Seminar chuyn ngnh

GVHD: ThS.ng Uy Nhn

Trong nhng nm gn y, ngoi khuynh hng nng cao thc phng v cha bnh, ngi tiu dng cn quan tm n cch thc n ung sinh hot. Ngi ta bt u quan tm nhiu n vic s dng cc thc phm c chc nng cha bnh t thc n nh cc loi h u (u xanh, u nnh, go lc) n thc ung nh tr dc tho, nc mt dn gian, tr xanh iu cho thy nhng loi thc phm rt gn gi vi ngi Vit thc phm truyn thng ang c s dng dn dn tr li. Khoa hc hin i vn khuyn khch s dng ngun thc phm c ngun gc t thin nhin nh cc loi tho mc, cc loi tr xanh, dc tho. Nhng thc phm ny khng nhng l thc phm n thun m cn c tc dng phng v cha bnh. Tr dc tho l loi nc ung c s dng nhiu nc ta di nhiu dng khc nhau (kh, ha tan, ti lc). Trn th trng th gii lng tr dc tho ang pht trin mnh v l i trng ca th trng tr trong tng lai. Hn th na, ngi phng Ty ang c khuynh hng s dng tr dc tho thay cho cc loi nc ung khc, c bit th trng tim nng l M. Tr dc tho gp phn khng nh trong vic phng v cha bnh, tng cng sc khe cho ngi tiu dng. Nu nh Tr l mt ti sn qu ca loi ngi, th cc loi tho dc cng gp phn khng nh trong vic pht trin, nng cao nn kinh t ca t nc. Nhn thy hiu qu tch cc ca Tr dc tho i vi sc khe con ngi, nn trong bi seminar ny em xin trnh by tng qut v Tr dc tho vi mc ch c ci nhn r rng hn v loi thc ung c ngun gc t t nhin, v gii thiu v hai loi dc tho l tr v hoa he mt trong nhng loi dc tho thng c dng.

SVTH: Nguyn Trung Hiu

Seminar chuyn ngnh 1. Gii thiu v tr dc tho 1.1. Khi nim dc tho [1]

GVHD: ThS.ng Uy Nhn

Herbs (cy c thin nhin) c iu tr bnh tt trong dn gian t my ngn nm nay. Mt s herbs dc nghin cu k cng v c cng nhn s thc dng, hu ch v an ton trong cha bnh. l nhng loi dc tho qu c lu truyn s dng t xa n nay. Tr l mt trong nhng cy thuc h tho mc, tc dng cha bnh ni chung v tr dc tho ni ring c chng minh t lu. Theo ti liu th ngi ta pht hin tc dng cha bnh v b dng ca tr t thi Hong Thn Nng (ngi Trung Hoa) cch y hn 4000 nm u tin pht hin ra tr ung b khe, thi gian tri qua n t ph ngnh Y khoa Hippokates (460-370 V.Chir) cng cng nhn tr c dc tnh tt. Thi N hong Chu u Hildegard von Bingen (1098-1179) cng nhn cc loi tr c tc dng cha bnh v tin hnh nghin cu rng ri trong ngnh Y khoa. 1.2. Khi nim tr dc tho [2] L mt dng thc - dc phm bao gm mt hay nhiu loi dc liu c ch bin, phn chia n mt mc nht nh, c s dng ging nh tr ung hng ngy trong dn gian. Nhng hin nay, nh cng ngh pht trin ngi ta cn bo ch tr dc ha tan bng cch a dung dch tr thuc c x l theo quy trnh pha ch thch hp vo my sy phun sng lm kh thnh dng bt tr dc d s dng v bo qun. Dc tho dng pha tr c th l: r, thn, l, hoa, qu, ht. Thc cht tr dc tho dc l thang thuc c bit thng p dng cho nhng loi dc tho c cu to mng manh, d chit sut, khng chu c nhit khi un lu. Danh t Tr dc tho c th l do phng php iu ch v dng s dng ging nh nc tr ung hng ngy trong cuc sng, ch thc cht khng phi tr dc tho l phi c tr trong . 1.3. Lch s tr dc tho [2] Tr dc tho c mt lch s tn ti v pht trin rt lu i. Cy tr - nguyn liu c bn ca tr dc tho in hnh, c ngun gc Trung Quc. Ngi Trung Quc SVTH: Nguyn Trung Hiu 2

