THEORY OF ELASTICITYENGINEERING SOCIETIES MONOGRAPHS Bakhmeto!: Hydra of Open Chanele she ie ta a ati cea ssc mae in he ea RES ‘omood Na ALER, ese Fay THEORY » oF ELASTICITY By 8, TIMOSHENKO And J. N.GOODIER Pros of Binsin Maan “hoe © aman [sotto rags} BIE i. 1395 2 202... ¥ t MooRA BOK COMPANY, oePREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION “The many developments sn larcationsin the theory of sii snd it appleaioas which have ooarred sac the fst edition waa triten ane rected in ntmeroue adios ad emendations in the Jreent edo.” ‘The arangemeat of tho book remains the sane for The irainents of the photodastis method, tnodlimensionl prublems in euriienr cordate, and thermal stress have been ‘ove and enlarged into separste new chapter which present many ‘tethdes and elution not given inte former dition, An append (in te method of fine dierencs and ite aplleation neuding the ‘elsation method, ha bien added Nest aris and paragraphs Jemeprata inthe cbr chapter deal wic the theory of the tain Fuge uete gravy teats Sxit-Veraas principe the components Strotaton, tbe pros thorem,geaeral solutions, ihe approximate Character f the plone sre wlan ear of Cie a center of “itr tonunal sess conentraton a li, the appro eat tment of slender (og, sid if) sections in torion and bending, fi the colar elder witha band of prewue rcs for the stent have ean added covering the texts far ste endo tho chpier on torsion, Tse phase to make grateful acknowledment of the many helpful cugetions which have bun cantibutd hy readers ofthe book. 8. TowoenevKo TN. GoosePREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION Daring recent year the thor of elasticity hue fund considerable application in the solution of engineering pratloms. ‘There cw many SEE which tho elementary methods of strengt of materials are ‘SSquateto furnish stator Information segading stress dists- ‘ation a eagnering structure, and resume must be made to the Tore powerful meted of the theory of lati. The elementary ‘ogee to give information regarding Ioealstromes et the ands ad went the eupports of beams. Tt fal loin the canes tren the stea dtsibution in bodily, all th dimensions of which (Wor the cure order, has to be investigated "The stress in rls “odin blo basings ean be found only by wing the mets ofthe ‘ory af castcty, ‘The elementary theory gives no means of Investigating stems i regions of sharp variation in crom action of Tams or safes Tes known that af roetran comers high stress oncetrtion once aod a ret of thin ercks are ikl to start ‘itech comers esa if the srsctare is abmited tow reveral of roman "The tajeity of freeturee of machine parts in verve an in atibutd to much eras ‘ang recent year conserable progres hasbeen made in solving such prcticly apartant problems. In eaves where a rgorous sl ion tannot be rity obtained, approximate methods have been Alveopat Te some case tltions have en obtained by wing perimental sothod At ap example of this the photonato Telbol of wdving twodimensionsl protems af clastilty may be Ttestoned. ‘The photodaatie equipment may be found now st Uiventes and loo fanny Induwralrosesch laboratories. The ‘alte of potelats expernienta have proved spol tefl in ‘dying various ease of trem concentration ot pints of eharp ‘ston ofermanctonalditenionr anda sharp ils of sentrant former Wiout any doubt tae Teale have considerably ifa- fond the modern design of tashine parts and helped in may eases to iprove the eoustuction by eliminating weak pots from which ‘cack may tar “Another example of the mcconfal application of experiments in Ue ation of laity pebleme athe top fim method for deter ‘ning tives in torsion and bending of pramatical bart Thei peavace 10 11R Finse EDITION ie protest ston of pati life equations with et re evo re eave in sce by menstroments eet deoios ef pooper eetched wt lade nn oa a eo tha in tas tay not oly Wal tre of ae eaten but alo the twcnany afomation repre ve pcan bo eta ih am acurcy out ft ‘eta sppetin eae pe Geta anslogy whish gives meant of ovatgting ct ata af yar deter st she lets ad ‘ori SEaing The atlogy between th pole fending Ferre teedimansinal role feat ta oben Sa ld ne enn importa engiering pres ec pein of tis bok the intention vat fo vet eh eee ef, tho mcesary fundamental knowledge of Tees actihy Te wax slo intended to bring together tins sis hich may be of receal importance and (0 oes re and experimental method of the sition of stat probes Ta praca aplication of tho sheryl, sore thant ert od tow which ve nota lt Mject applatiom in engseting hare bows. ite in {Sora Gunn pee con yin ach testa by comparing ha eis exact ivetgaions ea inte aon mul ven inte cemetary beaks cee mates eon a devgersequve s thorugh under Ane res tibuton i evgcering sector, ad earn to ang vantage mgr metodo os analy, Satta docuaion of pel probes im meet cars the method cea deamon esters aad the we ofthe compatilby Se a terme of ee component har own apd, Thi Sel moe ero nner wo ar aly interes nthe oe epics, Bye uae itedction fees funetins sare eo alten ne than that in wc equations of ‘oi a tome of acoment ae id Mr eth en method of sltion of ty problems ye in wa th tegen of erent equations ae the avetaion a misma conditions of ean intr reac Pile elbod is problem of vaio cael is rae as Mann problem of sing ritimum ofa function seduced t= tl pranaats salto ean be obtained any racially porate ‘Tosimplify the preeetaton, the book gin withthe discussion of ‘codimensomal eon and ony Iter, when the reader as fniiar- {int hitmel withthe vt meade aed inte solution of problems 1 he theory of eaeny,azethrerdimension probleme disused ‘Fue portions of the book tat, although of practi! importance, are ‘heh tat theyean be omitted Oring the Sst meadig rept in mal {jpe The vader may seturn tothe study of such problems afer Fahing withthe most event portion of the book "The mathematical derivations are ut in an elementary form and sly do aot requie ore material knowledge thas given i diving srbols Jn the case of more complieuted problems all ‘teonary explanations sad intermediate calealtions are given {hr the reer enn fellow without dilieally tyough all the derea- ions "Only ina ow cesar Boal ret glven without complete Alrvetions ‘Then the nessaryreferencs to the papers in which the ‘eviveion ean bo found are lage ven. Th numerous ontnotes ference o paper ad books an the theory catty whieh may be of practi importanos are given. Those telrencer ina be of interest fo engineers who ws to sy some Tesi problems in sure detail, "hey pve loo 0 pete of the ‘Botern Jeelpmant ef the teary of elastilty and may be of tome Ane to paduata students who are planing to take thir work i this fi Tn the preparation of the book the contonts of «previous Bool. (theory of Busey,” vol T, Sk Peterdvung, Rosin, 1018) on {iSsame sabjech whieh repress course of ture om the theory ‘i latiy given in noveral Kasson engincering whoo, were aed to a large extent. "The author ws asst in ht wok By Dr. fs H. Dono and Dr 4.X, Goce, who rad ove the complete manusrpt and to whom ‘es lndebted for many eorections and mugestins, Tho author tGkes this opportunity to thank also Prof G- It MacCallugh, Dr. ELE, Webel, Pro, M Sadowsky, and Mr-D. 1. Young, wh assed nthe nal preparation ofthe book hy reading sme portions of the Deinarpt He i indebted lho to Mr LS. Vewnetra forthe prep ‘ation of drawings at to Mis. E, D. Weiter forte typing of te 8 TseesoCONTENTS 1 Secu neta "cee rent aeons SRE sy aia PERS: a Rereste ass z a een i ieee a i Secunia 3 Seite = Grete Poco : 7 Diller Baas of Exum ws # EEE respects Sarat 3 2 See 2 poms 2 i Sasa : Simms sage 8 ery 2 ieee z % Sa = 2 cesar i Epi acccadde 8 i Ras 2 ened : cgay, roses rox meen bm B eemariait ise i 00 ‘5, Annie Puen and Lplnw's Kain ist . Doplasennt Comapendng te Ge See Poco 2, awe gn rm Bes i {Sie ant Digan in Tenn Cals Porta 22, Oi Hemmtry Boone a 2 hat eens Cane Bmnay Cane SN Sg uae 3av conrawrs Btn af Tere bine iy ergy Mod ‘The Use of Soup Fie in Solving Torin Problems, Hotpoint Is To os Burn wich Oe Ci Stn in Fae 10s, Badig af» Cmte Atal Rein 1 Te Shai Beng inate Sop Nit 1 Damien HE, Pan ctu ening SSS2RENTT2 116, Gara Ezatonn TER femeio Deronin a ae Cyne {Ub To Crt Cyne Band Pron, {Eb Twin of eta ing tor 13t,Pu Brg of Geta Rang tr cares 1 THERMAL STRESS 12, The Simpl Cnn Terma Se Deteton {Ht Then Grea Da Tmt yan tot ie BSSEESS ESSERE 138, The Lng Cllr Cider o tbe Tee ie & 1 eine = Te eee on sa Wave of Dlaton into He EE Popaanibeacvavnove te arte on nb i vvost, THE APPLICATION OF FINITE DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS 1 Detain of Pe Diese Bunion “ ‘Peron aor th shins Crm Sines pid ‘Bn Seat oer Jatin ocr aro Waite ise BB 888NOTATION rl tert of tdwe, 90) att nd tego wit agate in par oe Cop tie tins oe em ‘Fhe snjugn complex varie = — 4. ‘Reeat yea eet {et onl pmb Cait foal spasm CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 4 last, AIL structural mistrial poset to certain extent ‘he property of lay, if exteraa ores, prducng dormation ‘anteuotre, donot exceed a coral init, tho deformation disappears withthe removal of tho fore Throughout thi book it wil be Ssmed that tho Dodie undergsng tho action of exieraal fores are precy lasts, that they resume then form completely afer removal of ora. The mulculestevtute of elatic baie wll at be considered here 1 il beastumed thatthe mater fan laste ody shomapennas and entindouslyditbuted over ie volume wo tht the smart element ‘itrom the body passe the sme epee physical propertis as the ‘ody. Toslmplify the dacusion wil lz be assumed tat the ody istwrpi, ce, ist the elartepropertis are the sme all dections. ‘Structural steals wally donot sui the above sasimptions ‘Such an important matriala ste, for instance when tude with a Inerszop, i sen to const of erystals of various Kinds and various ‘entations. The material is very far ftom beng homogeneous, but ‘xptience chows that solution ofthe theory of lastly aad on the ‘sumptions of homogenety and otopy can be applied to sted etrue- foes wth very great sceuracy. Tho explanation of thsi thatthe crystal ze very mall; sual there are mills af them in one cubis finch of ate While the elatie properties of single erysal may be very diferent in difereat dvetons, the esta ae ordinary d= ‘shuted at random and the asic proper of lager pcos of metal ‘eprom averages of propertin ofthe erste. long atthe geo- rtricldimensons dining the frm os body ars lagen comparison with the dimensions of «singe erst the aipson of homogenty can be used with great aecarney, and if the erytals ae orientated a ‘andom the mate oan be treat a trop, ‘When, duet certintechalogcl procomes auch aa rolling, ser tain orlentatin of Ue erystals ina metal previ the cate properties 1 the motal boom diferent in diferent dietions and the canton f anisvopy must be eonaered. We have mach a condition, for ‘axtance inthe ease of coldrled capper.2 rusony op siasticirY tres. Tat Fig repremt bayou. Cader tho adie inal fate Prater fw be pros ca geome Sint. Tota the meget ofthe fore ae us imaga ho dy ie into wo pate and 3 Sm i eg spt Conte one tae ar oan cf el thet ecu Gr the ti eter feces Prand he iner {fee dnt over he coe ‘Soe mo and orotate Siow othe muri of the art Bontbe atl athe pet Sea be aout thn feat {sia ove the aren marin tho See vey tat hydra pe. Shree ind pomore cont Suny Sted over the face own act The sagen af much foes ar way techy i ein ay hyn sant repr ei Teme an whch tiny ack Ta Gacoing intra frts this Intent ead aren TS spl coe of «patel tar hited oteon by one frm ited ovr the eo Fi 2), tener fret Seu tedy dated over any et etn Sut iaielneltenyet the dieuton eye ELL ‘Mia en be sail ty viding th tt ole fee Poy the cual res the come be ro wiry iit rms eer ee Fie Th tes ne nr dsb ve SLE ae the apie of oe cing oo TEU enton tects mmsteny [TT TET crume tan ie focenscing ross an Free ate, do i acon materia ar Bike er ofthe part 4 ean boreuced onrentanta. TE aon enec socal ra 6 hinting alae Wr sy pve the mage of he sew cig a he cee lat chop 0 Telnting dition fhe rant Ein The deoton ol tow sre, In the nr cst drrtion of _erRopvcri0N 3 sen einai othe aren 3 om which tact and we ually vsnve tint tre componente: normal sre perpendicular tthe ates, ad 1 sharing son acting in the plane of th avn 3, Notation for Forces and Stresset.‘Thote ar to kinds of extar- tal fores which may act oa bodion "Fores distbated ovr the sur {on the bdy, such asthe pressure of ene bay on another, or hydro atic pres rw called erfece ee.” ores distributed over the "Volume of a body, sich ne gravitational fore, magnets fre, o “hens of bry in motion neta foros ae called body force. TO furiace fore per anit area we shall rally eave into Ces compo ‘eat paral athe cordate see and we for hoe component the totation 7,2, Weshal alo racve th body fore pe nit volume {nto three componente and denate thse componente by X,Y, Z e ‘Wo shall wo the liter « fr de- noting normal stress and the eter ‘for shearing sts. To indeata {be aiection of tho plane on which {he see i noting tects 0 hese letters arpa, Ifwetakea ‘ery small bie ment st polat 0, ig I, with sides parallel to the ‘ordinate ase, the notations for the eompoaeale of sts acting om Pm the sees of the ements the directions taken a postive ate ae Indleted in Fig. For ce ses of the element perpendicular tothe ‘rash, for notes, the noemal components of sess acting a those ides be denoted by ap. The sibeerpty indieats thatthe srs ‘sting ns plane nora tothe yas The normal sre i taken Preiive en it produoee tension and negative when it produces “The searing sco x rtlved into two components parallel tothe Coordinate suet Two subset letters are used in his eso, ho fst indenting the dvetion ofthe aoa to the plane under eonsideration ‘tthe second indicating dhe dietin of th saponet ofthe ste Forinatance if we gain consider the sides perpendicular tothe 9 {he component In thereon is dened by te ad hatin the fivction by nye "The postive dvetios of the component of shat {ng sts on at ldo ofthe eubie lament aro taken a= th pasitve Aecons ofthe crardinata axes ta tense on tho same #86 ‘ould have the postive deeton of the cereponding ais. Ifthea ampony oF mtasricry tense strcat has a dition oppsite tothe pov ax, the pest GREES Tike oteorng verse components shouldbe revered. Fol- {eat this ae she postive dretions of ll he componeats of tress (ain ont ht ede ofthe bie ment (Fig. 8) ined with tho Southe tresion ofthe cordate axes. The postive diretons aro ‘Shreve if we are considering the let ide of thin element. i Gaanponeats of Stes Prin the daeusson of the previous ade neoc tet foreach pair of paral ids of cube demon SEN sie, nero ened to denote the normal component ‘ates nad fo more tymbolto dante the two component fees {hg sre, "To deeb the trans ating on thea sen of «cab ‘Shnon tre eytbels ey ry ey are necesary for norma treme and iS Soa yt ts on fo fe sea Grate By simploconsideratonof the ena vim ofthe element the numberof symbale forchearing ssn ean be reduced to thre. ‘we take the rmoments ofthe forces ating on tae loment shot the ass for insane, oy {he surface strmes shown in Fig. 4 ned be ea ey ‘ord Body fore ch he weight of Pea ‘tement, ean bonegectod in tis instaee, which {ellos from the fact tbat in rotucing the imeosis of the element the body fores acting on it diminish s+ the cube of tho near dimensians while the surface fres diminish nx he oqune ef tho liner dimension. Teno for very small element ‘oly foresee pnall quantities of higher order than surface frces and Can bo egieted in eaulstng the urface foros, Sir, moments {ln to nonuniformity of diteibetion of normal fores ar of higher ‘ides tun tho due Uo the searing frees and vanish in the Limi ‘Tivo frees ench ide can bo casiered Lo be the area of teed ‘Gine the stees the middle, ‘Then devoting te dimensions of the ell eemest in Fig 4B de dy ds, she equation of equim ofthis ment, aking moments of forces bout the 2x i nde dy de = yd dy de “The two other equations can be obtained in ce ame maser, From thee equatans we Sad = o lace fortwo perpendicla sides of eubie lement the components of wrnopverion 5 stern srs predate in of into hs sie are equal. ‘ Tie quaitiees ty en = ttn = tne = rete suf toda he tan Se oe srsate ese eee an aees a ere TU be hor afer (Ae) hat witha ic ponent ston any nlp ghee pat can be detained, “S Components of Strtin. Tn dicuning SSR tection an dats ot ‘asumed tat thereareenough constraints to Leh Prevent the body from moving ar a vig =A Trad, s0 that displacements of prices rms Cf the boty ae pute wiboat © dtomation of nn ys tras a ging stm icone The eal pacts ricer Saomod tay lal be rove Into compen m9 Perel once m9, topstvl Tel wel Sh pve all gt ninety ‘vr the ame othe bay Coma mal demon yd els ‘Sey (ig). th body ondngn arate eh tthe compan of the dpncoment of th t,t diac tnt ihe dro of on Mies pant dom the oa eer . J wt tee + eo thine 6/8) de t |] eeuiibrimefvemaliectane EP fare a olga rand“ fe a unity (Fig. 19). ‘The’ stremea £ "ark sting an the faves 1, 2,3, 4, und Eyl oe . Spiess ot Seon the yaa of ves Shromchoat the mary te rae oo tan not ata th me foresee the Feisty the mip he eangos Fe 187 Foetal ae polio the finn dental yy, ate he fr ery malt creping fo aed hy malo ‘these values by the sreas of the faces on which they net.? . SSD aE cage ttn met Ke tr wk2 rusony or siasriciry "The body fore on tho block, which mas neleted ar asmal gusotty sf higher order in eonsidring th equim ofthe tingle pris ‘FF 12, must be taken int conseration,beraue ifthe ame ‘order of ragnitude at the terme du tothe rations of the seen ‘components which are now under eansderation, It, Y dena the ‘components of body fre pr ust wom, the equation of euliram, for fore inthe lietion (ook = Gk-+ (raeh ~ (lsh + XE = 0 or, viding by ak, n= ede 4 ads ~ brads dag tede 4 Gad = Odes rag now the Blok ston smaller and smal, 2, A 0, +, the limit tds (eh is end by the defiition of wah a devivative Simiasly (4) = Ga)4/E becomes dra/dy. ‘The equation of ele brim fr foes in the yeti i btnined in the same manne Thus Sexo bg ory wet eymo 1m practical applications the weight ofthe ody is usally the only brady fore, ‘The, taking the yrasis downward aad denoting by» the ‘set per unit vlumo of the body, Rae. (8) besome 0) at ay? One Sew o Saket moo ‘Thee are th diferent quai qv fr two-dimen 1. Boundary Condions, Ruations (18) oF (19) must bo mated st all points throughout the volume ef the Body. The tea compor nents vary over the volume af the plat, and when we arrive at the boundary they matt be such eo be in equim withthe extort foreeson th boundary ofthe plate, a tht external forces may be regarded asa coatiaaaton ofthe inital vrs dsributlons "The ‘tions of equiiiium atthe boundary ean be obtained om Fae G2}. ‘Taking the small triangular rims OBC (Fig 13) o hat the ido BC coineides withthe boundary ofthe plate, az shown in Fig, 20, PLANE STRESS AND PLANE STRAIN 2 sand denoting by Sand P the components of the wrface force por wit ‘Hoe at thie pol of te boundary, welave Le lect mre Ponti ol) in which Land m ar the direction cosines ofthe normal 3 to the boundary in the pare cae of «rectangular plat the coordinate aes are ‘sally taken parallel to the ede of tho pate and the boundary cond tions (20) cane simplified. "Taking, or instance ide of the plate ‘arllel to tho s-xis wo have fr ths pat of tho boundary the normal paral tothe ass; hence = 0 and SL. Buntone (20) then boom g- Pm te Hc the positive sgn should bo tke ifthe rommal Nas the postive dzeton ofthe \ {panies the negative sgn fr the opposite Afreton of Te som frm thi that the boundary the strar componente come equal to the emponents sf the murfac ores per unit aren ofthe boundary 16, Compatibility Equations. Tho problem of the theory of elas tic analy to determine the tatoo tea in boy eubaitd to the ation of given force. In the ere of two-dimensional probe, iia necenary to salve the diferetial equations of equilibria (1, sod the solution inst be nich at to antsy the boendary conditions (at). "Thee equation, dried by application of the equations af atic for absolutely igi bods, and containing thro stress cmpo- ‘eat monty reo unt forthe determination ofthese compo ‘ent "The problem ea stately indeterminate one and in order to ‘stan the sation the late deformation of the bey ia also be sidered. "The mathematical formulation ofthe condition fr compatibility of tres disttution with the existence of continuous funetoas 8 ‘lefning the deformation wil be atained frm Eg. (2). Inthe cam ‘ Groeimensinal problems any three sin components need be ‘omderd, namely, ou, we Bee © ‘Thos thre ran components are express by two functions wand noe they cannot be taken arbiter and there exis certain ela™ srupony oF masricery Wo between the tain compononts which can easly be obtainod from (a). Difeentiasing the fit ofthe Ege. () twice with rspat to ‘he svond tice with espe oz, and Ue hed once with epect o'> stone with rept toy, we Sad 2 4 My Bt M4 Ss-oe a erential relation, ele the condition of eompaiity, sited bythe strain components to neue the exten of ‘and connected withthe strain componente by Hs (a). By sng Hooks law, [Ege], the condition (21) can be transformed into relation between the components of str Tn the case of plane tes diatTbution (At 7), Bg. () reduce to chem, woh @ ee eee tae @ Setting i. od *, * aan ce Bee mtha-mamsnts 0 "This equation cane written in a diferent form by weing te enationn st equbrinmn. For the ease wen the weg of the body isthe only boy fore, dierentiting the fet of Ea 18) with rep! to and ‘the Scud wit eapect oy and adding them, we Gnd ara)” ae ~ Ht Substtting in Bq), the compatilty equation ia terme of tea ‘components tecomes Es Z)arwne oo Prooteding inthe same manner withthe general equations of eaiih- rium (18) we fd (B+ B)ore- 1a the cae of plane stain (Art. 8), we have es sd from Hooke’ aw (Exe 3), Sd an pla = 1+ ed : on = f= rin nm en santana a dg he gto og ee ee ee ee Ceara