-

- N.

...

2003


1. . , ...
2. , ...
3. , ...

E
. 90/21.3.2003


. , , , ...
. ,

. ,

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. ,

, , ...

. ,

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. , . , , ...


..................................................................................................................................I
1. ............................................................................................................................................1
1.1.
1.2.
1.3.
1.4.
1.5.

...........................................................................................................................................1
..........................................................................................................................1
..............................................................................................................................3
................................................................................................4
(Microtremors) .....................................................................................................5

1.5.1. ............................................................................6
1.5.2. .....................6
1.6. .............................................................................8
1.6.1. .................................................................8
1.6.2. ....................................................................................................9
1.6.3. ........................................................................................9
1.7. ..........................................................10

2.

.....................13

2.1. .................................................................................................................13
2.2. ......................................................................................................................18
2.3.
...............................................................................................................................................19
2.4. ..................................................................... ...................................................23
2.4.1. .....................................................................................................................................................23
2.4.2. .............................................25
2.4.3. ............................27
2.5. O 20 1978...........................................................................................................31

3.

20 1978 ................................................34

3.1. ..............................................................................................34
3.2. .....................................................................................35
3.2.1. ...........................................................................................................36
3.2.2. ......................................................................................................38
3.3. ...............................................................................................40
3.3.1. .....................................................................................................................................43
3.3.2. .............................................................................................................................44
3.3.3. .....................................................................................45
3.3.4. ...................................................................................................................................45
3.3.5. .................................................................................................................................47
3.4. ..........................................................................48
3.4.1. ...................................................................................................................48
3.4.2. .............................................................................................................................................49

4.

..........53

4.1. ......................................53
4.2. ......................................................................................................57
4.2.1. ..........................................................................57
4.2.2. ......................................................59

4.2.3. ...............................................................................................60

....................................................................................72
ABSTRACT..75
....................................................................................................................................................78



,
,

(
) . ,

, ,
.

(, , , ).
,
, , .
,
20 1978 (=6.5)

,
, .

UNESCO

.


.
.

.

,
.

1978
.

1978.
.

.
, . .


.

.

 .

.
.. .
.
.

.
. . .
.
. . .
.
.
.. . .
2 .
. .
/

. -,
/.
..... .
2

.
. .
, . . .

.

II

 3o
20 1978

3.1.

,

. ,
, .. ,
.
,
,
.


.
.
,
. ,
, , , G,
, ,


. , ,
.

250 . , ,

,

,

,
, 800.

, ,
.
,
.


, , ,
.

18 ..
19 .
34

,
.
(Richter, 1958).
, .. . S. Rossi F. A. Forel 1883


.
Mercalli, 1902. ,


.
(Modified Mercalli, 1956), Richter (1958), MSK
Medvedev, Sponheuer Karnik
13 U.G.G.I. 1963.
,
MSK 1964

.
.

,
.

().


.




,
.
,
.
, , .
, ,
.

,

.
.
3.2.

20 1978
,

35

 .
3.1.



.

,


.
7000
.

.
.
3.2.1.

, ()
- Mercalli (, 1954)
MSK (1964).

20 1978,
,
.
,
, ,
.

.
) .
, , ,
, ,

,
1978, .....
.
) . 8

,
MSK
6
.

36

. 3.1.
20 1978.

) . 11
6 9 .

. 11
, .. 5
.

37

 .
.

,
,
, .

,

.
:
1)

2)

.
) .
.
,

,
.
) 1932.

26 1932 (=7.0),
.


.
3.2.2.


(.. 5%, 50%
75%).
Mercalli,
1956, , , B, C D.
,
,
B, C D. , MSK1964,
A, B C, .
,
.
,
, . ,
5.5 V+.

,
,
.

38

 :

.

( )
( ).

,



.
, .
2 3 , ,

.
. ,
, max,
,
.
,
,
.

.
, mean,
max

. , max
max

max.

,
.
.

.
2
max.
,

,
,
.


:
1. , ,
..

39


,
.
2.

.


,
.
,
,
, ,
.
3.3.


,

.

, , ,
.
:
1)



. 3.2
, Imean,
. Imean=
3.8 Imean =8.0 =6.0 =6.3.
2)
1978 ,
, ,
.


, ,

.

Imean max, ,
.

40

250

200

150

n
100

50

0
2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

9.0

10.0

(mean)
. 3.2.
.

H
,
( .),

. ,
,

,
. ,
, , ,
, - .
Imean max
: , ,
, ,
t. 1 2 n2
n1 ,
2 1, :
:

v = n1+n2-2

41

t=

M1 M 2

(n1 1) 12 + (n2 1) 22
n1 + n2 2

n1 + n 2
n1 n2

3.3 max
.
.
max=4.0 max=8.8
max=6.7 max=7.0,

,
, , SK.
550
500
450
400
350

300
250
200
150
100
50
0
2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

9.0

10.0

(max)
. 3.3. max
.

:
t 1.98, >100, P=95%
P
95% .

42

3.3.1.

.
1 1932
, 2 1932
1959, 1
3
...

,
1 2 (t=3.56) 1 3 (t=3.42)
2 3
(t=1.98 =159 P=95%).
, ,
1, , 1932 2
1 ...
1959.

(mean)

7.5

7.0

6.5

6.0

5.5

5.0
0

. 3.4. Imean (1:
1932, 2: 1932 1959, 3: 1959).

3.4
Imean .
max
( 3.5).

43

 (max)

8.0

7.5

7.0

6.5

6.0

5.5
0

. 3. 5. max
(1: 1932, 2: 1932 1959, 3: 1959).