Seminar chuyn ngnh

GVHD: ThS.ng Uy Nhn

bit dng tr t 2500 nm trc Cng Nguyn, sau ti Nhn Bn v nhiu nc Chu khc. Y th c Thn nng bn tho kinh coi tr l mt trong nhng v thuc trng yu, c tc dng lm tng tr nh, tnh to, sng sut v nh nhm thn th. Cc y gia tr danh ca Trung Quc nh Trng Trng Cnh, Hoa , Ng Ph, o Hong Cnh tng dng tr cha tr nhiu chng bnh v pht minh ra kh nhiu phng tr dc tho c o. n i nh ng (Trung Quc), vic dng tr ngy cng ph bin. Cc sch thuc c nh Ngoi i b yu, Thi bnh thnh hu phng, Ha t cc phng ghi li mt khi lng ln cc phng tr dc tho nhng trong thnh phn khng h c l tr. iu khin cho loi hnh dc phm c o ny c c hi m rng phm vi ng dng v tr nn ht sc phong ph, to tin cho cc y gia i sau tip tc pht trin v hon thin thm. Trong cun Tr liu dc thin xut bn nm 1999 Trung Quc, ngi ta tp hp c hn 2000 phng tr dc tho in hnh (trong thnh phn c l tr) c tc dng cha tr hn 400 chng bnh thuc nhiu chuyn khoa khc nhau. nc ta, trong tc phm ca cc bc danh y nh Tu Tnh, Hi Thng Ln ng cng nh trong dn gian ghi li v lu truyn nhiu phng tr dc tho c o. 1.4. Phn loi tr dc tho [2] [3] [4] [24] 1.4.1. Phn loi theo thnh phn Tr dc n hnh: ch dng l tr Tr dc tng phi: phi hp tr vi cc v thuc D dc i tr: dng thuc thay tr 1.4.2. Phn loi theo cch ch bin Ty theo cch ch bin c th chia thnh hai loi chnh: tr hn hp l em cc v thuc trong thnh phn tn thnh bt kh ri trn u v tr ng bnh l tn dc liu thnh bt th ri trn vi h hoc mt v thuc c cht dnh ng thnh bnh. 1.4.3. Phn loi theo trng thi sn phm

SVTH: Nguyn Trung Hiu

Seminar chuyn ngnh Sn phm tr dc tho

GVHD: ThS.ng Uy Nhn

Trng thi rn

Trng thi lng

Tr dc tho kh

Tr dc ti lc

Tr dc ha tan

Cao dc tho

Sir dc tho

Dc tho cng nghip

Dc tho th cng

1.4.4. Phn loi theo trng thi dc l ng Y Xt theo tnh nng th nhng sn phm tr dc tho c thnh phn l v thuc s dng. Trong Y hc c truyn cng nh ng y, tnh nng ca thuc ni ln tc dng cha bnh ca thuc. V th vi tnh cch l mt sn phm c dc tnh, cc sn phm tr cng tun theo cch phn loi ca ng y bao gm: t kh ng v, thng ging ph trm, quy kinh. 1.4.4.1. T kh ng v T kh l ch 4 loi dc tnh khc nhau ca thuc: hn (lnh), lng (mt), nhit (nng), n (m), l ch mc nng lnh khc nhau ca thuc. Nhn thc v dc tnh ca thuc l da vo tc dng ca thuc i vi c th. Ng v l c im quan trng ca thuc, dng li nm phn bit: cay (tn), ngt (cam), chua (toan), mn (hm), ng (kh). Ngoi ra cn c v nht (m) v cht (sp), nhng ng v vn l c bn cn nm s dng c hiu qu trong iu tr. 1.4.4.2.Thng ging ph trm Theo cc y gia ngy xa th thng ging ph trm ni ln xu hng tc dng ca thuc. Thng thng biu hin ca bnh c theo cc chiu hng khc nhau nh hng ln trn (v d: nn ma, ho suyn, nt ct, hi), hng i xung di (tiu chy, kit l, bch i, bng lu, li dom), thot ra bn ngoi nh t ra m hi (t hn), m hi trm (o hn) hoc hng vo bn trong nh chng biu nhp l, nhit nhp tm bo do cn thuc c tc dng ngc li xu hng pht sinh bnh iu chnh trng thi SVTH: Nguyn Trung Hiu 4

Seminar chuyn ngnh

GVHD: ThS.ng Uy Nhn

bnh l ca c th hi phc sc khe bnh thng, l tnh thng ging ph trm ca thuc. Thng ph (i ln, ni ) thuc dng, trm ging (i xung, chm ) thuc m. Tuy nhin cc yu t quyt nh tnh nng thng ging ph trm ca thuc: tnh v v thuc tnh m dng, mc ca kh v, khi lng v cch bo ch thuc. 1.4.4.3.Quy kinh Theo y hc c truyn th quy kinh l ni ln phn tng ph kinh lc trong c th m mt v thuc c tc dng, tc l ni ln phm vi ch nh iu tr ca v thuc. Cho nn trong y hc c truyn tnh nng quy kinh ca thuc l rt quan trng, ngi thy thuc cn bit s dng c hiu qu trong iu tr bnh. Quy kinh cng ch yu da vo kinh nghim ca nhiu thy thuc xa qua nhiu thi i khc nhau c kt thnh, ch yu cng theo tnh nng thng ging ph trm, t kh ng v kt hp vi kinh lc tng ph v c th ngi m xy dng nn. Trn thc t tc dng tr bnh ca thuc, ng v c quan h nhiu n quy kinh ca thuc. 1.5. Nguyn tc s dng tr dc tho [2] Trn c s nguyn liu, tr dc tho c xem va l thc phm, va l thuc. Do , khi s dng tr dc tho cng c nhng nguyn tc c th sau: 1.5.1. Nguyn tc ca ng y Mun s dng tt mt v thuc trong iu tr phi bit c kh ln v ca thuc. T kh ng v tuy c vai tr quan trng i vi tc dng ca thuc c s dng theo l lun y hc c truyn, nhng khng phi l cn c duy nht dng thuc ng dc. Khi dng thuc ng dc tr bnh cn ch tham kho nhng thnh tu m dc l hin i trong qu trnh nghin cu thuc ng dc t c. 1.5.2. Nguyn tc c bn tr dc pht huy hiu qu cao nht, khi s dng cn tun th cc nguyn tc:

SVTH: Nguyn Trung Hiu

Seminar chuyn ngnh

GVHD: ThS.ng Uy Nhn

Phi iu , xem xt t m, ty theo th cht, bnh trng m phn bit m dng, biu l, hn nhit, h thc ri trn c s ch nh la chn, bo ch v s dng cho ph hp. Dc thin kt hp, tr dc va l thc ung (thc phm) nhng va l thuc (dc phm), cho nn khi dng phi ch kt hp cht ch v hp l ty theo tnh cht v giai on ca bnh tt. Tam nhn ch nghi, ngha l ty ngi (nhn thn), ty theo iu kin a l v mi trng sng (nhn a) v ty ma, ty thi gian (nhn thi) m la chn v s dng sao cho t c hiu qu cao nht v d phng cc tc dng ph khng mong mun. 2. Tnh hnh pht trin tr dc tho 2.1. Tnh hnh pht trin tr dc tho trn th gii [5] [6] Dn s th gii ngy cng gi km vi vn tui tc v bnh tt, au m, to ra nhu cu n king. Trn c s , khuynh hng nng cao ci thin sc khe qua vn n king ang tr nn ph bin, a ra nhng cm t hin i You are what you eat (Bn l nhng g bn n). V d v khuynh hng ny c th nhn thy t cc chng trnh khi xng ca chnh ph Anh, thc ung b sung vitamin v sn phm chc nng mang li li ch cho sc khe. Lin quan n cc thc ung chc nng, ngi tiu dng ngy cng c thc v vn sc khe v khuynh hng ny gp phn lm gim chm sn lng tiu th cc cc loi thc ung c gas. iu ny to ra c hi pht trin trong nhng nm ti trong vic thay i thc ung c gas sang thc ung chc nng c li cho sc khe. chu , th trng thc ung thc phm chc nng dn u l Nht Bn, tip theo l Trung Quc. chu u, Anh v Php c xem l hai i din v tc pht trin ca th trng thc ung chc nng. Trng hp tng t cng din ra chu M vi vic M ang tr thnh quc gia pht trin thc ung chc nng mnh nht. Thc t trn th trng thc ung ca M, cc loi thc ung t dc tho ngy cng chim lnh th trng. Cho n nay th c nhiu cng ty c sn phm cnh tranh nh cng ty sn xut tr v cc loi dc tho ni ting khp th gii l Celestial Seasonings. Cng ty s dng s dng cc loi cy c v hng liu ch bin ra cc thc ung c mi v thm nh mi du, mi cam hay mi ca cc loi hoa v mt s SVTH: Nguyn Trung Hiu 6

Seminar chuyn ngnh

GVHD: ThS.ng Uy Nhn

sn phm lm t cc loi cy c c dc tnh nhm mc ch gip d ng hoc tt cho sc khe. Hin nay cng ty Celestial Seasonings thm nhp vo cc th trng chu u v M ch sau sn phm tr Lipton (Unilever). Hin nay cng c rt nhiu cng ty ca Trung Quc, Nht Bn, Sri Lanka ang toan tnh tin vo th trng tr dc tho. Trong mt iu tra gn y ca tp ch nghin cu th trng ca Mintel International Group Ltd cho thy tr dc tho ang to s pht trin mi cho th trng tr th gii. iu ny cho thy hng i nghin cu sn xut cc sn phm thc phm chc nng, c bit cc loi thc ung l tht s cn thit. 2.2. Tnh hnh pht trin tr dc tho trong nc [7] Nc ta l mt nc nhit i, c nhng c th v m, c vng tiu kh hu m cc nc nhit i khc khng c. H ng vt v thc vt rt phong ph. Nc ta c ngun dc tho rt a dng, di do. Tri qua hng trm nm dng nc v gi nc, u tranh vi thin nhin sinh tn, nhn dn ta xy dng c nn Y dc c truyn c h thng v phong ph. c im ni bt ca cc cy thuc l c tc dng cha bnh rt tt, d kim, r tin, n gin, s dng an ton, hu nh khng gy tai bin hay ng c. Nhiu cy c c su tm, nghin cu qua nhiu th h tr thnh nhng v thuc hay. Vi ngun dc tho phong ph, t xa nhn dn ta dng nhiu loi dc tho cha bnh, bi b sc khe, st trng, pha nc ung: l vi, n vi, cam tho, hoa he, hoa cc Cho n nay ngoi vic xut khu tr, c ph, nc ta xut khu mt s lng ln ng k cc loi dc tho thng thng m nhiu nc trn th gii c nhu cu nhp khu vi s lng ngy cng nhiu. Nc ta c ngun dc tho ln, c nhu cu s dng ln. Tr dc tho hin nay ang ph bin nc ta. Sn phm tr dc tho ca nc ta c nhiu mt thun li, ngoi tc dng cha bnh m khng gy c hi i vi con ngi, gi thnh sn phm ph hp vi mi ngi. Thc t, trn nc ta c nhiu ni sn xut tr dc tho tri di khp c nc t H Ni, Thi Bnh, Khnh Ha, Lm ng, c bit l thnh ph H Ch Minh: SVTH: Nguyn Trung Hiu 7

Seminar chuyn ngnh

GVHD: ThS.ng Uy Nhn

Cng ty c phn Ha - Dc phm Mekophar, Cng ty c phn Dc phm OPC, Cng ty C phn dc phm Traphaco, Vin Y hc dn tc, Cng ty TNHH Vnh Tin, Cng ty TNHH Qung Thi ng thi sn phm ngy cng c ci tin vi cc loi tr nh: tr an thn, tr h p, tr li tiu, tr tiu c, tr thanh nhit, tr gii cm, tr nhun gan v sn phm cng nhiu dng khc nhau nh: tr ti lc, tr bnh, tr ha tan, tr gi. Ngy nay, chng ta ngy cng tng cng vic sn xut, nng cao cht lng sn phm, sn phm tiu th khp c nc v xut khu sang cc nc khc.

