hoch khng gian mi trng ti mt s tnh, thnh ph
TT Tn tnh, thnh H Ni Bc Ninh H Ty Hng Yn Thi Bnh Thanh Ha Nng Qung Nam S lng cc lng ngh hin c 48 59 280 48 187 127 10 18 S lng ngh c quy hoch n nm 2003 14 55 63 1 11 2 0 12 S lng ngh d kin s quy hoch n nm 2010 40 11 150 10 22 1 17

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Ngun: ng Kim Chi, 2005 f. Xu hng pht trin bn vng. Mun i ng hng bn cht v mc tiu ca pht trin bn vng trc ht chng ta cn nm c khi nim v pht trin cng nh mi quan h gia t nhin, kinh t vi con ngi trong qu trnh pht trin kinh t x hi ca loi ngi. X hi loi ngi khng ngng pht trin qua cc nn vn minh v cc ch x hi. Pht trin kinh t x hi l qu trnh nng cao iu kin sng vt cht v tinh thn ca ngi dn bng pht trin lc lng sn xut, thay i quan h sn xut, quan h x hi, nng cao cht lng hot ng vn ha. Nhng, qu trnh ny li l nguyn nhn trc tip dn n s suy gim cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin, lm gim cht lng ca mi trng. Nu pht trin khng gn vi bo v mi trng th pht trin s dn suy thoi. Cn nu khng c pht trin kinh t th bo v mi trng s tht bi. Nh

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vy, gia con ngi, pht trin v mi trng c mi quan h mt thit, tc ng qua li vi nhau. X hi loi ngi mun tn ti v phn thnh th vic tin ti s pht trin bn vng l xu th tt yu. Pht trin bn vng l s pht trin s dng ti nguyn thin nhin, iu kin mi trng hin c tha mn nhu cu ca cc th h con ngi ang sng nhng phi m bo cho cc th h tng lai cc iu kin ti nguyn v mi trng cn thit h c th sng tt hn ngy hm nay [WCED, 1987]. S bn vng v pht trin ca mt x hi c nh gi bng cc ch tiu nht nh trn c ba mt: kinh t, x hi; ti nguyn thin nhin v mi trng. Cc ch tiu ny li c s khc nhau cc quc gia c trnh pht trin khc nhau. Nhng nhn chung, c c s pht trin bn vng th phi c c s cn i, hi ha gia c 3 mc tiu: kinh t, x hi v mi trng. y l iu khng d g i vi vic pht trin kinh t, x hi ca mi quc gia hay ca cng ng ni chung. [Trng Quang Hai]

Kinh t

X hi Kinh t X hi Mi trng Mi trng

M HNH PTBV THP

Mc tiu kinh t

M HNH PTBV CAO

PTBV Mc tiu x hi Mc tiu sinh thi

M HNH PTBV CA WB
33

Hnh 1.2. Mt m hnh Pht trin bn Hnh 1.2. Mt ss m hnh Pht trin bn vng

Vit Nam l mt quc gia ang pht trin. Trong nhng thp nin gn y, qu trnh CNH - HH v hi nhp kinh t th gii mang li cho kinh t nc ta mt b mt c nhiu khi sc, qui m v c cu kinh t c nhiu thay i theo hng tch cc, khi lng vt cht to ra cng ngy cng nhiu, i sng cht lng cuc sng ca ngi dn tng ng k. Song, i km l s suy gim rt r rt v qui m, cht lng ti nguyn thin nhin, l s suy thoi ng lo ngi v cht lng mi trng. Din tch rng t nhin mt i gn mt na, cc loi ng thc vt qu him dn bin mt hay b e da nghim trng, nhim ngun nc, khng kh, t ang c nguy c tng nhanh nhiu ni. i vi cc lng ngh cng khng phi l ngoi l. Sn xut phi nng nghip nng thn y nhanh qu trnh CNH - HH nng thn, to ra cng n vic lm cho nng dn, nng cao thu nhp, hng ha do cc lng ngh to ra c th phc v nhu cu ti ch v thm ch xut khu vi gi tr cao. Song, b mt ca nng thn c lng ngh hin nay thay i theo nhiu ngha. Trong c c s thay i v cht lng mi trng theo hng tiu cc. Theo cc nghin cu cho n nay, hu ht cc lng ngh Vit Nam c hin tng nhim mi trng. Trong , nhim mi trng nc gn nh 100% xy ra tt c cc lng ngh. Cc hot ng ngh nh trnh by, chng c vai tr khng nh i vi nn kinh t ni chung. khc phc kh khn v mt mi trng trong h thng cc kh khn chung th xu hng pht trin bn vng c coi l hp l v ph hp vi thi i. Mun gii quyt c theo xu hng ny, cn nm c nguyn nhn ca cc vn kh khn ni chung v nguyn nhn, hu qu ca vic nhim mi trng ni ring trong hon cnh c th ca tng lng ngh c c cc gii php ph hp nhm gim thiu nhim v nng cao hiu qu kinh t. 1.1.3. Khi qut v nhim mi trng lng ngh Vit Nam hin nay

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Vn mi trng m cc lng ngh ang phi i mt khng ch gii hn trong phm vi cc lng ngh m cn nh hng n ngi dn vng ln cn. Theo Bo co mi trng quc gia nm 2008 vi ch "Mi trng lng ngh Vit Nam", Hin nay hu ht cc lng ngh Vit Nam u b nhim mi trng (tr cc lng ngh khng sn xut hoc dng cc nguyn liu khng gy nhim nh thu, may...). Cht lng mi trng ti hu ht cc lng ngh u khng t tiu chun khin ngi lao ng phi tip xc vi cc nguy c gy hi cho sc khe, trong 95% l t bi; 85,9% t nhit v 59,6% t ha cht. Kt qu kho st 52 lng ngh cho thy, 46% lng ngh c mi trng b nhim nng c 3 dng; 27% nhim va v 27% nhim nh. [www.isge.monre.gov.vn] Tnh trng nhim mi trng cc lng ngh xy ra my loi ph bin sau y: - nhim nc: Vit Nam, cc lng ngh cha c h thng x l nc thi cng nghip, nc thi c trc tip ra h thng knh rch chung hoc ra sng. Nguyn nhn gy nhim nc ch yu l qu trnh x l cng nghip nh: ch bin lng thc thc phm, my tre, dt, in, nung nu kim loi, ty giy v nhum Thng th nc thi ra b nhim mu nng v gy ra hin tng i mu i vi dng sng nhn nc thi, c mi rt kh chu. Hn na la s vt qua TCCP i vi cac ham lng BOD, COD, SS, va coliform, cac kim loai nng ca nc mt va nc ngm, lam cht cac sinh vt thuy sinh va cha cac mm bnh nguy hai cho con ngi. - nhim khng kh gy bi, n v nng do s dng than v ci chu yu trong sn xut vt liu xy dng v sn xut gm s. - nhim cht thi rn do ti ch nguyn liu (giy, nha, kim loi) hoc do b thi ca cc loi thc phm (sn, dong), cc loi rc thi thng thng: nha, ti nilon, giy, hp, v lon, kim loi v cc loi rc thi khc thng c ra bt k dng nc hoc khu t trng no. Lam cho nc ngm va t bi nhim cac cht hoa hoc c hai, anh hng ti sc khoe cua con ngi. Ti Bo Nhn dn ngy 23/6/2005, GS.TS. ng Kim Chi cnh bo "100% mu nc thi cc lng ngh c kho st c thng s vt tiu chun

35

cho php. Mi trng khng kh b nhim c tnh cc b ti ni trc tip sn xut, nht l nhim bi vt tiu chun cho php (TCCP) v nhim do s dng nhin liu than ci. T l ngi dn lng ngh mc bnh cao hn cc lng thun nng, thng gp cc bnh v ng h hp, au mt, bnh ng rut, bnh ngoi da. Nhiu dng sng chy qua cc lng ngh hin nay ang b nhim nng; nhiu rung la, cy trng b gim nng sut do nhim khng kh t lng ngh". Ha Ni la mt trong nhng thanh ph co nhiu lang ngh nht ca nc. Sau khi m rng (2008), H Ni co tng cng 1.275 lang ngh, trong o co 226 lng ngh c UBND TP cng nhn theo cac tiu chi lang ngh, vi nhiu loi hnh sn xut khc nhau, t ch bin lng thc, thc phm; chn nui, git m; dt nhum, m t, thuc da n sn xut vt liu xy dng, khai thc ; ti ch ph liu; th cng m ngh... Trong s ny, lng ngh th cng m ngh chim 53% vi 135 lng ngh, tip l lng ngh dt nhum da chim 23% vi 59 lng ngh, lng ngh ch bin lng thc, thc phm chim 16,9% vi 43 lng ngh...Hin nay, phn ln lng nc thi t cc lng ngh ny c x thng ra sng Nhu, sng y m cha qua x l khin cc con sng ny ang b nhim nghim trng. Cha k n mt lng rac thai, ba thai ln t cac lang ngh khng th thu gom va x ly kip, nhiu lang ngh rac thai ba bai ven ng i va cac khu t trng [www.vst.vista.gov.vn, 2008]. Tinh trang nhim mi trng nh trn a anh hng ngay cang nghim trong n sc khoe cua cng ng, nht la nhng ngi tham gia san xut, sinh sng tai cac lang ngh va cac vung ln cn. Bao cao mi trng Quc gia nm 2008 cho thy, ti nhiu lng ngh, t l ngi mc bnh (c bit l nhm ngi trong tui lao ng) ang c xu hng gia tng. Tui th trung bnh ca ngi dn ti cc lng ngh ngy cng gim, thp hn 10 nm so vi lng khng lm ngh. cc lng ti ch kim loi, t l ngi mc bnh ung th, thn kinh rt ph bin, nguyn nhn gy bnh ch yu l do s pht thi kh c, nhit cao v bi kim loi t cc c s sn xut. Ti cc lng sn xut kim loi, t l ngi mc cc bnh lin quan n thn kinh, h hp, ngoi da, ic v ung th chim ti 60% dn s. Ti cc lng ngh ch

36

bin nng sn thc phm, bnh ph khoa chim ch yu (13 38%), bnh v ng tiu ha (8 30%), bnh vim da (4,5 - 23%), bnh ng h hp (6 - 18%), bnh au mt (9 15%). T l mc bnh ngh nghip lng ngh Dng Liu 70%, lng bn Ph l 50% [Nguyn Th Lin Hng, 2006]. Mt trong nhng nguyn nhn ca tnh trng nhim k trn l do cc c s sn xut kinh doanh cc lng ngh cn manh mn, nh l, phn tn, pht trin t pht, khng vn v khng c cng ngh x l cht thi. Bn cnh , thc ca chnh ngi dn lm ngh cng cha t gic trong vic thu gom, x l cht thi. Nu khng co cac giai phap ngn chn kip thi thi tn tht i vi toan xa hi se ngay cang ln, vt xa gia tri kinh t ma cac lang ngh em lai nh hin nay. 1.1. 4. Quan im va phng phap nghin cu a. Mt s quan im nghin cu chinh. - Quan im h thng: Cc hp phn t nhin cng nh kinh t x hi vn l mt th thng nht khng th tch ri. Mi trng sng ca mt cng ng l mt khong khng gian bao quanh tt c cc hp phn t nhin cng nh kinh t x hi ni m h ang c tr. Hn th na, cc a bn nghin cu cng c mi quan h mt thit vi cc vng lnh th xung quanh n, thm ch l khng lin k v mt a l nhng c cc mi quan h v kinh t, x hi. Hay ni cch khc, vng nghin cu va l mt h thng kn nhng li va l mt h thng m, chng c mi quan h khng kht vi nhau trong qu trnh trao i vt cht v nng lng. Bi vy, khi nghin cu v mi trng ca vng nht thit phi t cc i tng nghin cu trong mt chnh th thng nht da trn quan im h thng. Mi mt khu vc nh trong a bn li c chc nng kinh t - x hi ring, khi nghin cu tng phm vi nh cng cn xem xt k chng trong mi quan h vi cc tiu vng khc v mi mt. - Quan im tng hp: anh gia c hin trang nhim cung nh inh hng cac giai phap cai thin mi trng cua lang ngh Dng Liu thi cn co cai nhin tng quan t nguyn nhn n thc trang va xu hng bin i cua vn . Mun vy, ngi nghin cu

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phai nm bt c nhng thng tin v tt ca cac khia canh co lin quan, bao gm ca cac yu t t nhin cung nh kinh t x hi trong khu vc, bi le chung co mi quan h tac ng qua lai ln nhau, va cung anh hng ti thc trang cung nh xu hng bin i cua mi trng tai lang ngh. Do o, vic phn tich, anh gia tng hp i vi vn la ht sc cn thit. - Quan im tip cn a l: Vic anh gia hin trang nhim mi trng cua khu vc cn chu y ti tinh cht va mc theo cac thi ky khac nhau. S nhim khng c x ly kip thi se gy tac ng cng dn v gy sc ep ngay cang ln i vi kha nng hoa giai cua mi trng theo tng nm. Hn na, mc nhim cung co s khac bit theo cac mua, cac thi ky trong nm do c thu cua san xut, thi tit Mt khac, trong qua trinh nghin cu cung cn co nhng thng tin phai truy hi qua kh hay s bao tng lai. Do vy, khi nghin cu cn ch ti tnh cht a l ca i tng theo thi gian v theo khng gian co nhng anh gia va d bao ung n. - Quan im phat trin bn vng: Qu trnh CNH - HH v pht trin kinh t - x hi ni chung ca Vit Nam cng nh cc nc khc trn th gii hin nay ang ng trc thch thc ln v vn mi trng sinh thi, nu khng gii quyt kp thi vn ny th s khng th hng ti mc tiu pht trin kinh t - x hi bn vng. Cn cn i gia tc tng trng kinh t vi vic s dng cc ngun lc kinh t. C th l vic s dng ti nguyn phi nm trong phm vi chu ti ca chng chng c th khi phc v s lng v cht lng theo quy lut ca t nhin. Cc dng ti nguyn khng ti to cn c s dng hp l v tit kim. Nu vt qu ngng cho php th kh nng t lm sch, t phc hi ca t nhin s khng cn na, s dn n s mt cn bng h sinh thi, to iu kin thc y s hy hoi mi sinh cng ng. Do , khi nghiu cu, nh gi tc ng mi trng hay quy hoch bo v mi trng v quy hoch tng th pht trin kinh t - x hi , nht thit phi gn vi mc tiu v s pht trin kinh t - x hi bn vng, tuy nhin c t trong iu kin c th ca mi vng, mi ngnh m c nhng tiu ch ph hp. i vi cc lng ngh H Ni hin

38

nay, vn pht trin bn vng nn kinh t cn c s kt hp hi ha gia li ch kinh t vi li ch sinh thi; hi ha gia mc tiu kinh t v mc tiu vn ha x hi. b. Tm tt cc quy trnh v phng phap nghin cu * Tm tt quy trnh nghin cu: - Bc 1: Xc nh mc tiu v ni dung nghin cu - Bc 2: Tng quan cc vn c lin quan n ti - Bc 3: Phn tch hin trng sn xut CBNSTP ca lng ngh Dng Liu v cc nguyn nhn ch yu gy nhim mi trng. - Bc 4: nh gi hin trng nhim mi trng (do nc thi v rc thi) ca lng ngh. - Bc 5: xut mt s gii php nhm gim thiu tnh trng nhim, hng ti s pht trin bn vng cho lng ngh * Cc phng php nghin cu chnh: - Phng phap thu thp, phn tch, tng hp ti liu. y l mt trong nhng phng php tin , c bn i vi bt c nghin cu no. Cc ti liu cn thu thp gm cc ti nghin cu v cc thng tin lin quan ti khu vc nghin cu. Vic thu thp y cc s liu khng ch l c s cho vic tin hnh nghin cu c thun li m cn gip ngi nghin cu nh hng r rng nhng ni dung cn lm r v ti. Cng vic ny c tin hnh trong giai on u tin ca lun vn v c th c b sung trong sut qu trnh nghin cu. - Phng php phn tch h thng: y l phng php chung cho nhiu ngnh khoa hc. Mi h thng t nhin v kinh t x hi u bao gm nhiu b phn cu thnh, chng c mi lin h rng buc v tc ng qua li ln nhau. Hc vin s dng phng php ny phn tch cc mi quan h gia cc hot ng kinh t x hi vi s bin i ca mi trng, vi i sng con ngi xung quanh ni sn xut. - Phng php thc a: Phng php ny c s dng ph bin trong hu ht cc nghin cu khoa hc, v n gip th st tnh hnh thc t, c ci nhn khch

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quan khi tin hnh nghin cu. ng thi b sung c nhng ni dung, nhng thng tin m cc nghin cu trn ti liu c th cha phn nh c ht. Ngay c sau khi a ra kt qu vn cn n khu thc a, kho st thc t kim chng nhng kt qu . Hc vin tin hnh i thc a 6 ln nhm thu thp cc thng tin, ly mu phn tch v phng vn cc h sn xut. - Phng php phng vn nhanh: Phng php ny gip thu thp, cp nht thm nhng thng tin cha c ti liu thng k, hoc mun ly kin t cng ng hoc cc i tng c lin quan. Hc vin s dng phng php ny thu thp cc thng tin lin quan n sn xut v vn mi trng ca x Dng Liu. Sau khi phng vn cn tin hnh phn tch, so snh, tng hp cc thng tin thu c. - Phng php bn , biu : Vic m hnh ha cc d liu bng cc biu , s gip cc ni dung trnh by mang tnh trc quan hn, th hin r hn mi lin h gia cc yu t c trnh by. Phng php bn c s dng th hin mt s ni dung v mt khng gian nh s phn b sn xut, l trnh ca nc thi, phn b cc mc nhim - Phng php phn tch cc thnh phn mi trng: y, hc vin nh n cc bin php o v phn tch cc mu nc, cc mu kh t cc ngun ng tin cy nhm thu thp kt qu v cht lng cc thnh phn mi trng ca lng ngh Dng Liu. S cc mu kh tin hnh o trc tip l 5 mu. S mu nc ly v gi i phn tch gm 9 mu.