,
1932 1959 ,
1932
.
3.3.2.

, :
1:, 2:, 3:, 4:.
t

, 1
2 3 4 ,
3 4 (t=0.98
1.96) P=95%
>1000.

SK
(
).

.

44

3.3.3.

(edvedev, 1962, Shteinberg, 1973),

. , , 1281
335 .
t P=95% >1000 t=7.98 mean
t=6.57 max. H
.

mean=5.61 max=6.54
.
mean =6.28 max =6.94
,
, ,

.
3.3.4.

1978.
, , mean max

, 3.6 3.7, .

:
(mean)n = 5,57 + (0,0930.01) n
(max)n = 6,16 + (0,1000.01) n

45

 (mean)

7.0

6.5

6.0

5.5

5.0

4.5
0

10

. 3.6. .

(max)

8.0

7.5

7.0

6.5

6.0

5.5

5.0
0

10

A
. 3.7. .

46


(mean)n=5.458+(0.1360.002)n, (max)n=6.059+(0.1410.01)n
1 5 , 5
(mean)n=5.880+(0.0500.003)n,
(max)n=6.398+(0.0680.01)n.
t

.
3.1. t
.
mean

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

1.81
4.50
5.70
9.59
8.88
7.76
8.35
5.01

1.45

4.58
3.18

5.86
4.50
1.26

10.73
9.51
6.52
5.40

9.53
8.42
5.88
4.88
0.24

8.59
7.49
5.11
4.13
0.22
0.39

9.29
8.23
6.38
5.43
1.82
1.46
1.76

4.90
4.38
3.75
3.27
0.19
1.65
1.80
1.11

2.69
3.88
8.00
7.47
6.36
7.07
4.44

1.13
5.57
5.43
4.41
5.54
4.00

4.68
4.64
3.61
4.79
3.62
max

0.59
0.18
1.48
2.28

0.65
0.90
1.91

1.44
2.14

1.62

3.1

4
9.
, 5
5
t1.96 t ,
( 300)
P=95%.
.
3.3.5.

, ,
.
4 1977, =7.0, Vrancea
37
35 (, 1985). ,


.
47


,
, , .

: (1) (2).
t
, mean
max 0.1
,
( ).
mean 1287
mean=5.96 =0.80 1808
, max=6.04 =0.75.
3.4.
3.4.1.

,
,

()
. ,
,

, .
1:4000

,

.

-
- .
80
6.4 .

,
.

(
).

.

. ,
, ..
,
,
.
48

 , ()

.
-

.
mean Imax
.

,

,

.
1
1/2,
1.
0
1.
. ,
mean Imax
.
3.4.2.

. ,
mean,


()

, , . 3.8

1978.

49

- -

- -

- -

. 3.8.
.

50


,

.
,

, ,
,

20 1978.
, ,
:
- ( 1932)
.
- .
-
. 5

,
20 1978.

mean max
3.2.
, 6 ,
3.9.
3.2.
6 .
.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6

mean
4.0 - 4.9
5.0 5.4
5.5 5.9
6.0 6.4
6.5 6.9
7.0 7.4
7.5

max
4 4.9
5 5.9
6 6.9
7 7.9
8

.
0
1
2
3
4

3.9 ,
( . - 40
- ).
( - .
), , ,
, .

51

. 3.9.
6 .

52

1.1.
,
, ,
( , , ).
(Seismic Risk), R.
O , R,
, ,
, .
,
, .,
(Seismic Hazard), H,
(, , ,
) (Vulnerability), V,
.
, R,
, , , V
:
(1)
R = H V
(1) ,
, R,
, , , V, . , ,

, (
, ,
, )
, ( , 2002).


, .
, , ,
,
.

.
1.2.
,
,
.
, , , m,
, Sm ,
(), (), S(T) , .
, ,

1

 ,

.

(, ,
).


(
, ).


(..
).
,
(
,
, , ).

(Montessus de Ballore, 1900),

(Galanopoulos, 1963, Papazachos, 1990).
H
,

.
1970
.

, .

.
100 km ,

(Papageorgiou, 1981).
1960 (Papazachos,
1961) .

:
) ,
) ,
)

.
, (),
,
.


.

 () ()

.
, ,
,
, ( )

.
, ,
, .. ,
, , ,



.
1.3.

,
( )
,

. O

.


. ,

,
. .
,

( , ,
) ,
.
, ,
, , ,
,
.


.

18 . ,
, ..
Nobi 1891, Kanto ( Tokyo) 1923, onankai
1944, Fukui to 1948, .



. , ,

. , ,

, ,
,
.

,

.



, .
,
(.. )
,
, .
1.4.


.
.

.

.

, .

:

,
,

....

.
,
, :

, , .,

( , ), ,
,
.

(, , , ),
(,

, , , ).
,
:
( )
( ), ,
(,).
,

,
,
.



.

, ,
, , .

.
1.5.
1000
,
0.1 10
0.05 sec 2 sec.
microtremors.

, , . , ,
.

. , ,

.

, ,
,

.
,
.
5

19 ,
, .
,
, .
Kanai (1957)
, .

(0.1-0.4 sec) , (0.4-0.8
sec) .
-
-,
.
- -.
1.5.1

.
, , ..
, () 0.1 0.6 sec
. ,
,
0.2sec 1sec
.
, ,
0.1-0.2 sec
0.2-0.4
sec.
0.4-0.8 sec.

0.05 sec 2 sec.