Hnh 2.1: Mt s sn phm tr dc tho trn th trng 3. Mt s loi dc tho thng dng trong cng ngh sn xut tr dc tho 3.1. Tr 3.1.1. Gii thiu v cy tr [3] [8] [9] [10] Tn khoa hc: Camellia sinesnis (Thea chinensis Seem) H: Ch (Theaceae) 3.1.1.1. M t cy tr Tr l mt cy khe, mc hoang, i khi mc thnh rng g trn ni cao. Khi khng ct xn c th cao n 17m. Nhng khi trng, ngi ta thng ct xn tin cho vic hi nn thng ch cao n 2m. ng knh thn c th ti mc mt ngi m khng xu. L mc so le, khng rng. Hoa to, c mu bin i t trng n hng hoc , mc k l, mi rt thm, nhiu nh. Qu mt nang thng c ba ngn, nhng ch cn mt ht do cc qu khc b teo i. Qu khai bng li ct ngang, ht khng phi nh, l mm ln c cha du. SVTH: Nguyn Trung Hiu 8

Seminar chuyn ngnh

GVHD: ThS.ng Uy Nhn

Hnh 3.1: L tr 3.1.1.2. Phn b, thu hoch v ch bin Tr l mt cy c ngun gc t Trung Quc.

Hnh 3.2: Hoa tr

nc ta, cy tr c trng nhiu nht ti cc tnh Vnh Ph, H Tuyn, Bc Kn, Thi Nguyn v cc tnh min Trung v min Nam nh Qung Nam, Nng, k Lk, Lm ng. Tr dng lm thuc c hi vo ma xun: hi bp v l non. Sau chng c v, sao kh ging cch ch bin tr hng pha nc ung. 3.1.1.3. Phn loi Theo cc thc vt hc Trung Quc th tr c chia lm 4 loi sau: Tr Camellia Sinesis Var Boheat (tr vng V Di hay tr Trung l nh) Tr Camellia Sinesis Var Macrophulla Sieb (tr Trung Quc l to) Tr Camellia Sinesis Var Shan (tr Shan) Tr Camellia Sinesis Var Assamica (Assam-n ) C bn loi tr trn u c trng Vit Nam nhng ph bin nht l hai loi tr Camellia Sinesis Var Macrophylla Sieb v Camellia Sinesis Var Shan. Ngoi ra cn c mt s cch phn loi khc nh theo ma sn xut, theo thi v, theo cch ch bin, theo a d 3.1.2. Thnh phn sinh ha ca tr [9]

SVTH: Nguyn Trung Hiu

Seminar chuyn ngnh

GVHD: ThS.ng Uy Nhn

Thnh phn sinh ha ca tr bin ng rt phc tp, n ph thuc vo ging, tui tr, iu kin t ai, a hnh k thut, canh tc, ma thu hoch 3.1.2.1. Nc L thnh phn ch yu trong bp tr: nc c quan h n qu tnh bin i sinh ha trong bp tr v s hot ng ca cc men. Ngoi ra, nc cn l cht quan trng khng th thiu c duy tr s sng cho cy. Hm lng nc trong bp tr non, l non cao hn trong l tr. Hm lng nc trong bp tr c t 3 l v cun non chim t 60-80%. Bp tr cng non cha cng nhiu nc. 3.1.2.2 Nhm hp cht polyphenol - tanin tr Hm lng c trong l tr t 12-25% v chim khong 50% hm lng cht kh ha tan ca tr. Cc cng thc cu to S th t Tn K hiu Cng thc cu to
OH OH HO O OH OH
OH OH HO O OH OH