ance emcee pee ielerertetg erteionr (G+ B)etoe-b(E+2) a ate cn 0) (9) gtr ry Seperated a een et aly Oa ee ae Se sane ae eee, eee eee meatal ee upto ao BS rhree dot ta aa ener ence eet naea teas oe ia asee roa ee ee eee Sears at aa er ——™—- pe ee peers prepress Sp Shee aes chattel patel me es mel ented eietnnonret tata at ae ee command aeons means or ae ceca ea ier eae fame fetes een ae ace ete in shee eas proviel the shape he boundary onde extra fron at the sae” 2 lan do hr ae umpteen te han (21) ihr in ‘ace by or mami sown net i of te metic ed ern te ts "thi tatnet may nu sotto sh tpl spe tare, tte tien cn ay el ys dee6, Stress Function. Tt ha heen shown that anlaton of two= oo Bw Ga duty — Ont Sader} Ont a oon Bh eat ee tect he tem = BSE ~~ po — eat — deat + eet Sat Aesincoticente oy «dave arbitrary, and in adjusting theme seb soltions for vargas onding conditions of spate. Taking, Li tiiiy + ; i * x t = at THT TTT Rarere gen [= 1 er t forint, ete dy glo wid asty — 199) oo Wt o soo nda ‘The normal free ar uniformly dstebated along the longituinat sides of the plate (Fig. 250) Along ce ide 2 = J the normal freee ont of two pars one following ainear Iw and he othr flloving claw of cubic pembol, The chening ores are proportional a fon the longing sides ofthe pate and follow a aruba la along theside = The dintibuton ofthe stremes ieshow in Fg 200. ‘Since Bg, (0 e« Fnour diferental equation, i may be conluded hata ram of evera solitons of thin equation x alo sautin. We ‘an superpane the elementary scons eomederd in this aril and in the manner arrive ate aoatons of pte interes. Several fsanipln of the application of this spethod of superpoiion Wil be ‘idee. 26, Ssint vont’ Pence To se prvi ate seve eee were duran mnie tae sto for tangle ate wee "sod by ating vo snp fae for he ses fet. Te tech cal the eqn ef at ae ab th enn Steen enya fers rte ine meer gee, Inthecuwof pretend orineance ie 25, he ening en tn be pnd ty oss dempsey se tenons and eames ng ronorna tthe dante ene best ah ‘Tseng he cays ant bch ae to Interfere with dinar he pln of he end. the stove conde ‘Suse ot lil te beng moment spel noms ‘itwrent not oh oe eth te npn her oe tm tbe nd etn th son gen nr 1 ranger a cet ‘shin oe poi, The acta ity th tn boweer ‘aa ined to muh sped en, Te san bo spl ih eal Sin carer en ning i wih cece th ent Ste eo spony med, Such exenton i th pote {issues eo aston the sole pine Son ent This incl sae ia ifthe lr actng ov eal pono ‘use of anna pal by ase ee out Sle of oer singe the tne pron terry te ole ‘Ct ote ode ata hanger hc eee caly bath ei wor oh sa at asset ag npion wh tle ines the maroon hh hn fen ae shang.” For tne, nthe con of yr ting of 0 ‘etna stip ig 2 he etna dines sith ce ‘ll eprom ih gh he nse of span of ho ‘teal beofing ment fests theses date ely he ‘ik of ton a connec rian vm eon, vhs the ro dro lb aca iven by hese thn to nic Fig 2 ee “Team tent cao i enson. Only nar th aed tnd ders then datas doen on the mane ef piping an fens frs ad era sti dance fom ce a the Scour are ptilyekoriy Gite, Sone example ‘rating ths ttn ad hong how rail ho seca dbton become prt lr wil dred ater xe ge) ‘dred ier p50. ™ =10, Determination of Displacements. When the components of strc: are found fom the previous equations the components of strain ‘an be obtained by using Hook's nw, Has. (2) and (6). Then the Geplecements ad's canbe obtaned rom the equations Baw Baw Babar © “The integration of these equations in each partiular ease doesnot ‘vent nay italy, aod we shall have several example of their pplication, Te may be seen at ne that the strain eompanents (0) ‘ain unchanged i ead Lo wand vse Finer fonctions enue ® in which, 6 andcarecontants, hia means tht the displacements fre not entry deterinod hy the strewes and vrans, On the di Flscements duc to th itera sesne » doplacoment ike that of « Fila body ean beeuperpood, The constants and ein Bas) repre (iota traaltory motion ofthe body ad he constant is a tall hee of rotation ofthe igh bay about the ss "Teas been shown (oe page 25) tht in the exc of constant boy forces the ves datsutin the same for plane tes ditebtin oF plabe strain The doplacements however are diferent for thew tro Probleme, ns inthe ate of plane stew ditto the éomponcats strain entering Into Ege.) are given by equations weeth, om L 1 1 eB om we Bem ten ote ‘din th ee of plane strain desea components are Lia = ee Hh $9 Hla = re. a (1 Ded fer oe 7 we He teal= HU ery {Wis eaily vere that these equations canbe obtained frm the pre- ‘eding se for plane ste by replacing Bin theater by B/(L ~ edobys/(l = 9), Thee mubatitatans eave, whichis £/2(. +), hanged. Th intgration of Eqs () wll be shown Inter fo die ‘ug pater problems ‘rwo.piwxysio¥aL peopieMs 35 20, Bending of a Cantlover Loaded a the Bad. Consider» canti- ver having a arrow retangulr ete: etin of unit width bent by a force P nppliod at the end (Pi. 26) The upper and lower edge ae free from lond, and abearng foros, having Teulant Pate dir teibuted along the ead z= (These condition an he satiety 8 [oper comblcation of pure shear, ‘wth the stresses) of APL repre™ T — feared in Fig 24. Superpesing the (Fh. pure teary = By on hostess (0), we ind ‘oar te nin ly = 4 om we mt ae (denn hen o tm wih 2 e ‘To atin the condition on the loaded end the sum of the shearing force dntrivted ver this end mare be ogi to P. Hence! Lowa [eter Swbattting shee values of ds and bin Eas (a) we Bad from which [Noting that eis the moment of inertia of the ert weston of the cantor, we bare6 sruwony oF muasricrTy ‘This coinces completely withthe elementary solution ven in Toss onthe srength of materials It shoud be noted that this ation representa an est satan only f the searing Fores om the ‘usar distributed scendig to he same parable las the sheat- petro at the ntensty of the normal forces at the bun ead rapertional to yo Ifthe foros athe eade are distributed in any ther manner, the tea dntbution () not core solution or he dn ofthe eaatever, bu hy vite of Sant-Venant's principle bean te conndered ntfactory for erom mection at ensemble distance Som the eds. Titus consider now the diplacementeoresponing to the streses (0) Applying Hooks law we find “The procedure for obtaining the components and ofthe deplace- fen cmtaintegating Hp) 8 (By teat Ba, (owe 8 w= Ps, +00) tu which Jy) and fia) ae a yt unknown fanstions of only and = fy. Bubiutag then ale of wand vn Ea, (2) we Sd Pet 0) 4 PY ALY Per gn ~ art Gp + Gar tae =~ ae mn this uation sone term are funetions of en, some are fanetions ay ealy, and one i Independeat of both 2 andy. Denoting thesn ranpe by Fn), Gy) K, we have ~ PEG, oy) - 8 + BEG oe ‘Such an equation means that F(z) must be some coslant d and Gy) Some covatnte- OthervineF() and O(y) wou vary with + abd Teopetively, and by varying alone, o aloe, the equality would be {TWO-DIMENSIONAL PROBLENS ” violated, "Thaw pe ean BS sod Functions) and ie ae then one Pe 1)-- BM tase =P $00) = PE eae k Smug inthe expremions for and we ind we —2eY_ wPyt By on Ee Oe ae h ® ‘he entre d hima now bedelra fom B ()and sm ‘iene eit feat ae aeoary to Set oe Set on ering ig by In he apne” ferent Dot te snl nd ro i can sod’? Evacolurs=iy~ Oandwe tad tan DG) ono, ‘The deletion curve b obtained by substituting y = 0 ito the second of Eas.) Then Popo ee = Fey — Ey at 2) ® For determining the constant inthis equation we must eth did condition of contuint,ciminating the possibilty of rotation of the tram inthe zy-plane aboot the ed point This constraint ean be relied in vaio ways. Let us ensidor two eases: (1) When an ele tea ofthe axiof the beam fixed atthe en A. ‘Then the eeadiin 2) (2) When a verti clement ofthe eros mstion a he pol A aed, -o ®s stunony or suastiorry ‘Thun the condition of constant i ay) =? ® Tn thei can woot from a. (0) Pe da t2 oval vr igh ge = 0) ang te an Juatr Sin ht et pt amr eli eed is stat he ra ge by of At 2a) he ein Yeh Sindy By Oat Ar CHAPTER ‘TWO-DIMENSIONAL PROBLEMS IN POLAR COORDINATES 28, Genoral Equations in Polat Coordinates. In dscusing streams tn lralarings and disk, curved bars of nartow rectangular era we. ‘on ths ceular asset, ti advantagoous to use polar cord files‘ potion of & point lathe mide plane of plat ie then ‘tnd bythe distance from the origin O (ig 30) and by the ange ‘etweon Fan's ertain als Os feed inthe pane ‘Lets now conde the esulitrium of «smal element 124 ct out {rom the plat by tho radial soon 0, 02, nora othe plate, and by ‘wo eylndeal aueaceeS normal tobe ate, ‘The nora stress component ‘he rei ditstion Se denoted by ey ie ‘ormal component inthe ereumferatal retion by ey and tho shearing stress feomponeat by ry each rpmbolreprecat= ing szes at the point F, which Is tho mitt P of tho sloment, "On tenant ofthe eriaton of etree th value at the rail-points of the see 1, 2,3, 4 are not ‘ule tha same a tho vale a ave denoted by (ety in Fig, 40. The ra of he siden 3,1 ae Aenoted by ry The ada foro on tee Ian db whi ony bb water (and wiry tho rail farce on de 3 ~ Gers «&." "The wore forn on sie 9 han eomponent along the radio {rough P af (oor ~ in (8/2, whish may be replaced by (es dr (/2). "The eomespondng’ component from side A it lend ia. te ing oe es a ee) — ‘Summing up free inthe radial direction, including body free er unit volume inthe radial direction, we obtain the equation of sui eohsdd = (orhedd = ariel wart loa (ald de-+ Rr dode = 0Dividing by ara this became (eh = (orbs ‘he dimensions ofthe element ate now taken sale and ema, to the limit r,t it form of this equation the mit Be) "The cond becomes ey and the third 9/02, The equation of og {ram nthe tangent dreton may he derived ia Uh anne manne "The two atone take the al form Hoon od + 285 824 myo Bey tte eo Rag a itt 0 Thee equations take the pla of Bas (18) when we rave two imenstona problems by mean of polar cordate, When the boy ‘ore Re ato they are atid by putting tae oo ae 136 _ 1 a6 | _ a (108 to an Faron” ~ oF) shore $n the streafontion a function a rand #. This of eoure ay beverfed hy dzetsbetttion A derivation of (8) inluded fn what fallow ‘Tosiod a pale trex distebutin, thi fneton must engure chat ‘he condition of compatiblity Ta Cartesian cordiatee (ioe page 25) hi condition i @ or tho prsent purposo we need this equation transformed t polar ‘eoordiaates "The reaton between polar and Cartesian sordinates ix ve by Peat Om ita eo which wy. mw {TWO.DIMENSIOAL PROBLEMS IN POLAR COORDINATES 57 ‘Using thee, and considering ¢ ae «function ofr and 8 we nd 2% cont = 188 in ‘To mt the snond derivative with rompect ot ron necaary to repeat the shove operation; enoe Aiding together @) and (9), we abi 6 Le Bh ane ests Fo h- Gt * an * Paton tay snd Bq. (@), the compeiiity equation (2) in polar coordinate ‘ecomee Ee st2 AZM 1) 0 an ‘From various solutions of this partial diferent equation we obtain fclutiot of two-dentoaal protein pla coordinates for vacious boundary conditions, Several examples of rich probes wil be dis ned in thie sate, hei and med af the expen (fw fom Fa) ao ht ethno yp i the planeta Fan ps aye ate =, ie enumerate ps ar Thom) ling (Heed 1a 18,‘Tin epetion cst o pt whateva th anata of the mas ends om), one? = sn he hid een 8) nb nine kei y nti thes er Sgocap au tO) and 126, Sires Distribution Symmetieal aboot an Ass. I the strst iauibation i eymnsntoa with respect to tho ass throogh 0 pee endilr to she spine Fg, 10) the stn emponnts dnt Uepend on und are fonctions of nly. Prom symmety it follows fo thatthe sheating sve re must Yeh, ‘Then only the frst of {he to equations of equim (87) Femains and we have Peeeereeey w Xt he boty ce sn, wo ay em in as fntion Boe ta ta al one ean of oma {bomen at 4 1d) (6 148) (rte 3s tp 4284 ate, Ae Bast age an “Thin an ovary dierent ain, wich canbe nluced to & Tor cetadsgaton with Csetan eoficent by inodung & trae eos ate =e, Tn Gi manor toe general cation Ca (i) exe arly be btaned. "isan ha fur eons ck Stegaten, which us te dtersioe rom the boundary condition By mito cua be checked that $= Alogr + Belagr + G+ D (a) {eho grea ston, “The tins fl poems of yma sve dntbution sal nobody ores canbe obtained fom this. The Cerresponding srs compontnts from Fas. 38 are 4p a 4 teen +20 A+ Bia+ Blog) +20 a) Ie tere eno hale a the origin of eordiates, constants A sad van hy ce otherwise the steer ermponents (5) become iaaite when = 0. Hanes, fora plato without hole a th ogn and with 20 Tuay foros oly ooe ease of str datributin symmetical with rept to the aa may exist, namely thal when ey oy = enstant te the pai sn» conden of uniform eason oun compres: ‘Som in ll rection it plane. Te there es haat te eign, ater clutons than uniform tenson or compresion can be derived from expresons (43). Taking as ero for insance Bae 8 become andtae i a aan Aem0 “This solution may be adapted to represent the stro dstibuton Ina holo cylinder eabmited to unifrm presare onthe inner and ontr surface? (Vig 41). Letaandt dente the inner and outer rai af the ‘onder, sap, sod the uniform ineral aad external pressure, ‘Then the boundary condition are moe a nem @ Subettting inthe fit of Bas. (4), we obtain the following equations to determine 4 and desta 4 As2-—p from which 4a 2p) ? a0 = Baad Sbeiatng thie In Bg. () the flowing expranione forthe seen component are obtized: P=). poe Moe p) 4 pat = ade eee ee {Rot mat my mi oii fee Sn Ta wis of ths pias dn oan “Lagos ar he ea ai aCy sunony oF miasricery Tt intereatng to note that the mum e+e constant through the ‘hickoca othe wall ofthe epinder. Hence th stress y and peo doce a uniform extension o ontection inthe dzetion of the ae of the einer, and ers ‘ectagsperpendiular to this ae ean pane. Hleos th deformation produced by theses (48) in an element of the eylinder ent ont Br theo adjacet erst sections dos no interfere vith the deformation of the neighboring ee Then and ee jutiiable to cooider the ele tment inthe condition of plane ster at we did in the above dveuson Inthe partiular cas when p= Dad the ylndar is brite to interaal pressure only Bat. 49 give 8) ‘These equations show tate x alnay a sampresve stress and oy a tena crews Te letter i gretert atthe inner srfae ofthe line der, where : oe « dn in alays numerioly greater thn the internal presire and pproacbe the quantity ab ners, ao that it can never be reduced {alow py however mich material added on the outside, Various ‘Spotictons of Bas (40) and (47) ia machin dosign aro ural dee ‘Steed in elementary book on the steagl of materials "The corroding problem for» eyndee with an eoentre ore is comideed in An G6 Te an solved by G.B.Jelery* If tho rade lithe bore is and thst ofthe eteraalwrlace 2 and ifthe distance ‘etween the enters the masimm sree, when the einer is eran internal pseu py i he tangential tes at ce jntrual (voc he thinnest partie < a, andi ofthe magnitude ee » Laer oer a= tae = 0, this xinidn with Ea (4 eo inane 8 nen, “heath of Maal. 286 9 Pe, Ry Stan) see yr, p38 HE. eo ab dae heed 86 ep i 1, Pure Bending of Curved Bas. Tet on consider a curved bar sits eontant narrow rectangular eros seton® and a cour ase Trt in tbe plane of curvature by couple Af applied atthe eade Fig. 42). The bending tment inthis eer eonstan long the length of ‘he bar and i natura to expect that theatre distribution the aime i all aia ern soetons, and cat thesluton ofthe problem can Uerfore be obisned hy using expen (42). Denoting by a Sd the inner and the outer radi of the boundary and taking the Iridthof the retangaar crs ston a unity, te boandary conditions ©) ea Ofer garde = © ffni=0, [reed —w © (ran Oat be bondary Condition (1) sens thas the eorex snd coneave boundaries of the tr are fe from normal foes; condition 2) indents that the normal sess a tho ends give reo tothe eouplo A ony, and condition Indicates Ut thee steno tangential fees applied atthe boundary Using te et of Bas (43) with (1 ofthe boundary eoutions (o) we bate Ae potame)+20=0 a o As au +2tgo +20 GHD Seen Amn hom pn 8 ene tan, hn eat ts taal al oe Hig 0), oad he tage an{ rom (2) ofconitlons (@) we find flas- [Gte~ [et -o cor eahattting for ¢ ts expression (42), we find [f+ n0-+ abe +20] -[f+me+ mime +24] eee rama ti yen tae tigate tsa [lovdr= [tear a en [fetre-tel feels ‘ad noting thst on assouat of () jae q- _— |e =e cr miei exreion 2) fo Ang! + BOMagd = eae) +0869 =I 0 ‘neuter ith th vo Bp () xmpalySeterne eects Gan we nd AM garg pa — Mgr et da = Mevteg® a= Moro ot 208g e og) el ; yo u(r) ° {WODINENSIONAL PROBLEMS IN POLAR COORDINATES. 6 Subettuting the values (of the constants into the expreons (4) forthe strom components, we Sd con (Bag! 4 bog +t) = (- wo tno Plog + oe tot log +8 — ot) 8) "This give thtzes ditibutin atlyngal the boundary conditions (@) for pure bending snd represent te exateauton ofthe problem, provided the distribution ofthe nora ore atthe end shat gen ty the ssoond of Ege, (8). Ifthe ores giving the bending coupe Mt sedstebuted over the ene ofthe bain me other manner, those ‘itribtion af the end wl be deren rom that ofthe eation (4) But onthe bade of Snt-Venai’s pintpe i ean be concluded that the deviations from slution (48) a very’ small snd may bo negetad st large distances fom the ends, eay a distances restr than the ‘opt ofthe ba. Ts of practical interest compare alton (48) with the elemen- tary slutonsurually given in book oa the strength of material. If the depth of the bar, 0~ as smal in comparison with the rus of the ental as (7+ 0)/2; the smo sues distelbution a for straight Tare usualy sumed. Tf dls depth not eal If usual a prac tie to arume that erst scion af the bar remain plane during the bending, fam whieh it ean bo shown that the dstbutn of the nore ‘al sts oy over any eros setians flows «hyperbai law. In ‘Mfesss the marimum and minimum value ofthe tas oy ean bo pee- ented in the form a ® Thames eda a Gol, Pro Fn eS: Pto,18 ‘he pepy pe nanan ree iow nr any oe tame pla wan sve ee by He Bobi (Comp ret In, ‘8 v1) ad bye Pa Be A RV be eh SA Megha sale Ae 2 Mo Py "TN aproinata har as der hy HA m1, 8, ad ty Wile, Edger, wl pe ea a“ lhe ton er tat Fst Clap Pagar dea ‘a th tery nase fy GB we Paige 2h $8 Clip Pan ay tery yl 1o rusory or siasricrty ‘The falling able gives the values of the numerical factor m clea= sae thetiwo demeatary methods, refered to above, and by the Connenae wo Ba) va | deo [yao an [yma ma 49) 290 | Pah ests] Frm —ooe 2 | £003 [LEER cis] 3 kee = ri 2 ae jas eee exact formula (48) Tecan bescen rom thistable tha the cementary cee tana on the hypotless af plan ero aeetioe gives ery securate ret i seers ss Shope Tw te ihe ho er thin he ie poring, the me eli do rns an, ad the deep been the ae ta ann et mes trom he fact tht he semester ct ee ace component gt a 8 ve ase ir rm the dette tht Uv, Mien, 18, of {TWO-DIMENSIONAL PROBLEMS IN POLAR COORDINATES 05 sumed that longitudinal Sher ofthe bent bar ae in simple enon ‘or eomprosi. From heii of Bas. (48) tenn be shown that the etre i always itive for the retin of bending shown in Fig. 42." The ene ea Fconcude atone from he dietion of trent y ating on tho = mente n= in Fig. 42. The corerponding tangential foro give ‘alts inthe adil estion tending to separate longitudinal Bers ed prodaring tell eres in the radial dreton. This stress iMetemes tovar the neutral worface and becomes a minum nea hi ftrfsce Ths masmum i a For inate, foe 0/4 = 13, Ga. O1BB (ean for O/e = 2, ala = 010Slopm. In ig 48 the di Utibution land for bj Disgiven rom ths igure wee st the point ef asinam sins, x omenbatdrplacd fom the mete iin the dietion ofthe center of eurvare "os Strain Components in Polar Coordinates. In considering the placement n polar eaoediaates let us denote by wand the compo- ‘ents ofthe displacement inthe radia and tangata directions resp tively Iv the sada eplaceont ofthe ado ad of the element led Fig 44), the radial placement of he side bes w+ (04/07). ‘Then the unl elongation of te elemental ia the radi direction is a) [As or the strain in dh tangential dretion i shoud bo obeervd that it depends not oly the dispaormen» but alo onthe radial dix Dlactment as Awsuiing for neat, thatthe paints ead dof the ‘ementaiod (Fig 40) have oaly the radial displacement, the new length of the ze od (+ 0) sd the tangent strain i therefore ‘The ference inthe tangential diplanmont of the side ab and eof Si PONTE TeSOARK Ti cuTRALA |« spony oF wtasricrry the clement ao is /8) d, and the tangent arin de tothe di Dleceaent viencordngly e/r 00 Tho total tangential train hs! ote oo Consideng now the sharing sai, let a2 be the potion of the ‘meat bed afer deformation (Fig. 42)..'Tho angle bebween the ‘Ghetion a andi due to the rail displacement wand i equal to Shfe 36 the same manner the ane between and abi eal toavar, Te should be noted that ony pat ofthis ange (shaded in tte igure) coatsibatee to the shoeing stain andthe oer par, eal ovjrrepreceats the sogulr placement dv to eoaton ofthe ele Inet aft ua igh boy about te axis through 0. nee the total ‘Change inthe soe ds eprennting the searing sen it we Beet @ ‘Shattting now th expesions fr the ain components (48), (0), (61) into the equations of Hooke’ wn }enne wedem om nod src bun afateqution for desing na “Si piptcuens for Spams Steer Bibs Sb- sting th et ge (tes Cmpnets a a 1, weld 212224 4 09 — ppt ce -t9 Bat — 90] By integration wo obtain HLS 4c — porte Bt oF sau a] © eet yd htt i SIDE Zine eat we hee td th pane ty ay hat thew tates prpenie oh lc oh ae Ge 1 in which (ea fonction of only. Frm th send of ag. (22), we find by tng Ea 9, 5-10 {om whic, by Integration, oo rma sea ® here) inafanston afro. Sebattting (a) and () in Ea. (61) nd noting hts a0 Soe eo, we thd 1M MOLL ne—tin-0 — @ frm sich HO=P, faints kent nhuseF, Hl, and K azo constants tobe determined from the eas “tions of consent of the curved bar or Fag Sabatitatng expe oa ato Ege (0) and), we ind the allowing expreions forthe ‘laplcements® wo B[- SEM 4 20 = ntrtge = a 4200 or] ara ee $8 re newt Kent ln which the values of constants By and @ for euch particular ese Should wesubattuted. Consider, forinstanc, pure bending. Taking the en ofthe era etn fromm whieh Pe meanired Pig. 42) ad ko a element ofthe adi at this pot gly Hae, the cond on of eoeateaat are . 