.
, ()
=0.05sec >1sec.
-
. ( )

. ,
+ 20%.
(Kanai, 1957) ,
,

. A, ,

.
,

.

1.5.2.
.
(, )
.
:
. , .,
.
. , .,
, 5 .
1.8

(sec)

1.6
IV

1.4

III-IV

1.2

III

1.0

II-III
II

0.8
I-II

0.6
0.4

0.2
0.0
0.0

0.2
0.4
0.6
(sec)

0.8

. 1.1.
(), ( )
( sec)(). , ,
,
anai (1957).

. 5 ,
.
V. 30 ( ,
, ).
anai (1957)
.

(
)
(. 1.1, ).
, , :
)

,
) ,
- ,
V .
anai (1957) ,


. 1.1. ()
( )
( sec)
.
1.6.



.


.
.
1.6.1
,
,
. ,
.
, ,
,
.
,

(, , , ),

 (Papazachos, C. 1992, Savvaidis et al.,

1997).
,
,

, .
1.6.2


.

.
(S)

.

Bostrom and Sherif (1970) British Columbia ()
orcherdt et al. (1972) . M

.
Nakamura (1989)


.
(Lermo and Chavez-Garcia, 1993).
1.6.3
, ,
.
:
- (wave function expansion methods)
(Trifunak, 1971, Sanchez-Sesma ,1985, Lee, 1988)
-M (Lysmer and Drake 1971, Zama, 1981)
- (Boore, 1972, Virieux, 1984)
- (discrete wavenumber method) (Aki and
Larner, 1970, Bouchon and Aki, 1977, Bard and Bouchon, 1985)
- (Wong and Jennings, 1975, Sanchez-Sesma
and Esquivel, 1979, Dravinski,1983)
- (Bouchon, 1985,
Kawase, 1988)
- (Ray and Beam methods) (Hong and Helmberger,
1978, Nowack and Aki, 1984)
- (Fah, 1992).

, Aki and Irikura (1991).

 ,
.

.
(
)
(ard and Bouchon, 1985),
,
.
,

.
1.7.
,

.
.

.
.

.

.
,
,
.
.

,
.

:
- (
-) .
- .
- .

,
. ,

.
,
,
.

. ..
1400m/sec 400m/sec.

10


:
- .
- .
- .


.

, .

,
20 1978
, ,
.

,
.

. , ,

.

, . , ,


.
. ,


( , , ).

, , , PGA,
, PGV, ( 10 1000
).

20 1978 . , ,

,


.

(, Modified Mercalli) MS
(Medvedev, Karnik and Sponheuer).
(~0.1)
(0.5)
,

11

( , , ,
, )


.

.

,
,
. , ,


164 . , ,


. (, -, ,
-, ) ,
.
.

12

 2o

2.1.
,
-,
(Mercier, 1966).

- ,
(.2.1).
o :
) ,
-
, 15 500.
2.5. ,
, .
,
, ,
.

(),
, ,
( 1969).
.
)
.
. -, ..
,
( 1969).
)
, , .
:
1. ,
, ,
(, 1964, , 1970).
-
(, ..). : ,
, , , .
- 300 , .
2.
.
, ,
, ,
(, 1964).

13

.2.1.
( , 1:50.000,
1978).

.

,
(, 1964).
, , . ,
.

14

 ( 1966, 1970)
(, ), (
), ( , , ,
) .
(.2.2) , -
.

. 2.2.
( 1:50.000).

,
- .
,
.
,
.
, ,

.

15

 ,
,
.
:
.

(2.3)
.
, :

, (
).

,
,
. 1975.

.
,
,
.
, 1950.
,
, .
.
, .
1965 . .
, 40
.
( )
.
, . , ,
,
.
, ,


.
.
.

16

.2.3. .
(
).

.

.

17

 .

.
()
, ,
.
(, , ).

.

, .. , , , 40
, , , .
2.2.
,
. ,

.
2.4
5.4 1901 1978
39.8 42.3
20.8 27.0 (Papazachos et al., 1979a).
20 km.


( , FYROM,
,
). ,
(Arsovski, 1961, Mercier, 1966, Kockel et
al., 1971, Papazachos et al., 1979a, b).

.
.
=6.6 1902,
, , =7.3
1904
7.5 1905
.

(FYROM), (1931) =6.6
(1932-33) =7.0 1932
.

=6.5
( ) 1978.

18

. 2.4. (5.4) 1900-1978

(Papazachos et al., 1979a).

b logN=a-bM
0.6,

. (1974)
1911 1973 b
0.67 0.92. (1984)
3 ,
b=0.66. , (1985)
1978
b=0.92. b
(Mogi, 1967,
Scholz, 1968).
2.3.

(2.1)

.
(2002).

19

 2.1.
.

597
620
667
700
1395
1430, .
1677
1759, . 22
1829, 5

..
/

40.9 24.3
6.8
VIII
110
40.7 23.5
6.6
/ VII /
40
40.7 23.2
6.6
/ VII /
20
40.7 23.1
6.6
/ VII /
12
40.9 22.2
6.7
VIII
70
26 40.7 23.2
6.0
/
VII
30
40.5 23.0
6.2
/ VIII
20

23:30
09

1902, . 5 14:56:30
1904 . 4 10:25:55
1905, 8 22:30:30
1931, . 8 01: 50: 28
1932 . 26 19:20:42
1978 . 20 20:03:21

40.6
41.1

22.8
24.3

6.5
7.3

IX /

15
120

40.8
41.8
40.3
41.3
40.5
40.7

23.1
23.1
24.4
22.5
23.9
23.3

6.6
7.3
7.5
6.7
7.0
6.5

/
. . ,

FYROM X
X
/ VIII+

20
130
120
85
75
28

/
VI

VII
VII
VIIVIIH

V+VI
VII+
VI
VI
VI
VI
VII

597.. 41.0, 23.9, =6.8,

( , 1885,
)
. (1963)
,
.
620.. 40.6, 23.3, h=n, =6.6
(1983)
.
, .
.
, .
667.. 40.6, 23.5, =6.6 (VIII, )
(1963)
,
, .
.
700.. 40.8, 23.2, h=n, =6.6 (VIII )
.