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nh gi hin trng nhim mi trng phc v pht trin bn vng lng ngh ch bin thc phm Dng Liu, huyn Hoi c, thnh ph H Ni

Xc nh mc tiu, nhim v v cc phng php nghin cu

Thu thp ti liu lin quan

Tng quan v tnh hnh nghin cu c lin quan n ti Phn tch khi qut v cc iu kin t nhin v KT-XH ca a bn nghin cu Tm hiu cc hot ng sn xut chnh ca lng ngh Dng Liu Phn tch cc nhn t nh hng ti thc trng nhim mi trng lng ngh Hin trng nhim mi trng ca lng ngh xut mt s gii php nhm gim thiu nhim hng ti s pht trin bn vng

- Phng php thu thp, x l, phn tch, tng hp cc ti liu

- Phng php phn tch h thng - Phng php kho st thc a, phng vn trc tip - Phng php bn , biu , s - Phng php phn tch h thng - Phng php phn tch thnh phn mi trng - Phng php bn , biu - Phng php nh gi mc nhim - Phng php phn tch h thng - Phng php bn , biu , s - Phng php phng vn

Hnh 1.3. Tm tt quy trnh v phng php nghin cu

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Chng 2: CC NHN T NH HNG TI CHT LNG MI TRNG LNG NGH DNG LIU 2.1. Khi qut lng ngh Dng Liu. 2.1.1. V tr a l X Dng Liu nm pha Ty Bc ca huyn Hoi c, TP H Ni: - Pha Bc gip vi x Minh Khai. - Pha Nam gip vi x Ct Qu. - Pha ng gip vi x c Giang. - Pha Ty v Ty Bc gip vi huyn Phc Th. Dng Liu cch ni thnh H Ni khong 25 km v pha ng Bc. Giao thng y ch yu l tuyn t ngn sng y, thng vi quc l 32 ( H NiSn Ty). Vi v tr l ca ng ca trung tm th , c bit t khi H Ty st nhp vi H Ni, lng ngh CBNSTP x Dng Liu c rt nhiu li th v th trng tiu th sn phm cng nh thu ht nhng chnh sch u t ca Nh nc v vn, cng ngh trong thi gian ti

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2.1.2. c im t nhin a. a hnh, a cht a hnh x Dng Liu khng bng phng, thp dn t b ( sng y) xung cnh ng vi hng ch o l Ty Bc - ng Nam, chia thnh min trong v ngoi , nay c gi l min ng v min bi. a hnh bng phng l iu kin thun li cho vic xy dng cc c s cho sn xut, c tr. c bi p bi ph sa ca lu vc sng y v sng Nhu nn khu vc rt thun li cho trng la v cc hoa mu, l cc nguyn liu chnh ca lng ngh. Song, nn t ny li d thm nc, lm cho ngun nc thi ca lng ngh d thm nhp vo ngun nc ngm hn, gy kh khn cho cng tc qun l mi trng lng ngh. b. Kh hu, Thy vn. * Kh hu. Dng Liu mang c im chung ca kh hu ng bng Bc B th hin tnh cht nhit i gi ma, nng lm ma nhiu. Ma ma trng vi thi k gi ng Nam ko di t thng 5 n thng 10. Ma kh trng vi thi k gi ng Bc ko di t thng 11 n thng 4 nm sau. Nhit trung bnh nm l 24C. Cc thng c nng, t ma, thun li cho ch bin nng sn l thng 5, 6, 10, 11, 12. Bin dao ng nhit gia thng nng nht v thng lnh nht l 13- 14. Tng lng nhit t 8400- 8600C. Lng ma trung bnh nm l 1600- 1800mm. Hai hng gi ch o l ng Bc v ng Nam, thun li cho ch bin nng sn c bit l cng on phi v lm kh sn phm. c in kh hu ny kh thun li cho sn xut ch bin nng sn v pht trin trng la, cy rau mu cng nh vic phi sy sn phm. * Thy vn:

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Dng Liu nm ven sng y nn rt thun li cho vic ti tiu nng nghip v iu ha kh hu a phng. H thng ao h chim 10% din tch t t nhin v l ngun nc cho sinh hot v sn xut. Ngoi ra cn c h thng mng knh trong x lm nhim v cp thot nc cho nng nghip. c. Th nhng, thc vt t ca x ch yu l t ph sa, thun li cho trng la v cy rau mu. t c thnh phn c gii tht trung bnh v nng. t ai c ngun gc ph sa sng Hng c phn ra hai loi t chnh: - t ph sa c bi p hng nm phn b ngoi sng y. - t ph sa khng c bi p hng nm, phn b pha trong sng y. Thm thc vt t nhin ca x rt ngho nn. Cc loi cy ch yu l cy trng nh: la, hoa mu, cy n qu phn b ch yu khu vc min ng v min bi, mt phn t ri rc trong khu dn c. Nhng nm gn y, cng vi vic th ha nng thn, cy xanh cng dn bin mt. Thiu vng vai tr iu ha ca thm thc vt cng lm tng thm nhng nh hng ca vic nhim mi trng. 2.1.3. iu kin kinh t- x hi. a. Dn s, Lao ng v Mc sng. Dn s ca x Dng Liu l 12.015 ngi vi 2798 h (2008) sng phn b 14 cm dn c gi l xm, trong c 4 xm vng bi v 10 xm vng ng. Tnh n thi im 30/6/2008 ton x c khong 1800 h tham gia vo mt cng on hay c qu trnh sn xut cng nghip- tiu th cng nghip ( CN- TTCN). Hng nm ngnh CN- TTCN, thng mi v dch v a phng to iu kin gii quyt cng n vic lm cho nhn dn v thu ht ng k lao ng t cc a phng khc ti tham gia. Ton x c khong 6500 lao ng v khong 300- 500 lao ng t bn ngoi n lm thu. Nh sn xut ch bin nng sn kt hp vi nng nghip, dch v mc thu nhp bnh qun u ngi ca x ngy cng cao t 9,5 triu ng/ngi/ nm.

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Hin nay x ch cn 61 h ngho chim 2,23%, gim 14 h so vi nm 2006 (theo bo co c nm 2007). i sng ca nhn dn c ci thin ng k. Cc dch v cho dn sinh ngy cng c tng theo mc sng. b. C cu kinh t. Tng thu nhp kinh t nm 2008 t 120 t ng tng 110% so vi k hoch, tng trng kinh t t khong 11,7 % trong : - Ngnh nng nghip t 19,6 t ng chim t trng 16,3% - Ngnh CN- TTCN t 68,4 t ng, chim t trng 57% - Ngnh thng mi- dch v t 32 t ng, chim t trng 26,7%. * Nng nghip: t nng nghip bnh qun u ngi ca x ch khong 245,5 m/ngi. Nm 2008 x ch o gieo trng 272,46 ha t sn xut nng nghip, trong : - Din tch la: 94,5 ha - Din tch mu: 87,96 ha - Din tch cy n qu: 80 ha - Din tch nui trng thy sn: 10 ha. Nng sut la trung bnh t 11,65 tn/ ha, tng 1,15 tn/ ha so vi nm 2007. Sn lng lng thc quy thc t 1099,2 tn. Kt qu ngnh chn nui tnh n ht 30/10/ 2008: ton x c 325 con tru b, 10 500 con ln, 8479 gia cm. Ngnh chn nui lun chim t trng cao trong c cu kinh t nng nghip mc 50- 54% ( S liu bo co tng kt cui nm 2008). * Sn xut cng nghip- TTCN- Thng mi, Dch v: Trong nm 2008, sn xut cng nghip - TTCN v Dch v thng mi t v vt k hoch. Tng thu nhp c t hn 100 t ng chim t trng 83,7% trong c cu kinh t, trong CBNSTP chim v tr ch o: - Tnh n nm 2008, CBNSTP chim hn 70% c cu thu nhp ton x (k c cc dch v c lin quan) - Gii quyt vic lm cho hn 4500 lao ng trong x v nhiu lao ng t vng khc n.

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- Gp phn chuyn dch c cu kinh t, gim t trng nng nghip t 34% (1999) " 16,3 % (2008) - Nng cao cht lng cuc sng ca ngi dn: Thu nhp bnh qun t 10 11 triu/ngi/nm. Tnh n ht thng 12/ 2008, ton x c 48 cng ty TNHH v c phn (c ti 38 cng ty hot ng trong lnh vc CBNSTP), hn 20 doanh nghip t nhn, khong 500 h gia nh sn xut kinh doanh vi quy m va, hot ng trong lnh vc sn xut, thng mi dch v. Ngnh TTCN tip tc tng trng do c s i mi, u t v khoa hc k thut v cng ngh, i mi sn phm. Ngoi cc ngnh pht trin nh bnh ko, ch bin nng sn xut hin thm cc ngnh mi, sn phm mi nh san xut ru, thu ren Ngnh thng mi dch v bao gm: + Dch v cung cp nguyn liu cho ch bin nng sn. + Dch v tiu th sn phm. + Dch v cung ng cc sn phm hng ha phc v cho i sng nhn dn. Tuy l ngnh chu nh hng trc tip ca ch s gi tiu dng nhng do c s ch ng v ngun vn u t, tch tr nguyn liu phc v cho sn xut nn vn m bo li nhun theo k hoch, mc tiu ra. Cc khu vc dch v nh ch tiu dng, ch hoa qu v ch nng sn hot ng n nh, c hiu qu, thu ht khch hng. Cc mt hng tinh bt, min dong v cc sn phm truyn thng th trng tiu th tng i n nh. c. Vn ha x hi. * Gio dc: X c mt trng trung hc c s, hai trng tiu hc v mt trng mm non khang trang sch p to iu kin tt cho cc em hc tp. Bng 2.1. S ngi i hc nm 2007 Cp hc S ngi i hc Tng Mm non 415 Tiu hc 922 2168 Trung hc 831

46

Ngun: UBND x Dng Liu nm 2007 Nm hc 2007, hc sinh thi vo cc trng i hc l 51 em, vo cao ng l 28 em. * Y t: X c mt trm y t vi 3 y s, 2 dy nh cp 4 cung cp y ging bnh cho bnh nhn v trang thit b phc v cho khm cha bnh. Nm 2007 trm khm cho 13 652 lt ngi, qun l tt mng li y t thn, m bo phc v tt sc khe cho nhn dn. Theo thm nh 10- chun quc gia, trm y t Dng Liu t 93,7 im, t chun y t quc gia nm 2007. * Vn ha: c s quan tm ch o ca ng y, HND- UBND x Dng Liu, ban ch o np sng vn ha, vn ngh cc on th ra phng hng hot ng v thc hin cc mc tiu xy dng mt nn vn ha tin tin, m bn sc dn tc. C th ni rng, Dng Liu l x nng thn c nhiu chuyn bin tch cc c v kinh t v x hi trong nhng nm gn y. D c li th ca vng ng bng cho pht trin nng nghip, nhng vi din tch khng ln (hn 400 ha), dn s ln ti hn 12 nghn ngi (2008), vic chuyn dch c cu kinh t ca x Dng Liu sang hng y mnh sn xut cng nghip, tiu th cng nghip (m ngh chnh l CBNSTP) l mt hng i ng n. Bi l Dng Liu c li th v lao ng, v nguyn liu, li thuc vng ng bng sng Hng vi lch s pht trin lu i v ngh tiu th cng nghip, hn na li c th trng tiu th ln l Th H Ni v cc vng ln cn. Cc ngh CBNSTP c mt kh lu Dng Liu v ngy cng pht trin, m rng c v quy m v sn phm cng nh th trng tiu th.

2.2. Hin trng sn xut ca lng ngh.

L x nm trong vng trng im ch bin nng sn ca H Ni, Dng Liu c cng nhn l lng ngh t nm 2001. Thc t, t nhng nm 1960 ca th k 20 y manh nha ngh lm min dong ring, lm ko mch nha, mang tnh th cng, nh l. Sn phm lm ch cung cp cho i x nghip chuyn sn xut bnh ko gia cng; min rong ch cung cp cho cnh li bun trong huyn. n nay Dng Liu c hn 40% s

47

h chuyn ngh ch bin nng sn, di trn khp 14 xm ton x, tng cc h hot ng cng nghip, tiu th cng nghip v cc dch v lin quan n ngh CBNS chim hn 70%. Sn phm ca lng ngh ngy mt a dng, phong ph: tinh bt sn v tinh bt dong cung cp cho cc cng ty dc, cc nh my bnh ko; lm mch nha, min, bn kh khng ch cung cp cho cc th trng trong nc m cn xut khu sang cc nc khc nh Lo, Campuchia, Trung Quc, Nga, Ba LanNgoi ra my nm gn y, xut hin mt s ngnh ngh mi nh: dt, lm bnh ko, sn xut ging gh an, mng mng, thu 2.2.1. Nguyn liu ch yu cung cp cho lng ngh Do c th ca ngh ch bin nng sn nn nguyn liu sn xut chnh vn tp trung vo mt s nng sn nh: c sn, c dong ring, xanh, lc, vng. Cc ngnh sn xut bnh ko, mch nha li s dng sn phm tinh bt sn, tinh bt dong, vng, lc s ch, xanh bc v Nc dng cho sn xut ch yu l nc ging khoan, nc cc h qua b lc. Cc nguyn liu sn c, dong c cho hot ng ca lng ngh ch yu c mua t cc vng khc v, nh Ha Bnh, Sn La, Tuyn Quang, Vnh PhcVng, lc, xanh ch yu mua t cc tnh ln cn thuc ng bng sng Hng v mt phn khng nhiu l t nng nghip ca x. Tuy nhin, sn lng tinh bt sn, dong do lng ngh sn xut ra khng cung cp cho cc ngnh cng nghip nh nn vng vn phi nhp khu tinh bt, ch yu l tinh bt dong t Trung Quc. Bng 2.2. Biu thng k mt s nguyn liu sn xut chnh 2008 TT 1 2 3 4 5 Nguyn liu chnh C sn C dong xanh bc tch Vng lc s ch Tinh bt go, sn, dong, bt m S lng (tn) 140.000 60.000 6.250 1.200 150.000

Ngun: UBND x Dng Liu, 2008 2.2.2. Cng ngh sn xut Trong nhng nm gn y tc u t i mi cng ngh nng cao nng sut v cht lng sn phm din ra kh nhanh hu ht cc lnh vc ca

48

ngnh sn xut. Tuy nhin qu trnh u t i mi khoa hc cn mang tnh chp v thiu ng b, cng ngh sn xut ch tp trung i mi mt s khu, mt s quy trnh nhm gim bt sc lao ng, to ra nng sut cao (nh my khuy trn, my bc tch v nng sn, my hp trng min, my ct min). Mt khc do hn ch v mt bng sn xut v ngun vn nn u t cng ngh cho sn xut cn nh l mang tnh cng on, nhn chung cn lc hu cha p ng c yu cu trong tnh hnh hin nay. c bit, hin lng ngh hu nh cha c s u t cng ngh cho vn gim thiu nhim mi trng. Lng nc thi v b thi hng nm rt ln nhng khng qua x l m thi trc tip vo cc knh mng ri vo sng y, sng Nhu, gy nhim mi trng nghim trng. 2.2.3. Ngun lao ng Hin nay ch bin nng sn l ngnh thu ht nhiu lao ng nht Dng Liu, vi hn 40% s h lm ngh ch bin nng sn, phn b khp 14 xm ton x. Bng 2.3. C cu lao ng theo ngnh ca lng ngh 2008 STT 1 2 3 4 Ngnh Nng nghip CN TTCN (c h kim) Thng mi- Dch v Tng cng S h 740 1.273 785 2.798 S lao ng 1.499 4.550 1.457 7.506

Ngun: UBND x Dng Liu, 2008 Ngoi hn 4000 lao ng chuyn v kim trong cc hot ng sn xut CBNSTP, hng nm, nht l vo v chnh lng ngh cn thu hng trm lao ng t ni khc n. T nm 2002 n nay, x tip tc khi phc li ngh thu tay truyn thng, v ngh may cng nghip, duy tr khong 50 lao ng do HTX nng nghip qun l. Bc u thu nhp ca mi lao ng trung bnh l hn 800.000 n 1 triu ng/ngi/thng.

49

Hot ng sn xut ca lng ngh to vic lm cho nhiu lao ng ca x. Ring ngnh cng nghip v tiu th cng nghip thu ht hn 4000 lao ng trong vng, k c lao ng chuyn v lao ng ph thm gi. ng thi cng thu ht ng k lao ng t cc a phng khc n. 2.2.4. Sn phm v tr trng Dng Liu l a phng c truyn thng lu i trong ngh ch bin cc sn phm nng sn, c lc lng lao ng di do v c kinh nghim trong nhiu nm sn xut. Sn phm chnh ca lng ngh ny l: tinh bt sn, tinh bt dong, mch nha phc v cho cc cng ty dc, sn xut min dong, bn kh, ph kh, cng nghip nh (h vi, keo dn, giy, bnh ko). Cng vi s pht trin ca c nc, cc sn phm ca lng ngh nh min dong, bn kh, xanh bc tch khng ch c mt cc a phng trong c nc m cn xut khu sang mt s th trng khc nh Lo, Campuchia, Trung Quc, Nga, Ba Lan Bng 2.4. Sn lng mt s sn phm ch yu ca lng ngh STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Cc sn phm ch yu Tinh bt sn Tinh bt dong Bnh ko cc loi xanh bc v Vng lc s ch Min dong Bn ph kh Mch nha Tng 2005 60.000 17.000 4.000 4.500 1.000 4.500 2.000 15.000 0 2008 70.000 20.000 18.000 5.000 10.000 7.500 3.000 10.000 133.000

Ngun: UBND x Dng Liu, 2007 Hin nay, khi lng sn phm ln hn 130.000 tn vi gi tr gn 300 t ng/nm. Tng thu nhp hang nm ca x hin nay at gn 120 ty ng, thu nhp binh qun u ngi khoang 9,5 triu ng/ngi/nm. T o i sng cua ngi dn khng ngng c cai thin. 2.2.5. Phn b sn xut Trong cc ngh CBNSTP Dng Liu hin nay chim t trng cao nht v khi lng sn phm cng nh s h sn xut vn l sn xut tinh bt sn v dong (67% v sn lng v hn 50% v s h sn xut). tt c cc xm u c cc h