2 2% -otoee ~oandr =n = tt? 0 aot e~omdr == tt Applying these to exproion (8), we abla the ftlowing equations {ee eaeaating the constants of integration PH, and gaz (mii ly en ite om (with ao ruvogy or suasriciry B[- S424 +20 - nBe toe Bator acum] n= thao F=O rom this fellows that F'= HT = 0, and forthe daplacement» wo obtaa oo ‘This means that the diqlacement of any eros wttion eon of tranlatorydiplacement —K sin the sme forall pont in the ross tection of rotation of the ers ection by the angle 49/3 about Uhccenter of euratareO (Fig 2). Wesce chat eros ection remain plane in poe bending ually seed a the mentary theory ‘the bending of eurved bar Thccusing the ey tea ditebutin nfl ing (page 450) the constant ia the general nlation (5) ws ten a er, and {in thie bannor se acved at elution of Lam's robe," Now, after obtaining expresions (8) for HSN) dspacemens we ace what is implied by taking T*)) eter. B coatibutes to the dplacement + the term 4lra/B ‘Thin term ie mo singe eld, a Changes hen we increase # by 2 be i we ative : Sta given point ater makings completa ele round tho ring, Such a many-alued exprsion for» di slacenient ie phsliy impossible na fl ring and 3, fr ths eae, Me mus take HO inthe general elation (1). “All ing is oa sxample fa mliply-connested body, 2, body such that some seins an be et ae acrom without dividing the body ito fro parts In determining tho strewn such bod we “ly artve tthe eonelaon tht the boundary conditions referring to the etre are nok mint to deterne completely the sired sition, and additional equations, representing the conditions that the displacements should be single valued, must he considered (ee age 18), "The ysl meaning of many-valved altions canbe explained by onsidrig the iil reves pomble ina lily -oonecied body fe portion ofthe ring tatween tro adjacent crows veetion in xt it (gH), andthe end of th ring ae fined agin by weing or ber sean, rag with nial streuo obtine, i thar ee sree in (ering when eter forces are abont. Ifthe small sngle eas tring th portion af the rng which wae ext nt, the tangential di lcementnecsery to being the ends of th ng together ee © ‘Tho camo diplacment, obtained frm Ba, (54) by potting = 2 in athe wo From @) and () we fod oe ag @ ‘The constant, entering ato the many-valot erm forthe deplace- meat (62) hus now dednite value depending on the way in wth the {nial treme were produced inthe rng. Suaiating (ato Ean, () of Art 2 (oe page 2), we find thatthe bending moment neomary to bring the ends uf tho lg together (Fig. 45) ie ag 0r— (ee) ; MoE —ap 2 rom this th inal stresses Inthe sing ean eal be ealoulated by luting the solution (48) for pure bending. 30; Rotating Disks. ‘Tho sro direibution in rotating cieaar inks i of great practical importance. Ft thikacar of the dink ix ‘sll n comparison wit is radiu, the variation of radial and tae ‘etal sree over the thickness can be neglected and the problem fan be eanlyslved* IC the thieknen a the disk constant Bg. (10) ‘ean bo applied and te aly eceasary to put the body free eq to ‘he ert force Then R= po © “Aopen ei ety fee sores terten tae et ar aoe hs mneaireta eta enone iegiepecanrowtate es uc oo seats Seg paeaneie oni “The weight ofthe de i naghected, "” rupony oF stasricry whore i the mass per unit vokume of th metal of the dk and Teanga velonity of the dik ‘Bgustlon (40) et then ba wit in the form coh m=O. o 4 doen “This equation i sis i we devive the press components from ‘tres fnetion Pin te following manne: w mek ns pa @ “The strain components i the cave of symmetry ae fom Has. (40) sad @), at oe ee ‘liminaling « between thse equation, we ind ts amet ritmo @ Subatituting for the strsn component their expresions in terms of he atrse competent, (52), and sing Bs (9) we id thatthe trest Fuclin Fsbo tey the following equation 2 yak ao etl E reat nnwe=0 © 1 can be ved by subttution chat the gneral aston of thin uation ie ered -2e tae o sd tom Bax © we mac t ek =2E 2 ate a @ e264 ES pant ‘The integration constant Ca Cy are determine from the boundary onions ora lid dist we mur take Cy = Osinc otherwise the stress (0) ‘come init tthe conte, ‘Th cottant Ce determine from the Condition the prpery (= 8) ofthe dik, Tr tere are no frees {TWO-DIMENSIONAL PROBLEMS IN POLAR cooRDINATES 71 applied tere, we bare Ge 0-247 aH 0 dtr from whieh : Ber coat cd ‘nd the tren eamponets, from Ea), ant woe 9 Bete LE pe « St 14S ‘Thee sree rst a th eter th ek, whee Bee cy the casa a dik wth evar Rl of ai constants of intgration in Bas. () re obtained from the conditions ‘tho Inver and outer boundaries If there are to fers ncing ot ‘theo bounds, we have (dea w from which we nd at a+r on3tt peer cn Etat Bubetiating in Eas), oer ° ‘Wo find the maxima radial strss at + = /, wbace os) 0)2 srupony or siasricirY ‘When the radius of the ole approaches sero, the maximum itil strom approchor a valu Dine a ret as tht for sold disk {Goysde, by woking a soul covar halo t the enter of ealhd (orang ek we double the miacimom stres.."This phenomenon of Ties emertaton oa ew be dace Tater (6 page 78). “Stuming thot the stenes donot vary over the thcknes ofthe dik, themethol of souls developed above for disks of constant thickest Canweencuded alot diss of erie hchner Ih the thckne= ‘rhe dak varying wth adn rte equation of equbrum of uch (tn lement az shows in Fig 40s tn) — he te = © ‘negating ain by patie deve k, be ns where Pi gn sees function. ‘Rsttuting the expresone forthe stress components into the com Daly eatin (we arve at the following equation forthe em Reset F mee eee eth ertt roto {M(E-n) 0 0 1 this manner the problem of Sading tho stress ditsibution in disk variable thcksees be Tedaced tothe olution of Bq (Tn. the Dertealar ease where the thickness varie according to the equation hace ™ in which C aa content and n any number, Ba. (9 oan say be Invopted The general solution has he form. Po mri + dee Bit ne Gta Gat in F8) ile and re the rot of he quadrai ogantion netm—1=0 in whioh sd A and ate ntoration constants which ae determined fom tho ‘boundary condoms, "Tis ae nivel iy Soa, eo Se ao H, ole, ee lnm te {EWO.DINERSIONAL PROBLEMS 1 POLAR COORDINATES 73 ‘A.good approzintion ta the actual shapes of rolling disks can be obtained by dividing the dik into parte and fiting approximately to tach para curves the type (m).._‘The case oa conical disk has been ‘Tseused by several authors. Very often the ealelations ave mae by dividing the disk into parts and considering each par as ak of fartantthiekness® ‘St, Bending of « Curved Bar by @ Fore at the Bad! We begin sith ihe emp ex shown in Fig. 40 Ae a fi taro rectangular cro sein ad * irae crouse incometraned a the lower lend bent by afore applied at Ue uppee Sed in the rafal dreclon, ‘The bending ‘moment ab any ert ection me propor floma to in #, ad the normal sr scoring toetmentary theory of thebending ff eurvol bars, s proportional othe bending ‘moment. Aerming that ths Holds ceo fr the exact saluting, an asumption wich the bated emus wil justify, we ind fom the wcond of Bax. 98) that the etre fanetion f satiing the equation Ayla 1 ey (me yD Gitte ase) +t ‘ould be proportional to sn Taking sesame ® baiting Bg, (), we tt) man say th fall ‘ordinary differential equation: “ “ — “ether ra w Baring ip, 8B Hoan, Hoping, vl ih 2, ry Shee 1 manta bat a" ea Bape, Toh pi 18, After dope at STU deen et Tae ah a poi rete Gk SARS Sans aT, POLTENME Ten gOARA epee CONTA1% risony oF muasticiry eld a(t f 7 Grd -AGietd-4) © “Thin equation can bo transformed into Tipardiferentat equation “Tit conan couicea (oe page 8), and ite general soon fs Joy = Ae + BL 01+ Drage fn which A, B,C, nd D ar constants of integration, whieh ace deter tid fem the boundary wondiions.Substivting solution (Din eaten (0) forthe eres funtion, apd using the gneral formulas (28), we Ha the fllowing expressions forthe sess components 18 (s4r— 2842) sin rom the cooitons that the outers inner boundaries of the curved ‘ar (Pig 1) are fe rom external frees, we requir Ut = Ofer = aandr = tom Ba 0) ae Dao © 2D 2p BP =o “Th lat eondition i thatthe eum of the shearing fore dst Tro the upper ead of the bar ould eal the force P. Taking tbo errr uptetns setion a unty—ovP asthe ond po oni hicks the plate obtain for 8 = 0, L3G8)«-Fa f Bao Duel =P rom Ege. (0 and () we find Pp ae, and, oooh woe ont 1 ok conDInATas To teva Wad ¥ 4 (489 at ating aa thon ong Ba (0, ‘obtain th exrosions for the ste components For the fu ofthe ba, = 0, we Sind me rg -hern] "Tho expresons (60) constitute an exact slution ofthe probe cay when the forse atthe ende ofthe eurved bar are dstibued a the 2H nanner given by Ba. (9) and (2). or any other ditibution of {oreo te sre datbution near te ends wil be diferent fom that ven by sslsin (0), ut a leper distances ths sation wll bo “ald by Suint-Venan’s principle Caleslatons show tht the snplo theory, bas on the astimption thet ere eetions rein pane Ing bending, again ges very stieactory rst. ‘In Fig. 4 the isribution ofthe searing stress rover the eros section # = 0 Gor the eas b= 2a, 2a and 130) is chown, Tho bse are the radial stances from the Sinner boundary” ~ "The ordinate reprevent numerical factors wth which we mliply tbo average shearing steasP/(~ 0) to gt tho shearing ses at thopeat In qustion. A valu 1.5 forthe factr ves the maximum Ricrng atoms as elclated from the parabolic drut for eclangular stright beams. From the fires tay be som that he ‘btbuton of tearing sree approaches the prabae dsibten, ‘Then the pth ofthe eos verti sal, Forsch proportions oe Tre wal inerche an volte the para datebtin searing roma insight retanglar Dar, canbe enue with eufieat fa os eansider now the deptcumenta produced by the force (i 40). By sg By (4) to 2), and euettating for he sree ‘Somponate he empress (i), we ad »] & 2 83¢[ sani —9 Barns? rom the fit of the equations we obtain by integration «=e [ana —29 +B a tn +0 =A oer] +50 whee f(a funtion of # any. Subttating (min the second of an (together with the exprsion fr «and integrating, we Sid 48 [4re 49 + Re bn — Dloertt — 9) spu-o]-[aneere © in which (0 fe «funtion ofr ony. Substituting now (m) and (n) in the thd of Eg. (9 we aie atthe equation Janse ray+ore -10 ~ SS Foy=tl, f0)=— Bocas Kent Lond @ fn whieh 11, K, and are arbitrary conan, to be determined from ‘he wondions of courtrint The ompaneats of dplermeat, rom (a(n), ae then Beene [oa— ny mer tsa —ay Js taeeeme oy Bas Bap) a 1 Bosne 34[40 ne 0 = oar] + PEF Beads Reb Lene ‘ra deen pero ear ain by pti Feith ene res er wet © Te crt 1 cil tom the aon a he ane Gig ih Tor = aflne koe v bors he hoe wethen's, wag 1% 0 “he dein upper i hor, Pate) wero +004 07 om Crete @ ‘Theaplieaton of thisformula wlbogvenIatr, When bapprosches tnd the depth ofthe eurved bar, A= b~ a, iowa in comparison ‘ith, we eam use the expresian teh mton (t+) fgg Substituting in (61) and neglecting smal terms of higher order, we obtain (oma SP ‘which coinedea withthe elementary formu fr thi ate. By taking the cre fneton inthe fora $= sin) con "40 8 Timon, “Strath Mae" v2, Ae 1,08 rusony ov ztasricr™y snd prong a above, we ge a auton forthe case when verti ree and = euple are appli to the upper ead of he br (Fig. 4) ‘Sovtraring fro this elution the streses produced by th couple Gee Shr 21, to stems ve tn vertical free aplid athe upper end of ‘Behar main, Having the solutions for 4 bogota and fr a ‘ak ou the elution for ay inlined force ean bo obtained by aperpsion, The above dicusson it was lays asaumed that Eqs. (9 ae soto dana thatthe cular boda of tho bar are free fom orca By taking the expeesionss 0) diferent from aro, we cba {Roca when normal and tangertil frees proportional to sin @ and (Si Fine dnibutod over cosas boundaris ofthe bar. Combining ‘Six etotions with the solutions previously obtained for pure bending ISI or bending hy a force apie atthe en we ean spprosch the ‘Suton flange role covered wth andor sol ‘S2 The Bet of Cienar Hotes on Stree Distributions In Paes, ‘Fann i eprsea a plate submit toa uniform tension of magni tude Sin the xdretion. Ia emal ereular hoes nade nthe mile tpt, tho tes dstbation nce neighbor ofthe le will, ‘engl but wean conse from Sait-Venants principle that he ‘Change neglgle at dhtancts whieh are argo compared wth, he radian of the ole “Conse the portion of the plate within a concentric cree of xi 2, large in comparison witha. ‘The eens atthe radius Bare eee- tively the sune ain the plat without Che hole an are sero given by Seat 9 = 4S(1 + 00828) « sever exe hed ware de oy arin hy a ise, ae and Eg rn el 1, BO {TWO.DINENSIONAL PROBLEMS IK POLAR COORDINATES 79 “These fort, sting around the outside of th rng having the ner fil cular reir = and p= 6, give asian dntebation within the ingvkith we may regard ae coating a wo para. ”"The Bet dae to ibe constant component 48 of the bornal frees. ‘The steee it producer ean be caleulted hy means of Ege. (45) (page 50). The Feminine pst consisting of the normal fores 48 con 2, together Ih the shaving frees “4S sn 24, produces steses which may be ‘ved tom eres funtion of the form =F) cost ® Sebetitting tis into the compatibility equation ae 1a 10 (9 tae, 188 (vt tte) (E+ Ass) <0 ef heaving ary ion qin dtr): egies (rye ¥ a "Phe general actos f= ses Beech 4D “The stro uneton i theeore = (104 mol + d)oos © snd eon sre compost fom a (8,8 eon MMe (04 48082) cat (24+ ane 482 oa ® ~ (24-4000 — S022) sae ‘a contans entering ote deter rn ons (0 fort tr bony nd rm oo oon tate ‘bole is free from external forces, These conditions ‘on se dite~ srusony oF masricirY wld +a hs 2a 4 8 4 2 "Dt 2d + enn 8-2 3s 2 ute Bao Solvngthevesquationsand pattinga/o = 0, assumingan inital lange ate, we obtain -%s 0-¥ Shutting thes vas of constants into Hage (2) and ang the ‘Shaws produced by the form tension 48 en te outer boundary Catala from Bas (45) we find! (1-8) +9 (48 owe we S(148)—$( 4%) omer w Ba S0- me § 1 ri very larg or andr apron the ves given fm Ba (0). At the edge of the ule, y= 9 and we Sind 0, en S28 cos 28 canbe sen that ret when # = 1/20 # = 3/2 at tones he mete psp tio of he Whale ig 4). At howe pots n= 38. Thi the mas ce iE grand atari ho worm eee 8 pid a Ue ea a he plate “Whe pints pa, esl ox an and we id “5 so that there eompreon tes the tangential dietion at thee ‘aha sdoe wa obtain by PO: Kes FD wo 20 sary Sait hm les fy ie meet db he Pa LATTE STS SS ara ed 18 {TWO-DIMENSIONAL PROBLEMS 18 POLAR COORDINATES 8 Forth eres eton ofthe plate through the conte ofthe Hae and petpendcalat tothe ass, ¢'= #/2 and, from Bae (62), (e+ +88) Wis vient thatthe eet ofthe he of «very ln character, fad, ar nereasos, the sree approncbes the va S very apy. ‘Theditibton of hinatro shown nh fare bythe shaded zea ‘The loaned charster of the strane around the Bole joten the ‘pplication of the sltion (), derived for an inGnitely large plate, o fine of finite with Ifthe width ofthe plate not lee than out ‘Bamctes ofthe ol he error othe wt (62 in calulatig cn ‘doce not exceed 6 pe eet" Tiaving the solution (@) for tension or —f- FE LLL compreon in one dietin, tbe eoaton {or tension or compression in to perp ‘iar dzetions can bens obtain by aperpetion, ‘By taking, for netanes, ten stzosses in vo perpendicular dre tions equal 0 5, we nd atthe boundary ofthe bole a tena steep = 25 (aco age 72). By taking tena sco 3a Uezdrction Fig 1) and acompressive laren ~S in the yizetion, we atin the ease of pare shear. The ‘angel sence a the bay of the ole ay from Rep (2), c4 = S ~ 25 cos 29 ~ [8 ~ 28 on (20 — 9} Ford = £/2 ort = 3/25 ab the poten sed m, we Bid oy = 4S Fore =Oord = 5,0, atmand mycr= 45. Hence, fr large plate under prea ihe manimuentangeotal etree othe boundary ‘the hae four tine larger than the apple pare ses? ‘The high stra cncetaton fond at the edge oboe of great ‘ractcl importance, Avan example, hale in ehips decks may be ‘mentioned. When the hal of = ship i bent, tension or compression i roduced inthe desks and her es high ates concentration at the Toles "Under the eyl of steasprodod by wave, fatigue of the ‘etal a the averted potions ay real ally im fat each oe 8. Tm, Bll Pac na Ke, 1M Wet tke 5 aa to hon ied by tn rata SRepper ty 1, Wie, The 8. Le, Dane Repi and Seg ecm inh nn a can, Sititt T2 rupony oF eiasricrry 1esftea necessary to rede the toss oncenraton a les uch escent ble in pate ving and fcages, This canbe dave by ‘Shing bead or raforing ring The analytical problem bas born ANAGy Cringe method exployed forthe hole, and the revlta ave bea compared wth sraiivgauge mesurementa* "Ths cams of evar le near the straight boundary of seme infinite pte under tension paral to this boundary (Fig 90) was sekipaed by G:B defer? “Acorroted rst and compariaon with poate tet (ne Chap. 6) mee given later by RD. Mnin.* ‘esr iy, pi nae i s,m 7 can ahaa ee sion mal com eit vetted hue ct nr nora re 2 ee Tan poten ote ce ars thst she a ere ron nu ithe he ey on ee ios boary of eb re Be (one oe re td rea the aight ley the tanga see te n9 Loe ae reais ee he Tae i an To's en by rma ee « ser tno 9 80h in Se EE Meren sod BE Smith J. Appin Mean Pram ADAGE Tlf, pt teh Rane to pe ork ay We od i tie "eau Roy, Sr, nd, in 22, 9.285, ‘Ph Ba en oto 8, 28, "There should be compared with the tensile stream at the point tthe straightedge the pts, given by the formula ang ws for d= 7 V3 the tr eons hve the ane mage. Ih. {Sater than thi the maximum sre atthe drolar boundary Sof it lom the maximum stem ia he pola me ° "Te eae of» plate of Ente width with w eeu hele onthe ae of symmetry Fg 51) wae dacuned by RC. J. Howland" He found, for nstanee, tat when 2r= 4, ey = 4.38 at the point n and & wow” J GaTE stein j PETE Bate tint scalping svn ound sal ce {Srl con be appl wen plate eajeted to pure eaing* ‘Tho can furore eta hls a nile psig’ ow of {ls i apr and ina sentinel? and go be plat {ander altound tee) have as been iavetiated. A ‘Deo devine by Heng har en apie he ceo hae Sarat ade eget tenon both retin, ad under ar ‘whan the hl plano redred etulons hae een obaned forte ii lta wih cele ete hen fread ko tbr seblg "fore cre "Mans ome ann ta 8 2, ec Tag) p88 NT rng po erent d ‘Se Gdn er val ap "A po cage te mt Sober y Gi el not Sh uty ms a Mo. sorted bbl Ne et oe Wart 28 8 A, hs on TEM IR og ha hI Toh, ot 9, dean {HE Net ne ep ta Oi Mine ips ne ESE lp, 08 {Ray ly Sl A Sh% sruony oF masriciry sponding problem of the strip! and fr aro of holes parallel and near Whe aight edge os semaine plate row of eve hole) ‘fan eliptialhole is wade in a adie plate under tension 8, with coe of the principal nea pra tothe tension, Uh stees atthe ends (ihe ano the ole perpendicular tothe direction ofthe tension are e=s(1428) ©) ‘uber 2 the axis of tho olipse perpen to the tension, and 2) JS ober suo This and far prlens concerning pos pee ols, nnd to stl ave dncused in Chap. 7, where references wil be found "Avery loader bole (a/b ange) perpenulr othe diretion of tho soon tanta very high eres eoneenteaton.* This explains why SE erneveese to applied frees tend to spread, The spreading at ‘Be tapped by drilling hoes at te ends a the erac to etiminte the idarp curvatre e=ponible forthe high sre concentrtin “Won nhl oie wih nateral which sig oh else con- stants diferent fom the ofthe plate (plane ros) or boty (plane als) ic wo have the problem of the rg or elas inclusion ‘Ps as teen solved forceulr and elite ieusions® The rls forthe igi eels nelson have born confined by the photuastic sme ve Chap 8) “Th romes given by Ba (62) forthe problen indintd by Fig. 8 cet same for pane tenn a for plane stress Ta plane tai, how (oes the al tes neta) must act on the plane ns, which are pull vo the ype n oner nmakee to, Renova of thom arses from the ends, to arrive at the contin af free ends, wil produce further seat which wll not ‘beefs twordinenional (plane trea ar plane sein) charter. TE "CK PAL Maio T1981, 1H, SES ti i ah RT Arm, rt fo Sawa aod‘ Nishi, epee ach ty Loa took bbl Bt 3, Coy Trane ASAL rl 6. 