20

 .
(, 1963).
1395, 40.9, 22.3, h=n, =6.7 (VIII)

.
1430, 26, 40.7, 23.2, h=n, =6.0 (VI)
,
.
1677.. 40.5, 23.0, h=n, =6.2 (VIII )

.
1759, 22 , 23:30 GMT 40.7, 23.2, h=n, =6.5
IX ,
(Svoronos, 1951).
. (1978)
13 ( )
(26 ,
) .
.
.


. .
20-22
3 , E
2.5.1762. (, 1983)

. .
1829, 5 , 09, 41.1, 24.3, =7.3 ()

. ,
. .
, ,
10 1829.

.
. (Perrey
1848, Mallet 1854, Hoernes 1902, Watzof 1902, 1936).


, , 12/5/79
. .
1835 .
5 1829
11 ( 13) 1829, =6.9 ,

21

 ,
(41.1, 24.8).
, ,
. , ,
, .
, ,

220 , 155
.
1902, 5 , 14:56:30, 48.8, 23.1, h=n, =6.6 (, )
,
.
100 218 .
5 ,
, ,

.
, 100m
10cm.
. , .
, .
.
, (
, , ,
).
1904, 4 , 10:25:55, 41.8, 23.1, h=n, M=7.3, (N (, )
23 ,
=7.0 , ,
.
,
.
.
,
,
.
1905, 8 , 22:30:30, 40.3, 24.4, h=n, M=7.5, (, )
,
. ,
, .
.
.
1931, 8 , 01:50:28, 41.3, 22.5, h=n, =6.7, (. , FYROM
(, )
2.000 36
. 159 .
,

22

 . 4 ,
8 1 . , ,
, . .
24 .
.
,
..

.
1932, 26 , 19:20:42, 40.5, 23.9, h=n, M=7.0 X (, )
, 85
175 . , .
, , , , .

.
7Km
2m 10 ,
- , - .

.
.
=6.0 11 1933.
29 1932 03:57 =6.2
, .
, ,
, ,
, , ,
.
2.4.
2.4.1.

,



.
,
(P.G.A.), (P.G.V.) (P.G.D.).
(Seismic Hazard)
,

,

, , (..
)
.

23

 , R
(Seismic Risk)
, (Vulnerability)
, ,

.

.


,
.
:
.

, ,

.


.


.

(Gutenberg and Richter, 1954, Sykes, 1963, Duda, 1965, Rothe, 1969, Papazachos, 1973,
Comninakis and Papazachos, 1978, Papazachos and Comninakis, 1982a, b, , 1985,
. .).
,
(Galanopoulos,
1961, Papazachos and Comninakis, 1972, Makropoulos, 1978, Comninakis and Papazachos,
1986, Papazachos et al., 2002).


,
.
( b, )


.


, ,

.

24

. 2.5. 67 ( ) 7
( ) (Papaioannou and
Papazachos, 2000).

(Papazachos 1980, 1988, ,
1984). 2.5 ,
Papaioannou and Papazachos (2000).
, ,
, ,
.
(Milne and Davenport, 1969)
Gumbel (1954) Cornell (1968).
2.4.2.


.

.
47.5

(Jacob and Mori, 1984).

25

 ,
..



.


. . ..



,
.

,
, .
,


.

,
10 110km.



.

:
Y = b1exp(b2M)(R+b4)-b3
Esteva and Rosenblueth (1964),
, , R
b1, b2, b3 b4 . (1978)
:
b1 = 2164, b2 = 0.70 b3 = 1.80 b4 = 20
b4
(, 1984).
logY = logb1+Mb2loge-b3log(R+b4)
, R
, .
R<100km
R200km (Ben Menahem et
al., 1982).

26

 , , (
Mercalli)
, ( km) , s, (1984)

=6.59+1.18M-1.95ln(+17)
(1988)
, g, cm/sec2, , ug, cm/sec,
:
lng = 4.22 + 1.30M 1.83ln (R+15)
lnug = -0.92 + 1.44M 1.65ln(R+10)

2.4.3.

(Galanopoulos and Delibasis 1972,
Algermissen et al. 1976, Shebalin et al. 1976, Makropoulos 1978, Makropoulos and Burton
1985, , 1981, Drakopoulos and Makropoulos 1983, 1984,
Papazachos et al. 1985) . 1984


80 . (1990)
Cornell (1968) (1984)
3-180 .
,
,

( ., 1989).
Cornell (1968) McGuire (1976).

Papaioannou and Papazachos
(2000).

(2.5)
Papaioannou and
Papazachos (2000):
I = 2.58 + 1.43 M 1.56 ln (+6)

(2001,
2002), 744 , 142

, g, (cm/sec2) , ug, (cm/sec):
ln g,= 4.16 + 0.69M - 1.24ln(R+6) + 0.12S +0.70

27

ln ug,= -1.51 + 1.11M - 1.20ln(R+5) + 0.29S +0.80

S .
BS=0, CS=1 DS=2
( UBC 1997)
. ,
C CD .
(2.2) ,

.
S=0 (:
) S=2 (: )
2.2. (MM, PGA
PGV) , .