D, L - Catechin

OH OH

L - Epi Catechin

EC

HO

O OH OH

SVTH: Nguyn Trung Hiu

10

Seminar chuyn ngnh

GVHD: ThS.ng Uy Nhn

OH OH HO O OH OH

D, L - Gallo Catechin

GC
HO

OH
OH OH O OH OH OH

OH OH

L - Epi Gallo Catechin

EGC

HO

O OH OH OH
OH OH

HO

L - Epi Catechin Gallate

ECg
O OH O OH OH
OH OH HO O O OH O OH OH OH OH

OH

L - Epi Gallo Catechin Gallate

EGCg

SVTH: Nguyn Trung Hiu

11

Seminar chuyn ngnh

GVHD: ThS.ng Uy Nhn

OH OH

L Gallo Cachetin Gallate

GCg

HO

O OH O OH O OH OH OH

Tc dng sinh hc [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] Hp cht polyphenol trong l tr l hp cht ch yu c tc dng sinh hc kh quan trng. Trc ht, n c kh nng c ch cc gc t do oxy do c tc dng chng c cc bnh ung th v lm chm qu trnh lo ha. Hp cht polyphenol c kh nng lm tng tnh co dn, nng cao tnh khng ca thnh vi huyt qun nh lm gim nhanh hin tng xung huyt trong c th. C kh nng tng cng s hp thu v ng ha vitamin C trong c th con ngi. Hp cht polyphenol trong tr xanh c kh nng lm gim hot tnh ca enzym amylaza (trong nc bt v dch ty) gip hn ch s thy phn lin kt alpha ca cc polysaccharides ln nh tinh bt v glycogen, to ra glucose v maltose. V th c tc dng lm gim nng ng trong mu, gp phn to ln trong vic phng nga bnh tiu ng v chng bo ph. L - Epi Gallo Catechin Gallate, L - Epi Catechin, L - Epi Gallo Catechin c kh nng tc ng trc tip ln t bo lm trng n cc mch mu, trnh s co bp ca tim, do lm h huyt p. L - Epi Gallo Catechin Gallate, L - Epi Catechin Gallate, L Gallo Cachetin Gallate c kh nng c ch s pht trin ca cc vi khun ng ming nh vi khun Cariogenic streptococci v vi khun Porphyromanas gingivalis. 3.1.2.3. Nhm alkaloid Thnh phn chnh ca alkaloid tr l caffeine. Hm lng caffeine trong bp tr c khi ln n 4-5%. L cng non hm lng caffeine cng cao. SVTH: Nguyn Trung Hiu 12

Seminar chuyn ngnh Cng thc phn t ca Caffeine: C8H10N4O2 Cng thc cu to ca Caffeine:
CH3 N
8 7 9 4 3

GVHD: ThS.ng Uy Nhn

N
2

N H3C

5 6 1N

CH3 O

Caffein cn gi l: 1,3,7-trimetyl-2,6-dioxypurin hay 1,3,7-trimetylxantin Cc alkaloid cn li trong tr gm: teobromin, teofilin, adenin v guanine. Hm lng ca chng nh hn rt nhiu so vi caffeine (khong 0.03mg). Tc dng sinh hc ca Caffeine [10] Caffeine c v hi ng. Caffeine l mt hot cht c dc tnh.Ty thuc vo liu lng, n c th kch thch nh i vi h thn kinh trung ng, kch thch h h hp v tim mch, to cm gic sng khoi, d chu. Mt s ngi c th mt ng do Caffeine. Tuy nhin, cc kt qu nghin cu cho thy rng nhng ngi tiu th caffeine c tr nh tng v ci thin kh nng tranh lun. V nhng ngi ny c thnh tch cao trong cc ln kim tra kh nng vn ng, ci thin kh nng luyn tp thnh gic ln th gic. Caffeine kch thch hot ng ca thn v tng cng s lu thng mu. Nh gip c th nhanh chng thi b cc sn phm tha ca s trao i cht, tng cng s trao i cht v s hp thu oxy trong c th. Caffeine chnh l thnh phn gy ra s quyn r ca tr, gy cho ngi ung tr cm gic nghin. 3.1.2.4. Nhm enzym Trong l tr c rt nhiu nhm enzym, nhng nhiu nht l hai nhm enzym sau: Nhm enzym thy phn gm: Amilaza, Invectaza, Glucozidata, Proteaza. Cc enzym ny c tc dng lm tng hm lng cht ha tan, hnh thnh nn cc cht c hng v v mu sc c trng cho tr.

SVTH: Nguyn Trung Hiu

13

Seminar chuyn ngnh

GVHD: ThS.ng Uy Nhn

Nhm enzym oxi ha kh gm: Catalaza, polyphenoloxidaza, peroxydaza. Cc enzym ny gip pht trin qu trnh ln men. Tuy nhin, chng lm cho tanin tr bin i su sc. 3.1.2.5. Nhm sc t Chlorophyll Chlorophyll lm cho l c mu xanh, kh tan trong nc nng. Hm lng thay i trong khong 0.24%-0.85% so vi cht kh. Chlorophyll l hn hp ca hai cht c cu to ging nhau
CH2 R

H3C N Mg2+ N H 3C CH3 H 3C CH3 CH3 2 O O O O OCH3 N N CH3 CH3

R = -CH3 R = -CHO

Chlorophyll a (mu xanh lam) Chlorophyll b (mu xanh vng)

Chlorophyll rt hu ch cho c th con ngi. N tng cng s tun hon mu v gip h thng rut hot ng tt hn. Chlorophyll c tc dng trung ha cc c t trong c th. Phc chlorophyll Cu c tc dng trung ha cc mutagen l cht gy nn t bin trong c th con ngi. Ngoi ra, n cn c tc dng lm sch nn c dng lm cht sc ming hoc lm cht kh mi t nhin. Cc cht khc Trong l t ti cn tm thy carotin 0.175g v xantophin chim 0.454g trong 1kg tr kh. 3.1.2.6. Protein v acid amin Trong l tr ch yu cha protein c tnh tan trong kim nh gluten. Ngoi ra cn cha mt lng ln protein ha tan trong nc, alcol v acid. Hm lng protein chim t 15-20%. SVTH: Nguyn Trung Hiu 14