3 8D, erin ote yo Kad aemary Vln” 28 ue Ti ats and A. Wd Recah ah Bur. Sd al 2, {WODIMENSIONAL PROBLEMS IN POLAR COORDINATES 85 ‘he les smal in ameter compared wit the thickness Between the de, te ditarbance wl be confined tothe neighborhood of the ends But the diameter and the thicknes are of Uh same ord of tage fe the problem must be fseated ar esentallythre-dimensonsl {rout Tavestigytions ofthis nd! have sown that oy rerainn the largest str component and it value very cone to tht ven by the two-dnenlonl theory ‘sh. Concentrated Force at a Pot ofa Straight Boundary. Let us consider now a concentrated vera! face P eting oa s borcntal stright boundary AB ofan infaly large plate (Fig 22). ‘The dir ‘ution of theo along the thieknts of the plate unorm, aide ‘ented in Pig $25." The chicos ofthe plat takes ae unity wo tha ‘isthe lod per ult thioknea ‘The deletion of een in Ue can ew very tmple oe! and ie tolled simple adil dstrbtion. Any element Ct diatane fom the pote pplication ofthe loud isbjoetel to simple eompreaion Jn he radial diretion, the radial stress being 2P ew oo -Emt wo “A,B Gra, Pe ap St, Ldn ee hol MO, p20, 18 Bei Seow, Jp Mena ne 4S, a Th sto fhe poe wei by way ft odin Es SS ees Se Snare wn ee "er ma86 sugony oF siasricrry ‘The tangential tes cy nd the seating srt ae aero. ney ‘oe that the vlc of fe rss components sais the equations ‘f ealitram (87 (page 86). ‘Th inudary omdiins ar also mated because ey and ae 2009 slong the stralght edge othe plate, which ie fe from external frees ‘hoop atthe pont of spplistinn of haload (r= 0). Here, becomes fates "The realant of the free acting on a linda surface of adios (Fig. O98) mast balance P. Tt is obtained by summing th ‘ern components yf goe Baling on each element €6 of th out face In this manger we ind 1 ficcoerrde= fi oas "To prove that sltion (6) the exact enluton ofthe problem we aunt onader algo the equation of eompatity (0). The above ‘itution i derived frm te tvs fonction _ ao Wo can verify this by using Bas. (88) a lo: ste, _ woot non er wy ‘which vices with solution (8), Substituting the function (into Ea (9), wecon ously show tat this equation ssatised. Hence, (0) Fepeeena the tue ees function and is (08 ve the tre tem ‘latation “Taking ce of any diameter d with enter o the is and tae avo Cig 828), we bave, for any point Ca the cele, fom # =r. Hence, from Ba. (4), Pa oa see, he tres tho asa al point on cheer excep he point O, ‘he pot of appintion of the loud. “Tuking «horizontal plane mx ats distance from the aight cde of te plete the normal nd eeariag eomponents ofthe tres on Us [WOMDIMENSIONAL PROBLEMS TN POLAR COORDINATES 87 pinue at any point Af (Fig, 820) ae eaeulated from the simple com- rein i the radial dvection, Wome, WP owy ean om In Fig. 58 the distribution of arenes, and alg the horizontal plane ren rpreentod graphically It he pot of appliatva of the Toad the tess i chooretclly intial large becate uf fore i sting om lfintely eral x srs, In prac atthe pont of application there Ss always certain ining of material and anu reel of this tho Toad il become die ‘eipated over « Bate aren Tmagine that the portion of mater which wured plastic dow ive out from the plate by w reular ‘finial euface ofall radios an shown in Fg. 62. Then the ‘uations of lately canbe apie to the remalaing potion of the ae ‘An analogous elution can te obtained for a horizontal foree P ‘io to the stright boundary ofthe semiinite pate Fig. 60). ‘The srse component for thin eto are obtained fr the same Eas (6) its only necenary 1 mesure the ale 8 from the dteton of the fore, a shown inthe five. By clefting the rsltant of the fore aeting on «eplindrca mutase, showa in Fi. 8 by the dottedes sruony oF miasriciry ine, we nd “This reeltant balance the external fre Pan, te tre compo tent and era the straight ego re zr, sluon (0 sti the oundary conditions “Having the ealatons or verti po horzotaleoneentrated fore, sclutons for inelned Fores ar obtained by uperpeston, Resolving {he nce force P nto twa components, P cosa vertically and P sn ee S ren 5 he tren on ° cn 2[rmacnerranece(s+i)] =-Beeto 60 Hence Bar (0 ean be sed fr any diretion ofthe fre, provided in ach cave we tare tbe ange # from tho disetion ofthe fore Se geet nmen econ ea Sa eh ecco ithe baad ton # Brrr ‘Seite a facten siege) + a) » [WODINENSIONAL PRONE 1 POLAR COORDIVATES aBe eden Mesmrmn In yeh 3 the moment ofthe eid eel ‘asinine mame man, Sd tt by remo of yw tin se Rang ne ro al pt sp a ‘nacre 0, "vettan wna (n+ soniye ets tors cee scold ae oe ote of oo wnt p tenon pr a Sec Posty haere ete ‘etn aw ee yon rte Saree “laving the distribution of treaes, the corsponding dipacement ‘on be obtained inthe unl way byapplsing Has (19) t0 (1). Por ‘Tore normal to the steaight boundary (Fig 52) we have © SI. Mame Pt May 29 5,18 Ble pn a ete yw My. at 1s tity B ey and Nyt ma pai~ rupony oF stasricire Tntegrating the Get of these equation, we find w= Bow tog 490 © where (i fantion a @ only, Substivting nthe second of Eas (Oat integrating we obtain DP on 9 a2 oo BE sino + og sn -fmasre 0 in which F() in m fuction of only. Substituting () and) nthe {hind of Pa. ©, we eoclde that j= Lah ainet duaet Rene, FORO hoe A,B, and Care constants of integration which ar to be deter Thin from the condition of eonstrant. "The expetons forthe dis Placements, rom Bs @) and (0), are ® LPP an 4 A c= Bain + Cr “Assume that the constraint ofthe sma plate (Mig. 52) in uch iat the pats othe axis Bave no lateral displacement. ‘Then = 0,for 0 = Op and find fom the seond of Bay. (9) that A = 0, {C= 6 With tha valor of the constant of integration the verte ‘splacemonts of pants on the sis are 2p Gone = age +B ® "To find the constant let un aroma tats pont of the aie at di tance d from the origin dove not move verels.- Then from Ba.) wretnd Pa B= og having the valu of al the constant intogration, the displacements (hang point ofthe smn plate ean be ealeuated fom Bas (9) et ts conser for inane, the deplacement of points on the tsnght boundary of the plate, ‘The horizontal displacements are ‘btsned Dy puttng # = /2 inthe Set of gx (We fd Soh geben age "The straight boundary on each side ofthe origin thus bs &coatant eplcemest (71), at all points, dete tomar the org. We may ogard uch a displacement as a pliseal posit, we rmeriber {hat around the point of application othe loud P we remove the pore tion a ators bounded by a eylindeal urfac of ual radon (3 {2 ‘within which porton the equations of elaticity do not hold ‘Acusly of cours this mater plaseally deformed and permite Alacement (71) along the stesight boundary. The vertical die ‘lacment on the straight boundary are obtsined from the nesod of Ege (). Remembering that vis patie ifthe dplacement in the We Fein Ba) ree ® 2 = sn 2a = “Then writing 1 forthe sooment of inertia of the eros ectlon wn we Bihar : aon PE (0sYanee oF or amall value of the factor (lan af! sit ean be taken ss nary fonity Then the expreson for ey eosin with that sven by the ‘Genvatary beam formals.‘ maximum thering sees occurs at ‘he pints andn and tice great as that given by the dementary theory forthe centroid ofa rectangular cross etion of a beam. ‘Since we have solutions or the two ese representa in Figs 62 and (9, we can dal with ay diction ofthe fore Pin the zyplane by ‘calving the fore into two componente snd uring te metbot of uper- Poston! It shoud be noted that solutions (73) and (4) represent Enema lution onty in the ease when, atthe mported ed, the Ireday i bald by radially directed force dstrted in the manner {Sven ty the etionsOthernib tho ealtfons are accurate only at Donte ange distances fom tv supported ed "The pestle of the wedge loaded hy» bending couple M, in the plane ofthe wed ad concentrated at the tip,istlved by the sine fneion © in 20 — 2 on 2 2M yn Da = Zu 05 2) 2 ‘wher 8 au ndisted in Fig 62 snd tho appli couple Ms counter- a aera tin nm ey Ma ola at etre ous weg erase na which a wee tote, Secetiely THER r 9 h S L SSE gic Ta fat Na rch nds 02, a ’ locks "The stresses are = a 4 Bie Ta= eas), mu 2 © ‘ln a= Ta cone} ‘oe 24 ~ €08 Ba) 88, Concentrated Forc Acting on @ Beam. ‘The problem of strom tstrtion nn boa suieeted tothe action of «concentrated free [Sof great practin intrest. Tt was shown before (Art. 22) that in fentinuowsly loved ens of narrow rectangular ers setion the Fre datibution i obtained with sutisfuctory accuracy by the anual ie Alemeatary theory of bending [Near the point of spiiation of = onentrated force, howeree ater fue loal perturbation is stan dis Ka —p fetion ould be expected and y {eter investigation ofthe prem a, lemecosary. ‘Theft study’ ofthese lea stresce was made expesi= saentaly by Carus Wikon.' Experimenting with retangule Bam ff glass on two supports (Fig. 69) leaded at the mide and sing polarized light se page 182) be showed that a the pot, where tbe Fond is applied, the tees dtrbution approaches that produced ins somiifnto pate by & normal concentrated foes. Along the coat Section AD the norm erat , does not flow nearly and a the Print D, oppo to A, the tense sues Ie aml than would be frpected from the ceoentary beam theory. These rele were ‘xpnined on th basi of eorain empiicl sumptions by GG BSokex® The aystem represented in Fg 64 aa be blained by waper- Dosing two systems show ia Fig. 6S. ‘The radial eompremive recs ‘ction the weeions mn, np and py ofa serait plate (Pig. 65) fare removed hy equal rd tena sree acting on the sero the Feetangular beam support at wand p (Pig. 65. The sromen in tis beam shoud be superposed en the strees i the semiingte te inorder to get the ease dace by Stokes Th ealeuating the strnes nthe Inam, the elementary beam onmuln wil be sppilod. ‘The bending moment af the middle cose ection AD of the bum is tained by taking the moment of the eae $e, tte 0.6, ey, Bateman Phe Pgs” a.100 rigour oF BLasTicitY tne Pend sbecting he moet la hal dtd ee va ie he ma, ae cy see elect the iy dst! oe fr 0 ‘Ti ae th eae atin eh gon seg canc aim pont 4 i) or wing set Smal fceF/sand ver fe PP 47 [Nee spplied at A (Big. 6), ‘Then the tending moment, the moment shout the point, ee, nd the correeponding tending sss ae! HGS BG) irate tele trons ‘To thew bending steaes the uniform dntributed [Pibec paced ty the tense foree Pe could beaded. ‘The normal cece ner the ros econ AD, ax cbained in this elementary Way, eo BG deta “This coincide with the formals given by Stokes soe we ta Ph re onl in fh ae -Atwiter approximation is obtained if we oborve that a continuously tstrbted load sapped to the bottom ofthe beat (Fi, 68) a Ege (8). The intensity af thi load atthe pont D, rom Eq. (4) ‘Pec. Substiiting this Ia G6) aed combining withthe value of hove, we obtain, ae @mcond approximation, (G-2)» @ Ph (mw ae t we te ~ fe) ‘Thee streaes should be superposed on the tress 2. 0 a aH ° for serine plate, inorder to obtain te ttl etree long {a setion AD. “A comparcoa with a mere avorate solution, given elo (etl, ge 106), shows that Es (2) and gv theses with very god ceuracy at all pont except the point Dat the bottom of the bey ‘which tho eareetion to te snple beam forme eve a we PIP P BZ tlh = - oom? hile tho more accurate sltin snes only ~0.19(P/0 ‘Theft atempt to get. a more ssourate ton ofthe probes was made by J. Bousinesq" He wd Famant’e otion oe Art 3) for the semi-infinite pate. ‘To anna the meres over the boundary mp ig. 6}, he euperipose an eral and opposite rystem of setae sud ues gain the Famant solution, eoners the bea ae emi Infinite pate extending above the line np. This ernetve tytem Introduce extra stresses over the top ofthe Dear, which gain canbe femored by repeated aplication of Flamt's tlio, ead so 0, "This prooesis too slowly convergent an dil not lento ssaisfactony ‘A solution of the problem by means of tegunometic scien was binned by LNG. Fon Heapplidthissltion othe car of con ‘enirated lands and made ealeaatons for sever partilar eases AR. 23), whieh ain goed agreement with nae reat investigations ERG Tom Roy Su), A wl D6, 10081a riony oF HuasricrrY Further prog i the elation of the problesa wes inde by Th ae Chunerng an init beam load at equal intervals bY TaD ancestral oes tng inthe upward and downward diet, cg canoe ty, bn spliied the solution of the two-dimensional Non aad obtained for several ens expreions forthe deletion problem og shown i this agnner that te clementary Beroul- Sea ncory of bending x very accurate the depth of ce bea it Bae arson wth ie length. Te was shown aly that ee or- sal in cemearing force at given by Rankine’ and Gruhot's eo~ ‘eit cy (oc pg 2) smal exagzrated and should be ‘Binnie to abot O70 of te value? aan saind dy othe ran roto nd of he ratrs na he we Sana onde Rd oF Ea vey ng onan aes he eatin ted opps ope singe So ma sie aT nan ag toms Seater sige vemos ieee ” ene Ay [teem tan ha ated mete @ i Tae ine ene met gan Sin ssaeescmase, Teche eee Sethian mernccGnmnen tes SS em aul Sire ane cmemargartga rae etc Jaci cio ca ema RSS hee win ae th tte ace eoie ees ree eee vo tng 2 rk Conencae ian resi her Becca to {TWO.DIMENSIONAL PROBLEMS IN POLAR COORDINATES 108, fo eae weg [ea | wo t thee ye : 4 cao g LLL106 ‘rapoay ov masricity aa Scenes. So Fa atte SEMEL cs Ea ey lw nn ~F ont 4 Heb tee tT ts ap 2s Cae Cer eine e er ar = he l a eet ern AD ns thebd hae aed SSS cape te lta fm a) a) ‘agi een a cu Ronen the area, cuatro te dfn of th am ub ee rites rc be tat Poon ae Beh Se iti eh reno ein om ey te {TWODIMENSIONAL PROBLEMS 18 POLAR COORDINATES. 108 t sek aN | o106 rmbony oF BLAsTiC!®Y ‘emsrnny SeSyaos ldtonal carver of tho water Bin can Be repent iyi la a i tak © in whi nnn sumer factor vrng hme he gh of be an. ere ‘atl i Glare gen ig fh I nen that a rm toes 8 tance gost han Bla he ph te Ho the wna crete Lowy Scans — {TWODINENSIONAL PROBLEMS IN POLAE COORDINATES 107 “the copending alin he de ‘E(@- ste fs) © Bi ain a ctl by ng the coment hor, veseno nn dE 0b -iby-B) om om meer is @y—em)] ow ‘Tetons Mahi ral hoy pgs) ir or ic ior mals ees 7, Stresses in a Crelar Disk et us begin with the simple eae a of two equal and oppite frees ef Pocting long odiamtor A (Pig y 12). Assuming that each of the é ores. prduees a. simple radia sre dltibtin [Eg (6) Weems fn what fora sould be appbed ie ‘tthe erarference of the di a der to mitt auch tress ie ‘wibution AL any point AF of he ‘Stounfereneo weave compresionsin the dietionsfr and sequal to Ps‘where di the diameter of the dik, we conclude that the two pinipl Circe at A are two eal compremive stress of magnitude 2 ed Flee the sume compressive strom acting on any plane through M perpendivular to the plane af the dia, and normal compretive foroes ibe constant intensity 2/4 should be applied to the ereumference the dak in order omit the sumed pai of spl ai ores ietone, the boundary ofthe disk ere from exter foros, the ste at ay pont therefore obtained by saperposing a uniform tension the blave a the disk af the magnitude 2P/d on tho above two simple Fadil sro dtibaions. Let ox consider th stres onthe horigontal Siametraleeton of the dink at N- rom symmetry it ean be con ‘aed that there wil bono shearing etre on this plane. ‘The nora ‘tren produced by the two equal ruil compronions ix 2 ESE cot Jnwheh the ditense AN, and # Ue ange been AN andthe Serial daneter.”Superpsing on this Uform ten, 27/e te tll oral ‘ro the horizontal plane at cog , 2P Come ong tho fact that 4 On eri we id wy, aw — «-El-@te] © ‘The maximum compesv strom log the diamete CD ea the en ratte dak where _@ enki [At theo of the dancer the compre sre, aie. \Gonler now the cn oe od opps fr ating slog chord AB Gig), hauning sin reseed dtebtoos ‘hang rom tod 3 thst pase anger to th ice {eenc ts obtained by aperpg the to al compresions Wet yg 2 singin the ton aad, rape “Thonormal AY to the tangent a. ite diameter ofthe dik; besos [MAN and ABN are rightangled tangles and the anges which Ue normal MO makes with rand rare r/2 ~ fand/2 ~ 6 repectively, ‘The normal and shearing trees oman cement of he Boundary at AF sve then on Basten (Go) -Ferton 4) ° ‘The equations un besimplied me observe that, from the tangle MAY and MBN, radeinty on Subeitting in Ba. (), we ind @, , on E anon, From Fig 73 it may ben tata (6 onan constant eran Chebounag., Home wf dried cmpese foes the inoty 2a (2 ca bead oo unary ee tote ie aso mal cdot, To a the stato for ack ie bday inten valor conpreston cay cecum to spe oe ‘hove to dale rede dss Do tae a heey ivfatan Seca c armas aoe ce Ee A tn neh omits ey ce Tne sat Seis aah ca est es edging 2a, ada ‘itn bai re sa nga egetno rupouy oF EuasticrrY seen, tom henge ANE 7 = da as 6) wen in eo ‘a in ect a eM tana erly sl ne a ann) © Ang tity tt ng te , ® Renn (a) Ato which the mr and ing mponent or ” ® roasts ta psc A ‘ie “crt aoe ee ania se a i yf oat faa -Shawsn o ” tn ya in lh ay can eel Bah te Sa mn ut ned oer ato WO-DINBNSIOWAT, PROBLEMS IN POLAR COORDINATES 111 enna texte fr wih neat 0, em He The Peon id an he moment me ne ete in eri, ene ht Hehe Rete ate "th ae sine ym fhe tems ‘Barren eee sa owt Stns boundary ofthe dis worm comprenion Br lt he ae sda boa 5 Any ff ao compen ‘ite my pt eek Phase ss ni da a a ce ees Sao ele cit see args ee ie Seating scree es ea na a ty ta of in oT i the boa fe dk fo Eine mre ag ah he ‘Ain dbo the ates f tino ws i Pgh, Tse Iter ‘se yc eel hg a cad ‘oon te tier " : te om ese ee te eat ty is oe © er "Sere iter example donee by 3. Mihi be eres38, Force ata Pout ofan Insite Plate. If» force P acts ia tho se plane oom infite late (Bg 70a), the stress tribution ean mashed by superpestion of ystems which we have already saat oe anor, however, coprtrut a solution by spe per sae gn cals or a sein at shows In Fi. 766 pasion Aha the vertal placentae the same in both aa re, Ahehorieontaldplscments along th aight boundaries a est Wie in the ca 700 this duplaeemen aay from the pint. 0 nthe ese Te ts toward the pint ‘The maiden TR aacements abo ees, rom Eq. 1), 8 ay © ae? » “Thin diteence in the hvinntl placements mayo lint by ana the case TO and Ge wth the eases TL and 76 fa whe Canin sac long the sigh boundaries, ‘The dieplacenents esi frre ea be obtained fom the problem of bending of & aan scowm ia Fig. H6-_-Making the inser radius of thie bar SORTASE the otter rans neon ndetniely, we rie a TWODIMANSIONAL PROBLEMS IY POLAR COORDINATES 118 theca fennel. The dpe slang sig ‘icf tls nthe dtm othe tring ae tn ‘teu rom, r ‘The consent interation D mat now be ajo mato make che {Tepncement routing from (a) and (@) vanish "Then PD P © Wh he anette ol of aperponing ne 70, 7,70, ‘The is un infinite plate losded at a point, Fig. 76 mer “The es dictation nthe pat no aly obtained by sper. pouing tbe trons ns smn plat pred by «nal fod Prat the unary Ge Ar 3) onthe tess ne carved acne tin th onl ct nto "iin th ie teasing the agi # in is 6 and 6 and ong Ea (0), the ‘stresses in the curved bar are, for @ 3s in Fig. 76, cane _ Deco _1=2P ened _ Dio _1=rPemee Combining twit stresses (06) elealate fr the oa P/2, we obtain Aho following tee dition in the nite plates mrPeat Pout +1) Pome Cages ets Powe Pe Sede By caing tf th pate th pint (Fg. 76) mal elonent ‘ovine tae era poet te ers ‘igh nl onary chet hea ys X22 [cont —nain rds =P 122 [Genin d+ reser a= 0a rapony or xLAsricirY se, the foros ating on the boundary ofthe eyindieal lement rept £5 MoloalP apie atthe point ©. By using Baw (1) the oe repeats Cartesian coordinates, are found from Eas (7): Pot = Betty an + paar weit a ene (+) +2049 in rom tn neni ot on et So Se el Se “kat "Rt ftv hee Swe rile ah eu ern Lf) tbat nee apa gt) ects ol eed et pn ind arn ee oye Pa tsp he fas toning tens ret Set icp tesa ens ent pete ie eager elytwrtacesom n= ween (uted) = aye arent th comps te 7a hl me Br Oy Sti hme ca = Ele t n cost 04 (= 9 ant + BOL 9) st Beet Buta 9 cate C430 aot oy = 849) it cot Byte 6 +29 +00 + atin pet ‘tcanbescen thatthe sree componente decree rapidly, miners, aesreeeglaie when +s largem cmpaion wth Such rut PLL eete in necrdanoe with alt-Venants repli we have feo forces in equrnanappliod very nea to each ote. ee ty ste dnrtions euch at gives by at (8), [FWODIMBNSIONAL PROBLEMS IN POLAR COORDINATES. 118 ‘ue ean obtain the solution of the problem shown in Fig. 78. The ‘Nrem component for hens are 2-9 &, anno aren tan 20 =n Bsn a ‘The same ste dstbation expreed polar coordinates o os F want n aemang ane on ‘Thin olution can be made to agree with solution (8 for a thik eine er subelited othe action of iekrnal prerare tthe outer diameter of the eyinde ake ” sein et fn the se nnaner We can get x sluton v4 phe] torte cue stom in Ty Toe The en ‘onpanente ae! Grou aw to we oy ‘Thay represent the sienes prada by & ; couple Mapped atthe aia (Fi. 70). “ay be * Etat tn ine nay grip {ai te pte wena cone. Thera tig test a natant antenna xp poacaeare oacenny 2B elenict town ena wre par he een wre ‘nse ndash ih of apt ate ce the er mtn pray alse us ea {AE Ibo the ot ty a cat we lan og, Mat Mek a, 14a min a a Sota ci i Ma Sah, So, vo By tee cea1 same ca go stop i ese a E ee ioe Se ia, cla Min guar boundaries, we bala the flowing © ® uaping Do 6 (ene a ya asic ° was_DyevAd—Do, aecrenBrecn — @ [fens eedaon 1 Wea aan a8 eg 1 arveattn tt @_fatemn Si ee onthe panne obtain etl Ea) en stem of a) a (oem ci nay te ala eae ated 7m {ng i cet ccmene The ran in hess ine tren (1 coo nee ea embatin erin Fei sees samy) a 0 ad i er ltiing ot fr Pre na) ano oD sa ea rn inte fom Bint pom fed he flowing manatee he exis fr the ‘insane ed eet gigi Mowe 3 ‘oe terme mn rh in he a i in, gate es © Brant lan ith a. and ate olen date Pe era eee "ote ima rhiri n myi ( e SE eee dsm ie mot na wanted ay em at ha stants an depend ws Doo tice mpc ng aly depend on tect poe "tecnica sntats y Ses ud even half By (2) 00 8 8, Tsp oe a ifice ba) Tinat orn spid to theboundary =. Teisoompocet fm 3 [fovea nysn a= its =D ‘oy cident th sin dons septa lg independ ines oan teal rea af ho epi etiey mice, oman tthe sarasota,ene ten rt panne by” Fron rd Ca aattomt Ri ioe Sesto ape ‘enact fe new inary abe Qu meee Te tec vw ron sre yo opel etch ng pti Lh gi oe Rey ye mae ae @O rating a tee 8 a Too rename tn (ave wt td, Te “Sree Sy Se rte Freee eka ofthe ttcnee doped n the ttialdpieement &*” A um ae RUG Fon, a tome, Adena, nein er LN Hey Poona eT a gn br AT Mol Pi el Ss 238, NE se AE my "aon ea ahage Ga pean, na 3.5. Gone, Pra Pa ten Conard Mech, 18, WO-DIMENSIONAL PROBLEMS 18 POLAR COORDINATES. 121 (or en he rena cn by pt (Aaa The dala enya 3 a oa hae etal peat etn nen paving Go Pra a0 1, Areatns of the Case Slaton in PalatCiodinate be Sint EAS ple ings mee! San yn nected at fren be ame by supe aa a pee re fe \epter wik the sre leased sor sud Sak comet he wa etree imenbenk,BalPapch F iny 91 od Pi, Ma th, kee ea epider Wi WnAPWODIMENSIONAL PRORLEMS 19 POLAR COORDINATES. 128 2 rrusony oF Bl ning ‘Toei op 2 cnet nhs man net re iene we DY ay rsh nck Lect al tthe over eg ofthe eve =e eee “hesge Lede sag he Pee T oa ai saectermaonetine cole Snes i poae meses Tierney comet lin Sweet 0 cance she en aca eS cadet Th rw eft i ec oe Mach Fostangarbtens Pog oman ct fly” Ruin tn p18 84, Som ‘ore ‘un, Jt ‘i tnse tcp rn Bi (8) he ral ay a ang aly he ri SIREN Pte een an i on se ag STC ean cena Fein FDA ee FP et Mn + Bens (0 + A ‘eect ci ined inc ernie © 80h on ab dein + noe Be st pcr GobD Hime henna » SLE hea atari ce ee eiCa ein C4} raat fon) « w(t be finan sb my a Taw Sess ie ogatone on = (44 fen) -Ea-man o (6 —fun) eons 1. Vet a a A. 28 se Pe Geant) rome 28 an meee jun bente hn) fan Senseo) 2) Se eee va loge Mah Phy 0,3 re fannie apr ox bs en ‘Ron, doen vol war bar wed ae fond 6.1, Rn Qu 7M tnd pg Mo rp 8 18,“atte or of hc en ter the pts ep 8 Pi ya does he SPE sae wns bom Ab oe nae npn 1 “Fae ro ald eomepand wt a ohn a eg "a ind eno rte igaemente nig (tn aie oe ee ae einen otoennen debut War tare eta spose to Stas from the fe "vey atin th pci ofa = +/2 her anton pe 28 see i nd lr ate neon ae ants eraluting te free alton that tho sre dtebtion (?) a a a apn sang» Pte ope ah i oe ee EA xe er nt hoa ail by mileage th tian of ane ae gee a ig i en, pa tint srr te resp ae he nner Sry of Cap 3 Tes GRE noce une orthe ein e. Come 0 bare) ete roy ret 9a regi to sy the mon on he pera Tes le of he ane SEUSS, $2 Bette the see comer out oe» re iene te Se di nce fe ap eee, ann, east Se he nor ies rr ers ‘ing mt, Shh te bn eH + 39) wom E(t rm st atin, 94) 62 (e417 wean){WODIENSIONAL PRORLAMS IY POLAR COORDINATES. 