M ()

P.G.A. (cm/sec2)

PGV (cm/sec)

S=0

S=2

S=0

S=2

10

5.30

50.50

61.30

2.95

4.00

20

5.60

62.25

74.70

3.70

5.30

25

5.85

65.95

79.55

3.95

5.80

50

6.20

78.90

96.85

4.95

7.30

100

6.53

94.40

117.90

6.10

9.20

200

6.85

113.00

143.55

7.10

11.35

475

7.20

141.40

179.30

8.50

14.85

1000

7.40

169.85

210.85

10.00

18.25

2.5 2.6
(2.2) ,
.
2000 10%
50 , 475 .

28

EAK 2000

8.00

(
)

7.50

7.00

6.50

6.00

5.50

5.00

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

(M)
. 2. 5. , ()
.

29

 (cm/sec)

20.0

15.0

10.0

5.0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

225.0
200.0
175.0
150.0
125.0
EAK 2000

2
(cm/sec )

0.0

100.0
75.0

S=2 (: 180<V < 360 m/sec)

S
S=0 (: 760 <V < 1500 m/sec)
S

50.0
25.0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

(M)
. 2. 6.
.

30

2.5. O 20 1978
20 1978 20h 03m 23s
G.M.T. . .
40.73, 23.26 s=6.5,

.
, Soufleris and Stewart (1981),
8km.
Carver and Bollinger (1983) 36
5
(Papazachos et al., 1979a, b).
8 1978
4.7 23h 34m 13s GMT 23 1978
s=5.8, 40.70, 23.29,
5 8 .
22h 23m 28s 4 1978
s=5.1 .
(). 40.70 23.11.
Soufleris and Stewart (1981) 23
20 1978,
.

. 2.3
.
2.3. 20/6/78
(Papazachos et al., 1979a).
.

23/5/78
20/6/78

. .

256
270

72
75

349
173

02
02

()
.
.
.
277
49 -66
278
46 -68

()
. .
.
62
46 -115
69
49 -110

20/6/1978,
, ( L, S, u),
, , .
Kulhanek and
Mayer (1983) L=32km, ,
- , -
- .
(1989)

, S,
km2,
logS = 0,70 Ms-1.98

31

 6.5 S=370km2.
, s=6.5, 20.6.78 K
. (1985)
390km2.
, u, Kulhanek
and Mayer (1983)
u = 26.7cm
=6.61025 dyne-cm.
, ,

= 6.6 bars
Soufleris and Stewart (1981) =
5.25x1025 dyne cm = 8 bars

20
1989. 10 bars
(1985) ,

.



.

.
=6.5 1978
,
SMA-1
, , 1973
CITY , .
2.7
4 sec.


,


.

32

. 2.7.
CITY (),
().

33

 4o

4.1.

.
.
H
(Drakopoulos, 1971, 1973, Lachet et al., 1995, , 1997, 2000, Anastasiadis et
al., 2001). 1973 , UNDP/ UNESCO
,
.
UNESCO ,
, ... ,
,
, .

. Sherif Sherif
Bostrom (Sherif, 1973). ,
,
.
, ,
.
, ,
, Newport 60
6 , Ampex, .

Sherif -,
. ,
. ,
, ,
.
.
80 ,
4.1.
, Seattle,
Washington ..., 69
(. 4.2). Sherif :
) :
D1: 0.5 Hz < f < 2.5 Hz
D2: 2.5 Hz < f < 5.5 Hz
D3: 5.5 Hz < f < 8.0 Hz
) 4.1.

53

2 km

. 4.1.
(: Kobayashi [1973], : Sherif [1973], : , ).

54

. 4.2.
Sherif ( ) ( ).

55

 4.1
Sherif.
Z
I
I2
I3

2
3

Hz
0.5 < f <2.5

2.5 < f < 5.5

5.5 < f < 8.0

1.0< <1.5
1.5< A <3.0
3.0< A
1.0< <1.5
1.5< <3.0
3.0<
1.5< <3.0
3.0<

, (Sherif, 1973).

(Bornovas et al., 1971),
(Algermissen and Perkins, 1972)
.
(, )



....
(, 1966).
, Sherif
.
Kobayashi ( UNESCO) 180
(Microtremors) (. 4.1).
10 sec
, `
, .
,
10
:

I
II
III
IV

10
0. < 10 <0.22
0.12<10 <0.45
0.35<10 <0.75
0.75<10

,
. , ,
anai,
I, II III, :

56

I ,
II
III ( obayashi, 1973).
Kobayashi
. ,
Koyabashi
.

. , ,
Microtremors (Leventakis and
Roussopoulos, 1974).
M, Kobayashi ,
30
( . 4.1).

anai.
I, II III, . IV
.
.
/ .
. `
,

(zero-crossing method), Tanaka (Tanaka, 1962). To
FM .
FORTRAN, PAL III assembler
10 msec 5 msec.

4.2.
4.2.1.

. 4.3
.
, , :
- SW 9254, ,
, , 0=1 sec, 3 Volts (p-p) /
cm/sec c=0.7. ,
.
-
. 3 mm p-p.
- , VA 9254.
,
.

. NORMAL
.

57

 (Diff)
,
.
To
,
.
0.5 Hz
30 Hz 0.5 dB, 70 dB
.
- .

,
.

1, 5, 10 50 ./ .,
.

. 4.3. .