50

tham gia sn xut tinh bt, trong lm bt th tp trung cc xm nh: on Kt, Gia, Me To, ng Ph, nh u, Hp Nht..., quy m sn xut ca cc h kh ln, c nhiu h sn xut khong 3 4 tn nguyn liu/ngy; lm bt tinh ch yu cc xm Mi, ng Ph, Me To, Qu.; Lm min dong chim phn ln xm Gia, Cha ng, Chng Trng, hin nay ang m rng ra nhiu xm vi quy m khong 5 t/ngy/h. Cc ngh khc nh s ch xanh, lm mch nha, bnh ko cng ri rc cc xm. Trong 14 xm lng ngh th c mt s xm c mt sn xut CBNSTP kh ln nh: Thng Nht, Gia, Mi, on Kt, Chng Trng, Chng Ch (t 50 70 % s h tham gia CBNSTP), c bit xm ng v Hp Nht c t 80 90 % s h sn xut CBNSTP. Ha Hp l xm c t l cc h sn xut nng nghip ln nht, nhng hin nay cng c nhiu h chuyn sang CBNSTP, ch yu l sn xut bt sn th. Do iu kin t ai cht hp v cha c quy hoch sn xut hp l nn hin nay lng ngh ang thiu c s vt cht cho sn xut. Ni sn xut chnh phn ln chung vi ni , sinh hot. Cn khu vc cho phi cc sn phm c tp trung hu ht cnh ng v ven cc tuyn ng b tng, ng , trn cc khong t trng. Nhn chung, lng ngh Dng Liu trong nhng nm gn y c tc tng trng kh nhanh (7,7%/nm), mang li cho x mt ngun thu nhp ln, gp phn chuyn dch c cu kinh t r rt (gim t trng nng nghip t hn 20% nm 2000 xung cn 16% nm 2008, d tnh n nm 2015 s cn khong 12%); nng cao i sng vt cht v tinh thn cho ngi dn. Song vi thc trng sn xut cn mang tnh t pht, phn tn, thiu c s vt cht, thiu vn, khoa hc k thut, cha ch trng ng mc ti cc yu t mi trng v sc khe cng ng nn Dng Liu hin nay ang ng trc tnh trng nhim mi trng nghim trng. Nu

51

khng gii quyt kp thi, s pht trin ca lng ngh s gp nhiu kh khn, gy nh hng rt ln n i sng v sc khe ca cng ng dn c. 2.3. Phn tch cc nhn t nh hng ti mi trng ca lng ngh. 2.3.1. Cc ngun gy nhim t sn xut. a. c th sn xut. Cc hot ng sn xut phi nng nghip ch yu ca Dng Liu bao gm: Sn xut tinh bt (sn, dong); sn xut mch nha; s ch vng, lc, xanh; lm min, bn kh, lm bnh ko. Hin nay c thm mt s ngh mi nh thu ren, lm gch, tuy nhin n lng cha nhiu. Do c th l lng ngh ch bin nng sn nn c im chung v nguyn liu u l cc sn phm t ngnh trng trt. Bao gm: sn c, dong c, vng, lc, xanh, khoai, ng v mt s cc ph phm khc. Mt khc, sn xut phi nng nghip y vn mang tnh cht nh l, phn tn. Hnh thc t chc sn xut ch yu l theo h gia nh, c s sn xut t ti khu nh , cha c h thng phn loi nc thi sn xut v nc thi sinh hot. b. Nguyn nhn gy nhim t sn xut ngh. Cc hot ng CBNSTP chnh bao gm: vic ra, bc, tch v nguyn liu; nghin, xay cc loi c (dong, sn, ); ngm, , lc bt dong, sn; phi sy sn phm; vn chuyn nguyn liu v sn phm Bi vy, i vi cht thi rn ch yu l cc loi b sn, b dong; v (sn, dong, , khoai) km vi t ct; x than. i vi nc thi, c trng l c hm lng hu c cao, th hin qua lng BOD, COD trong nc thi ln hn hng chc ln, hng trm ln so vi TCCP. lng ngh Dng Liu, cng ngh khoa hc ng dng trong sn xut ch yu ch dng li vic nng cao nng sut, gim thiu lao ng nhng cn mang tnh chp v, nh l, theo tng cng on (nh my ra, bc v nguyn liu; my khuy trn bt; my ct, trng min) m cha c s u t ng b. Hn na ch yu l cc my mc c mua li, dng lu nm khng ci to. C lng cha c bt c s u t my mc no nhm gim thiu cht thi, bo v mi trng. Do , hiu sut ca nguyn liu khng cao, ng ngha l khi lng thi ln, li khng c x l trc khi thi vo mi trng nn gy nhim l iu tt yu.

52

Hn na, do thiu mt bng cho sn xut nn ton b vic phi cc sn phm (bt sn, dong, min) c tp trung cnh ng, ven ng i, cc bi t trng; hng trm tn nguyn liu (ch yu l c sn, c dong c cht ng khu vc ch nng sn, ven cc ng i) lm mt v sinh mi trng, khng m bo v sinh an ton thc phm. Bng 2.5. Hiu sut nguyn liu ca mt s hot ng sn xut
Cc hot ng sn xut u vao Nguyn liu Sn c SX tinh bt sn Nc in X than Dong c Nc Sx tinh bt dong in X than kh S ch xanh xanh dang hat Lng 1000 kg 0,75 m3 1,45 Kwh 30 kg 1000 kg 14,2 m 1,45 Kwh 30 kg 1000 kg xanh tach vo 750 kg 3

u ra Sn phm Sn phm Lng Nc m3 Dng thi RTR t ct, v(50kg) B sn t(404kg) Bt en (60kg) X than t (80kg) t cat, vo (100kg) Ba dong t (800 kg) Bt en W 75% (120kg) Xi than t (50kg) Vo (25 kg) 75 % Kh Mi chua ca sn ngm, ba sn Hiu sut Nguyn liu

Tinh bt sn

470 kg

~ 7 m3 - Mang theo 46 kg bt ha tan

47 %

~ 25 m3 Tinh bt dong (W 50%) - Mang theo 54 kg bt hoa tan

290 kg

Mui chua cua bt ngm, ba dong

29 %

SX min

Tinh bt dong Nc TB sn Mm thoc Enzym Nc Than t

1000 kg Min 2,5 m

3

500 kg

4 4,5 m3

50 %

SX mch nha

1000 kg 30 kg 450 ml 1 m3 500 kg

Dung dich mach nha

650 kg

~ 0,13 m3

Ba loc (600 kg) Xi than

CO, CO2

65 %

Ngun: ng Kim Chi, 2005 v Kt qu phng vn Trong cc hot ng sn xut CBNSTP ti lng ngh, c mt s hot ng cn thit phi s dng nhit nng nh nu mch nha, lm min, m ngun nhin

53

liu ch yu l than. Do cng to ra mt lng CO, CO2, SO2 khng nh. ng thi, vic vn chuyn cc nguyn liu v sn phm bng nhiu loi phng tin khc nhau (c xe ci tin, xe gn my, xe ko gn my, xe t) cng lm cho nng cc cht trn v nng bi tng cao. Nht l vo ma v sn xut chnh (thi im t thng 9 n thng 12 m lch), s nhim khng kh c biu hin kh r. Ngoi ra, cc thi im khc hm lng ny gn nh cha vt qu TCCP. Bng 2.6. Tng thi trung bnh nm ca lng ngh qua cc hot ng sn xut v sinh hot
Hot ng Sn xut Tinh bt sn Tinh bt dong Min, bn kh Mch nha xanh s ch Chn nui Sinhhot Thng mi, dch v Tng Sn lng, s lng (tn, h) 131.000 - 133.000 70.000 20.000 10.500 10.000 5.000 500 h 2798 h Ncthi (Nghn m ) 3190 - 3436 910.000 820.000 47,25 1,3 54.7 510 2343
3

Rc thi (Nghn tn) 167 - 168 118,2 40 8 1,5 6,0 1,533 9,9 185.2

Ngun: UBND x Dng Liu v kt qu phng vn Nh vy, mi ngy trung bnh c khong 463 tn rc thi rn v hn 6000 m 3 nc thi cc loi t tt c cc hot ng sn xut v sinh hot ti lng ngh thi vo mi trng (trung bnh khong 7,8 m3/h/ngy m), ring nc thi t vic CBNSTP chim 4930 m3 (80%) v rc thi chim 450 tn (97%). Trong , ngh sn xut tinh bt ng gp mt lng cht thi rt ln. c. Sn xut tinh bt sn v tinh bt dong. Mt trong nhng tc nhn gy nhim ln nht i vi Dng Liu hin nay l t sn xut tinh bt sn v tinh bt dong. Vi nguyn liu l t sn c v dong c, qua s ch, nghin nh, ngm , lc tch ri ly bt sn v dong cung cp cho c s CBNSTP trong lng v xut i cc vng khc, cn cht thi l lng b sn, dong ln cng mt khi lng nc thi khng l khng c x l kp thi v ang l vn nan gii cho vng

54

Sn, dong (1000kg)

* Quy trnh sn xut tinh bt sn, dong

Nc Nc sch, in

c, dong c

V, tp cht Nc thi

Ra, bc v

in (2.5KW)

Xay, nghin

Nc sch, in

Lc, tch b

B sn, dong (400 500kg)

Lng, tch bt Ra bt (bt dong thng ngm thm ha cht)

Bt en (60 100kg)

Nc sch, in

Nc thi

X kh (30kg)

Lm kh

X t (50kg)

Bt thnh phm

Hnh 2.1. Cng ngh ch bin tinh bt sn, dong

Ngun: ng Kim Chi, 2005

55

Dong c 1 tn (100%)

V, t, ct x ra 0,1 tn (10%)

Theo nc thi 0,1 tn (10%)

Bt nghin 0,9 tn (90%)

B dong 0,5 tn (50%)

Tinh bt 0,3 tn (30%)

Hnh 2.2. Cn bng vt cht trong ch bin tinh bt dong

Sn c 1 tn (100%)

V, t, ct x ra 0,05 tn (5%)

Theo nc thi 0,05 tn (5%)

Bt nghin 0,95 tn (95%)

B sn 0,4 tn (40%)

Tinh bt m ~ 42%

Hnh 2.3. Cn bng vt cht trong ch bin tinh bt sn Ngun: ng Kim Chi, 2005

56

Nh vy, nh mc thi trung bnh ca 1 tn tinh bt sn thnh phm khong: 0,9 tn b, 0,1 tn v v t ct; cng vi khong 13 m 3 nc thi (cho ra nguyn liu, ngm , lc tch bt, ra bt, ra my mc thit b). Tng t, nh mc thi cho 1 tn tinh bt dong thnh phm khong 1,7 tn b dong (thi trc tip cng nc thi), 0,3 tn v, t ct; cng vi khong 41 m3 nc thi (ra c, lc tch bt, ra bt, ra thit b) [ng Kim Chi, 2005]. Tinh bt sn v tinh bt dong l nguyn liu c bn cho hu ht cc hot ng sn xut CBNSTP khc ca lng ngh nh: lm min, lm mch nha, lm bnh ko, lm m tm, cung cp cho cc ngnh cng nghip nh (nh h dn), v c xut i cc vng lng ngh khc. Trong nhng nm gn y, qui m sn xut ti lng ngh khng ngng tng ln, nhu cu s dng tinh bt cng nhiu hn, chnh v th ngh lm tinh bt Dng Liu ngy cng c nhn rng. Trc y, c lng ch c hn 200 h lm tinh bt th hin nay con s ny tng ln n hn 400 h, ri rc nhiu xm, nht l khu vc trung tm (cc xm: on Kt, ng, Gia, Hp Nht, nh u, Mi). Tng sn lng tng ln hn 7% mi nm Ring sn xut tinh bt, t 60.000 tn tinh bt sn, 17.000 tn tinh bt dong nm 2005 ln 70.000 tn v hn 20.000 tn nm 2008. Trong khi , sn xut tinh bt l ngh to ra mt khi lng thi rt ln. to ra mt tn tinh bt sn thnh phm cn 2 tn sn c, ng thi to ra 0,9 tn b, rc thi v 13 m 3 nc thi. Tng t nh vy vi mt tn tinh bt dong thnh phm cng cn ti 3,3 tn dong c, ng thi thi ra 2 tn b, rc thi v 41 m3 nc. Lng thi ny chim ti 88% rc thi v 96% tng lng nc thi trong sn xut ca ton x. Bng 2.7. Tng lng nc thi v b thi t sn xut tinh bt Nm 200 5 200 8 Ngun: UBND x Dng Liu v kt qu phng vn Tinh bt sn Sn lng Rc thi rn (tn) 60.000 70.000 (tn) 54.000 63.000 Tinh bt dong Nc thi Sn lng Rc thi rn Nc thi (m3) 780.000 910.000 (tn) 17.000 20.000 (tn) 34.000 41.300 (m3) 697.000 820.000

57

Trong khi , c lng ngh ch c duy nht mt n v x l b dong l cng ty Mt Tri Xanh nhng n nay hot ng khng hiu qu v ang gy nhiu bc xc trong dn c cng chnh quyn a phng. Chnh mi trng xung quanh cng ty cng ang b nhim nghim trng. Ton b nc thi t sn xut c thi trc tip vo h thng cng nc, mng nc ca x ri chy vo sng Nhu, sng y. Cc h sn xut tinh bt sn thu gom khong 70% lng b thi bn, phn cn li do cht lng km, hoc gp thi tit khng thun li khng phi kh c th ngi dn cht ng ven ng i, bi rc, bc mi chua nng nc, mc en. i vi cc h sn xut tinh bt dong, do b thi khng bn c v cng ngh cn lc hu nn khng tch bt dong m thi trc tip cng vi nc thi, lm cho nc c hm lng BOD v COD, SS cao, bc mi hi thi. Tm li, cc sn phm t CBNSTP mang li cho Dng Liu mt ngun thu nhp khng nh, vi tng GDP t gn 120 t ng (2008), song cng to ra mt khi lng cht thi rt ln i vi mt x ch c hn 400 ha. Mt khc, cng ngh x l cht thi ti lng ngh hin nay cha c nn hu qu l mi trng phi gnh chu gn nh ton b lng thi trn. Hai nhnh sng ln nht ca ton khu vc Hoi c l sng Nhu v sng y hng nm phi hng chu hng triu m3 nc thi vi mu en sm, mi hi chua nng nc, km theo hm lng huyn ph vt qu TCCP hng chc ln, BOD, COD vt qu TCCP hng chc, hng trm ln. Nht l hm lng vi khun rt ln, l nguyn nhn mm bnh cho chnh lng ngh v cc vng ln cn.

58

Bng 2.8. Tng lng nc thi t CBNS lng ngh Dng Liu (2008)
Cc xm Chng ch Chng Trng Gia ng Thng Nht Qu ng Ph Me To Mi Hp Nht on Kt nh u Cha ng Ha Hp Tng Tb sn 26 - 28 12,8 - 14 8 - 9,6 8 - 9,2 42 - 43,3 60 - 62 110 - 112 NTSX TB nm (nghn m3) Bt sn th Tb dong Min, bn 6 - 7,8 11 - 12,5 1,4 - 1,8 15 -15,5 49,2 57,4 27 - 29 150 - 160 410 - 451 9 - 9,9 2,2 - 3,1 190 - 195 164 - 185 75 - 80 36 - 40 225 - 235 3 - 4,0 720 - 740 123 143,5 2,5 - 3,5 2,0 - 2,25 787 - 795 44 - 50 0,2 - 0,3 0,1 - 0,14 0,04 - 0,07 0,03 - 0,04 1,3 - 1,7 Mch nha Tng 6 - 7,8 38,4 42,3 91,2 101,9 569 - 621 15 17,6 8,2 9,8 8 9,2 232 238,3 224,2 247,3 185 - 192 159 183,6 227,6 238,6 2,03 - 2,3 3 - 4,0 1822 1861

0,07 - 0,1 0,4 - 0,5 0,15 - 0,2

270 - 274

Bng 2.9. Tng lng rc thi t CBNS lng ngh Dng Liu (2008)
RTSX TB nm (nghn tn) Bt sn th Tb dong xanh 0,9 - 1,2 1,7 - 1,8 0,1 - 0,3 2,2 - 2,3 2,4 - 2,8 0,3 - 0,4 23 - 23, 5 20 - 22

Cc xm Chng ch Chng Trng Gia ng Thng Nht Qu ng Ph Me To Mi Hp Nht on Kt nh u Cha ng Ha Hp Tng

Tb sn 0,65 - 0,7 0,3 - 0,35 0,2 - 0,24 0,2 - 0,23 1,0 -1,1 1,5 - 1,6 2,6 - 2,8

Mch nha

0,4 - 0,6 2,5 - 2,8 1,0 - 1,2 1,8 - 2,1 0,5 - 0,8 0,2 - 0,4 0,15 - 0,25 6,6 - 8,1

28,8 - 29,3 8,0 - 9,0 11,2 - 11,7 5,4 - 5,8 34,2 - 35,0 0,5 - 0,6 108 - 111 6,5 - 7,0 0,2 - 0,25 0,1 - 0,15 0,1 - 0,2 0,1 - 0,2 0,2 - 0,25 1,1 - 1,8

6,3 - 7

37 - 40,8

Tng 0,9 - 1,2 2,5 - 2,8 5 - 5,5 43,5 - 50 2,8 - 3,2 1,2 - 1,5 0,2 - 0,23 29,5 - 30 11,5 - 12,9 14 - 14,6 12,5 - 13,8 34,5 - 35,5 0,4 - 0,5 0,5 - 0,6 160 - 168

Ngun: - UBND x Dng Liu v kt qu phng vn - Cch tnh ti lng nc thi v rc thi da theo ng Th Kim Chi, Lng ngh Vit Nam v mi trng, 2005, tr 267, 268 (Xem ph lc 2)

59

2.3.2. nh hng ca mt s nhn t t nhin v kinh t x hi. a. a hnh: Dng Liu l x thuc v tr bi p ca sng y vi hn 400 ha din tch u l dng a hnh ng bng. Hin nay, c th chia a hnh ca x mt cch tng i thnh 2 min: Min ng v min bi. a hnh c dng thoi dn t sng y v hai pha ng v ty, iu ny cng l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn gp phn vo s khc nhau v mc nhim gia cc min trn do dc khc nhau. c im trn gy mt kh khn cho lng ngh trong vic chn v tr xy dng mt bng cho quy hoch tp trung sn xut. C phn min ng v min bi l hai khu vc kh thi nht nhng hai vng ny li nm trong vng thot l ven sng y. Hin nay, hai d n vn ang trong qu trnh xt duyt v nu vn quyt nh xy dng th s phi tnh n cc phng n d phng tai bin c th xy ra. Mt khc, khu vc min ng c din tch rng hn 100 ha, ch yu trng la, thng thong, thu ht cc h lm ngh tn dng khu vc ny phi sn phm (ch yu l phi min) trn cc gin phi c thit k kh n gin (ng, buc gin bng cc cy tre di, mi gin phi rng khong 50 -100 m2, san st nhau). Mc d bn di cc gin phi l dng a hnh no, c khi phi ngay trn rung la, c khi phi ngay v ng, c khi gc ngay trn cc bi phi b sn, phi ngay cnh knh mng hi thi y l iu kin cho vi khun xm nhp vo cc sn phm, khng m bo v sinh. Th nhng ca x ch yu l t ph sa, thun li cho trng la v cy rau mu. t c thnh phn c gii tht trung bnh v nng. iu ny gip cho nc thi c th thm su xung lng t d dng hn, gy nh hng xu ti cht lng nc ngm. b. Kh hu. Nhn chung vi kh hu nhit i gi ma ,nhit trung bnh nm t 24oC, s gi nng hng nm trn 2200h l c s cho mt nn nhit cao, thun li cho sn xut