Seminar chuyn ngnh

GVHD: ThS.ng Uy Nhn

Protein c tc dng iu ha v tr xanh, lm cho mt tr p v c mu sc ti. Ngi ta tm c 17 loi acid amin trong l tr: 1 2 3 4 Alalin Xerin Treonin Tirozin 5 6 7 8 Prolin Xistenin Valinin Lovin 9 10 11 12 Acginin Lizin Triptophan Acid atparagic 13 14 15 16 17 Atparagin Acid glutamic Phenilamin Histidin Oxi prolin

3.1.2.7. Hp cht pectin T l pectin c trong tr vo khong 2-3%. L cng non hm lng pectin cng cao. Hp cht pectin thuc nhm hydradcarbon v l hn hp phc tp ca cc polysacarid v dn xut ca chng. Gm c ba loi: protopectin, pectin v acid pectin. Pectin gp phn to nn v ngt du ca tr , tham gia vo s to thnh hng. Pectin l cht keo ho nc, n gp phn lm tng m ca tr, gy kh khn cho qu trnh bo qun v lm gim cht lng ca tr. 3.1.2.8. Nhm cc cht ng, cc nguyn t tro v cc vitamin Tr nguyn liu cha mt lng nh cc loi ng nh: glucose, fructose, sucrose, raffinose v stachyose. Di tc dng nhit, cc loi ng b caramel ha, ng thi chng tham gia phn ng melanoidoin vi protein v cc acid amin c trong tr to nn hng thm c trng cho tr. Ngi ta tm thy trong tr thnh phm 20 nguyn t: K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Si, Na, Al, Mn, Sr, Cu, Zn, Ba, Rb, Ti, Cr, Sn, Ag, V; trong c mt s nguyn t c mt vi s lng 10-2-10-5%. Trong thnh phn tro ca tr cn c cc nguyn t phi kim: P, S, Cl, F, I. Hm lng cc vitamin trong l tr l rt nh. Gm nhm vitamin tan trong nc: Vitamin C, B1, B2, PP v nhm vitamin tan trong du: vitamin K, E, tin t vitamin A (-Caroten) Ngoi nhng nhm cht nu, trong tr cn c mt s nhm cht khc nh: nhm cc acid hu c, cht bo SVTH: Nguyn Trung Hiu 15

Seminar chuyn ngnh 3.1.3. Dc tnh ca tr [15]

GVHD: ThS.ng Uy Nhn

Tr lm tinh thn nng cao, u c tnh to, tiu th, khi kht, thanh li u v mt Sch Tng tc c m thc ph vit: Tr hi ng, hi ngt v mt, lm tinh thn trong sng, tnh ng tr phin. Khi u c xy xm, tinh thn mt mi, ngi ta ung mt chn tr mi pha, s cm thy tinh thn sng khoi, u c tnh to. Sch ty tc c m thc ph vit: Th u, sa kh, au bng ung tr th khi, ung tr tiu th gii nhit l kinh nghim ca y gia cc thi i.Trng Khit C ni: Tr c th lm mt can m, sng mt gii kht. Bn Tho Cng Mc vit: Tr m m lnh, m trong m, tnh trm ging, rt c th ging ha. Ha ging th u mt s thanh thot. Gim bo Ung tr nhiu, tiu m, c th loi tr c cht bo. Cho nn c thuyt ung tr lu ngy lm cho ngi gy, gim bo. Gim bo cn c vo thnh phn hu hiu trong l tr. Trong tr xanh c chlorophyll sau khi vo c th, s loi cholesterol t thc n, ngn cn tiu ha hp th cholesterol trong c th. H kh tiu thc. Sch ng Bn Tho vit: L tr cam, kh, vi hn, v c, tr m nhit, tiu thc kh, li tiu. Tr h kh, tiu thc. Sch Bn Tho Kinh S gii thch: Tr h kh tiu thc l do v kh c th lm tit xung, cho nn kh i xung, ha ging m kim ra sch trng v, thc n s t tiu, ta c th loi tr c cht du m. i vi ngi chn n, tr c tc dng lm tng ham thch mun n; i vi ngi bing n tr c tc dng s o h hnh (dn cho i xung). Gii c ngng i l. Tr chng nhng iu tr l cp tnh m cn iu tr l mn tnh. L tr sc hay hm, u c tc dng khng khun i vi cc loi trc trng l l do cng nng tng hp nhiu thnh phn cht trong l tr trong c cc hp cht polyphenol c tc dng ch yu c ch bnh nhim khun. 3.2. Hoa he SVTH: Nguyn Trung Hiu 16

Seminar chuyn ngnh 3.2.1. Gii thiu v cy he [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] Tn khoa hc: Sophora Japonica L. H: u (Fabaceae) 3.2.1.1. M t cy he

GVHD: ThS.ng Uy Nhn

Cy thn g, to, cao c th n 15m. Thn thng, c v hi nt n. Cnh hnh tr, nm ngang, nhn, mu lc nht, c nhng chm trng. L kp lng chim l, mc so le, gm 11-17 l cht mc i, hnh bu dc thun, di 3-4.5cm, rng 1.2-2cm, mu lc nht, mt di c lng. Cm hoa mc u cnh thnh chm di 20cm, phn thnh nhiu nhnh. Hoa nh, mu trng hoc vng nht. Cnh hoa mng ngn, hnh tim ct gc, mp cong ln, nh ri nhau, bao phn hnh bu dc. Qu u, hnh trng ht, nhn, tht li khng u gia cc ht, u c mi nhn ngn. Mi qu c t 2-5 ht, ht hnh bu dc, hi dt, nhn, c mu en bng.