, ,
, ,

. :
) SS1 Ranger,

0=1sec, 93Volts/m/sec.
Ranger ,
m=1.45kg,
,

Rc=5000 Ohms.
58

SC1 inemetrics. To

100.000 . 6 dB
` 0 54 dB.
E , :

( ). `

, NORMAL
,
.
12Volt,
6.5Ah , 220V,
100 .
SC-1 ,
,
1 Hz 100 Hz. `
()
.
DASH-1 Astro-Med, ,
.

, ,
. 1, 5, 25
50 mm/sec.
1 100 mm/sec.

( OFF), ( CAL) (1
mV/mm, 10 mV/mm, 100 mV/mm 1 V/mm).
220 Volts
,
11 Volts. `
` .
(CHG)
, .

( ).
3964 Hewlett-Packard
DC FM, ( ).
ips, 11/2 ips 71/2 ips.

4.2.2.

. ,
.
4.1 164
, (Microtremors).

.

59


.

, , .,

.
.

.
. (
), ,

.
,

- -. , ,
,
, ,
, .
,
, ,
.

. , ,
(),
, , ,
.
, ,

.
,
,
,
.
`
500
.


UNESCO Kobayashi Sherif.
4.2.3.

Kanai.
anaka
(1962),
.

60

 -
:

() .
.
(Ni) Ti
Ti+1 (i / ) , Ti
Ti+1 i . ,
Ti / Ni
, -.
Ishimoto (1934)
Tokyo Yokohama. E, Shaita and Suzuki
(1934) .
(.. = 0.035 sec).
,

- ().
- ,

.
Nishimura and Suzuki (1954)
, (I ) .
:
TI=T0 * i , [ > 1 , i = -h , .-1, 0, 1, , h ] ,
0 .
I (I+1) , I, i

Ti = To i ( 1)

To i ( + 1)

2
i 2( 1)
=
Ti
+1
Ti =

i
= a
Ti
2 +
=
2

. ,
.

61

 1959
.
Kanai -
,
`
.
=0.2. 4.4
,
. ,
=0.02 sec
(=0.2). , a
b.

. 4 4. - . ,
=0.02 sec
(=0.2).
a b.

,
,
, ,
62

 2
( 1.0 sec). T =0.2
` .
4.2
zero-crossing (
, , y=0).

4.2.
zero-crossing.

T (sec)
0.050-0.059
0.060-0.069
0.070-0.079
0.080-0.099
0.100-0.119
0.120-0.149
0.150-0.179
0.180-0.219
0.220-0.269
0.270-0.319
0.320-0.399
0.400-0.499
0.500-0.599
0.600-0.749
0.750-0.899
0.900-1.099
1.100-1.299
1.300-1.599
1.600-1.999
2.000-2.500

.
0.055
0.065
0.075
0.090
0.110
0.135
0.165
0.200
0.245
0.295
0.360
0.450
0.550
0.675
0.825
1.000
1.200
1.450
1.800
2.250

164
4.3.
, ., . .
, . .
(), ()
Kanai, .

63

 4.3. 164 . ., .
. , .
. (), ()
Kanai,
.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38

, & 0.065
,
0.135
,
0.165
,
0.550
,
0.295
, . . .
0.360

0.360
, .
0.675
.
0.450
,
0.675
,
0.550
,
0.675

0.550
, .
0.450
.
0.450
( . )
0.675

0.245

0.450

0.295
( )
0.295
, &
0.165

0.090
(. & )
0.110

(.

0.295
.)
()
0.245
& 0.675
26
0.360
.
0.450
. / () 0.450
( )
0.295
.,
0.245
.,
0.135
.,
0.200
. (.
0.245
)
. . 0.450

0.450
. .
0.675

0.550

.
0.08
0.08
0.16
0.50
0.33
0.33
0.20
0.75
0.33
0.32
0.50
0.32
0.62
0.50
0.72
0.21
0.16
0.20
0.17
0.42
0.25
0.92
0.92

.
0.060
0.191
0.212
0.454
0.280
0.295
0.325
0.349
0.418
0.652
0.491
0.660
0.540
0.488
0.472
0.500
0.328
0.298
0.322
0.226
0.217
0.155
0.160

.
0.550
0.550
0.450
0.675
0.550
0.675
0.675
1.200
1.200
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.200
0.825
0.675
1.200
0.825
0.675
0.550
0.675
0.675
0.450
0.450

()

I-II

-
-

-
-
-

0.33

0.305

1.000 - - -

1.25
0.25
0.66
2.61
0.28
0.50
0.33
0.32
0.20

0.228
0.377
0.382
0.390
0.313
0.367
0.286
0.187
0.298

0.450
0.825
1.000
1.000
1.200
0.825
1.000
0.675
0.675

0.25

0.256

0.75
0.50
0.66
0.80

0.425
0.458
0.483
0.496

V
-
-
-

()

-
I-II I-II
-
-

-V III

-V III
-V III

-
-

-
-
II-III
-V
-
-
-

-
-

III

-
-

0.675 II

II

II

0.825
0.675
1.200
1.000

64

39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81

.
.
.
.
.

.
&
.
..
.,
.
&
-

. ( & /)
(. )
26 &
&

&
. &
.
.
&
&
. & .
&
. .
. .
40

. & ???