60

v phi sy sn phm ca lng ngh Dng Liu. Song, nng lm, ma nhiu cng l mt trong nhng yu t thc y cho s pht tn nhim nhanh hn, rng hn. Trong nhng ngy nng Dng Liu, mi hi nng nc bc ln ngay t u lng. Trn ng vo lng, cnh con mng dn nc thi ra knh T2 nng NH3 v H2S kh cao (1.3 mg/l v 0.3 mg/l). Hn na, cc ng b sn phi dc cc v ng cng bc mi rt kh chu. Khi ma ma ko di, cc tuyn giao thng ca x d b tng gn ht, tuy nhin nc ma lm trn ngp cc knh mng, trn cc b sn thi lm nhim mi trng, pht sinh cc vi khun gy bnh, nht l vi khun t. c. nh hng ca mt s yu t kinh t x hi. Nhn chung, trong iu kin ca mt quc gia ang pht trin, ang y nhanh CNH HH, khi lng ca ci vt cht to ra hng nm tng ln nhanh chng v tt c cc mt hng (t cng nghip nng n cng nghip nh, t nng nghip n dch v) n lm cho khi lng cht thi cng khng ngng tng ln, n mc qu sc chu ti ca mi trng, gy nhim. suy thoi mi trng nhiu ni, Dng Liu cng nm trong gung quay . Sn xut trong giai on ny, nht l ti cc lng ngh mang mt c th l: sn xut t nhng li mang tnh cht t pht, phn tn nh l, thiu vn v cng ngh, thiu s qun l cht ch. V vy m yu t mi trng li cng gp nhiu kh khn. i vi Dng Liu hin nay, mt trong nhng kh khn l thiu mt bng cho sn xut. Sn xut ngh ch yu theo quy m h gia nh. Nh va , va l c s sn xut chnh, mt s cng on khc (nh phi sy, tp kt nguyn liu) li tn dng cc mt bng cng cng nh cnh ng, ng i, ven ch ng thi l thiu vn u t xy dng cc h thng tp trung x l cht thi; cho u t ci tin my mc nhm nng cao nng sut v gim thiu cht thi. Hn na, do sn xut theo quy m h gia nh nn kh tp trung c lng thi, nht l nc thi. H thng knh mng dn nc thi ca lng ngh l cc

61

cng nc chy dc theo cc x l, ngay cnh nh , sau vo cc con knh tiu chnh ca x ri ha vo sng Nhu v sng y. Rc thi rn ca lng ngh, ngoi phn cc b sn, v xanh c tn dng bn cho cc c s sn xut phn vi sinh, thc n gia sc (khong 70 80%) cn li c a ra bi rc ni ti min ng v min bi, thm ch cn tu ng, vng vi y ven ng i, khu dn c. Cu ng v i o , cng ngh sa n xu t ta i la ng ngh hi n nay cu ng la m t trong nh ng nguyn nhn cu a ti nh tra ng nhi m. Theo ba o ca o t ng k t v hoa t ng cu a la ng ngh nm 2008 cho th y, trong nh ng nm g n y t c u t i m i cng ngh nng cao nng su t va ch t l ng sa n ph m di n ra kha nhanh h u h t ca c li nh v c va nga nh sa n xu t, tuy nhin qua tri nh u t i m i khoa ho c co n mang ti nh ch p va , thi u s ng b . Cng ngh sa n xu t chu y u t p trung i m i m t s quy tri nh nh m gia m b t s c lao ng, ta o ra nng su t cao (nh ma y khu y tr n, ma y bo c ta ch vo nng sa n, ma y c t, tra ng mi n) nhng cha chu tro ng n y u t nh m gia m ta c ng i v i mi trng. M t kha c do ha n ch v m t b ng cho sa n xu t nn cng ngh u t a p du ng co n nho le , mang ti nh cng oa n. Nhi n chung cng ngh co n la c h u, cha a p ng c yu c u trong ti nh hi nh hi n nay. Vi c s h tng nh vy, khng iu kin m bo cho vic bo v mi trng ca lng ngh, lm cho mc nhim ngy cng trm trng hn, nht l khi quy m sn xut ti Dng Liu ang ngy cng ln, t c tng tr ng trung bi nh a t khong 7% nm. Mt khc, mt trong nhng nguyn nhn gin tip gy kh khn cho vic gim thiu nhim l c th ca th trng Vit Nam ni ring cng nh cc nc ang pht trin ni chung, chng ta cha c yu cu nghim khc i vi nhng sn phm nhim hoc gy nhim mi trng. Trong iu kin kinh t c nhiu bc tin mi nh nc ta hin nay cng nn ch trng n vn ny.

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2.3.3. Thc trng qun l mi trng, thc bo v mi trng ca cng ng lng ngh. a. Chnh sch qun l mi trng ca lng ngh. qun l tt cc vn mi trng i hi phi c i ng cn b chuyn trch, c kin thc hiu bit v c im ca mi trng khu vc, nm c cc quy lut ca t nhin v kinh t x hi, t c th thy cc mi lin h tc ng ln nhau gia chng th mi c th gii quyt tt cc vn xung t mi trng trong qu trnh pht trin. Tuy nhin, hin nay i ng cn b mi trng ca Dng Liu nhn chung cn rt mng. Trch nhim qun l trc tip v vn mi trng c giao cho bn x i vi vai tr kim nhim. Nh vy tinh thn trch nhim trong cng vic khng cao, hn na li thiu cc k nng chuyn mn, gy nhiu kh khn cho vic bo v v gim thiu nhim mi trng cho lng ngh. Trong nhng nm qua, nhn thc v vn mi trng ca x trong cc ban ngnh, cc b phn dn c c nng ln mt bc. Nhn thc c tm quan trng ca vn ny, ng y v HND, UBND ban hnh cc Ngh quyt chuyn nhm gii quyt cc vn v mi trng: + Ngh quyt s 20/2001/NQ- HND v vic ban hnh quy ch bo v mi trng v qun l h thng giao thng, cng rnh trong x. + Ngh quyt s 38/2003/NQ HND v vic thng qua phng n m rng pht trin lng ngh. + Ngh quyt s 35/2003/NQ HND v vic thng qua phng n thu qu VSMT v ph BVMT, qun l giao thng. + Ngh quyt s 05/2004/NQ HND v vic thng qua quy ch bo v mi trng sa i. + Ngh quyt s 21/2006/NQ HND v vic ph chun phng n thc hin cng tc VSMT nm 2006.

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Xy dng v ban hnh quy ch VSMT thng 3/2000: vi mc thu ph

3000 ng/khu hoc 20.000 ng/h/nm. y mnh cng tc tuyn truyn nhm nng cao thc ca cc cn b v

nhn dn. Hng nm, UBND phi hp cng vi cc ngnh chc nng, kim tra cc doanh nghip, c s sn xut ngnh ngh thc hin cc quy ch v BVMT.
-

Quy hoch cc im cht thi, b thi khu l gch c vi din tch

10.000 m2. Nm 2008, sa i v b xung quy ch VSMT, trin khai thu ph

VSMT qu BVMT vi mc thu nh sau: + Qu VSMT: 8000 ng/01 khu /nm. + Ph bo v mi trng i vi cc ngnh ngh sn xut theo hng dn ca UBND tnh vi mc thu t 50.000 ng n 1.000.000 ng/h ty theo ngnh ngh sn xut hoc theo thng sn xut. Tuy nhin, i vi quy m sn xut v khi lng cht thi ngy cng tng nh hin nay th nhng gii php nh trn khng th gii quyt c tnh trng nhim. Vic thu ph cng cn nhiu hn ch v mi ch t t 20 n 50 % theo k hoch do nhn thc ca nhn dn cha y . Thc t cc chnh sch mi trng c t ra v thc hin trong nhng nm qua Dng Liu cn mang tnh cht tm thi. T nm 2000, x xy dng v ban hnh Quy ch VSMT. ng thi x thnh lp mt i v sinh mi trng khong 15 ngi, lm nhim v khi thng cng rnh, x l cc b cc im n tc, thu gom rc thi trong nhn dn. Song hu ht chi khi thng nhng luc un tc ch khng phai la inh ky. Mi dp cui nm, ton x c huy ng cc h t dn dp khu vc mng mng quanh nh. Song do lng rc thi qu ln (mi ngy ton x thi ra mi trng hn 400 tn rc v b thi), ngun kinh ph u t c hn, cc im tp kt cht thi ch mang tnh tm b n nay hu ht qu ti... nn vic khc phc tnh trng nhim mi trng ti khu vc gp rt nhiu kh khn.

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Mt khc cng phi k n l vic thc hin cc chnh sch v d n cho ci thin, gim thiu nhim mi trng ti lng ngh trong nhng nm qua cha thc s hiu qu. Nm 1996, x Dng Liu dnh 5.000m2 t xy cng trnh x l nc thi, b thi, nhng sau khng hot ng c bao lu th phi ngng tr. T nm 2002, Cty TNHH Mt tri Xanh tip qun khun vin trm tin hnh sn xut phn bn vi sinh t b thi, song ch tn dng c mt lng khng ng k. Cho n nay, cng ty ny vn cha pht huy c vai tr ca mnh nh trong k hoch. Qua tm hiu thc t cho thy thc cht cng ty khng mua b sn, h ch thit k h thng vt b dong t nc thi pha sau cng ty sn xut phn vi sinh nhng khng hiu qu. Thm ch knh tiu nc ngay trc ca cng ty cng l mt trong nhng im nhim nht ca lng ngh. Cn cng trnh H iu ha hay cn gi l bng cha nc thi c xy dng vi mc tiu thu gom, x l nc thi trc khi ra knh tiu nc, do cha lng ht c lng thi nn hin b qu ti. Hin nay, lng ngh c mt s phng n quy hoch trnh duyt ln cp trn nhm quy hoch tp trung qu trnh sn xut. l 2 d n quy hoch khu vc san xut tp trung min ng (12,4 ha) v min bi (40 ha) ang c xem xt. b. thc bo v mi trng ca cng ng Mt trong nhng yu t c nh hng ln nht i vi vn nhim mi trng ca lng ngh hin nay l thc bo v mi trng ca ton th cng ng. y cng l mt kh khn chung ca nhiu ni ch khng ring g Dng Liu. Tr c h t pha i k n la kho khn v tri nh cu a ng i lao ng. y la nh ng ng i tr c ti p tham gia sa n xu t va tr c ti p ta o ra l ng tha i i v i mi trng. N u ho nh n th c c s c ch a cu a mi trng la co ha n va nh n th y c h u qua cu a vi c mi trng bi nhi m thi ho se co y th c hn trong vi c ki m soa t l ng tha i cu a mi nh. Song, hi n nay ca c lao ng tr c ti p tham gia sa n xu t ta i la ng ngh a s m i co tri nh ph thng, th m chi h t trung ho c, ho cu ng t c tham gia ca c chng tri nh tuyn truy n v

65

v n sa n xu t v i mi trng, b i v y vi c xa tha i b a ba i cu ng la i u khng tra nh kho i. Sau o la y thc cua cng ng noi chung, ho la tac nhn ma cung la nan nhn cua vn nhim mi trng. Song, dng nh vic nhim mi trng vn con ang rt xa cuc sng cua chinh ho. Qua kt qu phng vn bng cc phiu iu tra c nhn ti Dng Liu va qua ca hc vin cho thy rng: - Cng ng hon ton nhn thc c vn nhim hin ti ca lng ngh. - V pha nhng ngi khng sn xut c hai kin: Bc xc v vic x thi v cng c kin thng cm vi ngi sn xut. - V pha nhng ngi c sn xut th khng mun ni n kha cnh nhim hoc cho rng l tnh trng chung ca c lng, khng c cch no khc l x thi nh hin ti. - V pha mt s cn b a phng th phn ng cng kh bc xc vi vn nhim song cho rng nu khng sn xut th khng c thu nhp, v cng khng c vn u t cho cc gii php ci thin mi trng, ng thi cho rng c rt nhiu on v nghin cu, kho st song n nay vn cha c gii php no l kh thi v xu hng vn th ng vo s gii quyt t cp trn. - V tc hi ca nhim: Hu ht mi ngi u nhn thy mi trng nhim, song v tc hi ca n th dng nh cng ng cha nh gi mc rt nguy him nn xy sinh tm l sn xut v sng chung vi nhim. - c hi v gii php ci thin mi trng lng ngh, cng c nhiu kin khc nhau: a phn cc kin u theo chiu hng trng ch vo s gii quyt ca nh nc, ca cp trn. Nhn chung cc gii php m h cho rng kh thi nht l u t cng ngh v quy hoch tp trung cc h sn xut ln. Tuy nhin vn lo ngi nht ca ngi sn xut l ngun vn v khng c nm trong i tng quy hoch. Nhn chung, qua cc kin cho thy cng ng c nhn thc c thc trng nhim, song cha thy ht c mc nguy hi ca tnh trng ny. a

66

phn vn t li ch kinh t ln trn ht, v bin h cho s x thi ba bi bng kh khn v kinh t, v ngun vn, v thc trng chung ca ton x v s gii quyt ca cc cp trn. T tng ca h nh l chp nhn sn xut v sng chung vi nhim cho ti khi no nh nc c cch gii quyt tt hn. Nhng xet v nhiu goc cung cn lu y rng, ngi san xut a s con han ch v trinh , ho chu yu la cac lao ng ph thng va san xut theo kinh nghim thc t la chinh, vi th ho thiu mt cai nhin tng th i vi cac vn kinh t x hi va mi trng. Trong khi nhu cu cuc sng lai tng ln khng ngng, vi vy rt kho co th thuyt phuc ho san xut gn vi bao v mi trng trong giai oan nay ma cha co nhng giai phap cn i gia kinh t, x hi v mi trng. 2.3.4. Mt s yu t phap ly. y khng chi la kho khn chung i vi lang ngh Dng Liu noi ring ma con i vi vn mi trng ca nc hin nay noi chung. Mc du chung ta a co nhiu c gng sau hn 10 nm ap dung lut Bao v mi trng nm 1993 va cung gn 5 nm k t khi thc hin ni dung Lut Bao v mi trng sa i nm 2005, song vn con rt nhiu han ch va bt cp i vi cac hoat ng bao v mi trng. So vi Lut BVMT nm 1993, Lut BVMT sa i va b sung nm 2005 a co nhng ch inh sat sao hn, ro rang hn, rng hn i vi cac hoat ng cua con ngi trong vic quan ly va bao v mi trng va vn ang tng bc c hoan thin. Song iu ma nhiu y kin hin nay quan tm la cac ch tai cua LBVMT cha thc s cht che, va co y kin con cho rng vn cha u rn e cac hanh vi vi pham Lut BVMT. Bi le cho n nay, cac mc x phat i vi cac hanh vi gy nhim, suy thoai mi trng dng nh con qua nhe. Mc truy cu hinh s ti a la tu 7 nm, trong khi nhng con sng bi nhim co th mt hang chuc nm, hang trm nm cung khng th nao trong xanh tr lai; cac lang ung th con co nguy c hang trm ngi se bi t vong, va hang chuc th h sau vn bi anh hng bi ngun nc, t a bi nhim Vn la cho n nay, dng nh nc ta cha co i tng vi pham nghim trong nao nao bi x ly n khung hinh phat nay. Hn na, mc x phat hanh chinh ti a chi co 30 triu ng, trong khi mc chi phi cho cac

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ky thut x ly mi trng cac c s san xut co th mt hang chuc, hang trm triu ng nn ho chp nhn bi x phat hn la u t cng ngh; trong khi o s tin u t co th cai thin mi trng a bi nhim co th ln n hang trm triu, thm chi hang ty ng ma mi trng cung khng th tr lai nh xa i vi lang ngh Dng Liu hin nay, ngi san xut vn xa thai ba bai, mi trng a va ang ngay cang bi nhim nghim trong, nhng cha tng bi thanh tra, x ly vi bt c trng hp nao du ln hay nho. Ca lang ngh san xut nhng cha ai bit c la minh gy tac ng mc nao. Tng s tin ho phai ong cho cng tac bao v mi trng hang nm chi co 8.000 ng/khu/nm va binh qun nh nhau. Trong khi o, san xut lai co s phn hoa ro rt theo quy m va san phm. Ma hoat ng c coi la gy nhim ln nht i vi Dng Liu hin nay la hoat ng san xut tinh bt sn, dong va min, chim ti 96% tng lng nc thai va chim hn 88% lng rac thai cua lang ngh. Vic p dng cc ch ti i vi cc i tng gy nhim (v d nh thu, ph mi trng, hay nguyn tc PPP) s c hiu qu rt ln, nhng p dng c li thiu nhng quy nh c th, r rng, nht l i vi sn xut ca cc lng ngh hin nay.