128 rimony oF suasricrry10 rnvony or muasticirY pieces eet tnoemfch mst Basa-nen tee tan te erent singed dlacemen, sa, pn om Ph 5 ogi semr esed (90 onal frm tf) he teen wf), oo ter ean ee fms ag Coach ean sp = (CHAPTER 5 ‘THE PROTORLASTIC METHOD 2 mam snes Mt Te ei te inh Sey, ae ent tS ap ae She a es ese dates mt \CetncE i C4 tml enw Sete Ss SS 3 ar rans Sesecae aii eer ir pone ae Sean tft HES ey pa eae as iSoatatcin teria Siem SOT SSESg i nate Se eect lg lg SSeS ip eg a See ieee Cerne iu a ch area ceca mais Sanat cote Wav an secisua eas Ty Eee aes deat ee wei logaienacresre eas SHES SIAN Signetoe a ie it es mai ai ie ae went tem somal cy TG cp oe de pralinerharmenrarn aerators SES a oe ee2 savory or stasricrry sit dvetions tanwverse to the diction of the ray. Dy seston From pee of ple reat coverd on one eda with Hack paint, or by fom ce ara Nc prom or Pon te obtain arson polarized bea of light i which transverse vibro- Si et perl te setae i de, tion anda ray ie plane of polarization Finis the Kindo ight used fionand rane invention of ates. We shall conser only onoetromstio ht E 1 | cep was & a OAS Figure 98 represents dugrammaticlly » pene pore ‘eat flight originate aL pees ‘Through a poacaer B, the, cing strat ll Mh moa the ia Soa he rh an eager ape polit Ao § 2 tre ge (Fig 1090300) User a my we ° te : Es me LN a os in Fg. 04, ahd represents» aall sercatof tho Ifa face of aE MT de dzcton the principle em ing ann ‘fatal aud eriaoatal for onvesines. "Army fight plain inthe Tra Fig, 0) ative rom P the dietion ofthe ay in Fi. 08 eee pape, "Th vibration i aimple ammonia my eveprosnted by the transverse“ dinpiacement om xt @ in the ietion OA, where p is 2 ines te rene, depending om ‘hcl et the gy and the time we ruorostasric serHon 13 “Th diplacement (a) in Ue plane 04 is resolved into components wih ampliidee OB © a ea «and OC ~ asin inthe planes Or, Oy Fepoctvely. The coresponding placement component are F = con econ y= asin wos at o ‘Te fst of the principal stromes es and ey acting atthe point 0 of the plata so change the elonities ith which the component re fronuztod through the pate Lat, std denote the veo Ia herpes Oz and Oy.” If ke the tickneo of the plat, tha times sled forthe to components Lo ravers the hikes are aed and © Sine the light waves are transmitted without chango af form, the Splcement, 2 of the ight leaving the plate at time # orerpond {othe aisplacomont of the igh entering the plate at a ine fear, fy = 90 wc nt — na stnecert—) © On eating the pt, hero, hes comport har pledge sere Nv tite! pene Ua fea ren mel a gn temper nde pt as gen mse Ker pha cee propo ot dfeee ate Pas cee Iera ropa be kan fe ate The lay ly ned nh oe an Bete 0) ° event war eng Git), nh npr deer Ti Worn depends ot re lel ad ‘Sopra al the mtr "Re alr 4 ten tino component ia nn nef pltn Ihara vet anso th ae elas Son npn tf em ee oh ttc fy dah e's a" We nw aera ens ew th ll seth tmpnet ane er may be repeal a B= aces ecosy, w= in wear (e—8) ace they real. he pace dilfernce in erasing fom AF ¢0 A. ere g denotes pt -+ eamstant. "Tp od lye in i oe sr"“the plas of polarization of A represented by mn in Fig. ef coe rnee Egat perpendisar to OA. The components ofthe fenreneeaty which are tanemited by 4 ar the component lene Dev ahich reusing Eat, —ycon a = —bevin 2a co ~ 8) sysin a = fon 2a oO, "Th csttant vibration along on terefore sin 2a sin § in (¢ - 3) a y- sin 2a foay ~ on = 8] time, The amplitude Is asin 2a in o 3 IU fotows ths some ight wl each the sreen une ether sn 2 = 0 Hi yan Da =O the dictions of the principal sree ox sn Eat perpen) tions of plains of P and Se Nee as tough such points of Mf wil be etne 4 bland The corey pocts a the eereen § wil be dark sued sual eon one or more curves, indicated by © dark Tae in eure called an “sii.” Very shor Hine band eine asco Pond A maybe drm at mumeros pont ant pall 1 eae) directions ofthe pincipal streses at tose eet lng P and im deren perpen ventions Pan Oy ie re stained. The abort lines then cover the eld sr eco ron ings ove 8 ages, nd iti posible to drow he rf once teach pant othe principal aes of sre. sare ares are ajetorie ofthe principal sree Meine 0, then & = 2a where n = 0, 1 2 When eee Stl streses ae eal Points where iia cour re Aarti and wil ofcourse be dark. Points st which cal iota Pend, o fing, of Sit onde, pint for whic peeing of thececond order and soon. These fringes are called ane nase, when site Thi wed, ey corpo to eromatcs (veal wave length an tercfor oscar band). Tt cxtnction of ety thatrs— eon fge n = 2 has ice he vale ta Gage m1 ad won. ‘To evant the pina oe errs therfore neoenary to Kno the rd of the Mime inl the en diference repeated bythe ing o the Sst ‘ede, fringe ae joronzastic MErHOD 15 pt ony ogi ate Seal eda ‘Aw the ates is inereased it wil brighten, then darke wi a ee pe irri Gangrene setae a igi Te pra ag cr i te te oe ad tart ht may pack The wl one nga tn eval a hh emai dark throghout 1 ‘eae jot ‘Thie wil leary be the fags er onder Ci afi Sia Pticope. We have sen tat Ju Gael prvi fr chee ‘aim ofa the ecromenag ell a the aeomaies or fringe Figure 100 ouldtherfore show dasknes wherever the oientatons of the peocipal scan sae wit the oretatons of the olarier and analyze. Four 100 was actualy obtained In» czear parse, which 8 ‘reife of the plane polarinipe degnol to eliinate the S- ‘Gh Teiindicaetdiagranmaticaly a F986, which corresponds te'Fig o8e with the addition of two quarerrae plates Qry Qa, A ‘Guartconave plat ert pte having ro polarizing ase, which ‘Mtectthe ligt Hike w unformly sexed mode, introducing ® phase ‘itcence Avan in Bey (J) but the thickness of the quartercrave flate i choven so that ~ 9/2. Using Hq) with ths vale of & forthe ph Tearing Gy we oberve tat imple esl staid by ‘Guimcogt, now danotiag the angle between the plane of polarization (OP and one ofthe aes of Qn, as 8 dg, ‘Then we may wxito co a> Syome (v5) = Faun » re 2 coresponds othe “fart aie of the quarteromave plate, A pit mong with thew Gaplacement components (sways having {he Tor pcr eonetat for given pont slong the ray) moves in She Buch Hight i therefore deed a cieular polarized "Tho components (hare along the axes of poarzation fr. Using ‘forthe nage between = and the diction of in the model (Fig ‘a0, ns once moe forthe phase diferene eaused by the seve ‘Srmnts we have, for he Tight Feaving te model, due t= oly mew Seconpend, nm Sgsinsesy—a) gros Sqr oem @ sd forthe ght du to only sin pring, w= Speosteing =a) Being, m= Speman 3 Adding the components in Be () and () we find fr the gh ening the mode, n= Szoe¥, wn Syn 3) ® Sqonvs we Saat where 7 =v 8 ee ptr ad ane eat remap he a a te soe he tang he Senne le Be cer pin sleet mane eet fp eps ete cing les a 0 eH ae vel ort te nto) ts gro etc Stns” maybe dene ar ewe” Deasiog sep and a/-V by 6, Eqs. (#) give a ) = 8(corfcany” ain Suing") a n= bain (yr Tlanatet «™ i ace agenda tae ttt ve ping ero Qf tren diva mote rind to the seeen§, the othr extinguished, and the ested rel ine scream, srs tnt a teeta ‘Thus the clocks eer motion ean be reps Tang ‘oe represnted by componente cod, mening slong the axes of Qu, whee ¥ I agin of the f 2 . esi of the form p+ constant. identifying. with the ft ass of Qu we shall have‘ emwrgense wet ee eee ee oo having again changed by a constaot JE weno st the aml (2) 0 45 dg to Occ and '98¢), the components of the displacements (0) along it give One 00845 cof — 6 e848" cong = gro, Thus the clockwise circus otion seating Comsng tin ‘ame way the comfort rt of motion of Eqs. (0) and (m), ie, oe aim ~csing, y= ~econy o "7% Fad that the transmitted dgplacement slong the analyser axis be econ 45 in ¥ — 60085" sing { esriuna POLITE TIMIS DARA smouoTeck138 rusonr ov BoasticirY sd the anit is ths Vie Vining we ah emombering that denotes o/'/ and tha ai the ampitude non Heer No necount hasbeen ken of ote of on of ik tre rea, Comparing thi oul wth the ret) fr the plane aoe rear ae cece tha the fctrin as now abeat, and sere Pare Bethromatice appear tho cee, but 0 foci, arer,cheampltue 9 eaka zero, ‘Thos if there iso model rif the oe! unloaded, the sore dark Wo have dork etd eae. iP the analy ani troed through 90 deg with respect 0 it Anda ight eld and ght tings ting the pce of dhe eee aent ioges The same eect is brought about is the plane (erat apy ving te plriar an anelyer ass perl osteod fe ght aie, BT REENE ce protoeiatic Stress Determination. The phate: ti en han gilded epesinly important result inthe study ears et the boundaries of holes aod reentrant corer tn ouch cate the maximum srs ia at the bound {Sand dct pth opal meted ean aoe ea ‘Srenee vison a the five boundary. eee Wer hows hey as ced a eat by se grat on he iia a hw aman Cst top and bottom. The regular pac ‘that af tenting sa nie tight chan "The fingers ‘ark slong the op eg show ses dtibtin in eeepart (Qhe complete model continies above this oped, which i it Pa fugmmnetrys eating compre ares atte Inside repre ented by 15, and tens strean atthe oui represented by 67 Those values te in ery eee agrernen, proportion, with the thmoretin "exut-soluion” values inthe Inst ino of the table on Free 102,108 represat the eae of bending of «beam by a free aopled a the middle, "The density of ditibution of dak fringes lente high stems atthe pot of application ofthe lad. The ume fringes coming rom action diminishes asthe ntsc of ‘he er section fom the middle f the beam increases, This ede tovdecreas in bending mom "cure 104 reprsets the tees ditibution in plate of two dir: cnt widths suited Go centeally pple tension It wen that the faasimum sess occurs at the ends of the Sets, ‘The ratio of his asim sire fo the average ese the narower portion of the ‘hte called the urenseancentaton fcr, 1k depends on the rt Beran Rf the et tothe wid ofthe late. Several vases Sf the srew-topsntratin factor obtained experimentally” are given fn Fg. 105, Tt Soseen that the maximum ses rapidly nereesing wet ratio R/d ix decreasing, nd when Ryd = 0.1 the maxim ‘ress move than rine he average Cane stress Fgure 10 epee RPlees, & LCL A lia] LH rotaniaseats tho same pte submited to pure bending by a couple apple at heeod aud ating inthe mid lane o the pate Figue 107 gives the streeveoncenration factors for this exe “ts Determination of the Prinipal Streseez, ‘The oxinay poai- scope, to we have seen, deersiner ony the ference ofthe pencgal reson, and thee dtioa, When i regured to determine the prepa treme throughout the ods, o ata boundary where there Tknorn luding further messiremen, a caleltin, i equi TE yf sa i ROT ¢[} ep i eS ae “Many methods have bom weed, oe prope. Only brief seit Frome of then lhe ves ere ‘The ara of the prince sreses canbe found by measuring the change in the thence the plat* The decrease in thickness dus forth res ie bh a Bete) @ whence s+ qmay be calulatedf his measured at cach pint where Tnectrete ar fo be evaluated, Several spdal forms of extensometer have bow designed for this purpose ‘The patter of iatorerence fringe formed when a soli pled against an opin at, 0 8 0 ‘Tletmothod won gga eset, ' Se AC ech Pasay vl ora an ir with thickoe variations detersind bythe thickest ‘Grito inthe late, yields the reqed formation ins single photograph. "The diferent equston sisi by the sim of the principal saveaes, Eq, (0) of Pgs 2 alo sted by the defection af ‘mombrane of constant nso, wich sr a soap Bim, endif he boundary “hes ate made to errand the deletion represent ey ey ta 2 Cevain sede Tn many caer the boundary value fo x roglred forthe eonstoation ofthe membrane can be found Irom the photo flee fringe pattern. "The Inter gee og ep Ata fee boundary ne principal srs, sy oe aro, and o, + 2y ovomes the same as SPATE leo at boundary poat where the lading is purely normal {6 tne boundary ad of known magnitude, i constitutes one pineal "veel andthe photoastie meacuretent of the dierence ufos {odsermioe the rum, ‘The sate difeental equation ie eteed by the eece potential in low ofeueet through a plate, and this ean be ‘nade the bao a lectin tethod*Efetive niriea method Ihave bem developed a alteratves to these experimental procedures. ‘Thee ate dseused in the Appendis. The panepal stress ex also te determined by purely photoelastic cberetios, more daboate than thaws considered in Art. 42 and 48" 2 Three-dimensional Photoelastiity, The models wed in the crinary photoclatie et ar loaded trom tempers ar laste, So the fringe pattern diappenrs when the lead is removed. Since the ght mast pos throgh the whole tienes, interpretation of the frags patter fst only when the made! isn 8 stete of plane feess—the res eomponents then bing Yer aay niform through the thickness When this snot tho ease, sin threo-mensional "Hrs ditsbaton, the optical eet Sntgrlinvelving the ares ‘eal pointe along the a. ‘This duty has been surmounted by w method baked on ober ‘ions mad hy Brewster and by Clore Maxwell that gelatinous wate "ly suchas singly allowed to dry under ond, then unloaded, eal ‘permanent fnge pater inthe polatscope a though etl lnded td wll elaste, Resin such ae Bakelite and Totriteladed wile hat, ‘her cooled, have been found by Inter investigators to powes tho J. Dan Bato, ong, Ma Mahl 15610 cD Md pg Pg 3, eShelf rine tyus ruvony of siasricrry same property. ‘The explanation i tht thew materiale have the ‘Rrucure fw trong ean skeleton, or molosla nctwork, which x Unafeted by et, the space tng filed by « mas ef lonely bonded tolgoles whieh sltne om beating.” Wher the ho pelea loaded the late skeleton bear the oad and ie lstiely deformed without Findrace, On ooling, the eftened thse In which this skeleton in bedded becomes "sbue,” and elds the skeleton mort to the se deformation even when the load is removed. ‘The opie! eect. § lkewisesubetantally retained, sd i not disturbed by eating the einen into plese” A three-ntensonal specimen may therfore ‘beet ito thin lees apd ech lce eaanind inthe polarscope. The ‘ate of ere which produced the opseal elect in the lice sot plane ‘ras, butte ober companies ay ry af known to have no eect. fons ray alo the ivection, Ge, normal tothe aie. ‘The fringe Dttern shown in Fig 108 was obtained from such abe cut centrally from road shalt (of foreie) with » hyperbole grove? The rxcimom sre obtained from this pater ia within two o thre per ‘on ofthe theoretical value. Figur 109 shows anothar ring pattorn Hatin J Appi Pha wl, 295,120 Siento ‘HE puorontastie wErHOD Ms the are type, obtained fom (bake) model of a blt and nut fastening’ ‘The lower aut war a eonventional type. The upper one ta tapered lp and shows a lower siren concentration th Ye ventional out, nM le ott Mani A.) oh ACHAPTER 6 STRAIN-ENERGY METHODS 41, Strain Boergy. When suniform bar loaded in ple tension the fave thee dow oetaia amount ef work asthe bu streches. "Thus ithe element shown i= Fe te, FM nd ie eject to normal sree ara only have free en dy de Ti qutz_hich dos york om a extention LF ig, Thrcaton between these @ o {iro quantities during londing Ie Pe. represented hy stright Tine etch 1 OA in Fig, 1105, andthe work done during deformation given bythe aren ied deeds) ofthe triangle OA. Writing dV for this vrork we have AY = bead dye @ {eisevdent that the same amount of work ie done op alluch elements, dot volumes ae the sume. We now inquire what becomes of this wwok-whst kind or kinds of energy st converted into? nthe cao of gu, adiabatic compression cane arise of tempers ‘ure. When an ordinary tel bat adabatinly compressed theres ftv malogou, but quite soll seo emperature, ‘The earsponding ‘tout of heat is however only very sal etion of he work done by tecompresive fore or ous purpose it smaicently scart {o dlavegard this small ition. ‘Then none of the work done is seco fr by est, and we say ny Chat all ove within the ‘Someat ag sath eneyy, Te acute hat the semest raion ‘anti and that no Knee energy is develped “The sane considerations apply when the doment has al i ompo rent fees my tyr tr ating oi (PG 3). Conservation energy resis tat the work done do not depead onthe order in ‘hich the ores are api, but nly onthe Mal magnitades, Other~ ‘Nn we could loud in ono nde, aod waloed In another order eore- sth sl st Say. tal testy ago Sere See pein! Hy." Chap. onding to Inner amount of work, ‘Thue net amount of work ‘Tol have been gained from the ment ina eomplte eyes. “The caleulation ofthe work done iinpee if the forces, trae, sf increase simaltaneonaly in the vame ratio. Then the ration Teteon each fore and the coresponding displacement el Hear, ‘vin Fig, 100, and the wok done by all he frees le av = Vydedyde ® where Verdes toa tant tata t titm rar) — ‘Th Voi the amount of work per wnt volume, or erin energy per nt ae tra re rr neve on me ee oh pourra anneseeet niet" Consent the fae aya he fe af ee SALE reais eles ik The free yon thts 2 dow work Hoa dy Te ta Woon sah tye Jeo arate « ig ok oe oe tnt as ty a ie pene JE oo twee ded de ‘tong wa th, omens of tet a he jan niin ‘oreo ar a yt ot en Wee Beater tn +b ue tee tn) + low tt] iesvae dy ide ty fre yd wok towers fe) dodge o ‘Tt et do th ent a Aerie wend htt al eco” NTN8 rawony oF muasricrrY {nt ar nd bol farsa nde 2 2 iy meats of Hooke awe, Ege. () and (8), wean expres V7 gven ty Fa (soa funtion of theses component only. "Then Tee dyer tet flows tem tee) A erecors Hypa tnt te (60 [Alternatively we may use Ee. (11) and express Ya fanetion of the firin components oay- Thon EPEC OEE HHT Ht 1a) OH) fn whieh etete Mating “This form shows at once that Va lays positive Tis cay to show thatthe derivative of Vax given by (8), with rect to any senn component gives the corresponding tress compo eat,‘ faking the desvative with respect to «and using Ra (, we nd wv For the case of poe stn, in which ¢, = t= p= 0, we have sro 88) eb 2, = ® 1 y Jerther 60 (toa “The total tsi energy of dafrmed laste Bay is obtained from, the tein esergy pe uit value Vs by intoration V = psd ay ae wo _sTRAIW-BNEDOY METHODS 9 "represents the total work done aginst internal foros dung lad ing, If re think ofthe body ax consitngof «ery lange number of patties interconnected by spring, it woul represent the work dono [i eetclng or contacting the sping ‘By using Bq (84) or (5) eas be represented ther aaa funoton of stes components of a8 ¢ function af stim components ‘The ‘palction of both thes forma wil be Useated in the flowing Th uy tna se sd pe it va of mai me Inver to bring hs theory into grunt wi th fas that trop ners ‘train wey rp bse fea bea ig en ped ‘rt he mney nooo partes dni sre a ‘She duno ha dition, an se yt tnd pein determing th "Wet hat ha aa ehne rope to the af the then sa open (by, Bi sma wr the tomato nase {ernie may ros nh enone nt we pr Prieta tanto ” Parerrwerers Fo MgMe Lge e tate ‘Sabtng thir (and ing the ey oon +e 1 A bat bed 6 sey et th rae ara ain eae ee Math. Mec. vo, 5,9. 390, 1025. 