,
82
.
. ( . &
83
)
84 & /

0.450
0.360
0.360
0.295
0.360
0.200
0.245
0.245
0.450
0.675
0.550
0.350
0.450
0.360
0.450
0.675
0.135
0.065
0.110
0.200
0.090
0.165
0.055
0.090
0.110
0.135
0.280
0.450
0.450
0.450
0.295
0.090
0.055
0.055
0.550
0.295
0.245
0.055
0.090
0.055
0.065
0.360
0.200

1.000
1.80
0.66
0.80
0.42
0.33
0.25
0.20
1.00
0.83
0.67
0.42
0.60
0.50
0.716
0.30
0.08
0.16
0.07
0.20
0.05
0.20
0.05
0.05
0.08
0.07
0.47
0.68
0.50
0.65
0.17
0.10
0.08
0.10
0.33
0.20
0.20
0.05
0.07
0.03
0.20
0.30
0.58

0.478
0.480
0.341
0.324
0.210
0.313
0.278
0.292
0.396
0.555
0.472
0.385
0.392
0.353
0.370
0.377
0.128
0.063
0.132
0.245
0.130
0.203
0.082
0.105
0.098
0.123
0.240
0.294
0.390
0.360
0.322
0.115
0.143
0.132
0.372
0.350
0.217
0.083
0.112
0.065
0.205
0.241
0.273

0.825
1.200
1.000
1.000
0.520
0.550
0.450
0.550
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
0.675
0.800
0.800
0.200
0.220
0.271
0.295
0.200
0.295
0.200
0.245
0.200
0.245
1.000
0.675
1.100
1.200
0.550
0.200
0.295
0.245
0.675
0.675
0.450
0.200
0.200
0.245
0.500
0.550
0.675

0.295

0.25

0.314

0.360

0.26

0.245

0.20

-V

-
-
-

-
-
-

-
-
-

-
-

-
-

-
-

-
-
-

0.550

0.346

0.550

0.265

0.450

65

85 &
86 . &
87
88 &
89 &
90 ,
91
92
93 , .
94 .
95 .
96 .
97 . ,
98 & , .
99 .
100 &
101 &
&
102

103 -
104 &
105 25 ,
106
107 ,
108 ., & .
109 ,
110 ,
111 ,
112 .
113 , . ..
114 , .
115 .
116 .,
117 ,
118
119 . ,
120
121
122 .
123 .
124 .
125 & .
126
127
128
129
130 .
131

0.295
0.360
0.135
0.245
0.295
0.245
0.200
0.055
0.360
0.245
0.195
0.110
0.135
0.245
0.295
0.240
0.195

0.200
0.13
0.15
0.15
0.42
0.33
0.50
0.10
0.18
0.17
0.15
0.08
0.12
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.20

0.287
0.285
0.210
0.282
0.255
0.250
0.183
0.238
0.260
0.254
0.213
0.108
0.118
0.260
0.287
0.220
0.250

0.360
0.450
0.295
0.450
0.825
0.675
0.825
0.675
0.550
0.360
0.295
0.245
0.360
0.295
0.675
0.550
0.450

-
-

0.295

0.70

0.354

0.675

0.360
0.295
0.200
0.360
0.195
0.245
0.295
0.200
0.245
0.245
0.200
0.295
0.295
0.295
0.245
0.165
0.360
0.200
0.165
0.200
0.245
0.200
0.360

0.66
0.20
0.25
1.10
0.30
0.25
0.30
0.16
0.20
0.25
0.18
0.28
0.30
0.70
0.12
0.08
0.33
0.20
0.18
0.20
0.25
0.18
0.25

0.390
0.307
0.259
0.254
0.236
0.233
0.312
0.294
0.261
0.250
0.214
0.358
0.365
0.367
0.228
0.185
0.354
0.259
0.176
0.230
0.266
0.218
0.338

0.675
0.550
0.675
0.550
0.550
0.550
0.825
0.800
0.675
0.450
0.450
0.675
0.825
0.825
0.360
0.450
1.000
0.550
0.450
0.550
0.550
0.675
0.550

-
-
-
-
-
-
-

-
-

0.295
0.245
0.165
0.825

0.20
0.18
0.05
0.33

0.281
0.260
0.148
0.319

0.450
0.550
0.160
1.000

-
-

-
-

-
-
-

-
- - -

66

132 , &
133
134 .
135 . .
136 .
137 .
138 . .
139 . .
140 . .
141
142
143 .
144 .
145
146 . . / .
147
148 . . ()
149 . . ()
150 . . Siemens
151
152
153 ..
154 . .
155 . .
156
157
158
159
160
161 ( )
162 .
163 .
164 . ,

0.675
0.295
0.055
0.135
0.110
0.090
0.360
0.245
0.200
0.195
0.360

0.70
0.12
0.08
0.08
0.05
0.10
0.20
0.16
0.05
0.05
0.25

0.573
0.228
0.142
0.138
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67

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73




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74

MICROZONATION STUDY OF THE CITY OF THESSALONIKI

by
G.-A. N. Leventakis
Geophysical Laboratory, School of Geology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki,
Thessaloniki 54124