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Chng 3: NH GI HIN TRNG NHIM MI TRNG LNG NGH DNG LIU V XUT MT S GII PHP GIM THIU 3.1. nh gi thc trng nhim mi trng ti lng ngh. Nh nu trn, Dng Liu l lng ngh ch bin nng sn, a dng cc sn phm, vi quy m ln, th trng rng ln khp c nc, thm ch cn xut khu. Do , lng thi vo mi trng cng ln v ang khng ngng tng ln, m ch yu l lng nc thi v b thi. Hn na, lng ngh gn nh khng c cc bin php x l cht thi nn mi trng y v ang b nhim nghim trng. Do c th ca lng ngh ch bin nng sn nn tnh trng nhim in hnh v ng lo ngi nht l nhim ngun nc v rc thi rn. 3.1.1. Hin trng mi trng nc a. Hin trng cp nc Nhu cu s dng nc hin nay ti lng ngh l rt ln. Trung bnh mi nm ton b nhu cu s dng nc ca ton x ln ti gn 3 triu m 3, trong khong 70% cung cp cho cc hot ng sn xut CBNSTP. Trong khi , d st nhp vi H Ni song Dng Liu vn cha c ngun nc sch cho sinh hot v sn xut. Nhu cu s dng nc hng ngy cho ton b cc hot ng ch yu t cc ngun: Nc ma, nc ging khoan, nc t cc h cha ca x, nc ging khi. Theo cc nghin cu v kho st gn y cho thy ngun nc ti Dng Liu v ang b nhim kh nghim trng k c nc mt ln nc ngm. C nhiu ging khi lu nm trong lng gi y khng th s dng c na, thm ch cn bc mi kh chu. Vic x l ngun nc ti Dng Liu ch yu l qua cc b lc th, ch c khong 30 n 40 % nhu cu nc sinh hot l qua cc my lc nc, 100% nc cho sn xut c ly t cc ging khoan qua b lc v nc lc t cc h cha ca x. b. Hin trng thot nc

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Nhu cu s dng nc ln v km theo l mt lng nc thi cng khng nh ca lng ngh gy nhiu kh khn cho vic tiu thot ngun nc thi hng nm ca Dng Liu. Trung bnh mi nm, tng lng nc thi ln n hn 3,5 triu m3. Bng 3.1. Lng nc thi ca lng ngh Dng Liu nm 2008
Hot ng Sn xut Tinh bt sn Tinh bt dong Min, bn kh Mch nha xanh s ch Chn nui Sinhhot Tng Sn lng, s lng (tn, h) 131.000 - 133.000 70.000 20.000 10.500 10.000 5.000 500 h 2798 h Ncthi (Nghn m ) 1822 - 1861 910 820 47,25 1,3 54.7 310 2143
3

T trng (%) 87,3 94,1 42,2 41,1 1,3 0,1 1,5 13,9 100

Ngun: UBND x Dng Liu v kt qu phng vn Dng Liu hin c h thng cng rnh tiu thot nhng dng chung cho c nc thi sn xut v sinh hot, chn nui. Ton b lng nc thi khng qua x l, thi trc tip ra cng rnh, knh mng ri vo sng y, sng Nhu. Mc d c b tr kh hp l v mt v v tr nhng khng c tu b, no vt thng xuyn nn nhiu on knh tiu nc b lp y rc, gy tc trm trng. Cc cng thot nc quanh khu vc dn c, khu vc sn xut th nh, nng, khng c np y, khng sc cha nc thi vo ma v, nhng ngy nng nc, ma nc u bc mi hi thi, kh chu. Vo v sn xut chnh (thng 9 m lch n thng 3 nm sau), nc sn xut qu nhiu nn mt s xm c quy m sn xut ln nh xm ng, xm Mi, on Kt lng nc thi ln n hng trm m3/ngy m. Song, vi din tch nh, cc cng thot nc cng khng dung tch nn hin tng nc thi chy trn ra c ng i, ngp nga khp xm l iu ph bin. c. Thc trng cht lng mi trng nc. CBNSTP l ngnh sn xut c nhu cu nc rt ln, nhng nc thi ra cng khng t, do nc ch yu dng cng on ra, ngm, nguyn liu. Mt khc, nc thi t sn xut ch bin NSTP li giu cht hu c, gy nhim mi trng.

70

Nc thi cng chung ti cc lng ngh CBNSTP u vt qu TCVN 5945 1995 (ct B) t 5 32 ln [ng Kim Chi, 2005]. Hu ht nc thi c nng pH thp, th hin cht thi hu c b phn gii ym kh. Ti lng ngh Dng Liu, cc hot ng CBNSTP ch yu l ch bin tinh bt dong v sn, lm min, s ch xanh, vng, lc bc v, sn xut mch nha Nc thi ch yu t cc cng on nh ra, bc tch v nguyn liu; lc tch b, ngm , ra btnn c hm lng BOD, COD rt ln, c bit l nc thi t sn xut tinh bt dong c hm lng cht hu c cao (b dong c thi cng vi dng nc thi, khng c thu gom), sn xut tinh bt dong cng to ra mt lng nc thi ln nht so vi cc sn phm khc ca lng ngh ( sn xut 1 tn tinh bt dong thi ra 41 m3 nc). Ngoi ra, ngnh chn nui, ch yu l nui ln vi khong 33.000 con/nm, c nhng h nui ti hng trm con, mi ngy thi ra hng m3 nc t vic ra chung tri. Nc thi chn nui thng c hm lng coliform cao, tp trung nhiu cc xm ng Ph, Me To, Ha Hp, nh u, Hp Nht. Kt qu phn tch mt s mu nc ti lng ngh nm 2009 cho thy tt c cc ch tiu u vt qu TCCP, hm lng BOD, COD, SS v coliform u rt cao. Hm lng BOD v COD trong nc thi trc cc h sn xut tinh bt sn, dong, lc tinh bt vt qu TCCP t 60 n 113 ln; hm lng SS gp t 2 n 4 ln; N tng, P tng gp t 2 n 5 ln; c bit lng coliform vt qu TCCP t 50 n 100, n 180 ln. Trc tnh trng nc thi nhim nh trn li khng c h thng x l nc thi m trc tip ra cc cng rnh, mng mng ri ha vo sng Nhu, sng y lm cho h thng nc mt ca x v cc vng ln cn b suy thoi nghim trng v cht lng. Hm lng hu c qu cao dn n s phn hy ym kh trong cc thy vc, to ra cc cht nh H2S, NH3 tc ng n s sng ca cc loi thy sinh trong vng. ng thi nc thi nhim s ngm xung t, nh hng ti ngun nc ngm ca vng. Nhiu ging khi trong vng n nay nhim bn khng th s dng c, cc h phi chuyn sang dng nc ging khoan. Nhng ngy nng, nhit cao lm bc mi cc mng nc, gy mi hi thi

71

khp lng ngh. Lng vi khun trong nc rt d pht tn khp khng gian mi trng ca x, l nguyn nhn gy cc loi dch bnh, nht l vo ma ma. Bng 3.2. Cht lng mi trng nc ti mt s a im ca lng ngh
Chi tiu S hiu N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N7 N8 N9 TCVN5945: 2005 (ct B) pH 6,11 5,47 6,26 6,59 5,1 7,2 6,46 6,1 5,5-9 Nhit (0C) 26,2 32,4 27,5 27,7 26,1 28,9 26,1 32,3 40 SS (mg/l) 227 394 474 55 17 36 62 33 96 100 BOD5 (mg/l) 4213 5656 5506 3473 63 81,2 4108,2 81,5 108,3 50 COD (mg/l) 5013 8666 6406 5010 232 243 5270 263 278 80 Coliform tng (MPN/100ml) 170.103 22.103 900.103 8.103 13.103 170.103 500.103 130.103 300.103 5000 N tng (mg/l) 68,88 85,12 154,02 39,76 5,6 16,24 11,2 11,2 93,52 30 P tng (mg/l) 16,03 16,19 29,93 8,48 0,05 0,06 0,05 0,06 0,08 6

Ngun: Kt qu phn tch ti Vin Sinh thi Ti nguyn Sinh vt, 4/2009 Ch thch:
S hiu N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N7 N8 N9 ia im Knh tiu nc trc cng ty Mt tri xanh Cng nc thai tai h san xut tinh bt dong, xom oan Kt Cng nc thai ven cac h sn xut tinh bt dong, min xm ng Cng nc thai h san xut tinh bt sn, xom ng Phu Mng nc ti gia canh ng phia Ty Cng nc thai h chn nui, xom Hoa Hp Cng nc thai cac h san xut tb sn, banh keo, xom Mi Cng nc thai ven cac h xom Chang Ch Cng nc thai h san xut min, xom Gia 21 03' 41" B 21 03' 32,4" B 21 03' 31,6" B 21 03' 35,7" B 21 03' 27" B 21 03' 17" B 21 03' 25" B 21 03' 37" B 21 03' 36" B Toa 105 40' 41,3" 105 40' 36,7" 105 40' 35,2" 105 40' 0,5" 105 39' 30" 105 39' 11" 105 40' 3,6" 105 40' 21" 105 40' 29"

72

d. Tnh trng x l nc thi Vi nhu cu nc v lng nc thi ln nh Dng Liu, thm vo l c trng ca cc lng ngh hin nay: sn xut ch yu mang tnh t pht, nh l, vn t nn vic u t cc cng ngh cho mi trng hu nh cha c. Do , 100% nc thi c x trc tip ra mi trng t nhin m khng qua x l. Dng Liu l lng ngh CBNSTP, vi cc hot ng c lng nc thi ln nht l sn xut tinh bt dong, tinh bt sn, min, chn nui. Trung bnh mi ngy m ton x thi ra khong hn 6000 m3 nc, c tp trung v 2 cng Xiphong, chy ngm qua knh an Hoi vo xng x l cht thi ca cng ty Mt tri xanh m nhn, c thu gom lng b dong, nc sau x l s b chy theo ca ra v knh T2 u lng. Bn xm vng bi nc thi vo knh T5. X cha c h thng thot nc thi sinh hot v sn xut ring bit, lng nc x thi ln din tch cng th b v khng thng xuyn tu b nng cp, cc ng cng khng c np y rt nhiu. V th nc thi thng xuyn b tc nghn, bc mi nng nc, vo ma sn xut chnh cn b trn lan khp ng ngch. i ng khi thng cng rnh ca x hot ng khng thng xuyn v khng c nh k.ch khi c s c tc nghn gy ngp ng ng mi bt tay vo x l. Gn y c mt s cng trnh nghin cu nhm gii quyt vn nc thi ti lng ngh, in hnh l trm x l nc thi do cng ty Mt Tri Xanh m nhn - vn l cng ty c xy dng vi mc tiu l thu gom x l nc thi v thu gom b thi sn xut phn vi sinh trn a bn x. Tuy nhin, cng sut v hiu qu ca cng ty n nay u khng t c mc tiu nh ban u, ch thu gom v x l mt phn nh lng b thi t sn xut tinh bt dong ca lng ngh. 3.1.2. Hin trng nhim rc thi rn. a. Khi lng rc thi. Dng Liu, rc thi t sn xut cng ch yu lin quan n cc sn phm nng nghip, chim ti hn 90% l lng b sn, b dong v cc loi v. Ngoi ra cn ln cc thnh phn t, ct, v rc thi sinh hot. Trung bnh c khong gn 480 tn rc thi/ngy m th ring lng b sn v b dong chim ti 91% (435 tn).

73

Nm 2005, lng rc thi c tnh khong 312 tn/ngy m th nay cng vi khi lng tinh bt dong v sn tng ln 20% n 30% th lng rc thi cng tng ln gp 1.5 ln. Bng 3.3. Tnh hnh rc thi rn trung bnh mi ngy ti lng ngh (nm 2008)
Loi rc thi + Rc thi sinh hot + Rc thi chn nui + Rc thi CN TTCN - Sn xut sn t - Sn xut tinh bt dong - Sn xut khc + Rc thi TM - DV - Khu vc ch nng sn - Khu vc ch tiu dng Tng Lu lng S h tham gia (Kg/h) 2005 2008 1,5 2652 2798 12 900 500 1000 1500 30 100 kg/xe 2 200 50 500 100 xe/ngy 1000 300 90 830 150 xe/ngy 1200 5,0 2,0 311.7 7,5 2,4 480 Tng rc thi (tn/ngy) 2005 2008 3,9 4,2 10,8 6,0 200 75 15 300 135 24,9

Ngun: UBND x Dng Liu, 2008 Nh vy, trung bnh mi nm, lng rc thi ca lng ngh l rt ln vi tng khong 175.200 tn. Trong , khi lng rc thi ca sn xut chim ti 96 % lng rc thi ca ton x (460 tn), rc thi sinh hot ch c 0.9 %, cn li l rc thi t chn nui v thng mi, dch v v mt s hot ng khc b. Thnh phn rc thi. Trong thnh phn rc thi ni chung th c ti hn 60% l rc hu c, trong chim 34% l khi lng b dong b sn. y ch yu l thnh phn khng tn thu c cho sn xut phn bn v thc n chn nui nn c thi i. Bng 3.4. Thnh phn rc thi ti bi rc lng ngh Dng Liu Thnh phn Cc cht hu c, trong : Khi lng (g) 618 % theo khi lng 61,8

74

- Rau, hoa l, rm rc, xc sinh vt, cht thi chn nui... - B dong, sn Nha, cao su, da Giy Ti Xp Thy tinh Vt liu xy dng Kim loi Vi vn X than G Ha cht Khc Tng Ngun: Kt qu thc a, 2009 c. Hin trng thu gom v x l rc thi.

270 348 20 15 12 5 21 91 33 16 150 15 4 1000 g

27 34,8 2 1,5 1,2 0,5 2,1 9,1 3,3 1,6 15 1,5 0,4 100

Cc bi rc cng cng ca lng nm gia khu vc min bi, min ng c din tch khong 10.000 m2 ha v 4100 m2. Khong cch ca bi tp kt rc thi ti khu dn c gn nht l 200m, cn li cch t 1 n 2 km. Hng nm x c tin hnh t ct san lp cc bi cht thi, song hin nay hu ht cc bi thi u qu ti. [UBND x Dng Liu, 2008]. Vi tng lng rc thi trung bnh nm khong 175 nghn tn, trong c khong 159 nghn tn l b sn, khong 70 - 80 % b sn c tn thu bn cho cc c s sn xut phn vi sinh v thc n gia sc, phn cn li do cht lng km c cht ng ven ng i, ra bi rc cng cng, thm ch c th theo c dng thi ra cc knh mng chung ca x. Ring b thi t sn xut tinh bt dong vi khi lng khng nh (40 - 50 nghn tn/nm) c thi trc tip cng vi dng thi do gy nhim mi trng nghim trng hn, d b tc nghn cc knh mng nht l vo ma v chnh. i vi cc sn xut khc nh min, bn ph kh, mch nha, bnh ko, lc tinh bt, rc thi mt phn gia nh t thu gom, cn phn ln thi thng ra h thng cng rnh.

75

Khi lng rc thi sinh hot v thng mi, dch v chim khong 0.55% tng lng rc thi vi hn 5 nghn tn mi nm (trung bnh khong 14 tn/ngy). Lng rc thi sinh hot c chuyn phn ln ra bi rc chung ca lng ti khu vc min bi. Song, vic thu gom rc do t v sinh ca x tin hnh ch vi tn sut 2 3 ngy 1 ln, thm ch cn lu hn, cng c th do vic thu gom cha trit nn mt lng rc khng nh vn c thi ba bi ven ng i, ven khu vc ch Su Rc thi thng mi v dch v c cc h gia nh v ban qun l ch t thu gom v tp trung ch yu cc khu vc ch nng sn, ch hoa qu, ch tiu dng. Rc thi chn nui, mt phn c gia nh thu gom lm phn bn, cn li c x thng ra h thng cng rnh. Cht thi xy dng: Vi tc th ha nhanh nh hin nay ti x Dng Liu, cc cht thi t vt liu xy dng hin ti vn cha c gii php x l, gy nhim, mt v sinh mi trng. d. V vic x l rc thi: - X l b thi t ch bin nng sn: Mt trong nhng gii php i vi b thi ca lng ngh trc kia do cha lng ht c lng thi nn n nay gn nh khng c hiu qu. Vic x l b sn bng b Biogas theo a phng hin nay vn cha thc hin c, do thiu c s mt bng, li tn km v vn, m hiu qu h thu c khng cao nn ch c mt s b ca cc h chn nui, cn b sn ngi dn vn p kh v ch i bn, phn cn li thi ra mi trng ca x. Vic x l b dong do Cng ty Mt Tri Xanh m nhn theo k hoch l xy dng h thng cng rnh, tin hnh thu, vt b dong ngay ti ca cng n nay coi nh tht bi. Phn v lng b dong qu nhiu, phn v u t cng ngh ca cng ty khng c, hn na h thng cng rnh khng u t nng cp, qu nh so vi lng thi, phn v nhiu l do kinh t khc nn cng ty ny n nay hu nh khng x l c lng b dong trong nc thi. -X l rc thi ti bi rc:

76

i vi rc thi ti bi thi c thu gom bi Hp tc x Thnh Cng. Song, vic thu gom mi nm ch c vi ln, mi ln ch c mt xe rc i gom nhiu a phng nn vn chuyn cng khng trit . Bi rc hin nay hu ht qu ti, ng thi vic x l chm, tha tht nh trn gy nhim cho mi trng khu vc ln cn. Nht l cch ch vi chc mt li l bi phi sn phm ca cc h sn xut xm Mi (Tinh bt sn, min), s khng m bo v sinh an ton thc phm. 3.1.3. Hin trng mi trng kh. i vi khng kh ti cc lng ngh CBNSTP ni chung v ti lng ngh Dng Liu ni ring, ngun gy nhim in hnh nht l t cc cht hu c dng rn v cht hu c tn ng trong nc thi b phn hy ym kh to ra cc mi hi nng nc, kh chu. Cc cht kh nhim ch yu gm: H2S, CH4, NH3... Ngoi ra, cc lng ngh ny cng s dng mt lng khng nh cc nhin liu cht t (ch yu l than, ci) cho cc cng on un, nu cc sn phm (mch nha, trng min, bn) thi vo khng kh cc cht nh CO, CO2, SO2, NO2 Do kh thi c pht tn nn hu ht cc ch tiu ny ti cc lng ngh u thp hn tiu chun cho php, song vn c nh hng ti sc khe ca ngi dn trong khu vc v cc vng ln cn. nhim khng khi tai Dng Liu ang noi nht la vao thi vu san xut chinh (cui nm m lich), do tn sut qua lai cua cac phng tin giao thng qua nhiu, hang ngay co hang trm chuyn xe qua lai vn chuyn nguyn liu, san phm, hn na thi im nay lai la mua hanh kh nn nng bui thng tng cao. Bng 3.5: Cht lng mi trng khng kh ti lng ngh Dng Liu
Mu K1 K2 K3 K4 K5 a im nh u lng Xm Chng ch Chng Trng Xm on Kt Trc cng ty Mt Tri Xanh Knh T5 Bi (mg/m3) 0,12 1,6 1,34 1,3 0,76 CO (mg/m3) 1,22 4,02 3,11 2,4 2,7 NH3 (mg/m3) 1,2 0.2 0,7 1 0,6 H2S (mg/m3) 0,02 0,2 0,46 0,7 0,82 HCl (mg/m3) 0,5 0,35 0,33 0,79 Cl (mg/m3) 0,015 0,04 0,03 0,03 0,5