2 TSS eerie thn10 ravony op soasticrry {tatu egy fern (He rT the et fy a, Nn nd in on rm nd eo Sen ae in ker tab Cae ef SEIS tne i a stab sd Leas 058 » cite er i fl ‘Suthep stron very god agrocnent with ta ven by, Sane Yn is Beet of eon Acer 0 erie eapcreaieinatemreaan ieee veenht eave aceteree Se Sse eo cten {Dibeataneat tnt sal-oeiivtingdtrbationo fren on nm part fan ‘Gen det of sor ing oon ol br hee See Soe car Saree hysen i Semen mem feo Satint tome gat eae cetratae acls FEN meme tetera ne join Soe sie ect anton Deen SESS rae Peabo ioe Honea sterecaey nd yet le tan anytime te po Ste “Ge he pp by Wa 2 Ph al 36,9 81, 198 and Fh "S'S Gondor Pi Mons ri vo 2p 56 07; J Api Pn vo PR ar, Tila Wale Hate Ba” Move, x8; 3 Ce 2 ¥en fai Moa rn ARAF, , A sruaneenenay uernons ast por Thana natal bended to aii one, rear ppd tos Et puto ie rat eee tasks il pas lye et “8. Principle of Virtual Work, In the tlation of problems of stati it comatimes advantagrous to ue the principle of rua: SSrk Inthe caso of «partie, Us principle tater dt if patil ‘Sineoultirua the total work all foe aeting on the partis nny ital displaced vanishes Ana vital dspace of parle, fice to move in any diresion, any small displacement ean be taken Ib, are components of «veal placement in the 2, a directions and 2X, 27,32 re the sams of projection on the ate ‘lection of fore, ating om the partie the principle of Wil work 0, w2Y=0, wrza0 hee equations are stad for ny virtual placements BK=0, 37-0, 2-0 ‘hae me arrve at the known uatins of eum of «parti Tnapptying he pincipe cf vital work the acting forces ae considered constant during vetal dplscement. Ise of the free ating tna pon are elatiereseion, as reetone of are inthe ea of © Hinge tras, we ssuine that veal placements ze mall hat the dango ln magaltuds or dzcetioa of reactions ean be gle. “An laste bya ety wih te urface and boy free conta system of patie on each ehh ate ack of frees libra Tnany virtual dsplacoment the total were done by the for ont tice vanishes, ad therefore the total work dane by al frees ot the syst vanishes “A srl dieplacemen in Ue ca of asi oy anya basement compatible wih the condition of continuity of the material tnd with the condition fr the dxplacementa at the muface ofthe body if each eonditions are prseribed. If iis give, for lst, ‘ata crtin portion ofthe mare ofthe body, aya bin end os ‘eam is immovable o has given displacement, the virtual diplace- ‘eat for this portion mate tro, Tet us conser, av an empl, tho can of plane srs dstsibtion Ina plate, Denote by wand» the componente ofthe neal dplace- ‘ments duo to the loads and by tu and eth component ofa val Aloplacemeat fom the leaded postion of equlibius, "Thee later Geir, J Ait Phyecomponsats ae actrary snl quant stisfying the conditions of omit on eli deformation, bey ar ots neon Tor any systen of dspucrmnts cho work done nguinw the mt sation between the parses regu tothe strain energy sort, Uestrnn energy corepsnding to Ue placement, Me han sind # by Bu and bs, therefor, the work done ages te mutual felons Between the’ partes inthe diference between the era energy coreponding to + ty &- and the eran energy eore= ponding Yo 4 und The vieualdaplucements by, 4 produce Ue ‘hange in train componente a ete au fre = SE ‘The corresponding change in eran energy per unit volume from sepromion 69), ‘The chonge of she total stain enemy ofthe body ie then Jf 4¥ sed, in nish he inteontion ntaken over he whole ate othe plate wat cen ‘Ar lon stated this change im srsn eae mesare the work done apna! ch aval actions tte heparin In od oat the work done try the matual actions the slg must bo Tevered ene the work die by the orev ding the viel displacement 5p aV dey 6 In caleulating the work done by exer fore daring viet dim placement comideraton must be given the forse applied atthe Boundary of the lat and the body force. Desoting hy and P the orponenta ofthe boundary freee per unit are, the mere done by ‘hese fre othe veal Ueplaceents having composes band tsay be sien down at nee an I Be Pte ae @ 'n whieh the integration ten aang the boundary eof the pet, ‘Silay the werk done by the body forces SVC Bu +) ded @ Jn which and Y ar the componente af the bay fre er unit vlume ‘ofthe plate, ad the integrons taken over the whole an af the sPRAIN-RNERGY snerHons 18 lie. ‘The condition tha total work dane daring the viet dis ‘lacement vam, naw take he form, ron (Dy (eyed a), J nF da [fut Yo) dedy ~ ff Fede dy =0 (60) ‘Sas in apie be rc itl wrk, fee fo dS tua se ments eigen si ene ‘egal sigs iy (3), nd, cangie gu tween, oe ae WFP doa = 9000 + Yo dedy fe + Fo)4 =O OY the hid era rer reeset poi tr of rs ogo he ntitdeptleewnrf hoc nen fitness cuiaare Seo Staten to. Tho compe xpain othe dpe ‘age opi ning al fe ein an an bad ‘aay af thease for any wal apinement fan the pone ef un, “eth a otal sug the ema or pono squa ee oe total pti mero oe st a in psn equation slags (9 an nib tn dow fara te Sinema te dsb “he pple of tl wonky nl for Ending deformation of an elustic body geil ‘rely gen fre. To Hostete ti tpiaton he beth it ur coir ter sot ote the le toga whch ead nt ino “he find in ha dteton carve prety eile ati string AR sete by oen Setar ed ues B (ie 1) and indo by sda vera ond fins Wessun at We anfrnd t wee we tuned ht ron compen fr wml‘he intial ronson ofthe string lage that the eres intense oredaetondaionaletretching daring the dateton eon be neleta. ‘Then the Snr nin enrgy du othe daltons obtained by rnuliying the nal tee force S ty the nth of the ing de {othe dafction "Taking coordingto an shown in Fg IL, 0 Sd arntsneis Ye HG oo fan af ie eee onde enna £[)« 6 ‘oneple of viral won in tis ease give the felowing equation, naloges to Hy. 9} fone 8 [Qe ‘Calesatng the variation ofthe wood term, we Bad WoGa ans fegerns fier Integrating by part and taking ato account that at Ue ends f the ing ty = 0, we nd [Peed - [me ‘Subettuting into Ea, fy we obaia [62+ jmun ° o 2 [Shove "ols equation wil be eatin for any virtual dapacement oly is 9 obtsin the known diferent equation ofa verti loaded sting The prinepio af vu wor ea be ua not only fr etaahing 8 “een extn forthe detection tore, ae he exaapl given above, i bat alo forthe direct determination sf deetina ‘Take, for empl, Prismatic ar suppoteod at trends find loaded by fore P (Eig. 12) nthe most general exe the dl ie oo are of such ar an be ropresanted inthe frm of arigoometie ae sin dE 0 Substtting ths tn the wll-exows formula forthe srain enerey of Tending of paca! ha, we find 4 apain BE w= asin + arain Ey BLGe ew {et us caster n virtual displacement fom tenets defeton cures chtsinad hy giving to any couteleat a, in the sens (8) a verti Soy "Tha fy an © The eorespooding ange of tain enersy from Bay (8, Xa Bat BF ne ta, & nd the wok done by the external force P ung the viel place ‘emt (is P tag sin ME a S08 Tameka, Bll Potch nt Kie, 10, So ae 8 Teen, tenth Neri 44h Sock Reet SrrutuL POLITE De misOARA } THMISOARA16 wvony or sLasriciry By ing (aad (1) the equation of vital Work Yeeomes oy Bay ~ P basin FE = 0 roca whe et Bee Setting the sein (8), we Gnd te deflection curve nin pees co “Tia eres capily converge, and few terms lve « mtiuctory Atpnonimation.” Taking for istane, the load P a Uo mide of the jan fe U2), the detonate the Tod Ty taking only the ot ter of this an, we obtain % op" weer Wetnve factor 48.7 while the exact veluele 8, c0 hat the error made In wang oly the iat ter ofthe series about 14 per cet ve _ Int proveding dzeuson wo had to conser = Aislaeament evenly” ope divetion and we a] reprenated it by sine cvs (). A simlar ¥ Yeah para to ite plane. Conor expen for the Aliplacenenta wand ea He tls i che fora of en, wD ea aa : ve YY Pas Ein “Each cern of thet wren vale the boundacy, othe boundary Cmitianearesetaied, "To calelate the eoueats Ags Bas me PO SrRADraNBRGY MErWORS 1st ceed at in hens of the bear nnd tak viru placement in the form “Tho oqution (0) of vetal dipicemnte then gives vi ffraterPad age. [free saa {fra 2E an ney = ashe ff vane or the easton of tain ery in the ete of lane srns the ema oe vo [frm []lartanee sn Joa o © Subetoting nt sod performing the integrations we fd ee188 rusory oF suasrictry ‘Suetraing this exprenion for thy sin energy into Bis. (@) we a ante) f fra tiorzen (watz + vtiay)~ [fv oa aa ere Weve that for ony Kind of vam oot the confit in express {Gy eam be realy eluted ad the completa motion of the probes can be eine, "The method of vital Aslan ean be se for Bodin apps asi ations of eyo-dimensonal prbms whee dapscoeta the Twundary ate given. Asam tet tie dicplacrnntsw and ean be reprennted with sole aceuracy by mse = Aa) +Yaatn & ® oa) +S batten hich satiny the proce boundary conte, For example, we ‘Mnewloct guand Ye ao tha they wil ge the boundary the reir Adoplcemeei aad theta ofthe factions @ and ean hen vanish a fhe boundary, Por th ealealation of the cotilents y=» on, Beeches me the priteiple of ritual placement (80). TE ‘hg vircal Sapacements in tho form Bug = Bay gulag, them Papato a) © vee cam writ ax many equations of equilibrium, sna equations @) In the presiding ramp, a tho number of the eaten in the ie (). These eunions wll be linear with sespect toa, + ‘tabu os yo and eaving thm wo wil ad the valves a hee ‘Seen oie 0, representing the approximate elation of the problem! Te wig the principe of virtual dtplacooents (0) es uaued that the nzain energy pe unit vole Vis epronnta age funeton of he ‘train compoutat (Ea, (9) sed Use ae cleat hy sing expres "Tha teeta ean wa prone i WT nd a see enti in nesen ig of ete Srkanw-sNRDOY Metuons 180 loos (The eleulation of the variation of he arin energy can be ‘epied we oben that [fests tnd dea [fleguengurn(doega)jac Inet risa ern tha un vb at he boa acy we obtain ee Tee [fee's (Go) Jon eoeery equations for ealcalstng the eoedisients ay a Ions Bel he follwing fem ” eff xatenaeay = me f f (+82) scemreee [Prvenen =a [ft eensew J f(g) ston deay = JIE) eters oe 4s an xa of appt often oun tw win siefoetnr 19's aie ae ised at alg te fourth iy 0) he dagen are een ‘the equations : bales (90) 9 Chain ‘The boundary conditions wil ie said! hy taking10 rasony oF suasricrry HOF +08) Ea (DD An eo tran et HYD ta Fie ant + wan’) (Lyset eee ae arte (2) a0 (DD +S ate Sebattating into Ba. (00) +2). bu = Bon OE wre obtin, ate integration, Gf van en an asa Jfraateiartua 0 tthe body foros vanish wo find that al ooents Ag aie al. Te eefisunts Py ace fete fron aero only hen te — I. "Them BP (way 00 Ns ratte gene rng Bi tom tis anion and sang nt he formas (4) e atin the depasementa produced by the estsied ‘oplacemonta a the Boundary. STRAIN.RNRROY wxrHoDs wor Genoa consieeations ofthe total energy of a aston weve applied by A. A.Orlithie devlopinghis theory of rptare bite mal? [Ris kown tat mtoil always show «stems mush tnt th might bo expected fom the molecular Torcee, Yor s cereals ace Gifs founds theoratioal teagth in tenson ef Uheorde ef 3 108 Ps, while ena tests with las ode gave omy 28 X 10" psi He ‘Showed tht this dieeepaey between theory and experiments can be ‘slaied we sume than euch teas as ae chere eit sare ‘eopie eek or avs producing high stew concentrations ad cone sequent reading ofthe ere Por prpote of ealeuato fakes crack nthe form ofa very aro elipeal ha the se of cis perpendicala to the dieting ofthe tamale face Siders plate ed alone thesis ob and of nd itiched by uniformly dette tye emesis 8 otng along the sane Ses (Fe 118, "Tf a miermeope slip! hole | ane ‘AB ef length is sade the pate, sh and ‘veamining fod, the nil sain corey le uo to th tana sires 8 willbe eduned, 7 PEEP PPT ‘This rection cane calewated by eng Pee Uverlaton fran aiptisl Road for splat of wit thickness one se 9 Se Sse ate me Sapovoutcyare danas se Site Sed etna ih Sea Seer pd ann a eet an rato a ay RS Snitch enn ee ea Wa Macher “ct, en ey 2 SESE See as Sua i te : ©te -F epotnyhet etor eagth eeelh a sitter dnmond showed «very sanacory agrees WAU. Ey. (0). 1 was also shown expvimentally thal if preansions are taken to sSininate mlrotuple each, a mush higher sengeh tha Usual ea bo binned. Some lan todd Usted by Grfith showed sn ulate rent of the order of 90,00 pa, hich i more tan ha of he ‘ers strong mentioned above, “B. Cantliano's Theorem. In tho provion atl the equlibion. coafiuraton of sn east Body mbt to given bly frees nnd ‘Soen honda endo was eompared ith mghboring contra thon ave st by virtual duparepent bu, Be (em the poscion of fei, Tt was established atthe true digcereatncere= ‘Sponding oth pston of stable equiv ave has wc ae he Titl otential energy ofthe stra ini, Tel ureannder ow ita of diaplcementstestrenrcorcespond- ing tothe position of equa We tebe agai, a aa eal, the came of a plane stow distribution, ‘We know that the der” xl equations equim (18), togither with the boundary eai- tion (2), wre at cuiiens fr determining theses eompancat x, cnr Dy taking various expresocs forthe tee function gin Ea (Gaye may ad voany diferent tes distin stepg the ‘Sratns oferta andthe boundary conditions and he queen rer: What dotingushes the tress distill ram ll te tee ‘Ratally pose sues distrbations? Teter tyr be the sess ersponentaconeapondlng tthe pl ion of ei st By o,f small vasitons ofthe corpo enteaeh that the ne srt empanene, bee, By iy + Be sai the same equations of eguillostum (18). Thea, by ubteting fe equations for sme at from thowe ef the other, we Sad that the thang in the str components aaa the falling equatans of Be 4 Be Wey 00 o tie 4 2a CCorespoctingt this vation ft component thee wil be sme variation nthe erface freon Let ok and be these call ung seaniawensy sucrnons 13 ‘in hoandary fort; then, fem boundary contin (20), we find Gott begin = 88 Bim bit a aP ® omer noth ang nnn emg tthe by do tn stove thang in re snp Tung te sat Seis fe Si sion ton eos cmp hc a a aoe, 4 oe, 4 ae 0 og a, 4 Bo @ ta wbiek 1 Bem ond pend ‘ering us Select eke b tet she toa tang inthe neal —-- ‘Sry tea cage ae te ar = SS orstede = jet, Fe bey + rata) dedy (a) | bid tet on este thie change ia > er ig ia cnet om Ser ono wf rm a) ge ntgaing by [foreseis far f Minas» fagens =f fotean o So nhih te xin er preg th nn tare theater a ave oe ptf tn aura ack a oe points 4 and Bin Fig 115. We then have naan "fu ed ~ dau Boia — dy Seda is sc Maa Faull Nevos ‘sony. op muasticrrY wherecon Ms = Fis the orn of th nl etmees theextersal nora Nau the ess and dean conto he Boundary.” Buming up sch expressions a ven in (J) ne fad ase tod = fe esta st Ba, (9) bowen [Jotasem= fumien [folie 0 in which th ist integral extn long the boundary and thew ‘ond overt aes ofthe pst “athe sume manner te seond andthe died ers on the right site 1 Ba. (nay be atsformed und we fd [ fumoscan= fa [Zmvn~ fered ! “Li tbew Jnate [eon [frre far ftmerfafEme ae ff- fon =a =f fotigas [Jets Sutetitting (9) 2d (in a, (0) we obiain a= ft nga tn te —[ [eG Gee) ae sie abate ee Sia Write eS ate Sthrane a = f(uak bosThae @ Sreaiwenency werHons 8 ‘The vit side of thi equation represents the work proced by the ‘hinges of external fort om the neal pace “Th tev wreann ae thoe whi ats the eqatce. An anlo- ous eatin ear be obtainod for the ehreodiensional ss, with a {bird term wo add inthe bracket in Ba. (ly un te fatal ssopliag over the boundary mnt instead ofthe boundary eure 1 we ave concentrated ond intead af a eontnnone nbn of surface forces, the ntegration in PO) should bere by 8 same tontion. “Teting Ps, Py «be Todependent concentrate lade ody dy“ stheaetoal dapanemene of the pots of appeatons of tela inthe dretons of thew lauds, a, (0) bao BF = AP het w Te ths dbeuaton we have taken the mot gener variation of he serv componentsulling the equations of equim (a) Tel us eousder now a apeil eu when the variations othe ese components are uch iat they can be aetullyprdced in an eactis ody ty prope cbanges ia the exteraal erie, We earane tat the res conpunant ae expreamd ne functions othe externa loads Py Py, = ond we lake hone change of sre eonspnente which are ‘ice othe changes BP, APs «yf thse force. Considering oy ‘aces whan tho rs component re loear faction of the external Tons BPs, y and mbiting tee futons in Ba. (1, ‘bia expen fo the ain energy abt hemogeneonsquaitatie Saytin of the extol ores “Tesbould be acted thatthe reactions at che suport, whieh can be etermined oom tho equations ef equilriam of «res bry, wil be ‘apron a funetions ofthe given ou Py Py and will no tor Into the expreson forthe erin energy. If the are edundant vo straint, the eoreponding reactions should be coniered together withthe lads Py Py» ar stately Independent fre “lasing a exprosin fee the strain energy in tera if the extemal ote the change ofthis energy de a hangs in he free wa a ese tac hc eng i hy ra oe el he le ded on hse Se a efor106 ruvony or mastery Sebati hi ia. (2), wd oF a une (haan neo eto meine ie lyn Sissies wy 8, agian ce SeGhialath mais tents Oma Ban Baw Mena ty enero paral derivatives of this anetion with respect aay of theon Frees {ve the actual diplaement of the pit of aplication a the forex thediretion of tsefore Thins the wellinown Catan’ thera. ‘0. Plaine of Least Work. In deriving Bn (1) we sesame a hangs i wrt compcnents sityng the metione fein Wwe awume ao lint te change wr rch that the eae fe remain unchanged, theo, jae of oe. (ofthe previous arti, oiaia Bed + tegen 20 wim hal 20 w=0 oo ‘hin mesns that if wo have a body with given fore seting on tho boundary, and if we eoesider such changes of tes components nado fot afet the equations of equilibrium and the hoary coodonn, the tree test components are thoes snaking the varletion of erat fenergy vais Troan be show that theve cored value the ses Faimpovents wake th stain energy a renin ‘Then Ba. (08) (expres th sealed principle of lo war "This equation bold b's parton ofthe boundary ix hel igily fis by the eustaats ad the change of sro componente ar eh {hat there av vata of urface forex along thiscomstrined person fof the boundary. Since the diaplaremeat along the constrained Douadary 2, the aight sido of Eq (91) vate, andro arire sea a Ea, 0. "The principle of eat wot ix wed very often in olamentary trate roeats of stately indeterminate eatems' If X, YZ. a "a ora, Bann “Seg of Mati” yo 100 a ‘Tineke sh ann, "inary of Sete” and Ea, (1) beeomee srRus-avENOY MsrioDs er ‘exces ot coupes acting in redundant elements ovat redundant con ‘tants of a late sytem, the magetader of thse satel ie terminate qunotts can be enkulated few the sonia that the sSmin energy ofthe ey-temy, reprinted a function of, ¥, 2, ‘aut be nti, 2, We have the saustlone xe @) Soveralsppliatons of the principe eas wok fn the ston of twocdimeasonal problems wal be dcuned in th following arin SL. Applications of she Principle cf Least Work Rectangular Pate "is an example Ie at contador a rectangular plate Pree cuuly (page 46) Te has bees shown that by using tgsnomcti cares the condiics on ewo sles ofa rectangular plat ean snc Solutionsabaivediathivway ay bo pute infarct when sped 10 s plate whow width all omparaon with ita length. If Toth dimensions of plate ae of the same order, the eons on = Sour sas mst be conden. Tn the salution of problems of is = the peep of nis stergy can’ sometines be rie y fal epi Bee {tas sooner he ease of rertangula latin tension, whe the teal fores at th eae ae diated acrondng toa paral? (ig. 116) The boundary continents eee we Tore TTYLTTT 4 Tory = 28 ® ane "The sein energy fora pte of ult tihnes i, rom Ba 88), vad f furs 1 should be noted that fr ply eonasited boundary, such eo we "ave he pent eas, the strom dtibution dosnt depen he 8 Tineke, Pl Map, v7, MS 10 Bay 20+ Hatleyee srusony oe sLasvicity slots eacsant of the materia eo poge 25) an further eskuations| fen therefore bw sli by takig Putson's ratio warmer. Tha, fntroduing the cto fanetion g, abd eubatitaing ia @) as von ([G)+G) e@a)lee © ‘rere xref th tw ation at ig nd Taal male ueuins cong mn TaCeany cana castes ena 0 sauce EG forthe sae fon Tne ef co shall oe The fling procure for an appretimate solution of the Brobem, Wo tke the ton fantom i the oma of ee, we find $= be bite Fonte tate @ suck hat he Goundazy conditions () ate sats, a, an, 2, boing eanstante to he determined Inte Subeteting this mis a xpress () wend Vat fneinn ofthe sesond degre in ye Ps ‘Tos magnitude af the ccowtante cam then be nlite ‘ton ke nici oem Vig © Bag Mag ao, By satis choe athe fastens y dy» 0 om tly st nesisstory approsimate olution by uring ony afer tern the ves (In our ease the boundary conditions) are sali by ‘essen romping to them was the boondary. ‘To ensure ‘line take the expen (ay! — Ban factor in all hee noe tie funtion; the send deteaive of this expreson with respec to 2 anu a the ies y = and the mond destative with epost tory vanishes atthe sides 2 = ko; the seco derivative 9/20 by ‘shes onal four side the late Theme func cat then he taken a tay = Mt at tote) ‘Only even porn af = andy are taken in tho erie heen the ares AUesrbation eymtrcl with epee tothe and y-axes Lining metves to the fst ter ox I 9 go gy ae on mG wee ale o-38(1-38) avs fo — 098 ot fas the acres ae For vaquae pate (e =) noted 7 mut Sy a= -osrms(0-88)(1-8) v7 osmssit(.-3) (0-8) eel” Soon ses seem “To obtain sclowe approximation, wo now to de terms fo tho serine Qj. ‘Then Ege (0), forealeuating the constants ey wy ay aTv0 ‘ravony oF stasttcrry H+) :) + (Ste) ne (EH BAD eg “ mo For aur plato thon give na 00ne 8, m= or = oni he dutiution of con the es setion # = Oa given by (edea= 81-8) ~eanas (1-38) ooas(1 of +us¥) In Fig, Thins dain shown the are 1! “eth tag fh einen th ae sin oe Se cron moon's oben een ear ve le ‘tao a= 2 od om Bi) rasa an, = oon ov o07s8 $y a 0120S, a = ooimmn 8, “Tho corresponding val of over the oom setion # = Dat given -0 02 kas srr Oans QOS OHS GARE O>Mas OTE “Ths distrsbution i vepresented in ig 117 by the dotted ine. We mat ‘hat ia thiseae the evista fram the average crn, Very sl “ele roe er stain by CE ag, Pac oy So. non, ond ek Ap Mase ne AS a) ‘Todd with other syametsicldasibutons of fren over the ges = ba woluve only to chang the fort the funtion dyin exer Sen "Oy the Who exponen Be) hae to bo “Attn example of tea disebatin nonsymmatreal wth rape to ‘he ese, let conser the enon af lending shown In Pigg 118! Which the fre applied at the acs ae nie = Ap! Ceuve bt Fig 1180) Clay the saron syatann wil bo ol with rape tothe o ‘rss aod ove wih epee othe yan, These conditions are tie fed by taking motes funtion fn fe fore, 20a Ag = any — (eay aap + on + wary bo) “The frst term, befre, sates the boundary ecadtios for 4, sng Pa, (8 lth four een on sy auf Bap) fd for amare pata (a = 8) ft sn) “+ 000108(2in¢ 209 +59) mance 29 raninue ae +0}) & hare & = z/aail y= y/D, "The diteibation a he mide cow tion» ~0 wot fr from ting linea, Tt chun in Fig. 180 by “Smo From 8-008, wel Oh 8 200 j aeviutn come series Sawa | Seemm usoRy oF easticlry rt er a ft Sogn mitch sa dere ede air Sole ete BnSee ivoire metres are So ee ae oe ee ES a efere nd” at ning dimiig ace wid eon Ay pau — San 1 To Bahn, Fo iene ont Simon Engng, tt p88. srmanwaxenoy werHons 13 6S sone IE o eee hae Seti ysay.Sabittg i) wk owe ‘serpin rf 169) 4 Parle Bcc en (ue e mlty the wedi ite mat it or ie veo 5, me oS [m "Te coin dec wilson be deen om the sib thatthe SS ne ang ean ner etn ee Faa(ieee Fae w rentegh [ote bet tae F204 nt dedy sn (tt tte ef ert non o Sore gy {Te moment of nati atte crt wi rag he eared, ad ete ‘ete tendo thw ede ona Se oh) ‘ihsteagean be npeected evou tmnt sary tae Ma bata Fate E+ ” 4s ea Menta numba ty tea wea an eine treats naa nse Me ‘reve Tse inthe large Cig 112, tha tenting manent ema be dried ao seein jo for ana nrg eee inCSE GE ° : Mea tanene | vee LEP. tating he ad ty ~O5n Ea) weg te fonwing erin the ta San te wonoes ® ‘oy ting Plug rn rt tera iy heen hs Tn ten i ‘ican ether nd ge, by the tar a eet Lee diets a — © ‘Te ceo for he wo fie fhe ang man Bae < weeleneie!(428)a ee eke ae rem ne ala lowing een i fee wh b= ousua hg md ann ns San he ein nit te Bee ir eee eee eer Se ais oes at a ol oe Pe See tas el en et cceae a fie try Say oe jolt wits tlpelanpraeamngtonn cor "ps mre dan giv yg 0) mvs te got 1a supe hg eed yen shes tn a oo18 sraony oF euasricrry ‘omatng thio the se de ic ing es ain ee yy EF th a a it hth fee Daa te na at . 