Hnh he

3.3: Cy Hnh 3.4: Hoa he

SVTH: Nguyn Trung Hiu

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Seminar chuyn ngnh

GVHD: ThS.ng Uy Nhn

Hnh 3.4: Qu he 3.2.1.2. Phn b, thu hoch v ch bin He c trng lm thuc t lu i. Trn th gii he c trng cc nc nh: Trung Quc (o Hi Nam), Triu Tin, Nht Bn, Cn nc ta, ban u he c trng nhiu cc tnh pha Bc. Nhng t nm 1978, he c a n trng cc tnh Ty Nguyn v cc tnh ven bin min Trung. Nhng tnh trng nhiu he hin nay l: Thi Bnh, Ninh Bnh, Thanh Ha, Ngh An, H Nam, cc tnh Ty Nguyn, Cc b phn ca cy nh: hoa, qu, l u c th s dng c nhng n he l b phn c s dng nhiu nht. thu hi n, ngi ta chn nhng chm hoa c t 5-10 hoa n (khng nn thu hoch sm qu hoc mun qu v nng sut s thp), thi gian thu hi ch yu t thng 5 n thng 10. Ngi ta thng hi vo bui sng. Sau khi hi xong, phi lun trong ngy n khi bp n gin tan l c. N he c th dng sng hoc sao chy. 3.2.1.3. Phn loi Trong dn gian, ngi ta chia hoa he thnh hai loi l he np v he t. Kinh nghim ca ngi Thi Bnh (ni trng nhiu he nht trong c nc) cho bit: He np: - Hoa to, nhiu, u, n cng mt lc, c mu nht, cung ngn. - Cy pht trin nhanh, phn nhiu cnh. He t: -Hoa nh, tha tht, khng u, n nhiu t, c mu sm hn, cung di. -Cy vng cao, phn t cnh. 3.2.2. Thnh phn ha hc ca hoa he [23] Hoa he c nhiu thnh phn ch yu l rutin (rutosid). Hm lng rutin trong n he c th t n 28%. Rutin l mt flavonoid c ngun gc thc vt. SVTH: Nguyn Trung Hiu 18

Seminar chuyn ngnh Cng thc phn t: C27H30O16 Cng thc cu to ca Rutin
6' HO HO 7 6 8 1 O 2 3 1' 5' 4' OH 3'

GVHD: ThS.ng Uy Nhn

4 O

Danh php quc t

OH OH 4" 2' 2" HO OH 3" O O 6" O 5" 1" 6"' 5"' 1"' H 3C O HO 2"' 3"' 4"'HO OH

2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-3-[-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(16)--Dglucopyranosyloxy]-4H-chromen-4-on Phn aglycon ca rutin l quercetin, phn ng l rutinnose. 3.2.3. Tc dng sinh hc ca rutin v dc tnh ca hoa he [17] [20] [21] [22] Theo ng y, hoa he v ng, tnh mt, c tc dng thanh nhit, cm mu, cha cc chng xut huyt, chy mu cam, tr ra mu, l ra mu, cao huyt p... c kt qu tt. Rutin c tc dng tng cng sc khng, gim tnh thm thu ca mao mch, phc hi tnh n hi ca mao mch b tn thng. Tc dng lm gim tnh thm thu mao mch l thng qua nh hng ca rutin vi s chuyn ha ca adrenalin. Mt khc, rutin li c kh nng lm co mch trc tip h mao qun, nn cng c th l hin tng gim tnh thm thu ca mao mch l do tc dng co mch trc tip gy nn. Rutin l mt flavonoid c hot tnh chng oxy ha, vai tr chng oxy ha ca rutin l do rutin c kh nng dp tt cc gc t do nh OH, ROO (l cc yu t gy bin d, hy hoi t bo, ung th, tng nhanh s lo ha). ng thi to phc vi mt s cc ion kim loi m cc ion kim loi l tc nhn ca mt s phn ng oxy ha trong c th. Do , n c tc dng bo v c th ngn nga chng x va ng mch, tai bin mch, lo ha, thoi ha gan, tn thng do bc x. lm cho vt thng chng lnh so.

SVTH: Nguyn Trung Hiu

19

Seminar chuyn ngnh

GVHD: ThS.ng Uy Nhn

Dch trch ly t n he, tim bng ng tnh mch trn ch gy m c tc dng h huyt p r rt. Ngoi ra, n cng c tc dng h cholestreol trong mu, iu tr v phng nga bnh x va ng mch. Tc dng chng vim ca rutin c chng minh bng thc nghim l do rutin c ch con ng sinh tng hp prostagladin, l hp cht lin quan n cc bnh vim nhim trong c th. Rutin tim di da vi liu lng 2mg/kg c tc dng gim t l t vong ca xc vt b chiu x vi liu lng ln. Rutin cn l thuc dng trong cc trng hp tn thng ngoi da do bc x, lm chng lnh vt thng. Dch trch ly t hoa he c tc dng cng tim. Tc dng cng tim l do n c ch men cAMP phosphodiesterase, lm tng lng tiu hao oxy ca c th. Ngoi ra, n cn c tc dng lm gim mch vnh, ci thin tun hon tim, lm gim lng tiu hao oxy ca c tim. Mt s cng trnh nghin cu khoa hc cho bit: dng rutin vi liu lng 40400mg/kg th c tc dng chng li bnh ung th. Mt s kt qu th nghim cho thy, dng tetraclorua carbon gy tn thng gan th hot ng ca men cytochrom P-450 b c ch, dng rutin bng ng d dy vi liu 100mg/kg c tc dng kch hot tr li hot ng ca men ny. Trong y hc hin i, n he c dng lm thuc cm mu trong cc trng hp xut huyt, phng tai bin do mch mu b x va, khi c biu hin tn thng mao mch, khi bnh tiu ng, xut huyt di da, xut huyt vng mc, xut huyt c lin quan n s va ng mch. Thuc cn dng cha bnh tng huyt p th va v nh, hn ch c s xut hin chy mu no nh cng c c thnh mch, gim kh nng sinh ra cc vi ti phnh l hi xung huyt d v. Do , ngi cao tui b tng huyt p nn dng hoa he.