77

Ghi ch: Kt qu kho st ngy 15/4/2009 Ngoai ra, kt qua khao sat tai mt s c s san xut mach nha, nng CO2 va SO2 tng i cao (Vi du c s san xut mach nha gia inh anh chi Nguyn Vn Sinh tai xom Chang Ch, nng CO2 va SO2 la 9,01 mg/m3; 0,5 mg/m3). Trong cc khu dn c, do iu kin kn gi, cc h sn xut khp kn nn nhim kh thi do sn xut nha, bnh ko, min ch yu nh hng quy m h gia nh, t pht tn. i vi khu vc min ng (dc tuyn x l c knh tiu nc dn nc thi ra knh T2) v ven ng thn xm ven cc cng nc thi, khng kh b nhim mi mc cao, nht l vo cc ngy nng. Nng NH3 lun cao hn cc khu vc khc (0.6 1 mg/m3). 3.1.4. nh gi mc nhim mi trng ti lng ngh. c th a ra c nhng gii php sn xut gn vi ci thin, bo v mi trng lng ngh hng ti mc tiu pht trin bn vng th vic tm hiu, nh gi c hin trng sn xut, hin trng mi trng ti khu vc c mt ngha ht sc quan trng. N phn nh r mi tng quan gia cc yu t u vo v cc yu t u ra ca qu trnh sn xut. Vic phn chia cc mc nhim theo khng gian ca lng ngh l tng hp ca hai yu t trn. Do phm vi nghin cu l mt x nh nn hc vin la chn n v c s ch yu phn chia cc mc nhim l cc xm. Vic phn chia da theo cch tnh ch s cht lng mi trng (EQI). Cc tiu ch s dng nh gi gm: Tng lng nc thi; tng rc thi; T l cc h sn xut ngh; hm lng BOD, COD v Coliform trong mu nc thi. Cc tiu ch nh gi v cc mc nh hng c tng hp nh trong bng sau: Bng 3.6. Phn chia cc mc nh hng theo cc tiu ch nh gi nhim mi trng lng ngh Dng Liu
Cc mc nh Khng nh nh hng nh hng nh hng Trng

78

hng Cc tiu ch Lng nc thi (nghn m3/nm)

hng 0

t 0-1

trung bnh 1-2

ln 2-3

- Khng c cc - Trn 300 hot ng - T 0 100 - T 100 - 300 CBNSTP Lng rc thi - Khng c rc t - T 0 5 - T 5 15 - T 15 30 (nghn tn/nm) CBNSTP T l cc h - Khng c ngh - T 0 20 % s - T 20 - 40 % - T 20 - 60 % CBNSTP (%) CBNSTP h CBNSTP s h CBNSTP s h CBNSTP - Hm lng - Hm lng - Hm lng - Hm lng vt qu TCCP BOD khng vt qu vt qu TCCP vt qu TCCP t 100 150 TCCP t 0 50 ln t 50 100 ln ln - Hm lng - Hm lng - Hm lng - Hm lng vt qu TCCP COD khng vt qu vt qu TCCP vt qu TCCP t 100 150 TCCP t 0 50 ln t 50 100 ln ln - Hm lng - Hm lng - Hm lng - Hm lng vt qu TCCP Coliform khng vt qu vt qu TCCP vt qu TCCP t 100 150 TCCP t 0 50 ln t 50 100 ln ln

3 2 2 3

- Da trn kt qu kho st v nghin cu

Bng 3.7. Bng im nh gi mc nhim

Cc tiu ch nh gi TT Tn xm Nc thi 0.08 0.42 1.01 3.01 0.18 0.1 0.09 1.17 1.74 1.46 1.42 1.70 0.02 Rc thi 0.10 0.10 0.70 2.90 0.20 0.10 0.10 1.50 1.90 0.70 1.30 1.40 0.10 Hm T l cc lng h CBNS BOD 0.50 1.10 2.20 2.00 1.00 0.50 0.50 1.40 2.20 1.90 1.40 2.40 0.50 0.32 0.32 0.40 2.10 1.60 0.32 1.40 1.40 1.60 2.10 2.10 2.10 0.32 Hm lng COD 0.60 0.30 0.70 1.60 1.30 0.60 1.20 1.20 1.30 2.10 2.10 2.10 0.60 Hm lng coliform 0.50 0.50 1.20 2.80 2.00 0.50 0.03 0.03 2.00 0.10 0.10 0.1 0.50 Tng im 2.10 2.84 6.21 14.4 6.28 2.12 3.32 6.70 10.74 8.36 8.42 9.80 2.04

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Chng ch Chng Trng Gia ng Thng Nht Qu ng Ph Me To Mi Hp Nht on Kt nh u Cha ng

79

14

Ha Hp

0.04

0.10

0.20

0.32

0.60

0.70

1.96

Bng 3.8: Bng im nh gi mc nhim c nhn h s

Cc tiu ch nh gi TT Tn xm Nc thi
0.24 1.26 3.03 9.03 0.54 0.30 0.27 3.51 5.22 4.38 4.26 5.10 0.06 0.12

Rc thi 0.20 0.20 1.40 5.80 0.40 0.20 0.20 3.00 3.80 1.40 2.60 2.80 0.20 0.20

T l cc h CBNS 1.00 2.20 4.40 4.00 2.00 1.00 1.00 2.80 4.40 3.80 2.80 4.80 1.00 0.40

Hm lng BOD 0.96 0.96 1.20 6.30 4.80 0.96 4.20 4.20 4.80 6.30 6.30 6.30 0.96 0.96

Hm lng COD 1.80 0.90 2.10 4.80 3.90 1.80 3.60 3.60 3.90 6.30 6.30 6.30 1.80 1.80

Hm lng coliform 1.50 1.50 3.60 8.40 6.00 1.50 0.09 0.09 6.00 0.30 0.30 0.30 1.50 2.10

Tng im
5.70 7.22 15.73 38.33 17.64 5.76 9.36 17.20 28.12 22.48 22.56 25.60 5.52 5.58

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Chng ch Chng Trng Gia ng Thng Nht Qu ng Ph Me To Mi Hp Nht on Kt nh u Cha ng Ha Hp

Tng hp kt qu cc mc nhim trn ta c th phn chia c cc mc nhim mi trng ca khu vc nghin cu. Cc xm c s im ln s nhim nng nht v ngc li. Kt qu tng hp s im ta thy trong khu vc nghin cu, hu ht cc xm ca lng ngh u b nhim mi trng. Song, mc nhim khc nhau t nhim t n nhim nng. Cc xm c s im nh hn 12,5 thuc nhm mi trng b nhim nh; Cc xm c s im t 12,5 n 25,5 im thuc nhm c mi trng b nhim trung bnh v trn 25,5 im l cc xm c mi trng b nhim nng. Mc nhim mi trng nng tp trung cc xm c quy m sn xut ln, tp trung cc ngh pht thi nhiu nh tinh bt sn, tinh bt dong, min, ng thi din tch sn xut v qun c nh (xm ng, xm Mi, xm on Kt, Hp Nht). Cc khu vc min ng v min bi khng c c s sn xut no nn cha chu nh hng ca nhim. iu ny th hin qua cht lng ca mu nc v rc thi phn tch.

80

Tuy nhin, khu vc ny ti ven cc h sn xut cng b nh hng bi ngun nc thi n cht lng nc mt v nc ngm. Biu bin qua thc t kho st mt s ging khi khu vc ny qua phiu phng vn cho thy cht lng nc nhng nm gn y b suy gim. Ngoi ra cn nh hng do con knh dn nc thi chy qua, cc bi phi b sn, phi nguyn liu gy nhim mi khng kh.

3.1.5. nh hng cua s nhim mi trng n tnh trng sc khe ca c dn khu vc. lng ngh, ngun gy nhim nghim trng nht nc thi t sn xut tinh bt, min, x dong, b sn. Nc thi thng c hm lng BOD, COD v coliform rt cao (gp hng chc, hng trm ln TCCP). B sn thi ra sau sn xut c tn thu khong 70 80 %, cn li vng vi khp ni, theo c nc thi ra cc cng nc trong lng, bc mi chua nng nc. Lng b dong thi cng dng nc thng xuyn b ng, phn hy to ra mi rt kh chu. Hn na, quy trnh sn xut cn s dng cc cht ty ra vi liu lng khng ng quy nh theo nc thi ra mi trng lm nhim c ngun nc, mi trng suy thoi tc ng trc tip ti sc khe ca ngi dn.

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Hnh 3.1. Tnh hnh bnh tt trong dn c do c lin quan n cht lng mi trng (2007) Ngun: Phm Th Linh, 2007 Tnh trng nhim mi trng c nhng nh hng ngy cng r rt i vi ngi dn trong nhng nm gn y. Biu hin c th l: - Tui th trung bnh ca ngi dn trong x l 55 n 60 tui, y l mc tui th thp. Trong khi tui th ti cc x thun nng khc t 70t mc d thu nhp ca ngi dn thp hn nh x Yn S. - S ngi cht do b ung thu tng cao nm 2007 s ngi cht do mc ung th chim 20% tng s cht trn ton x. S ca t vong c tui di 50 tui cao, chim ti 25% - S ngi mc cc loi bnh c lin quan n mi trng cng ngy cng cao so vi khu vc. Mt s loi bnh ph bin thng gp c thng k nh sau: Bng 3.9. Mt s bnh ph bin ti lng ngh Dng Liu
S ngi mc bnh (ngi) tui mc bnh nhiu (tui) T l phn trm so vi tng s bnh nhn Ngh nghip ngi mc bnh

nh hng t

Loi bnh

82

Vim ph qun Tai mi hng: nght mi vim xoang,au hng Mt: m mt, mt , mt ht Bnh da Bnh ph khoa Lao Ung th,u bu Nghin ht

1.126

Tr em <10t Ngi 30-55t 30-65t 45-50 Phu n 25-55t 55-70t 40-55 18-35 ln

13.8% 29.4% 4.9% 30,6% 20.8% 0.03% 0.05% 0.04%

Tr nh v hc sinh tiu hc Ngi sn xut CBNS Sn xut CBNS Lm rung v chn nui Lm rung v sn xut Nng nghip v sn xut Nng nghip v sn xut Thanh nin i lm xa v

2384 346 2.487 1684 10 40 30

Ngun: Phm Th Linh, 2007 + c bit theo iu tra cc hiu thuc trn a bn x: Lng khch mua thuc u tr tiu chy rt ln chim 40% s thuc bn ra nht l vo ma h. Ngoi ra lng khch mua thuc iu tr cc bnh ngoi da cng ln, nht l cc thuc iu tr bnh nc n da, nhim trng da, ni chung l nhng bnh v da do tip xc vi nc b nhim. + iu tra tnh hnh sc khe b m tr em cho thy, s lng ph n b xy thai v suy dinh dng thai ca x kh cao, 70% tr nh b nhim giun. Tm li, s nhim mi trng v ang c nhng nh hng tiu cc i vi i sng hng ngy v ti sc khe ca cng ng lng ngh. V vy, nhng gii php kt hp ng b, kp thi ci thin, bo v mi trng lng ngh trong qu trnh pht trin l rt cn thit. iu ny cn c nhn thc su sc ngay t ni sn xut, ngi sn xut v ton th cng ng th mi duy tr lu bn gi tr sn xut, nng cao cht lng cuc sng. Hay ni cch khc, s pht trin ch c th l bn vng khi n cn i c c 3 mc tiu: kinh t, x hi v mi trng 3.2. Mt s gii php xut nhm bo v, ci thin mi trng lng ngh Dng Liu.

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3.2.1. nh hng pht trin lng ngh Dng Liu n nm 2015. Trong khong gn 10 nm qua, vi s ng gp ca ngnh CBNSTP, kinh t ca x Dng Liu c nhiu chuyn bin tch cc, biu hin trc ht l tng thu nhp hng nm khng ngng tng ln t 82,5 t ng nm 2003 ln 121 t ng nm 2008. Nng nghip dn gim t trng trong c cu kinh t t 23,3% nm 2003 xung cn 15,2% nm 2008. Xu hng tng dn t trng ca CN TTCN v TMDV, chim hn 84% c cu kinh t ca x. Cn c Ngh quyt i hi ng b ton x ln th XIX vi mc tiu pht trin bn vng lng ngh, nng cao t trng pht trin CN TTCN v thng mi dch v trong c cu kinh t, ton x xc nh mc phn u n nm 2010 t c cu kinh t: Nng nghip chim 15% Cng nghip, TTCN chim 55% Thng mi, dch v chim 30% Qua , c chnh sch khuyn khch chuyn dch c cu kinh t theo hng trn, m bo s pht trin vng lng ngh, c hiu qu vi tc tng trng kinh t bnh qun t t 7 n 8%/nm. Bnh qun thu nhp u ngi t t 8 n 10 triu ng/nm. ng thi lng ngh cng hng ti mc tiu y mnh pht trin, m rng th trng tiu th cc sn phm trong nhng nm ti. Theo i vi lnh vc sn xut CN, TTCN TM v DV s c nhng bc pht trin mnh, d kin nm 2015 t mc tng trng t 10 12%/nm, vi c cu d kin phn u t: Nng nghip chim 12% Cng nghip, TTCN chim 58% Thng mi, dch v chim 30% Mt trong nhng phng hng mi ca lng ngh l vic tin hnh quy hoch sn xut CBNSTP nhm nng cao hiu qu kinh t v bo v mi trng cng nh bo m hn vn an ton thc phm. Hin nay 2 d n quy hoch khu sn xut tp trung min ng vi tng din tch 12 ha, v d n quy hoch ti min bi c din tch hn 40ha ang c trnh ln cp trn v ang trong qu

84

trnh ph duyt. 3.2.2. D tnh lng thi ti lng ngh n nm 2015. Xu hng pht trin ca lng ngh: Theo nh k hoch ra ca x Dng Liu, phn u trong nhng nm ti s duy tr mc tng trng bnh qun hng nm ca ngnh CBNSTP khong 8 9 %. Vi mc tng , mi nm khi lng sn phm ca ngnh s tng khong 10 n 11 tn. Nh vy nu tc tng trng gi nguyn c mc th n nm 2015, lng ngh s t tng sn phm khong gn 145 n 150 nghn tn cc loi (tinh bt, min, bn, bnh ko, mch nha, vng lc, xanh s ch). Trong xu hng pht trin hin ti ca lng ngh hin nay cho thy rng, nhiu h m rng v chuyn sang sn xut tinh bt sn v min,bn kh. Hai lnh vc ny c tc tng trng kh nhanh (t khong 5 n 6%/nm), c bit t nm 2008 cho n nay. D kin nhng nm ti s tip tc tng khong 7 8%/nm. Tuy nhin, nhng nm gn y, sn xut xanh, vng lc cng tng chm, mt s nm sn lng gim ng k. Vic sn xut bnh ko tp trung ti 70% ti cc cng ty TNHH a phng. Do nhu cu ca th trng tng mnh nn sn xut bnh ko c tc tng trng rt nhanh. Cc h sn xut nh l ch yu sn xut mch nha hoc s ch nguyn liu (khoai lang, khoai ty, lc,). Vi tc tng trng ca sn xut CBNS nh d tnh (trung bnh t 7,7%/nm) th khi lng thi n nm 2015 cng tng kh nhanh. C th d c tnh khi lng thi ca lng ngh Dng Liu da theo cng thc sau:

M NTSX( 2015 ) =
M NTSX ( 2008 2015 ) =
n

M NTSX( 2008 () 1 ) +i
n
t = 2008

M NTSX ( 2008 2015 ) = M NTSX ( 2008 ) [1 (1 + i ) ]

[1 (1 + i ) ]
n

MNTSX(2015) : Khi lng nc thi CBNSTP nm 2015 MNTSX(2008 2008 2015 MRTSX(2015) : Khi lng rc thi rn CBNSTP nm 2015
- 2015)

: Tng khi lng nc thi CBNSTP trong giai on

85

MRTSX(2008

- 2015)

: Tng khi lng rc thi rn CBNSTP trong giai

on 2008 2015. i : Tc pht trin ngh CBNSTP trung bnh giai on 2008 2015 (7,7%) n : S nm d bo (7 nm)
2015

M RTSX ( 2008 ) =

t =2008

M RTSX ( 2008 )

= M RTSX ( 2008 )

[1 (1 + i ) ]
n

[1 (1 + i ) ]

M RTSX ( 2008 2015 ) =

2015

t =2008

M RTSX ( 2008 2015 ) = M RTSX ( 2008 )

[1 (1 + i ) ]
n

[1 (1 + i ) ]

Bng 3.10. Kt qu d tnh ti lng thi ca lng ngh n nm 2015

Nm Tng nc thi sn xut CBNS (Nghn m3) Tng rc thi sn xut CBNS (Nghn tn)

2015 2008 - 2015

3126,48 27.513,1

278,89 1.478,6

V khi lng thi t sinh hot: Vi tc tng dn s trung bnh giai on 2005 n 2008 l 0,6%/nm, d tnh trong nhng nm ti tc tng dn s ca Dng Liu vn n nh mc trn [Theo bo co dn s x 2008]. C th d tnh dn s a phng n nm 2015 theo cng thc:
pt = p0 e rt

r=

ln P0t t

P2015 = P2008 x e0,006x7 = 12.015 x e0,006x7 = 12.581 Khi lng nc thi v rc thi sinh hot d tnh: - Rc thi sinh hot: 0,55 x 12.581 = 6915 kg/ngy = 2,518 tn/nm.