ABSTRACT
The present work concerns the microzonation study of Thessaloniki. In the 1st
Chapter information is given on microzonation studies, on the characteristics of
microtremors and the local site effects on strong ground motion.
In the 2nd Chapter the seismicity of the broader area of Thessaloniki is
examined and several parameters of the expected strong ground motion in
Thessaloniki are determined. Firstly, information on the geological and
geomorphological characteristics of the broader area of Thessaloniki is presented
along with a geological map based on data from IGME. In addition, two geological
cross-sections are given where the lithological features of the geological formations
are depicted. This information helps in understanding the spatial variation of the
ground response to the strong seismic motion. Secondly, the main torrents that flow
through Thessaloniki are described and depicted on a map and for some of them the
dates when their beds had been covered are given. This information, along with
observations on the topography of the broader area of Thessaloniki, will be later taken
into account in defining microzones with similar ground response in this area.
Then, the seismicity of the area studied is examined aiming in determining the
main seismic zones where potential earthquakes constitute a threat for the city of
Thessaloniki (Servomacedonian massif, etc.). Within this context, a full account of
the macroseismic results observed in Thessaloniki which were caused by all known
strong earthquakes that occurred in the surrounding area is given (table 2.1). In an
attempt to quantitatively assess the seismic hazard in Thessaloniki, the seismicity
parameters of the seismic zones which may affect the city of Thessaloniki were
determined and known attenuation relationships of strong ground motion parameters
(macroseismic intensity, peak ground acceleration, peak ground velocity) were used.
On the basis of these data and using an appropriate computer code, the macroseismic
intensity, I, the peak ground acceleration, PGA (cm/sec2), and the peak ground
velocity, PGV (cm/sec) were calculated for the city of Thessaloniki for several return
periods (from 10 to 1000 yrs). The results of these calculations are given in the table
(2.2) and depicted in the figures 2.5 and 2.6. In the same chapter information on the
focal parameters (fault plane solution, fault dimensions, stress drop and average
displacement) of the June 20, 1978 destructive mainshock is given.
The 3rd Chapter is dedicated to the study of the macroseismic effects on the
buildings of Thessaloniki caused by the June 20, 1978 mainshock. In the beginning,
several basic information on the evaluation of macroseismic intensities is given. Then,
the procedure which was followed to collect macroseismic data (damages on the
buildings of Thessaloniki) is discussed and the questionnaire which was distributed to
the inhabitans of the city is described in detail. By this questionnaire information was
requested on the characteristics of the buildings, the degree the earthquake was felt,
the damage distribution in each building, the foundation, etc. Moreover, information

75

concerning damages on the buildings caused by the 1932, Ierissos earthquake

(M=7.0) was requested.
The answers to the questionnaire were subsequently used to quantitatively
evaluate the macroseismic intensity in each building for which enough data had been
collected. For this reason, the Modified Mercalli intensity scale was mainly used
whereas the MKS (Medvedev-Karnik-Sponeheur) scale was taken into account. These
answers helped in assessing the macroseismic intensity with higher accuracy (~0.1)
than it is usually done in compiling isoseismal maps (~0.5). The procedure followed
enhanced our capability for a more detailed interpretation of the data and enabled to
show the dependence of the macroseismic intensities observed (damages) on several
parameters related to the buildings (age, number of floors, foundation, existence of
underground water in the foundation, relative position of each building). Moreover,
this procedure led to a statistically more reliable assessment of the mean
macroseismic intensities and the definition of detailed isoseismals within the city of
Thessaloniki which may be used for future planning and development of the urban
and suburban sections of the city.
After a statistical description of the collected data, two measures of the effect of
the 1978 mainshock on the buildings of Thessaloniki were proposed; the mean
macroseismic intensity, Imean, and the maximum macroseismic intensity, Imax, and the
respective histograms are presented (figures 3.2, 3.3). It was observed that both
quantities cover a wide range of intensity values (3.8 Imean 8.0, 4.0 Imax 8.8).
Examining the dependence of the behavior of the buildings in respect to their
age (construction before 1932, between 1932 and 1959, after 1959), it was found that
this behavior is distinctively different between buildings constructed before and after
1932 (figures 3.4, 3.5).
A statistically significant dependence of the observed macroseismic intensities
on the existence of underground water in the foundations of the buildings was also
found. The mean macroseismic intensity of the buildings founded on dry soil was
smaller (Imean=5.6) than the mean macroseismic intensity of the buildings founded on
water-saturated soil (Imean=6.5). There were not enough data to allow reliable
conclusions to be drawn on the dependence of the observed macroseismic intensities
on the relative position of the buildings within a square (building located at the corner
of the square, etc.).
A strong positive dependence of the observed macroseismic intensities (Imean
and Imax) on the number of floors of the buildings examined was found (figures 3.6
and 3.7) and appropriate relations between these two quantities were derived.
All available data were used for the compilation of the isoseismal map of
Thessaloniki (fig. 3.9). The broader area of the city was divided into six categories of
microzones, where similar damage on the buildings caused by the 1978 earthquake
was observed.
The 4th Chapter concerns the microtremor measurements made at the city of
Thessaloniki and the interpretation of these measurements. Information on the
relevant studies made by previous investigators (M. Sherif, H. Kobayashi) in the
frame of UNESCO-funded projects is given. The measurements taken by these
scientists were taken into account in the course of the present work.
In the beginning of the chapter, the data acquisition systems are described and a
map where the sites of all measurements taken by the foreign scientists and the author
are shown (fig. 4.1).
76

Data processing is then described according to two different methods proposed

by Kanai. For the determination of the soil predominant periods the method proposed
by Tanaka was employed. The results of the data processing are presented in the
figure 4.5. Table 4.3 lists, for each one of the 164 sites examined, the predominant
period, the mean, Tmean, and maximum, Tmax, periods, the site categorization
according to the first and second criteria proposed by Kanai, and the final
categorization proposed in the present work. Three main soil categories (I, II, III) and
two intermediate ones (I-II, II-III) have been defined.
Fig. 4.6 shows the microzonation map of the city of Thessaloniki. The city was
divided into five zones in respect to the soil categorization and for each zone the
predominant period is given.

77


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