3 a ons int pe sme Wdeby = ifn = Tse + he Pose 4 fom bg go andi Ca oe sop ants sete be vw Scent the spe ny Say ena Te te wpe eget ey min ao toe see Bee SiG elem oo oe, ne Bit ho Copnn ames apm by Ba.) frm aa fo set pir courte oun ee and Ping eel al co the daemon pone 97 ‘Egan (avail when oF 2, aP reat fri any uma changin the ‘ae hn ii th eon oomph Teunsry fea shaun by A Pe Tein aenent eet (CHAPTER 7 ‘TWO-DIMENSIONAL PROBLEMS [IN CURVILIREAR COORDIRATES 1H, Furetions of « Complex Verlable. or thy problems solved so far, metanguler and plu coordinates have prove sdeqonts, Foe ‘ihe boundarca—elipies,hyperblasnorcessentre cil, and es ‘lupe carvers uualypreferaie to employ digerenseoorcaae, Jn the conseetion of thee, ad lla ‘he construction of mutable tre fe Bog ti advuntagooue 19 te compen sakes Tee ma sess, x tem te omic {7 a\ fern thng ie atti ness | ‘ie Spain pe died fon ae or ei Geb ea aay Eatin dao = ring ptr nd, 14 = seat iarone tian © weekend om Ta tine re © TELL mete Ser france H.W vo) 08 Nat Nod Ayan Sede :150 rasowy oF muasriciry Ane nmi, cent Ini, de tne tom ein coe “Tae aorta aru, the form ain iin) hve sna, the sal pat a2 Fete tay re area ol tos ef ry Pay ot SORA ‘Ponncsedtsrhtoe sent atinsetee fae wept ately, eave ch = He 09, = or 8, and okey fem axing) tie easee ‘Te demir ie sme he ley inh ou on nt rican lied de a nai i a aie pi nine Fy lt 2 tm pean =f) « en Sen 4 Sy ad 9 mt, fst, Sh andy Boel AR 7 ee orc oa pa 9 fret) ot tenn rite one a hh,“ {isu (arb mgt a i hw ea [PROBLSUS 18 CURVIINEAR COORDINATES 18 ig i Gp on yee ie a nn jens yie gen ads yw anermnl” Honeeremt Spin of (Se yt ay] anh, ay- Thien TF” Kate fname gst 2 9 wl be wed ltr in te toe vig fe ats eiative wih pet Yo end ween 92) Fr tac Hho ijewekawe [lsreverse th tin on ing 3 9 pe sir 48, eng o> hose Functeae mt kal’ Equation An talc fon J) conte np a Frog fund ang pal Gan Ter fr dr tarot =r © Boo rod res » Bus irae fermi) + (ao fr brevity 448, we nee teat o Ba2z-0 °Aen of hi orm aed Lagden ad ay slin led ons finn, I a cuss vm) ple Befi-o ® se mnie iy aim atrtn san o lags sagt tg ie bent o 1 cay wile thet the anne (we A Lalani tron sb hoe TS 1, Deters he rl =o Sat — Be ay — ah Sh Feo e029 yf 2 eo 2-1 2 Datei the feo rad # wc zs te a oir peal te mpc 2 he W-teo28,r4a log rot# = tla lpr # 8c [PRORLRNS IN CURVTLINEAR cooRDINATES 183 Ege = et vam = Seth ipnbreiaet erates atte 156, Sires Functions n Terms of Harmonic and Comples Functions. UU iseny function of 2 andy, wo have by diforentiation Brg Geet — « restate prt en oh A (en ae sama tr, wince (24 2°) 2) = 2 (29) 0 "thus another applenton of the Laplacian operon 0 (a) yadda eens ® Yo Mey no Ge ratp ra) CCorsparison with Ba. (9, pg 2 shows that =y may be wand a ‘trot funeton, p elng harmo." The mane tre ofa, a al, (coe, of the funtion yal ean cay be thowa by diferetision that (5+ a, tht io 14 do eats the sine diferent} euaton and may therefore te lan a stan function, ¢ bang harman or instance, taking the two harmonic funtion ich ny snus, cork mye from the fenetions (A), gage 182, and mliplyng then yy evasive lp superposition atthe sree Sanction (2), page 17. Talog tho ‘beroai fonctions (and), page 182, 28 hey stand o multiplied hy 2,4) 067 we ean trometrac all the forma of the srs funeton jn ‘ar coorinates given by Ha (81), page 116. “The quastion of waster any stress function a al can be arvved at 4a this fasion emus open, aed wil be answered Knepedinaly, nthe18 ruwony oF stasricrry proce of expraing the general lr function in tonms of two trary analyte fonctions ‘Denoting the Laplacian operator mt ae tay, Ba (9) om page 29 oan be written TAOS) — O oF B80 Waiting P for 6, which reposts oy + oy We serve that Pv n ‘harms fanction and eo wal havea sonjusie amon Fneton @ Consoquently PQ i a analyte anetion of 2 onde ray mite f) —P+i0 ° ‘th intel thie enstion wilh apes to xs another nal fase Fion tv) aay. Tn, wing ya foe he ela agiry pate oe, we have WO = pb in Hie de © cothat ¥) = lel Weave ao ye By iM Bay vo —Li9 Le +i@ © Since pand gare conjugate fanclons they sai Eqs, (2) of Art. 85, ‘and 20 Hale ant n Recalling that P= $4, Bas. (@) and {() enable us to show that ¢— sp — gy isn harmonic fonction. For 29_ a0 Pe — ap =) = Pe @ “Thun for any ates funtion ¢ ve have one-man ‘hace pis sme harmon fonction. Consequently onetn tn eh shove that any eter funaton can be formed from mi Thee conjugate barton fonctions p,q and harmonic fanson p DPRORLEMS IN CERYILINSAR cooRDIvATES 186 uation (26) wil prove wal lt, Mat may Be ohorved dat he we of bth te faneione png ot neseary. Tastee of wea ee 6 = Bap) = Vie ~ showing that ¢ — 2p harmonise equal topo that any stem Fenton st be express nth fom on 2p te ® whore 7 aud pute stably ehoeenBarenonisfunetins, Simla, oiling 6 2yp, me may sh hat any sn Fontes est so ‘express in the orm ont te whee py are aitably howe harmon Fneton. TRetarling ese for (0) lus intro the feton gy whlch tn onfgnt barman Lo py, and mite x) = tine “Theo tasty evil has the real part of =e + tte fe ietial with the sght- hun slecf P.(96). Tanyas Fane tion expr in the form! $= Roleve) + x61 on whore Rees rea prt of" denotes ~ fhitaly chow analyte fatlons, Convecly (7) ies 2 ates Ietion, that fs slaion of Ea, (0), 29 for any chev of) ne 2G). Hi aplied Inert the sluson of severed poles of pace eal interes "Waling the “complex sts funetn” in racks in (97) a8 Hil + so eservng Yat 2: =, and y(2}/2 sta Tanetion of 3, we int hang ses fntin eam aso be expres Ppt shew pps are bans186 rupory oF xiasticrey 17, Displacement Corresponding toa Gren Stress Function. Tt sos sbownin Art 9 tha the dntreainaton of the stro stp connected region rosie the ovation of ilcement to ease ‘in noe dicontnwons that to east thatthe reef aot pally {hu to delat Bor ths reason, wll wf ete hte tn ‘daplccmenie are of iferer o themselves, wo rue a metbod of ding the dplacnsent functions a and when estat Sunaio i "The streastrln relations for plane tres, Bae. (2), (28), may bo ® Inserting the srt ution into the Sint, and mealng that P = V4, rebave --usntter @ sod sinty an aR -usnhter @ Bat from Bae.) ad) af Art 58, we can replace Pn Ba 0) shove ly 49p/ds, aed in.) by 4/89. “The, afr von by 1+ rho sun ese ney, hy negation, o- — 24 4 ba eo pe an 3a tot, aw - Be ot ne are) and fiz) ar achitarySarmtions. If ee ae eabatiatd Inthe et 84.) we obtain ETD HGHB- o Bu the fest term on the lat Ss onl tory and the parenthesis ‘vanishes beens pond gare cenjugnte harmonis funtion any Dronues 1 cuinixaan coomnrvarts 187 ‘he Couehy-Riemann equations (Art. $6). Hence x yo gre? eee Z-u Bona here Aiea sonmtant, Ie ftom thatthe erm and fie Ba Up represent rg body dipuenoent. Dicuring thon eran muy wate Baa () a je, 4 earl atrs WO te “ om the understanding that rgh-bedy daplcement ean be added, ‘Thee oqutione enable sta find ane when ¢e kaon, We have finn tofind Pan, determine the enjugate Saoeson @ hy en the Cavehy-iemaseqoatons 0 Pag, ae ay ove the funtion fl) = P +40, and obtsin pan by intonation of in Ea. (2), Ar 8, Th terme cf Ea. 8 canton heer aste, ‘The usin of Bae. (wll appear in ater appieations, for whieh ‘the motod of determing isplacements uno in Chaps andr nt ‘nite BA, Sess and Displacement ia Terms of Complex Potentials, So far the sis and diplacemert compares bave been expres’ in term the etree fonetion Butane By (7) resent of to functions 4), x), eis posible to expres the sree and Pacement in tems cf thee two "eon penta ‘Any complex uneion fe) enm be pt nt the form + 2 whee fod fare eal. this tere corresponds th enjaote, 48 the ‘ale taken bys) when +i replnen,mborever i osu n f(y by TE This ehtnge sada hy the notation : Ws a- 8 @ Thos tf} = ee nehore Te) = = mow oa gm » The we ye ere wih alee qe Ati rm ht teat“This may be contrasted with 5) to tosteat he gicane ofthe tae over the fn Ba Eeidently fi) +) 2a 2 Rosle) rm the sare way i we ald to the frction ia brackets in (97) 8 coagate the wut il boi the vel part of this Faction Thus et) ny beeper by 26 = HE) Fx) HO +30) 8) soy direatition Biwi HH +xOEwO) FIO +58 288 aio vo Helo Ve) +40) — ee) whee two cquatlons spay’ be combloed Into one by multiplying the secondly fam wing "Thea % oy bP FeO © 5 Coming age. (8) of Art. ST the sae way wend wow rtg ~ (241%) + Lore tg Ba, (of Ar. 60 sd Ba ©) Serve aH - 20) cy 260 +) = “This quntion determines «and fr plane sre whan the complex eos ¥), x) ate piven. Tor pla oti ¥/(l ~9) 8 ou tuted for» on he night of Ea, (0) im aeordance with Art 18 “he sree compoetats ey rm cane ctsined det tom the second derivatives of Bq (8). By in viw of Later sppitien to arinear coordinates fe preferable fo proceed otherwie Disc CStiting Ba (0) nih sepact tame ae HS -yosensvotr] Diferetiting It with repost to yaad multiplying by ¢ we have -¥O+e9 0 Supler forme arecbtaned by subtracting and odting Be. (2) a "Them" coher WE) +9) = AHOLD 19 epee = Bg = BPG +28) aon ‘Changing to ~Fn both sides Ey, 101) gid the llerntive oem ty tot Bing = BV") + x10) 203) ‘on eporaion of real and msinary parte thereto By (102,08 UUDD) eee og ay and rye The to epations (10) a (102, ‘ete tbe sees corapoate in ser ofthe complex potentials Gt and xia) "Thus by thowing definite onations or yi) ad xi) Ne Fads ponsible ste of ro fom Eg (10) and 102), andthe Tibplascnetscosesponding fo thie state of sca aro cally obtained from Ba.) Sm lig hi mt ei pn re rte ‘Seoul nnd mB by og sd (1) an 0) Se — at se — yh =f ie Tan le Pa Tinea ty Witaa Sab 4 dae tae eine 2 ja FES ft tl Per pi See" Brot rae date 4) =} Go em = Bi =e “ean we hai Koni dt at190 Tuwoe’ oF Basricrry 0, Resultant of Stress on a Curve, Bousdary Conditions. Ta ig 125AB wan ace au curve drawn onthe plate. The fore acting tte as ey ented ty the materia tote lft on the material to the vata) tht, proseeding fom A 60, tay be ropreseated by compo ff See, VS i : @ Tas Pa eise a bryce @ 0) een asthe ange betmee the a Iefchond normal aod the = ‘aio de cormipand sz and ¢ dy a ndioned in ig. 126%. “avenge in he eiteeion Af 2 deeroneo and dz al be agave nar The eng f the hovaontal sid of the sementry tne In Tig 1256 thrsfore —as. "Thus ty -« % wwan% ina=—# “ ect tse, togther with sn Eg. (9), wend 2a t e-2N aa) E- a se fora fda Leh the mquace brachat presenting the diferse of the values of the fnclonod uanuty at Bawa ut “The raoment alt 0, locke, of afore oa AB ing Bs. (0), are [Patan ffotaa (Toes) om G)] @ ‘PROBLEMS IN CURVILINEAR COORDINATES 91 Integrating by past eld «-[o- 1 wl be eviest from Fas. (that ifthe curve AB represents an unloaded teandary, e that ‘tan Pave ae, 26/90 std 3 ted Iiecomilant slong ABU there te prseribed lad on AB, Ba ©) sow tat they ena be apeiSed by ging the vas of 36/25, 26/99 ‘ang the bounday. Tals is equvalent to giving the derivatives 9/20 slong, and 34/9e nora ts, AB These ace known if and 39/90 ao given song AB ‘Nov Iethe are be continued to form a clowed curve, so that cinder with Ay but il rand the pt seach ater trae trsng the ate, now coed ciely AB. Ten Eau i) ad (6) ve the reatant fore ad moment a the trees sling he pce of the pte enclosed by he cea TE those are aot ero, 96/0" and {g/dy donot rota tothe sang vale (A) alter competing the ‘out (B)- They ae sherefoe tootinucufanciony, such as the tage of polar ecorinaen, ‘This wil be the ease ea whe Toad (aual end opps tof PF) ae applied to the pee oF the pase ‘shin the clowa eet in terms ofthe complex potenti (2, x¢ outage (@) may be writen 8 © Lg, (06) the to avin = [3 = [agree ct using Ba. (0 8 Bet iy = —iye) +00) + EE (403), a, (bacon Mm Re [—289'08) + xis} — 2 OE (04) uations (408) and (104, applied to a complete cic round the ‘igi, show ths iy) and x2) are ton nthe form > where mis Dostive or opatve ints Fa Fad AY ore seo, sae the fuetians "pi therapies Sacre, ee lg a me eee es ies Se Anan Sa1 craeony oF masricirY sn boss tun to thei ail value when Ut rol completed “Thon fedons ty theselves could mot repent eres do oads Upped sete ergo, Tie fetta log = lg +19 docs no return soit inital value oo completing a eet rou the org sce Berean by dn Thusif ya) log s,a8 36) ~ Delogs, where © NID we Ccomples)eatetans, (1) wil eld « nope vale Bere Lire "Similay x) © Dlogs wall yd «nono valve of it Dis imaginary, tnt sero valet Dia Gh. Corian Covdimter. Pulse coordintes, 8 (ig 128) my secre us spefying te poston of» pint asthe interes of (Sek fediae and uta ine the angle Prom he tine), i Shangr from Cartesian to polar eoedinates elected ny tenn of Vir i Ar mtant =o @ “Th St, when ¢ I given vastus constant values, repent he fey at creles “The yond, when given vations constant ales represent he fs of a Tine. TEuatons (are tse sn of qatins of the form Fie) = Blas) = ® Giving dedi constant yalues Yo € andy, these equations wll repie- SR rvs which wil atest, when PG) Pate) are table encioas Diteret valves fad y wily dierent corven and & Uitwent point of intercon, ‘Thun each poist i the ype wil We Srctrtand by dette vos of and y—the values whisk mab the two carve even ty Ege (9) pat Uvoogh oad & nay be SeaSioa Se “eaux” os pont Bine given also 9 deli Te point by means of bo inereting curves they ae calle eur "lar cooriaates, with the suc ares compacta, growed sory uf in Cusp fr petbeasof concent cesar boundaes adatom ur coplaerent en cuch bosndary become faneton of mig atee Bcc. I he benno of ober cores, fr ese icen to sdvan tage he earner eaordinaes one berth is ometant om enh boda eure, ‘Tae @)arcslved for rand , ww aba have to equations af he form zo Keo y= flbe @ “ume ay sani wei trl ame Phonan CUnemANSAR cooRDreArts 198 v1 easly mot convaniont to begin with thes, Consider, for ‘ramp the fo cantons = cea F008, y= ecinh Esiny @ where ¢ i casa Rination of» yekle areaery arakry ~ UE conta thi she equation fn lewis co f,coah fund wis sr = Fr Wifes wales of obisin eet pene ith the vane fs {tat a fay af cone apc (a 12) On any on thaw Ips ie emnant end ene por cordate conan a @ Yass Tn fact the prea ace 9 wise pot the stip ™ ion the other hand we timinte ¢ a nap (hyn the cmton co! Esl" = I, webave or constant value of y this ropesnis a hyperboe hvng the sn fovias toelgse. "Thus Eq (6) 3epresents fail of confoeal hyper ls, oo anyone of which ys constant and € ysis. "These coordi- ates are eld pt, The we equation (0) ace equvabnt vox + iy ~ ecosh (+ in) oF Fcc w hee = £4 ‘Tis evently a peal ens f the ttn paso “Thi, esis dainng ean function af may beri to gle fas # funetin fs. Thea fad gar the ral el agnary pars fone reson of «pit on th sine sven an J ssrruro. Pout \ weenoy srnpony oF euasricity tion of nd therefore stiefy the Cacy-emann equations (@) of [Art 5, eo therefore the Lapse eabatone (aud) of Ar. 38 “Tu euriineareowdnaen 9 be aoe Se tho chapise wl all be rived orn egeatinan of te form (and a consequence wil fumes further petal proper, ‘The point = yInving the eure ear courlinien ya tighering point 2 x, y-~ dy wil bv furveat cowdiates €-4f, 44 dy ond since there wl be two ‘uations ofthe pe (e) wo ay we If only in vate, she inetd ly eoveespond to an elemento two dr alng a varvey = cotaat, and wot oe o te coor = wan r= [+ GY] x00 see 40) x0 a8 1 ® vere Tow any complex quantity eas be writen i the frm J oe a 7 Gina, onde sere end-aare reel.” With $0) = 160 o aq. yield Ha seosy Borin ) sed then Ba (Dive d= Je “Te sap of die wing Bis) 00d (my 2 B08 ) ar Beak o ‘Tous, giv by Ba, (Ds the ange betwen ce tangent othe eure PRONLEMS tv CURYZLINEAR conepINarEs 198 = conan, inthe dieston Eiereung, and the nase (Hg. 127) In tiecame way, ifonly 9 vied the increment d and dy of Fas. {ip corcopond tosn saat clare dayalenga curve €~ conta, ed steal of Bae () we bare acne, ay Bey Progcding at above we sal nd eat tins, Basoua ? flees mene Trees snd that dy = Jee, and Foon ‘Comparing this last rw. with Ba. (n, we see that the curves cota, 9 = coment, interact at it ales, tho divstion ‘Pinraaog making a ang (4/2) + «wih the 2ses (ig 127). ‘Conider fr inetanee Uh elise corlinates dai by Ba, (0) Webave (0) = esinh F ~ ecimh Eons + fe oath fin y= ee Comparing the reat and imaginary parts the Ist equity we od Foora =csish Povey, Sxina = ceak fang nd Cheetore J oat € omy eam fat 9) ~ $2(eash 2E— ems) (0) faa = eoth can e 1 Stree Conspceets in Curviinear Cooedinates. Bauatioae (2) aS) ie he Cares vpn dled cen tern othe eorplex potential) (2) When eur nar coatn sree on coples plentng en be taken ftom ff ands il gen Intern of by the equation of the ‘ype of Ba.) of Art 60 detning the carviiaga cordate. There thus wo diolty i expraing a cy ria tem of ard’. IU ‘sully cenonient, however to spent to sr 6 x he nraal component on curve f= constants fy to aanaal component on 6 curve y = costa; the thca component om both cures ‘Those components ave ndioted in Fi. 128 Comparing ths and Wig 127 with Pig 12, we oc tat oy ad rq eovreepend to sod In16 risony op szasricr¥ ig, 12, We may thersfre ute Bp, (1), and tas obisin condor bea) tile, fr 2 Bee Hie, Te) sin Be tg con Ba Replacing aby (e/2) + 6 we fd sinnly oy = Kee 6) — Hon =) 0 Br in 2 ei from these we emily slain te following oqaatons! ategcate oon een eet Di Seley te + Bir) 008) The fatar efor curiae eoertnaten ded by £ = f) ean be found fram Bo. (of Art 00 7 {RIE i cole, tend SS cecoug Mca a oo Sree Mg ase, Monsen 1 Ada mF” es 60 Go ehh ee LL ~ Evading For example, our elptic caoedi- a tage) euahvend se = ash , mat : “With the value of eo deternned, Rae. (103) and (16) expres ey ep oreo ‘te ddpiacmenm sures cogil is eperiid hy means of onaponoht agin the dvotion Einsrecog (Fig 127) and wcersponest win the netion piacresng, BU» amd eae the Gartesan compo= nis of the diplaement we have sd therfore stig eH (008) ring Ba, (08) wth + = £69, and Ba (107), this enables wt 10 expat at tin tee aff andy hea the complex potentials 6) sad (9) have been chose "uate, (19 no 8 wee btu by Kb Combining Eas (0), (100), ad (102) with (105), (100), snd (108) ‘bv the following eatin forthe crear and Aeplacement oro ent (with epaced by —£l the last eee ale) +e =4Reve (00) eb Bing = 28") EXO) ano) ea) =e [stv weve] can Wo mall we she equations inthe ela of over probe inybing exred boundaien 2 Ay ht ay emit ees Iw 1% OD tee in “ohn renting he flloning po np coote t en "Reactant pees red yn oping oe a he pin ati (2) Theprldersctedle ATL aL. ee) = 4+ Ble xis) = Crags + ie ip ona te dra 8. 4) ~ Aloe) = al eb Ah Reg 2, Solutions in Fllpie Coordinates. Eliple Hole ia Usiforaly fireee Pei eli rin aed ea ‘eC sad town ine a, wre deed vung nem tateh ® ec aseatons vmod tay feats, on BE o The coordinate fe eomtant and ec of 00 4 lige of ska tosh ty asinh & If thecrminns ar given an aad esd fear be feud fom comb =e, exh =D © sl heefre if ne member athe family of ligenie given, the whole198 sraroay or ruasricity fanuly of eliecs aad also the fniy of hyperblas (v0 page 108) ao etal. Ife very ell the corspanding elpe ia very ender, vn tho Fit £0 it besos a in of Yngth De Joining the fork ‘Taking ese anlage postive vues of ¢ he elise beers Tze ‘bilan ceprechioy sy inte cele thei f= =A pat tang one elise goes ee rout the ells sey gous from rc (on {he pastve asi Fig 120) ta De. Tn thie respect» reembles the tui fof pala coordinates, Contaaty of daplacement and ste Components reuien tat they be period in y with pri , a0 chat {hey al have the same vale fr y~ 2 at they have fr = 6 Conlder now at nit late nx tte of wor oll zou tension dott by on ella le of soins wd, which sre from Hse! Then cooditons mon that cene= 8 atininity (+) o STILL Gatto eiption tosadary af the hoe, where & ete value fe © “Fru Fas, (100) sd (102) wo find that the contin i) ato if Revi) = 8, WO + x") = Oatinfaty — Since the srs nd displacement saraponents ao for oan 0 bepriodc ing with pred 2x we are led to conse ors for Yi) and we which yl gives stow union wth the mame peri, an ‘th Yorm are lok ni snk cos my: oh for nfs fe, enh mf corny nah min where wigan integer. The function x) ~ BAY, B being w constant, Fano ital to the prot. ‘Taking $0) = Actioh with Aw constant, and wing the fst of Bae 8 ort, whieh he voice of, we ind Ye) = decay Baa ge amar [Avan intit distanoe from he orga fst, and oth Fas the tes aa Cin Pa fe Na Sey ana Ragin SiL56! phe: at ee ane Prt at ty 6, 198, Te Shel Zope heat of Robot ae ose eed wan apd Shih enetteencon eas fay by A atm Pre ey So “Ganda ete ht tp ot 26,1043. Ode me ge ‘PROBLEMS IN CURVILINRAR COORDINATES 190 valve nity. Theft of conditions (pe therforeatiniod #24 = 5 ‘rom () we Sd furan Ad V0 = — aie cd sed ue win 4 ht o Taking x6) = Bo, where B vw constant, we have (eee v0 - Be rw -a ght a Equation (and (show hat "(2 end") cach ani inti. ‘The second of eodtion [) b thercore now sting "The eomiton (can be ata! by mute che o the eonsant 2, Subtastng By. (10) hom Bq (109) we have eae VOFER AMO FO) — and ee gvem by the beond of Bap.) "The eng = a (OME gob) shy oie (SE Sand) aE gama 4 hai 64 D4 eo + Booths) Ain tonal heap = hands +P 26026 —F ‘Thon (D) reduces to ae artery 4 cob 26 + 8) eatp Contin (9 in eerefor said it Bm =A con 2 =~ ee Seo 26 He) = ASeuinh 2,36) = —4Seteorb LF) All he boundary conditions have ow ben stad. Ba we ane tot bo aune that the corp potenti (2) reprnent te wltin | ‘ur probloa ua know that they inp a dont he di fceene Te Carn enn of en ed ‘from Eq, (90), which in the present ease he be mata +i) a 252 desnht ~ doom sok BE 000 ony oF masricary ypc oct wih A $/2, and Bien By (n)_ ‘he hye ecas TAS Py paste epee an Thiet qe tpn catch dela, wl eng ao boc rae Teta, Tur snmle psd) tee prove bo ‘Shin ofthe problem ee ema exe ei ony found fom B19), sen els avo Inting inva of Yr a, Tina 5 wehave Rep) = BSRacoths abe 2 chides (dt eh (er coth toe tea = fey Dfultpying aut the brackets in murserator and denominator, (hi reece to 2g = tain 2p cots «SES ety oe 8a sn a the Doundary ote ole We" _aSainh 26 eu = aaah ah 08 Fy ro grates value, occurring atthe eds of the major al, where a Gundy and oe = 18 eae = Zn (dae = SBE = in easy shown fom Bs that one eae, ior 2 cosh te nd with these we Fa sha fedex = 285 ubch bosoms larger and anger a te lps s made more and more rT a vate of (ou om a he end ofthe lor ‘The 6 shee 29 = 28sinh38 5 = 28th ost cote et 78 PROBLEMS LY CURVILINEAR COORDINATE? 