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- Nc thi sinh hot = 0.13 x 12.581 = 1635,5 m3/ngy = 597.000 m3/nm. Cn da vo hin trng sn xut, hin trng mi trng v d tnh ti lng cht thi c bn c nhng gii php gim thiu nhim cng nh nhng cch thc thu gom v x l cht thi hp l, mang li hiu qu kinh t v bo v mi trng. 3.2.3. xut mt s gii php gim thiu nhim Hng gii quyt chung i vi thc trng mi trng ca lng ngh Dng Liu : - i vi rc thi: + X Dng Liu cn nng cao nng lc hot ng ca t VSMT, tin hnh thu gom rc thi thng xuyn hn, trit hn trnh tnh trng rc thi, b thi cht ng ven ng i, khu vc ch Su Cn quy hoch cc im thu gom rc thi c nh trong cc khu dn c, tu sa bi rc ni min bi, trnh ti mc ti thiu nhng nh hng ti mi trng xung quanh. ng thi tuyn truyn, vn ng nhn dn tch cc nng cao thc thu gom v rc ng ni quy nh. + Huyn Hoi c cn c nhng xem xt, tnh ton ton b lng thi hng nm ca cc x, t c nhng nh hng quy hoch cc khu chn lp rc thi cho ph hp. Ba x Dng Liu, Ct Qu, Minh Khai l nhng x c hot ng CBNS nhiu nht nn c chung mt bi chn lp rc thi. Phn rc phn loi c th s dng c s c chuyn n cc nh my rc ti s dng. - i vi nc thi: Cn sm c k hoch quy hoch v tu b h thng cng, knh mng dn nc thi, xy dng mt khu vc tp kt v x l nc thi (trong khu quy hoch sn xut tp trung) cho c lng ngh sao cho ph hp, cn lu ti ti lng thi hin ti v lu di. Cc h sn xut phn tn cng cn u t k thut x l nc thi s b. Di y l cc gii php c th: a. Gii php quy hoch khng gian lng ngh gn vi bo v mi trng. *Khi nim v quy hoch v quy hoch bo v mi trng:

87

Quy hoch: Hin nay, c kh nhiu cc khi nim v quy hoch, song nhn chung u phn nh bn cht ca qu trnh ny l: l cng c c tnh cht chin lc trong pht trin, c coi l phng php thch hp tin ti tng lai theo mt phng hng, mc tiu do ta vch ra. ng thi, l tt c nhng cng vic hoc kh nng kim sot tng lai bng cc hot ng hin ti nh vo s ng dng cc kin thc v quan h nhn qu (..). K thut c bn ca n l cc bo co vit, km theo l d bo thng k, trnh by ton hc, nh gi nh lng v s (bn ) m t nhng mi lin h gia cc phn t khc nhau ca bn quy hoch [V Quyt Thng, 2007]. Quy hoch bo v mi trng c th c hiu l vic xc lp cc mc tiu mi trng mong mun; xut v la chn phng n, gii php bo v, ci thin v pht trin mt/nhng mi trng thnh phn hay ti nguyn ca mi trng nhm tng cng mt cch tt nht nng lc, cht lng ca chng theo mc tiu ra [V Quyt Thng, 2007]. T c th hiu khi nim quy hoch khng gian lng ngh gn vi bo v mi trng v c bn l vic: Quy hoch, sp xp, b tr khng gian sn xut cho lng ngh da trn hin trng v sn xut, iu kin t nhin cng nh kinh t x hi ca lng ngh v d bo xu hng bin i c th pht huy tt nng lc ca lng ngh, va m bo pht trin kinh t va bo v, ci thin cht lng mi trng v phc li x hi, hay ni cch khc m bo pht trin bn vng. la chn c mt phng n quy hoch tt nht th khng ch c mt nh gi chnh xc v hin trng pht trin v hin trng mi trng ca lng ngh, m cn xc nh c nhng mi xung t c bn gia cc mc tiu kinh t, mi trng, x hi v cc mi quan h nhn qu din ra trong mi trng sng ca cng ng lng ngh. * Hin trng quy hoch lng ngh ti Dng Liu i vi lng ngh Dng Liu: T nhng nm bt u i vo hot ng cho n nay, hnh thc t chc sn xut ch yu ca lng ngh l sn xut theo cc h gia nh, vi c s sn xut gn nh 100% l gn vi khu nh , sinh hot vi din tch s

88

dng cho tt c cc mc ch (, sinh hot, sn xut) ch khong 110 140 m 2/h. Mt hai nm tr li y, mt s h gia nh c iu kin m cc xng sn xut ring vi din tch khong 40 50 m2, tch khi khu nh , nhng s ny khng nhiu. Hin nay x ang c hai d n quy hoch khu sn xut tp trung thuc min ng (12 ha) v min bi (40 ha) ang trong qu trnh xt duyt. Cc h sn xut cng rt hng ng k hoch trn v mong mun c a vo khu sn xut tp trung. *Ch trng ca d n: Theo kt qu phng vn cho thy: D n quy hoch sn khu sn xut tp trung di ch trng ca x, sau khi c u thu th ch u t s nghin cu v c s h tng. Theo a phng th d n quy hoch khng gian sn xut ti lng ngh nhn chung ch tp trung vo cc ni dung v c s sn xut m t ch trng n cc yu t mi trng do qu t hn ch. V cc i tng a vo khu tp trung, sau khi xy dng xong c s vt cht, nhng h c nhu cu vo khu sn xut s np n ln x, qu trnh xt duyt s c cn nhc trn nhiu yu t v la chn cc h vo khu sn xut tp trung. Song, ch trng l ch c th a c vi trm h vo khu sn xut vi din tch khong 360 m2/h. * xut gii php quy hoch khng gian sn xut: Mc tiu ca vic quy hoch khng gian sn xut l di chuyn c cc c s sn xut c quy m ln, cc ngh CBNS c mc gy nhim cao i vi mi trng lng ngh t khu c tr ca dn c ra khu sn xut tp trung, va to iu kin sn xut c hiu qu, va bo v, ci thin mi trng. Khi qut thc trng sn xut ti lng ngh hin nay: Trong s cc ngh CBNS ca Dng Liu hin nay th chim t trng ln nht l ch bin tinh bt sn, dong, sn xut min, bn kh, mch nha. V y cng l cc ngh v ang ng gp mc thi ln nht, gy nhim mi trng nghim trng trn a bn x. Bng 3.11. C cu sn lng v cht thi ca cc ngh sn xut chnh lng ngh Dng Liu
Nm 2008

89

Cc sn phm ch yu Tinh bt sn Tinh bt dong xanh bc v Min dong Mch nha Tng

Sn lng (tn) 70,000 20,000 5,000 10,500 10,000 103,000

S h sn xut (h) 440 91 21 121 64 737

% Sn lng 60.6 17.3 4.3 9.1 8.7 100

% NTSX 54.6 44 1.39 0.04 100

% RTSX 70.5 23.8 0.9 4.8 100

Ngun: UBND x Dng Liu v kt qu phng vn Da trn thc t, c th xc nh nhng i tng ch yu cn u tin a vo khu sn xut tp trung trc, cn li cc i tng khc s iu chnh cho ph hp vi hnh thc sn xut phn tn da trn c s quy hoch li khng gian v c s h tng. ph hp vi xu hng pht trin nh hin nay ca lng ngh, khu sn xut tp trung c th c xy dng trn c s sau: Bng3.12. M hnh quy hoch khu sn xut tp trung cho lng ngh Dng Liu
Quy hoch tp trung Stt 1 D kin s h Sn xut tinh bt: 150 Nc thi, cht x, b thi nhiu Ngh, c im Quy m - H sn xut c mc tiu th 1 tn nguyn liu/ngy - Cng on lc tinh bt -H sn xut c mc tiu th 0.5 tn nguyn liu/ngy Lu -Ring i vi sn xut tinh bt dong cn c h thng lc b s b -Cng on lm bt th vi mc tiu th 0.5 tn nguyn liu/ngy -Cng on ng gi sn phm Quy hoch phn tn

Sn xut min, bn 100 kh: Nc thi kh nhiu, cn nhiu din tch Sn xut mch nha: 50 Rc thi trung bnh, cn nhit lng nhiu, nhim khng kh

-H sn xut c mc -Nghin cu -H sn xut c quy tiu th 0.5 tn thay th m < 0.5 tn nguyn nguyn liu/ngy nguyn liu liu/ngy. cht t gim thiu nhim

90

S ch xanh: B thi t nhim, cng ngh tng i n gin. Sn xut bnh ko: Ch yu tp trung cc cng ty Nhng vn chung

-H sn xut c mc tiu th 1 tn nguyn liu/ngy - Cc cng ty c mc sn xut 0.5 tn/ngy - Xy dng h thng x l nc thi cho khu sn xut - Qun l cht thi rn - C h thng cung cp in nc ca khu quy hoch - C b phn chuyn trch v vn moi trng ca khu sn xut -H sn xut c mc sn xut < 0.5 tn sn phm/ngy - Nhng c s c nng sut thp - Nh ca v khu vc sn xut phi b tr hp l, trnh nh hng ti sc khe. - X l cc b ti cc h sn xut. - Nng cp h thng thot nc ca lng, m bo thng thot c khi ma ma v v sn xut chnh.

- Cn thng xuyn kim nh cht lng cc sn phm nhm m bo v sinh an ton thc phm cho ngi tiu dng, hng ti pht trin bn vng.

Ngun:- Kt qu nghin cu -V tr ca khu sn xut tp trung cLngla chn vNam v mi trng trn Tham Kho ng Kim Chi, 2005, th ngh Vit tr thuc min ng, khu vc cng ty Mt tri xanh hin nay, vi din tch khong 12 ha. Khi tin hnh xy dng d n quy hoch cn quan tm n mt s vn nh: iu kin thc t ca a phng, nguyn vng ca ngi sn xut, v nhng yu cu cn p ng (v mt bng, khng gian sn xut, vn mi trng, vn th trng v thng hiu sn phm, vn v sinh an ton thc phm) b. Gii php qun l v phi hp s tham gia ca cng ng: * Nng cao nng lc qun l mi trng Trc tin cn nng cao nng lc ca i ng qun l mi trng cho a phng. Nhanh chng thit lp c mt h thng qun l mi trng ca x mang tnh chuyn trch thay cho kim nghim nh hin nay. Cc c quan, ban ngnh cng cn phi hp cht ch vi nhau trong qu trnh hot ng hi ha gia cc mc tiu kinh t, x hi v mi trng. Thc trng thu v chi ph mi trng ca lng ngh hin nay c nhiu bt cp: - Ch thc hin c v c bn vic thu qu VSMT 8000 ng/khu/nm.

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- Vic thu ph mi trng i vi cc h sn xut da trn ch o ca UBND thnh ph H Ni: Thu t 50.000 1.000.000/h/nm ty theo ngnh ngh v theo thng sn xut. Theo , x thu cc h sn xut tinh bt 3 thng cui nm (200.000 500.000/h), cc ngh sn xut khc ng c nm vi mc 50.000 200.000/nm. Tuy nhin, vic thu ph gp rt nhiu kh khn do thc ca ngi sn xut cn hn ch v cha c nhng ch ti c th, ch c khong hn 20% s h sn xut tham gia ng ph. Vi tng mc thu hng nm ch t t 200 300 triu ng. - Do , vic chi cho cng tc VSMT cng hn ch di hnh thc chi tr gi gn cho t VSMT vi mc 250 triu ng/nm/15 ngi. Vi mc thu ph mi trng nh hin nay cha p ng yu cu chi ph cho cng tc mi trng ca x. Bi vy kin ngh x tng mc thu ph v sinh mi trng i vi cc hot ng sn xut v sinh hot. Bnh qun qu VSMT c th thu theo quy ch 2008 ca x vi mc 8000 ng/khu/nm. Ph v sinh mi trng s thu theo hai thi im: thi k sn xut cao im v thi k sn xut thng.

Bng 3.13. nh hng mc thu ph mi trng i vi cc ngh CBNSTP Dng Liu

Thi k sn xut bnh thng (T 1 T8) ng/h/thng 50.000 100.000 Thi k cao im (T9 T12) ng/h/3thng 500.000 300.000 Tng tin (triung /nm) 513 105,45

Ngnh ngh Sn xut tinh bt Sn xut min, bn, mch nha,

S h 540 185

Trung bnh (ng/h/nm) 950.000 570.000

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Bnh ko, 80 120.000 9,6 thc phm 10.000 30.000 khc S ch 15 60.000 0,9 xanh, vng 5.000 15.000 lc Qu VSMT 12015 96 8000 ng/khu/nm khu Tng tin 724,95 c tnh Lu : Sau khi quy hoch li khng gian sn xut, vic qun l sn xut v cht thi c th hn th c th tnh ph VSMT i vi cc c s theo lng cht thi.

- xut theo kt qu nghin cu, kho st

S qu ny so vi tng thu nhp t CBNSTP chim khong 1,5%. Vi thc trng mi trng ca Dng Liu nh hin nay, ngoi vic thu c khon qu cho cng tc ci thin mi trng th vic s dng ngun qu nh th no cho hiu qu l iu m lnh o x cng nh ngi sn xut ang rt quan tm. C th a ra kin ngh nh hng vic s dng qu nh sau: - Chi cho t VSMT: Khong 270 triu ng/nm/15 ngi: Nhim v thu gom rc thi, khi thng cng rnh thng xuyn. - B phn qun l mi trng: Khong 50 triu ng/nm/3- 5 ngi: Chu trch nhim v vn mi trng ca lng ngh, qun l hot ng ca t VSMT, ln cc k hoch, chng trnh ci thin mi trng gn vi s tham gia ca cng ng. - Tu sa knh mng, bi rc, bng cha nc thi: 200 triu/nm. Ch trng, k hoch do lnh o x v b phn qun l mi trng chu trch nhim, cc ban ngnh khc cng nhn dn s phi hp hot ng. - u t cc thit b cho thu gom cht thi, cho cng tc VSMT: 20 - 30 triu ng/nm.

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- Chi ph cho cng tc gio dc mi trng cho cng ng: 50 triu ng/nm - Thng cho cc h c nhng bin php hiu qu trong vic gim lng thi, tn thu ph phm, pht huy hiu qu sn xut: Theo bnh xt ca b phn qun l v ca cng ng lng ngh: 50 triu ng/20 h/nm. - Cn li tp hp vo qu VSMT chi cho cc khon pht sinh, hoc c th cho mt s h sn xut vay theo ch u i ca lng ngh vi mc ch hp l (nh u t cng ngh x l cht thi, cng ngh trng nm bng b tinh bt,). Bn cnh , cc cp ngnh c lin quan cn nghin cu ra nhng ch ti cht ch hn trong vic thc thi quy ch VSMT, i vi nhng trng hp c tnh khng np ph theo quy nh th phi dng nhng bin php x l theo ng php lut (c th ngng cung cp in hoc x pht hnh chnh... ty theo mc vi phm). * Cn nng cao vai tr v tch cc phi hp s tham gia ca cng ng trong vn bo v mi trng lng ngh: Cng ng lng ngh l nhng ngi trc tip tham gia sn xut, cng l tc nhn c bn nht gy nhim mi trng, ng thi li l nhng ngi phi gnh chu trc tip hu qu ca vic nhim. Do , cng ng c vai tr quan trng v quyt nh i vi vn nng cao nng lc sn xut v bo v mi trng. C th ni y ang tn ti mt mu thun: l gia nhn thc v hin trng mi trng v hnh ng nhm bo v mi trng ca cng ng. Cch thc thc hin gii php: + Cn nng cao nhn thc ca ngi dn: Qua kho st thy rng, ngi dn nhn bit c mi trng ang nhim, song li cha thc c y nhng hu qu ca n nn cha c nhng hnh ng gim thiu nhim, bo v mi trng. V vy, cn tch cc gio dc mi trng cho cng ng vi ni dung chnh:

94

Mi trng l ni chng ta sng v lao ng hng ngy, nu mi trng b nhim s thu hp khng gian sng ca con ngi; l nguyn nhn ly nhim cc loi bnh tt, gim tui th ca ngi gi, thm ch c th gy t bin gen, dn n nguy c tn tt bm sinh cho tr s sinh nu mi trng b nhim cc cht c hi + Ln k hoch v lng ghp thc hin cc hot ng bo v mi trng cho cng ng lng ngh, vi cc ni dung chnh gm: - Gi gn v sinh sch s ni , ni sn xut cng nh ng lng, ng xm. - Thu gom rc ng ni quy nh ca a phng, khng vt rc ba bi ra cc ni cng cng. - Vn ng ngi dn tham gia cc chng trnh s dng nc sch v v sinh mi trng nng thn (no vt, khi thng knh mng, cng rnh; dn v sinh ng ph nh k;) - Trong qu trnh sn xut, c k hoch tn thu cc sn phm ph ti sn xut, va tng thu nhp, va gim ngun thi. - Ngi sn xut cn nng cao thc tn trng vn v sinh an ton thc phm, ch ti vic sn xut sch hn, va nng cao uy tn, cht lng sn phm, va bo v mi trng. Nh vy l t bo v cho sc khe ca mnh, cng ng lng ngh cng nh ngi tiu dng sn phm + Vic gio dc mi trng cho ngi dn c th tin hnh a dng di mi hnh thc: - Tuyn truyn qua chng trnh pht thanh ca x, qua cc cuc thi tm hiu v sn xut v mi trng; c th lng ghp vi cc dp l hi (trung thu, tt nguyn n); v nn kt hp gio dc cho hc sinh ngay ti trng hc cc cp ca x qua cc bui hc ngoi kha, cc cuc thi vit, thi thuyt trnh; + i ng i u trong chng trnh gio dc ny chnh l i ng qun l mi trng, i ng thanh thiu nin ca x, v phi hp vi tt c cc ban ngnh khc. (Hi ph n, cu chin binh, hp tc x, hi ngi cao tui).

