Thermodynamics?????

Definition of Thermodynamics
THERMODYNAMICS: Thermodynamics is a science that deals with matter, energy and the laws governing their interactions. ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS: Engineering thermodynamics is the subject that deals with the study of thermodynamics and its application in the engineering design of processes, devices and systems involving effective utilization of energy and matter for the benefit of mankind.

Nicolas Lonard Sadi Carnot (1 June 1796 24 August 1832) was a French military engineer who, in his 1824 Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire, gave the first successful theoretical account of heat engines, now known as the Carnot cycle, thereby laying the foundations of the second law of thermodynamics. He is often described as the "Father of thermodynamics", being responsible for such concepts as Carnot efficiency, Carnot theorem, Carnot heat engine, and others.

Nicolas Leonard Sadi

There are two ways to describe the matter, 1. Macroscopic description: Gross behavior of all the molecules are considered. Study of thermodynamics using this approach is called Classical thermodynamics. 2. Microscopic description: Behavior of each and every molecules are considered. Study of thermodynamics using this approach is called Statistical thermodynamics

SYSTEM: certain quantity of matter on which we focus our attention for the purposes of analysis.

BOUNDARY: the boundary separates system from its surrounding.

SURROUNDING:Space excluding system and its boundary.

Thermodynamic system can be classified as 1. Closed System or control mass system: Only energy transfer occurs
Ex. Pressure cooker with safety valve Closed, closed cycle gas turbine power Plant, steam power plant etc.

2. Open system or control volume system: both energy and mass transfer occurs
Ex. Turbines, Compressors, heat exchangers etc.

Pressure cooker

3. Isolated system: neither energy transfer nor mass transfer occurs

Eg. A rigid, insulated, closed container
Pelton turbine

Thermodynamic properties of a system:

Thermodynamic properties are nothing but the macroscopic coordinates used to describe the thermodynamic state of a given system. Classification: 1. Intensive properties: properties independent of system mass. Ex. Pressure, temperature, density, etc. 2. Extensive properties: properties dependent on system mass. Ex. Volume, energy, entropy, enthalpy, etc.

Beaker with water

A system undergoes a thermodynamic process when there is some sort of energetic change within the system, generally associated with changes in pressure, volume, internal energy, temperature, or any sort of heat transfer. CLASSIFICATION: 1. Cyclic process and 2. Non cyclic process

After the end of the process, the system comes back to the original state.

Non-cyclic process

After the end of the process, the state of the system is different from the initial state.

Alright, I think Im getting it. To be a part of physics it should contain Laws right????

The four principles of thermodynamics are:  The zeroth law of thermodynamics: recognizes systems which are in thermal equilibrium with each other, and thus it supports the notion of heat.  The first law of thermodynamics: distinguishes between two kinds of physical process, namely energy transfer as work, and energy transfer as heat.  The second law of thermodynamics: distinguishes between reversible and irreversible physical processes.  The third law of thermodynamics: concerns the entropy of a perfect crystal at absolute zero temperature, and implies that it is impossible to cool a system to exactly absolute zero, or, equivalently, that perpetual motion machines of the third kind are impossible.

Statement : when two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system then the two systems are in thermal equilibrium with each other. Fowler formulated this law after the establishment of first law. This law is more fundamental than first law. Hence it is termed as Zeroth Law. This concept lead to the construction of thermometer.

C A B

Adiabatic boundary Diathermal wall

C A B

Statement: Energy can be neither created nor destroyed. Heat and work are equivalent.

Energy is conserved in any transformation. The change of energy of a system is independent of the path taken. (E = q - w or dE = dq - dw

Enthalpy H an extensive property defined as H= U + pV pV sometimes referred as Flow energy or Flow work. Professor Richard Mollier recognized the importance of (H= U+ pV) term in analysis of steam turbines. He referred this group as Total heat This total heat is referred as Enthalpy.

When a closed system undergoes a thermodynamic cycle, the net heat transfer is equal to the net work transfer. This statement does not specify the direction of flow of heat and work (i.e. whether the heat flows from a hot body to a cold body or from a cold body to a hot body). It also does not give any condition under which these transfers take place.

The heat energy and mechanical work are mutually convertible. Though the mechanical work can be fully converted into heat energy, but only a part of heat energy can be converted into mechanical work. This means that the heat energy and mechanical work are not fully mutually convertible. In other words, this is a limitation on the conversion of one form of energy into another form.

The forms of second law are as follows:

1.

Kelvin-plank statement: It is impossible to extract an amount of heat QH from a hot reservoir and use it all to do work W . Some amount of heat QC must be exhausted to a cold reservoir. This precludes a perfect heat engine.
High temperature heat reservoir, Qh

Direct heat engine

work

Low temperature heat reservoir, Qc

2. Clausius statement:

It is not possible for heat to flow from a colder body to a warmer body without any work having been done to accomplish this flow. Energy will not flow spontaneously from a low temperature object to a higher temperature object. This precludes a perfect refrigerator. The statements about refrigerators apply to air conditioners and heat pumps, which embody the same principles.
High temperature heat reservoir, Qh

Direct heat engine

work

Low temperature heat reservoir, Qc

Overall: NO thermodynamic cycle can have a thermal efficiency of 100% (i.e., cannot convert all heat into work) Quick review:

2nd Law: Limits the direction of processes & extent of heat-to-work conversions

Entropy: Definition: theoretical measure of thermal energy that cannot be transformed into mechanical Work in a thermodynamic system . It is an index of the unavailability of energy or the reversibility of a process In all real processes, entropy never decreases -> entropy of universe is always rising

Second Law states that no thermo system can be 100% efficient, and no real thermal process is completely reversible A French engineer, Carnot, set out to determine what the max efficiency of a cycle would be if that cycle were ideal and completely reversible Carnot Principle: the max thermal efficiency depends only on the difference between the source and sink temps Does not depend on property of fluid, type of engine, friction, or fuel

Definition of ENTROPY: entropy is an extensive property of a system whose change is given by dS = dQR/T Where dQR is the heat transfer between the system and the surrounding when the system is undergoing an infinitesimal change of state through a reversible process and T is the absolute temperature of the system.

Entropy is a property of the system. Area under T-S curve indicates the heat transfer during the reversible process.

Definition: a pure substance is one with a homogeneous and invariable chemical composition. In absence of external field ( gravity, capillarity, motion, etc.) its state is completely specified by 2 independent properties of the substance. This is known as two property rule. such substance are referred as simple compressible substance. Ex. Water, common refrigerants etc..

Mollier chart

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

sub-cooled liquid state Saturated liquid state Wet vapour state Dry vapour or saturated vapour state Superheated vapour state Saturated or boiling point temperature Saturation pressure or boiling pressure Critical point

Defined as the ratio of the mass of dry vapour present in the wet mixture to the total mass of the wet mixture Let X be the dryness fraction

X= mg/(mf +mg)
Where Mf = mass of the liquid present in the wet mixture Mg = mass of the dry vapour present in the wet mixture

Questions???????

Thank you.