Trong khun kh bi seminar ny, em trnh by cch tng qut v Tr dc tho: khi nim, lch s, phn loi, nhng nguyn tc s dng tr dc tho cng nh SVTH: Nguyn Trung Hiu 20

Seminar chuyn ngnh

GVHD: ThS.ng Uy Nhn

gii thiu tng quan v hai loi dc tho thng c s dng trong cuc sng l: Tr v hoa he. V nhng tnh nng tuyt vi ca nhng loi dc tho i vi sc khe ca con ngi, cng vi ngun dc liu phong ph nc ta, em hi vng s c nhiu loi tr dc tho c nghin cu pht trin rng ri Vit Nam, lm a dng thm cc loi thc phm chc nng trn th trng.

[1]

http://www.trunghocthuduc.com/suckhoe/duocthao.html

SVTH: Nguyn Trung Hiu

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Seminar chuyn ngnh [2] [3] [4] [5]

GVHD: ThS.ng Uy Nhn

Hong Khnh Ton, Tr dc c truyn, Tp ch sc khe v i sng s 153, 2001. Tt Li, Nhng cy thuc v v thuc Vit Nam, nh xut bn khoa hc k thut, 1997. Lu Dun, Nguyn B Thanh, Thi Th Thanh Hng, Kho st v phn loi cc sn phm tr dc tho, 2003. Nguyn B Thanh, Nghin cu tnh cht cm quan v th hiu ngi tiu dng i vi mt s sn phm tr dc tho, Lun vn tt nghip cao hc, i hc Bch Khoa Tp.HCM, 2004.

[6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13]

http://www.vietrade.gov.vn/che/70-d-oan-tieu-th-che-dc-tho-s-gim-trong-nm2009.html H Th Yn Nhung, Nghin cu nng cao cht lng tr dc liu, Lun vn tt nghip i hc, i hc Bch Khoa Tp.HCM, 1996. B Nng Nghip, Gio trnh cy ch, 1979. Ng Hu Hp, Ha sinh ch, i hc Bch Khoa H Ni, 1984 PGS.TS Trnh Xun Ng, Cy ch v k thut ch bin, nh xut bn Khoa hc t nhin v cng ngh, 2007. Natsuki Matsumoto, Fumico Ishigaki, Akiyo Ishigaki Reduction of Blood glucose levels by tea catechin Biosci, Biotech, Biochem 1993 Tp ch The Worlds men s 416. Senji Sakanaka, Norio Shimura, Masami Aizawa, Mujo Kim Preventive effect of green tea polyphenols against dental carries in conventional rats Biosci, Biotech, Biochem 1992.

[14]

Senji Sakanaka, Masami Aizawa, Mujo Kim, Takehiko Yanamoto Inhibition effect of green tea polyphenols grownth and adherence of an oral bacterium, Pophylromonas gingivalis Biosci, Biotech, Biochem 1996.

[15] [16]

Tp ch y hc c truyn Vit Nam - s 310, 311, 316. Huy Bch, Ti nguyn cy thuc Vit Nam, Nh xut bn khoa hc v k thut H Ni, 1993.

SVTH: Nguyn Trung Hiu

22

Seminar chuyn ngnh [17] [18] [19]

GVHD: ThS.ng Uy Nhn

Huy Bch, ng Quang Chung, Cy thuc v ng vt lm thuc Vit Nam, Nh xut bn khoa hc v k thut Vin Dc liu, 2000. B mn dc liu trng i hc dc khoa H Ni, Bi ging dc liu tp 1, 1982. Nguyn Thin Lun, L Don Nguyn, Phan Quc Kinh, Cc loi thc phm thuc v thc phm chc nng Vit Nam, Nh xut bn Nng nghip H Ni, 1999.

[20] [21]

Trng i hc Y Dc Tp.HCM, Bi ging chit xut dc liu tp I, 1995. Liviero 2002. Chistel, Sophora Japonica extraction for promoting desquamation/epidermal renewal of the skin and/or combating skinaging, Patent,

[22]

Yumiko Nakamura, Susumu Ishimitsu and Yasuhide Tonogai, Effect of quercetin and rutin on serum and hepatic lipid concentrations, fecal, steroid excretion and serum antioxidant properties, National Institute of health sciences, 2000.

[23] [24]

http://www.yhoccotruyen.org/PrintDuocVi.jsp?dvid=198 http://sgtt.vn/Khoe-va-vui/Dinh-duong/133338/Tinh-tao-truoc-hap-luc-traduoc.html

SVTH: Nguyn Trung Hiu

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