95

Mun c c s tham gia hiu qu ca cng ng th mt trong nhng iu quan trng l cn thu hiu c nhng tm t, nguyn vng, nhng tn ti trong nhn thc ca cng ng cng nh nhng bc xc ca h c c k hoch hot ng ph hp. Mun vy, hng nm nn b phn chuyn trch tin hnh kho st, iu tra ly kin trong nhn dn v nhng iu lm c v cha lm c v vic ci thin, bo v mi trng gn vi sn xut. Qua thc t, mi nm cn tin hnh tng kt li ton b cc chng trnh hot ng v c chnh sch khen thng, k lut i vi nhng n v, c nhn c thnh tch hoc vi phm quy ch, ng thi c nhng bi hc kinh nghim nghim tc cho nm sau. Nhng ngi chu trch nhim nu hon thnh tt hoc khng hon thnh nhim v ty theo mc cng nn c hnh thc x l ph hp nng cao tinh thn trch nhim. c. Mt s gii php khc: * Chuyn i c cu ngnh ngh: Xt v iu kin thc t ca a phng: Vi quy m v tc sn xut nh hin nay, lng ngh s dng mt khi lng nguyn liu ln (gn 250.000 tn), trong ln nht l khi lng sn c v dong c (chim 83% tng s nguyn liu). Song, trong tng s hn 200.000 tn sn c v dong c a phng ch ng gp mt lng c dong rt nh (trng ti khu vc min bi) cn li l c nhp t cc vng khc v. Hng nm, khi lng thi ca lng ngh l rt ln, trong nc thi v b thi t sn xut tinh bt cng chim 70% - 80%. Hin nay, trong cc h sn xut cha lng ghp cc h thng x l thi, a s nc thi v b thi c thi ra mi trng (tr phn b sn c tn thu khong 70 80%). Trong d kin quy hoch khu sn xut tp trung, do hn ch v din tch nn rt kh c th thit k mt h thng x l cht thi vi quy m ln. Nh vy, xt trong iu kin thc t ca a phng i vi ngh sn xut tinh bt: nguyn liu phi nhp, thiu t quy hoch sn xut bn

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vng cho hn 400 h lm tinh bt, u t c s h tng cng tn km. Hn na, lng ngh li c nhiu th mnh v sn xut min, s ch xanh, lm bnh ko, li c u th v th trng tiu th Bi vy c th theo mt xu hng mi l m rng sn xut min, bn kh cht lng cao; s ch xanh, vng, lc, thc phm ng gi Cn ngh sn xut tinh bt s thu hp quy m, ch duy tr khong 100 150 h sn xut vi quy m ln s a vo khu quy hoch tp trung, nhm m bo mt phn nguyn liu tinh bt cho cc ngh sn xut khc trong vng m vn duy tr ti lng thi trong phm vi c th x l c ca a phng. Lng tinh bt cn li s c nhp t cc vng khc v (Cc vng nh Ha Bnh, Tuyn Quang, Cao Bng l nhng vng c nguyn liu di do, li c din tch t rng ri, hin nay cng ang c xu hng sn xut cc mt hng ny vi quy m ln). Nh vy, cn c nhng kho st k v iu kin thc t, nhu cu cng nh th mnh v th trng ca lng ngh cn i, iu chnh qu trnh sn xut cho ph hp, m bo s pht trin bn vng. * Cc gii php k thut: Cn nghin cu nhng nt c th v sn phm, ngun thi trong iu kin t nhin, kinh t x hi ca lng ngh tm ra nhng gii php k thut h tr hiu qu cho qu trnh sn xut gn vi pht trin bn vng. + Gii php sn xut sch hn i vi lng ngh CBNS nh Dng Liu, cc sn phm khng ch cn c cht lng tt m cn phi m bo v vn v sinh, an ton thc phm. Sn xut sch hn i vi lng ngh ny gm mt s ni dung ch yu nh: - Ci tin, i mi, bo dng thit b nh k (my ra nguyn liu, my sn xut tinh bt lin hon, ng h o in): Tit kim in nc, thu hi v nguyn liu dng kh, nng cao hiu xut nguyn liu, gim lng thi, gim ting n

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- Tn thu li b thi (b sn, b dong): C th tc s dng lm thc n chn nui, lm nguyn liu b biogas, lm phn bn, trng nm i vi Dng Liu, c th pht huy tt hai mc ch l lm nguyn liu ch bin thc n chn nui hoc trng nm do c th trng tiu th ln (cung cp cho ni thnh H Ni). Nh vy c th gp phn a dng ha c cu nng nghip. - Tun hon, ti s dng li nc lc tinh bt cho khu ra c: Gip tit kim nc, gim lng nc thi phi x l, tit kim in. + Gii php s dng cng ngh x l cht thi: - Nc thi: i vi Dng Liu, nc thi l nguyn nhn chnh gy nhim mi trng. Bao gm nc thi sn xut, nc thi sinh hot, nc thi chn nui. - X l nc thi chn nui: i vi nc thi chn nui, bin php hiu qu nht l nn s dng b biogas. X cn ng vin cc h ny thit k b biogas qua vic phn tch chi ph, li ch ca gii php ny v hin nay mi ch c mt vi h lm b vi l do tn km, khng c din tch xy c nh. Cc xm chn nui nhiu l Ha Hp, Hp Nht, nh u. Ring Ha Hp do c din tch ln hn cc xm khc nn vic xy b ch c kh khn v vn. Nhng h c din tch nh Hp Nht v nh u c th s dng ti kh bng cht do: va r, d vn hnh, thi cng n gin, tn din tch hn. - X l nc thi sn xut: Ti khu quy hoch sn xut tp trung s xy mt h gas chung c cng sut tng ng vi lng nc thi d bo. Trong ton b lng ngh, s u t ci to, nng cp li h thng cng rnh thot nc. Nc thi t cc h sn xut phn tn s theo mng dn nc thi chung ca lng ngh vo h gas chung.

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Cn ti cc h sn xut, ty theo c th ca mi ngh s c nhng bc x l s b: trc ht vi nhng h sn xut tinh bt, nha vi quy m va s bt buc phi xy mt h gas gia nh nhm tch cc tp cht th.

H sn xut s 1

H sn xut s 2

H sn xut s 3

Nc thi sn Xut

Nc thi sn Xut

Nc thi sn Xut

H gas G tch cc tp cht th

H gas G tch cc tp cht th

H gas G tch cc tp cht th

Cng rnh chung

H gas chung

X l nc thi bng phng php sinh hc

Nc thi sau x l

Bn thi

Phn hu c sinh hc

Hnh 3.2. M hnh x l nc thi cho lng ngh CBNSTP [Ngun: ng Kim Chi, 2005] + Mt s chnh sch ca Nh nc cng nh cc cp ngnh c lin quan:

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- Cho ngi dn vay vn u t cng ngh nhm nng cao nng sut v gim thiu cht thi cng nh s dng vn u t cc thit b x l cht thi s b. - C nhng chnh sch h tr ngi sn xut trong vic qung b, to thng hiu sn phm trn th trng. - C nhng b phn chuyn trch v kim nh cht lng sn phm cng nh kim nh ngun thi c nhng cn c cho vic thc hin cc chnh sch thng pht i vi nhng h c thnh tch tt hoc vi phm. ng thi l c s gip cho cc c quan nh nc trong vic thc hin cc ch ti ca Lut bo v mi trng. - Nh nc v cc cp c thm quyn cn nghin cu, su st thc t ngy cng hon thin hn b Lut BVMT v b my qun l mi trng t tt c cc cp. Cc hnh thc x pht i vi cc hnh vi vi phm cng cn c tht cht, nghim minh hn, c tnh cht rn e trit hn. - Ngay ti a phng, cc c quan, cc ban - hi cng cn c nhng ngi nhit huyt hn, trch nhim hn i vi cng tc bo v mi trng ca chnh lng ngh thng qua cc chng trnh hot ng c th, thng xuyn, v hn ai ht h hiu tng tn cc hot ng din ra hng ngy ti lng ngh v nhng g cn tn ng. Hot ng mun c hiu qu th phi tin hnh ng b v c s phi hp cht ch vi cc ngnh, cc cp, v hn na l phi kin tr, bn b th mi pht huy c tc dng.

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KT LUN Sau qu trnh nghin cu v lng ngh Dng Liu, hc vin c th a ra mt s kt lun sau: 1. Dng Liu l mt lng ngh ch bin nng sn thc phm in hnh ca vng ng bng sng Hng, vi tng sn phm hng nm t t 90 n 130 nghn tn, ng gp hn 50 t ng (hn 50%) trong c cu GDP ca x, gii quyt vic lm cho gn 4000 lao ng ca a phng v c cc vng khc. Trong , sn xut tinh bt sn, tinh bt dong v min dong l nhng ngh c truyn thng lu nm, c t trng cao trong c cu sn phm (tinh bt sn: 52%; tinh bt dong: 15%; min, bn kh: 8%). Hng nm lng ngh tiu th ht hn 300.000 tn nguyn liu (khong 155 nghn tn sn c; 60 nghn tn dong c; 140 nghn tn bt sn, dong, bt m;). a s nguyn liu sn xut tinh bt (sn c, dong c) c nhp t cc vng Sn La, Ha Bnh, Cao Bng, Tuyn Quang. Nhu cu bt sn, bt dong, bt go phc v cho sn xut c p ng phn ln t chnh lng ngh v mt phn nhp t cc vng khc 2. Do quy m sn xut ln, c xu hng tng ln kh nhanh, nn lng thi ca lng ngh cng ngy cng nhiu. Nm 2008, lng ngh to ra 1,8 triu m3 nc thi; khong 167 nghn tn b thi, rc thi, (trung bnh khong 435 tn b thi v hn 6000 m3 nc thi/ngy m). Hn na, vi hnh thc sn xut chnh l theo quy m h gia nh nh l, phn tn, thiu mt bng sn xut, phi sn phm; khng c u t cho cng ngh x l nc thi v b thi nn ton b lng nc thi sn xut v sinh hot c chung v knh tiu ca vng ri thi ra sng Nhu v sng y. V rc thi, ch c lng b sn v v c thu gom khong 70 80 % lm ph phm cn li hu ht thi ra bi rc v cht ng ven ng i, cc bi t quanh lng. Lng b dong khng c tn thu m thi trc tip cng nc thi, l i tng chnh gy nhim mi trng nc. Vic thu gom v x l cht thi ca lng ngh hin nay gp rt nhiu kh khn. C bi rc ni tp kt rc thi v bng cha nc thi ca Dng Liu hin u qu ti v cha c bin php x l.

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Hin nay, t VSMT ca x vn hot ng vi mc chi hn 200 triu ng/nm, song hot ng cha hiu qu, ch yu l khi thng cng rnh cc b, thu gom rc thi mi tun nn khng th gii quyt c vn nhim do hng triu m3 nc thi v hng trm tn rc thi mi nm. 3. V hin trng mi trng: Hin nay Dng Liu hu nh b nhim trn phm vi ton x, ch yu l do nc thi v b thi. Cc xm c mc nhim nng l xm ng, on Kt, Hp Nht, nh u v xm Mi. Do y l cc xm c din tch nh nhng quy m sn xut ln, chim hn 70% sn lng v cht thi ca ton x. Mt khc, khu vc ny nm v tr cui ngun tp kt nc thi ca x nn mc nhim li cng cao. Ma v sn xut chnh khong t thng 9 m lch n thng 3 nm sau, ng thi cng l thi im lng thi tp trung nhiu nht, (khong 60% lng thi ca c nm) vi h thng cng nh, xung cp khng thng thot kp, dn n hin tng n tc nc thi. in hnh nh xm ng, xm Mi, nh u, Hp Nht, Gia. Lng nc thi v b thi qu nhiu, khng c x l kp thi nh hng n cht lng nc ngm cng nh cnh quan mi trng ca x. Khng kh ca lng ngh ch yu b nh hng bi mi nc thi v b thi ven cc trc ng i, cng rnh ca x. Ti mt s xm sn xut mch nha, bnh ko, do s dng than l nhin liu un nu nn nng CO2, CO kh cao, song do khng kh pht tn nn cc mu o hu nh cha vt qu TCCP. Do sn xut quy m h gia nh khp kn nn mc nh hng ca chng ch trong phm vi cc h ch t pht tn ra ngoi. Vo ma v sn xut, vi tn sut xe c ch nguyn liu, sn phm qua li nhiu (hng trm xe/ngy) nn thng c nng bi cao. Mi trng b nhim nh hng ln ti sc khe ca cng ng lng ngh, v cc vng ln cn. Rt nhiu loi bnh tt lng ngh c lin quan n cc loi hnh sn xut CBNS c thng k nh: Bnh l, tiu chy, au mt ht, vim ph qun Vn t ra l cn c nhng bin php ph hp vi thc trng sn xut v hin trng mi trng ca lng ngh nhm sn xut hiu qu gnvi ci thin mi trng, nng cao cht lng cuc sng. 4. xut mt s gii php: - m bo cho s pht trin bn vng ca lng ngh, cn thit phi thc hin quy hoch khng gian sn xut gn vi bo v mi trng. y l gii php tng hp,

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bao gm vic d bo xu hng pht trin kinh t x hi, xu hng bin i mi trng, quy hoch khng gian sn xut, cc gii php cng ngh v qun l mi trng. i vi lng ngh Dng Liu, phng n quy hoch c th theo hai hng: quy hoch tp trung v quy hoch phn tn. Quy hoch tp trung cc h sn xut tinh bt, min bn, mch nha v bnh ko c quy m sn xut t nht t 0.5 tn sn phm/ngy tr ln. Cc h sn xut t hn s thuc din quy hoch phn tn gn vi b tr khng gian sn xut v thu gom cht thi hp l, bo v mi trng. Trong quy hoch cn lu n cch qun l cht lng sn phm v mi trng. - Gii php nng cao nng lc qun l mi trng ca a phng v gn vi s tham gia ca cng ng. y l gii php quan trng bi ch c ngi sn xut v ni sn xut mi l lc lng quan trng nht, hiu qu nht i vi vic qun l sn xut v mi trng. - Cn tin hnh ng thi vi nhng gii php trn l vic p dng cc gii php khc nh: Gii php kinh t, gii php k thut, gii php qun l ca Nh nc Tm li, vic y mnh pht trin ngh CBNSTP l hng i ng n, pht huy c cc tim nng ca x Dng Liu, gp phn thc y pht trin kinh t x hi v nng cao cht lng cuc sng cho ngi dn. Tuy nhin, hin trng nhim mi trng nh hin nay l vn kh khn ln nht i vi vic pht trin bn vng ca lng ngh. V vy, vn t ra l cn c nhng gii php kp thi, hiu qu sao cho sn xut phi gn lin vi bo v, ci thin mi trng. Cc gii php ny cn c tin hnh ng b, c s phi hp cht ch vi nhau. Trong , gii php quy hoch khng gin sn xut gn vi bo v mi trng c vai tr quan trng. ng thi, nng lc ca i ng qun l v cng ng c coi l ht nhn chnh, quyt nh ti s pht trin bn vng ca lng ngh.

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TI LIU THAM KHO 1. Ti liu Ting Vit 1 2 3 4 5 6 Bo co mi trng lng ngh Vit Nam nm 2008: Ba xu th nhim mi trng lng ngh, www.Thiennhien.net, B Ti nguyn Mi trng, 2009, Bo co hin trng mi trng quc gia 2008: Mi trng lng ngh nhim nghim trng. B cng thng, Cc gii php pht trin lng ngh Vit Nam thi hi nhp, Tp ch cng nghip, 25/12/2008 Cc gii php pht trin lng ngh Vit Nam thi hi nhp, Tp ch Cng nghip, 25/12/2008. ng Kim Chi, 2005, Lng ngh Vit Nam v mi trng, NXB Khoa hc v k thut. ng Kim Chi, 2005, Ti liu hng dn p dng cc bin php ci thin mi trng cho lng ngh ch bin nng sn, thc phm, NXB Khoa hc v k thut. Quang Dng, 2004, Pht trin lng ngh trong qu trnh CNH HH nng thn H Ty, NXB L Hi, 2006, Mi trng lng ngh vi vic pht trin du lch bn vng, Tp ch Du lch Vit Nam, tr51-52, s 3. Th Ho, 1987, Lng i Bi G ng Bc Ninh, Ni xut bn: Hi vn ngh dn gian Vit Nam. Lu c Hi, Nguyn Ngc Sinh, 2008, Qun l mi trng cho s pht trin bn vng, NXB i hc Quc gia H Ni. H c H, 2001, Ch bin tinh bt sn, dong ring qui m h gia nh, NXB Nng nghip. Phm Ngc H, Hong Xun C, 2004, nh gi tc ng mi trng, NXB i hc quc gia H Ni. Mai Th Hn, 1998, Pht trin mt s lng ngh truyn thng trong qu trnh cng nghip ha, hin i ha vng ven th , NXB Chnh tr Quc gia Nguyn Th Hng, 2005, Pht trin th trng tiu th sn phm cc lng ngh Tiu th cng nghip, Tp ch L lun Chnh tr, tr 58 - 63, s 4 Nguyn Th Lin Hng, 2006, Nghin cu nguy c sc khe cc lng

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18

19

20 21

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26 27 28 29 30 31

ngh ti mt s tnh pha Bc v gii php can thip, Lun n Thc s Y hc, Vin V sinh dch t Trung ng. Bch Quc Khang, Bi nh Toi, Nguyn Th Thu Qu, 2005, S tay hng dn xy dng k hoch pht trin lng ngh s dng phng php c s tham gia ca cng ng, NXB Nng nghip. Phm Th Linh, 2007, Hin trng sc khe mi trng lng ngh ch bin thc phm Dng Liu, Hoi c, H Ty, i hc Quc gia H Ni, Bo co khoa hc. ng nh Long, inh Thi Bch Thy, 2005, Tnh cng ng v xung t mi trng ti khu vc lng ngh ng bng sng Hng. Thc trng v xu hng bin i, NXB Nng nghip. Ng Tr Mai, 2008, Nghin cu, xc lp c s khoa hc cho quy hoch bo v mi trng mt s lng ngh tnh H Ty, Lun n TS, i hc Khoa hc T nhin. Dng B Phng, 2001, Bo tn v pht trin cc lng ngh trong qu trnh Cng nghip ha, Hin i ha, NXB Khoa hc x hi. Nguyn Th Kim Thi, (2004), X l b thi t cng nghip ch bin tinh bt bng phng php c kh trong iu kin kh hu Vit Nam, Lun n PTSKH Kinh t, i hc Xy dng. V Quyt Thng, 2007, Quy hoch mi trng, NXB i hc Quc gia H Ni. Bi Th Tn, 1999, V hai lng ngh truyn thng Ph Bi v Hin Lng L c Th, 2008, Nghin cu thc trng mi trng sc khe lng ngh lm bn Ph , huyn T Lim, thnh ph H Ni. xut mt s gii php cn thit, Lun n TS Y hc, Hc Vin Qun y Nguyn Th Hng T, Nguyn Th Lin Hng, L Vn Trnh, 2005, Nhng vn v sc khe v an ton trong cc lng ngh Vit Nam, NXB Y hc. UBND x Dng Liu, 2007, 2008, 2009, Bo co y lng ngh Dng Liu. UBND huyn Hoi c, 2007, Bo co mi trng lng ngh Hoi c. Phng Thanh Vn, 2009, Mt s vn bc xc v mi trng lng ngh H Ty, Cng tc khoa gio, s 3 Bi Vn Vng, 1998, Lng ngh th cng truyn thng Vit Nam, NXB Vn ha dn tc. Mi trng v pht trin bn vng: Cht lng mi trng hu ht cc lng ngh u khng t tiu chun, www.vst.vista.gov.vn, 2008. Trn Minh Yn, 2003, Pht trin lng ngh truyn thng nng thn Vit Nam trong qu trnh CNH HH, Lun n Tin s Kinh t, Vin Kinh t hc

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2. Ti liu Ting Anh: 1 2 3 4 World Bank, 1999, Greening Industry: New roles for communities Market and Goverments. Vo Van Duc, 2000, Craft villages in the context of Rural Industrialization and Modernnization in Vietnam, Vietnam economic Review. Sylvie Fanchette, Nicholas Stedman, 2009, Discovering craft villages in Vietnam: Ten itineraries around H Ni, NXB Th Gii. Vu Hoang Nam, 2008, The role of human capital and social capital in the transportation of village based industrial cluster: evidence from Northern Vietnam, NXB Tokyo. Vietnam Association of craft villages, 7/4/2007, Craft villages look to the future Vietnam Association of craft villages, 10/12/2007, Festival celebrates handicraft villages.

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