20) When ab, 29 thet te alipwe bream = crt, both em and (eda Fede to 25, In ogreament with the value forthe ear hole {tndr ifr al-oind tension found oe page 8 "The daplacements can he eval rom Ep (9) atl (11) or), ‘ey ae af cura contin, Eng repeated by sgl co ‘ino Fanti The problem of wniform preware 8 within an eligteal ol, ad ovo suas at indy, easly ciained by combining tho above colt ton th the tate of ufc se ‘esvabe fron the omplex potenti $2) = —Se/2 8, Ellpe Hole ia Plate under Siapio Tensin. Av sscod problee, eaualder the aba plat a ante of emp nal st § os dceion al sogl below The postive wads (ig 129), die ubed by an allipealhae, ithite ‘the preceding problem, The ellip- ae ae Lhe GUC ‘al proba by howeree, a0 more Aicule yy he pees method, Prom stution we ea iad ee oct f the eligi stom any of clfou plan tre, prised by princpaletese a niyo any ‘rcnaton with ep to the Bol, Let OF, Oy be Cartesian anerosine by toting Or through the syle 9's toring poral tothe temsion Then by Ege 103), to ee Bit = Hey 0, + Diew) ine at infty ee = Sy = rv = 0, we have ete 8 once t Beg Bet eo from Ege. (10) and (02, she ¥) BAY" + AM = —Se% at inity A the Boundary ofthe hole § = & we anu ave ss ntitty = emt mr wih in aa nie El Sethe pe alin etek cn {paren POUT = Pe CORA | peuntrca CONTRALAam runogy or RLAssicrrY ‘il these houndary codons can be stad by ting v4), x8) fn the forme Ay(e) = Ae ooh Fp Be wah AG) = Cop De coh 2 + Bet aah 2 rhe A, B, ©, Dy Hae constants to be found, ‘Since ¢~ eto the torn eeu fn he expen fr) fe simply de ew sntrtbate to theatres funtin Deg, (97) 8 tem Re disor Rete. Thinis rol A maginary, and tesla A ay ‘Bones taken sb real She content € mus also be real. Fort eet the above esprasane fr le, x) to Ba, (10, taking for Ue curre 4B a complete cireit rund tb hl we fod that ll arena ‘tee the tern in yield sero sae tho Byperbl Tooetions ate Seis my with period 2. ‘he term in Ci Re (COKE +f) ‘Th rinios fora eomplot cel oly ea The contests Dy Bar complen nd we muy write Bei D-D+id, ExBti Subetittion ofthe above forms for ¥e), x2) Inthe wonton (0) viele AtBAS ADEE Se @ ubteating Bq (10) from Bg, (100) to blain vg — fey wo Sod log ~ Sy) ~ oor FGA oth) i $B wecnh foams $+ (C+ BE coed fcothF “SAD inh F~ a ex Atshe boundary af tobe = Band f = 26 — fi thisvalv ff BAREIS sinh fand coo Fin the above cxresson, and the fepe- ons aieh Cg can (26 — f) expanded, he expression a manure Tare reduces to (QA inh 20 ~ By coh 28 — AB) ch F (ed cork 20 — 2B sinh 2+ AD) sla Cr 28 + B emt 2a) oth conech “Tin, and consequently oe ~ ir the hile, vane to coeficents Ueeaht sinh, cols eotch$ rich, Wehve thas thre eauations Eesha ei the two entons (0b be sti bythe constant Shp, D-R. Since and © are rel, theo are actly nie eq one to be ated hy eight comtants—A, €, and By, By, Dy Dy Bi Ey, wbich ee tho roa and imaginary pri of B,D, B.‘They ave eo sent, and the estan ie A= Set eos 26 Dm — 986 cosh 26, +19) B= sa em Bo yseeainh 3 Fw) = ~Sieadh 26 ~ eo 28) "The compl potent of thie problem are enscquently given by 4) = Beth 00s 28 cosh f+ (1 — A da Ane) = Settee 26, ~ cork Be | Ae — cast 6 — — 49) ‘The dinlacennts can nob deternined tna, (11). Te maybe sn at once at they ate tngevalued. Thera ya hehe ea be bane frm Ka, (109) snc tthe hele iter! The ua = 5 Ht 26 08 25 — 8 ce 28 — 9) es = 8 ‘ah 2h — 0a ‘Whe the tenon 8 ie alright angle othe major axis (@ = +/2), inh 260 ie | tet em a, ong at he nf ne fe ‘Thisincrenss without Unita the le becomes oro und ore nde. When a= # i agrve with the value 38 found forte eo hte on Doge Th et ae he rn rou ty ipa ie ‘he ends ofthe wiaae ase Thins Uw man wsfor to etl le ‘Whee th tension parallel fo the major avi (8 ~ 0) the greatest ‘at of v Youd the bole found a the end ofthe minor sid ‘SQ + 28/a). This apprauches $ whon the cllipaeis very slender. At endef the msjr guste tems = Storey vl of ‘qllt tet of tee on x ite of pe seat Spal to Ps and yas ually found by serpin i the to cases of fend Sal f= r/band —S at 8 = 3/8. ‘Then tone se ieee =‘Tie vais tho ends both the mora minor aes un he pestnt vals ase he points deteinad by an p= tanh = Ba. When heli {ttre ae te pry ag, adhe points at vik hey cau ne lu tte i ofthe et Sine tera fond foto nx plate jc to pre suc in'e one sopra deibson of ea aa ‘Si recanelcbom Zor cable nth onal and ppoca {gum ted free the ens o She lao inet? ano i SSG ncn ig the hl 0 plate nee ‘Slvr foe the se tes sep ao SUE Eevee coer Shar ellen copes potential cah etostrated fom he atetions tied or mento bere, togeter wk the nal te cle Taneona std nthe Potions toi, when deans snd ‘Sateaied ce au pee Siete nce Ar HyperoteBoméaren tines Sreesbornin Are 60 Chat the curery = sittin Mipiecomintearypebaan, ln are 2 tht the ang of fey botakon Oo eat of Mongo to = Let gece of elon pain Bo vai Topas tetocen Od Brace bh an ya postive iaig BA Aon the eH oc te pein, BC, aan rte be src, ol 6 p= 242, HR. This wtution and several we tat si Fe pet Mann ran ABM wl lL 18 Bracing Gs haiata pa» ‘Denil "Teorey Ric Seavey Yo Pawns 10, “py diene nachna 3 ce Cees RR Pwoncews ay cemvinesan cooknisares 205 the wala of wie — me Along the half ED ofthe odor bese, 9b 2 aod lone EP is fe ‘Comide the pints ABCFED vithin thes hyperbolic boundaries, in 2 state of tosion in tho dioston Oj! "The lene srs a nity {no fall to nro to peeves Ginter fore worse he wast EO {Complex ptentale which pera ts and step the other maar freitont of eymmetey about Os ad Oy, and rndom of Ue Bypar- rie Boundaee, ate YO)= Hin, XG) = HEP tens (a) who and B re ral eostanta, and ~ cosh These give “4 Cas aome a YO ~Sere ¥ Bguation (10) of As 59 shows that the ype Houma rl bo fee from force peovidel the faretion Hee eee 0) ‘sconstant along itor euitalently f tho coajugateof hi fenton it ‘onrtant. ‘Tho conjugate, om Bae, (e) and), Lathes a)imar 2Aer 5 — 2p, and ith thin the = has aye (Om the hypardols 9 = wwe Base ‘expreniontecomes Ay. ~ fA sin 25 cos Dnt $A + Bieeothy hich constant the quuntity in paronthoas wade to vanish ne Ba HA ety © “To nd the mst force tans we may apy Ba, (208) of AK 60 to the narrow ection BOB, Fg. 130, mate precy tothe Tower pact ofthe iting ellie ¢~ 0 Detect the hyperbal y = ye fani'y =r — g_ On kien ftom if tecomes ~i, ahd we Ihave from Bap (108), and B= = dy — + cot aE HAGE yf Bot a) 28 et nh Ths ris a he rue sha olin) nn wed by A OA, Te fp Aro Bh Comm nat ig aaah OH SSE Sie pe Hat Moka po Rn208 upony oF suasricrey Since A and B wore taken aa ra, Fels eo and, wing Ba (0) Fy = AG — De ai Op which deterasines A when Uh otal tension yc naied, The ten placement eompocents ar aly found from Kar. (109) (10), Gh), The et ive 4A cosh Esta teen — Saha eae ‘The vale of 0 along the ypabole boundary ie fous by setting ae im this expen. ea = sosinmm, 24/0 ein no at te Mut'wtere ¢2 0. Nevbec' har expreatd this af fneton of tbe Tile curator ofthe hyperbola a he wast. He hs ove, by Teo th, the probleme bonding sd shear ofthe pe well "G6 polar Cocrdinatse, Probleme involving tno noneoeeniie citar Rounds, coding the apesal ase of ier bale 6 & Conte plate, usualy seq de uu ofthe bpelar cna &, ‘dened by seimeuhir Fm ebi o epacag coth ft by (+ 80/4" — 1) ad alving the Set equation fr eal abown tha hi i equal pang ® “the qunnity «+ fa leprosy th ie joining the pont — ato TRNAIICEE Llane tthe co tats pets on th se Pe and gnsy pare The come cunnty maybe ee ee ea nen os Ge eg ofthe te, ac yaa we Bathe Dans Cig, 1), Sty 2 foe in jie sr eco pl sed ay be erected by no C138) ‘Tae By 0) bomen cnnba( sothat roeieS ara Yan adds vol p00 heabo M. M, Von," Pett.” we 2 {tiny been rm Fig 18th — di th ng een the na Tnrig hp tote pt hee he a bea th kt he sn nd minh ang hn pes to'be fH floes ha scarey = eomeant war aren ce eng Org the poe evr seh cre ada 1 Frm Bs @)itiscrttat sure f= oan willbe gator wiih nfs conan, Such were Ral ce, Tosa She poten oneas iy, ht XE pc, Tecan {ha Sr pow“ ta Chega" Svet eh ce ae dawn We 151. frm fy of coal cies wi the ‘imiting points. eens “he wrist xchange 9 vo coin seen the in ig the ey rng forts ne ane hang onto Sry snipes ibe cnn rth tepees ‘gy we ereenad by pvos actos 9 wah poe ‘Serta ag prs a ae ar asin ¢ wahemeey Sah Em eany - Difenaiion Be.) ye pa \ ete Bw Ni cet ‘ i ao} 2 © ae aa om = BUA dato com 0208 razon oF masrictry th Sohtnasin Bipolar Coordisates, We now conser the grblen onset ith oa eopeb hol sect presre 9, round TMS, anlpremure py round the Bale!" The ar eompnentt te see ed say be valid form stular ebek-walla te wih ete te bore. ‘La abe exceraa bonary be that ele of the family & = cnatant orbits {a Gant let the hae be tha ero §— bx, Twoschc- SOTMEE aah en ines in Fig 181. tlle from th oxpree- Sea foe na bo Ar, 6 that hen ses have rsa coe Sensei ean that th centery ace a the distance coh by ct Seba I orn, Thus a, Cy aod Gye be termina ithe ai So dbtanes teen centers are eC, eee tyuntarserve one oul any ale € = const t= sng ott he ef of th pass Ib Fig. 11, the enoedina 9 range Fae ee than the fonetios which are fo give the sre ord ‘Tom ccna componente mrt have th ance values ut 9 = ra Ty Seren ce ensre i hey are pide functions of ot Penal ah. fel therfore appropat to tke the copies potenti 6) aad xf i the forms ost nfy lah nt a sith nan Soper, singe this are Sx fact pric fanetios of Tid ue, So's are their deviates with vespet to, since d/de Te ahe same proesty (Ea), Art 65 "1 dock tunes ateistedueed Sato Bge (18), (100, appted to ny cielo f= emetatin t ateial, the coresponding or 20d se sem ln virtue of the perdi. This ist old for ‘he complete est for eqetm of the plate within the ese, ‘We al nuite ako the Fantom x) ~ eDE,D twig» cutant Cconsring this ne (108), (10) a ove, wend that dhe moment Gi 100 willbe wre oaty $f Disrel, We therfore taki to be ae. setak te diptacrent equation (A) wo that this function, Govt as the fonctions (0) ove 38 ther $e) or x], wil give Dlaernt ef discontiny eno uniform allsound tnson or compression, wich i be part ft sation, obtained Seo the complex potential YO) ~ Az Adres "The cosrepning rea ste function i froma Eq. (97), p= Relsds) = A= AGE 99 sree igest ei, noes of te i aati de OB Jt, rota Be dan a Bs 9 19 ‘PROBLEMS IN eURVIANEAR cooRDINATES 200 “ema ese n pd sent by meal Art, 65, the result eing ee comb € 4 cong cote cory 7 consid onesies of the fom 8), wth = 48 obser that ‘arc iste drtn inte et pron wimoett ihe ya we mat chome th otha hr eoreponng so Sorkin ewmeagumery, the weany ie ¥E2) = eo XG) = Bahr © seh By sot and #0) —Aeioh t,x) = Cea © ith Corea The rei ten anetoneoresponting ue rom Ba 7), pS Booth cons — oh dat pr i Gah fc» — snk 08» ” Tosh @= 807 Ar hore = oe it he mean SS etn cw on doh ion "Te mn ‘loquute for the present problem, : i ‘ig ee He) = Mah f, xls) = Banh t © we fnd by mamas af Ea (109), (10) aad), fof Ar that oreespootingsieascompenente ae gen 8 " eco, Might 7 IHG tah be y= th 2 800829) UY peg Hing) = ~2Biah 3H 2 coh cn “Fah 2¢eo yi ew 2 enh ean Sinaly he fnction mem #6) < HOrinb f, x) ~ aC cosh § a= =20(1 = Beh teary + eash 26eo829) (0 yb arg) = 21 euch Ep 2 cash 28 es Econ “ash 26 en By “FH 26 cosh Ein 9 gah 2 in 2a] ‘The cee components ning rom xe) = 005 cy ase gen by cetre=o oy 06 4 ie) © Doth HE” Teak gooey : : cosh Coin gn 2) ‘Phe sat of wniform alhsound tension sea by weer = a jek . coheed, ecb tig “ =24, yao ”) “The sto fn pio an be bina spepation fhe atte of ses pr yt corps pets, and {er Calls ie sons represeting rein Ea, Cy 0 m0 Sli ast te eating oro he bawnarn = Ey ~ freee D~ 28 cob 26, — 20 sinh 28, 0 D~ 2B coh 26 ~ 20 sinh 2B = 0 ® Solving tee oe B and Cin terms of D we have robe +2, a9 - —p a Bm Deke er 7 Peat O % ‘rhe normal sre canbe found by subtracting thereal pat of Ba.) from andar thor oir Om Uae boapdary (= isto tae the vue —p, ao on tho boundary € = fo alto psc Ting the vlc of # aad © gives by Eg (9) dh enditionsead 0 the bro uations eee ee ra ~ Bait ah 4 8 = sand theeore matt + probe & (=n) eta) ia ‘These with Eas (p)complote the dotrtinuton ofthe complex potco= tis When there biter! presse 9, only (v= 0) the beige ‘ten the le fot tobe Aecheg = —Ps + Rpulih? & Fsht &oonh & fos mnk coh (5 B towel ‘Aw exprasion for the masimum yao! of this aa aleady ben gives on pao 0. A general ris form af tess function in bipolar scorns wa givea by 6. Bideary? “Ts eulvleat eamplor potential re eay found, and tavoteo the fonetonseonsdeted eve Ugether mth te tspotte anlogven of the simple function usted inthe Problems a0 page 197, when dloeations sol eoneenteted fort reich. Th Ine base appli to tho problems a 9 seat pate with» con sentrted free at ny pont, sea on witha eae bly Inder tension paral to the sight edge or pane bouadary* snd under ts ova weight and tothe fie plate with to hole or hole formed by two intersting ela” Soltis have bee given forthe eielar dik abject te soncens tewied force at aby pein ota wn sight when susprded a oi” ors notation about an eesent ain nth ad witht the ‘ea bipolaeseordinates, and forthe est false bales Infinite plate witha concentrated for on the eralght edge ei Sesshai dane hans ae gn hy ker a, ay Nol aaa ta pe Siar rt ia Te MB abs rm nek pk 1B en, Bull, Coleata Math Sc, vl 38, 9p. 8 and SS 194. SS Gn naa iia rmgoay oF AssTCrTY Cone Comair Condi, The ati, ped baer faces iace a= (ot + abet) conn + acto *t cos 3a 22 Ge ted amy — ay seco ent esta eres = etn whi SEQRAS MARE ENS Sea dieing sae wh ‘eet Foam th het ose of ach shen pte wie CSO AST ea ems fel em en St Gy man of maeslntion of ws corner MG STeEtRc aban citar cans oad Ae cee ym anata woot afore fos Sn hi ets te pct acta “hn cotanr combate Bo inet + font to ae ctu extent ae en pid hy Weer 9 cites at poral bona an te ca aah ras nites yh = winked When ie See tae eh meet te cee unten sfonde e213 Thema nde Sach ieber et a : Sec ican the anoles poe em th ounlary ce re neta cee tor insanes ht seach by Ne ele EMS ay ay vn ue i emnent eth| ial Near Latrsooee Duce ef analy aed Derelemeet, Camm. ea am Ny St an el CHAPTER § ANALYSIS OF STRESS AND STRAIN IN THREE DIMENSIONS OF, Speciation of Stross at # Pont, Our previous dbeoeons were limited to two-dimonsional problems. Tat us conider now the fener as of tren dition i thee dmunsons, Le wae chown, {Gee Ark. 4) thatthe nrowes ating onthe wx sso cue element rane deseebed by ax componente of tran, namely the three nor Hess en ey esta the three seating ete Fy Pen tm = fat thee componente of trent a any pine are Lae as ‘rs tng on 80 Inclined plane through tbe pois ean be ulead foom theequations of atin. Let Obes pinta the stresel body, sud uppore thertemesarekaont far th coordina plane ye 92 (Wig. 132) To gt the ree for ny incin plage throagh 0, we fe wpe BCD paral ta eat mil citanon ion 0, a0 that {hitter pla togeter with he feowdinate plano site ont from {he bya sey eal taro BDO,” Sines the reese vary se tinuously ave he vom of Sty, the tearating onthe lane [BCD vil approach the ste onthe pata plane Uhraugh O as the tlemeat is mae Internal, Tn considering the conditions of euilitrinm of the elements tetrabron the body for ean he nepctl (om page 4) Also the element is very tll wo ean select tho version ofthe rss lore the ides an wsum thatthe atreses are frm dint, ‘he ores sting de Ue eteaholzen cra thro be devermil by ‘zulping the sts components by the ares ef the faces I ‘enote hears the face HCD ofthe texan, hen the aaa "he hte ui esa obtained Ly projecting om the thee voor ate platen If i the normal tothe plane BCD, ned we wite es Cr)the ares of the tee other facet a he fetrahedron are A Aman owe denot by X,Y, 2 te thr components fetes, pall 10 sho eaninate oes acing on the feline fate BCD, then the component ‘Flores vetig onthe face RCD in tha ioction ofthe taxi AX un tho compan af formes in the eton ating om th tes her faces of the tetabodnas are —Aleg Atty Anan The Goresponingeqstion of eguibum ofthe tetrahedron Arn = Ans =0 fn the same manner two otber erations of equilibrium ate obssond by proetng the forea om Heyy and eases, After enneting the fe Tori hes equinox the totesbedon cn be written Xa ad bea tne Yeni tem tt Barb brim te ae) Tha compen tec ype defn by he ton TURD, STE Sy elated fae (13, provi SS tse tose sty oem th ptt Ose tore ‘sinsplSencne: "Lt hs deo the sal opment cr Sraatng ou he lee BCD GP 12.” Uaag the neato ther he deloncocior wend eset Ym Ze oxy outtiutng the vals of X,Y, 2 fom Bas (102), saa + osm + ont + Sryan f Bet 4 Brak (U8) ‘he vviton of wth the dation af the nora eum be repee= ented geometscaly a flown, Let we put im the dition of 8 a ‘Sotor haw leugh, inversely prpetional t Us gro rot of Th abaalte vale of the ete 0 eae © Val "The coomdinates of te ond of this meow © AVALYSIS oF s1eHS AND SPRAIN 26 ubeceuing @ ‘roca (sd th vals fm, wow a B11), we Sl BES as tog! beat A 2yge Dnt b Bmgey (14) As the pane BED rote hawt the poi 0, the a ofthe vestn + ‘ines om the sfce ofthe cea dee ven by Tai ‘Tissue compet dnd bythe sre eon he pi 6a ie detonn ese coronene ¢at ange the Stoel remain ennly unchanged ad ely fh components of ‘nnn uty det rns ah ts well nova at ae ee sma o the eon dee, such given by By (19) bens goto dad twee hens ha hte cunton conta a es Sfeourinatae vanish The ate at ne cn lap End rs pe pend planeforwich ron ani yh oan te pergola to thn plas whic tng ac We eal hee ‘es the rina reat pl, destin the praad man he planer om nich they ae pina planes. fe sn seo tht these an pol incompletely den he Geto of {he piel arn hear fh hrs priya ste 1h, strss Migs and Strne-dtstn Surface, the coven asers graben nthe dictions he peal tn elton lth ten cn ayn plane comes ey sgl The ering Stree tay ae tis ee, une a (105 here Keeh Yoam Laon ay Pattng the valu fm, a fom thes tions nto the wel-known| ration 1 mb = ine find «18 The ovr sn a ele sing ne oem ‘al "Won tie potato af co eee art ‘ein aa het, pened pba Sy sata per ‘i eet po rn yen oon se“ris mane that ior ec inlined plane through pol the trem ‘Sesprseted by a verar frm O with the components X,Y, Z, che Shinar ll such yestor leon tha surface ofthe eps sven by Ba. Gn, Tuseligetd sealed heen epoi. Tesla gree aetipat trent Ue int. From tht ca be conde that ie isi street any. plot he lrg of the three pitlpa ‘ramen athe po ‘oo ofthe free pinipl sees are oumeially equal ce tress etipoid Becomes se lipeod f rveition IC that numerically SRR icip treses ae of to me iu te reliant renen ST lake trough the wun of army ofthe eisai wil be egal hd perpendicular to the planes on wich they ct, In thi ex the ‘inca ta ay two perpen planes rough this ts can be co ‘Siesol wr prtclyst trees. tall ere pasa vrees ne eal SOIT fhe tame sim the strom lipid becomes 2 apbere and eng {ne perpendivan dzetione ean be taken as principal axes When oe ofthe pnp vse ete he ste elipeot reduces to the ef an Ulpe aad the voters epreceting the tress on all che Tbe tough he plat bein the seme pane. This conition of EDS cae plane ars and has alesdy boon dcesed in pevioes Teen When we principal sts are aero wo have the eases of ‘ple teonon er compression. ck en utr fate elie r,t gota ay tere en ec tug hectare upto thle we SSSRTSTAATSISS pnd he ae scr ace ety oe a ® ‘Regret sera ee Se acne gemeae ° ance tnt pri ec nf Pere ceed opin ne dceann mess of tb pepe de ty trek » -Aranvais oF sreess AND arany aa nen yf Ba 8) So Fesh Yowk foes 18, Deterization of th Prscipl Suse, she ste com pons fr ts corte pan eka cn dere Gc ‘irate eed magia ofthe praia ea by tog the op {<5 eps type he peso “Son thy act Lat yb he deton cnn ol rina ane Ind the imguine of the poe tas etng fe Pe ‘Theo the eomponnna of hin seas ae x-% ¥ Subaeting in ge, (112) wend Sm, 2 = 80 (S~ 03 num ran 20 wnat — mo « Tit em LS abe . ‘ie ae hee meget ie ens im Thay wi tive sneer from ee only the deterant a Uae ln Cage tori ug al ‘to zero gives us the following eubie equation in 8: pasiag i coud ren tataSt om ban tees Sn ae ee, rl e988 Naa) = 0 (18) The thee soot ofthis caution give the valued the ping sien By sattting each of tebe steeni>Eqs (6) td tne ‘he relation FF mt + nt = 1, we cab fad thee sets of dirstion| ‘orig fr the the prineigl planes. Tir bend a eset id i eee eli dre ete Sahara yet ees Pima eal Brome cyte SanaSe i ee pa af ns pee ‘tpn iveton aan oon a og! othe so of pega bp the ini ae 90 St tie the diveton see fr’ ven plane. ‘Ten, from Kas. (18), ‘he wane ofthe tial tea om his plane SENET aes bated peta re aquare of te oral compen of he trees tho came pas froma Bq (3, ooh bed 4 oat + ea? « ‘Tn tho saz ofthe aarng ste on the cme plane at Be a Staal watt batt bad —ledt Lem teat? @) Wo sal aw slate one f the divetion coins, sy m rom i ation hy sing the lation Demented sd tbe deere Land m 20st mabe +a axe. Afters Stlutings! <1 — Pm inexpronin (0), eauating is rivaiven “TH reopeet to End yr at ating thew derives to 210, me bun the Flowing equation for determining to dietion esis ‘he planes for which rs 4 maaan oF itr Hee ~ e+ Int Hea] =0 mle + Go elt Heel Ope scltion fees euatonsxobtelnadhy putting? = m = 0. We Carita obtain tlation diferent fomn ner Tubing, for instance, 10, ne fin fom the eoand of Has (9) that m = E/Erand takin fmm Oye find rom theft of age (©) that = VR There rein roel uo cations of gs ()im which Tard mas oth diferent fom Siro Torin this em the expresont ia bracts eaanc bot vate Topeing th abowe clelation by elizinsting trom expression 6) ant then ve felis aves he flowing table of etn coxnee Uhaking + sini o sini: ANALYSIS oF S18358 AND STRAIN 219 ‘The frat thre eluate ive the drstins of the pane of eee nates, coinciding, as was assumed originally, with the pine planes. Tor tee ples the ering ttt 6 fe, enpesion ‘inioum, The chee Taig canes give les teh each Ft pil wes iting the sgl eta ef oer pa finalanes Billing the detonate of tse ee an ‘prin nth faving Yo ft eg a tire pans Pa HH 0), re tle c= Elena) (9) “This shows tbat the manimum shearing stra aes on he plane bine Ing theme betyeen thelargs nd the enact principal wrens an ‘equal to ha the diferaee between thew two priate coe OB be hance Nes eet tin can 19 ters a se ‘TDs “means” Thebes ona the ie agen hy Fa. Ban Het ot te Heat teat = Mie a ao by wig hae Helles at be Neen elegans an ea 4% Romogensoes Deformation, We consider oly anal dtorma- uch ae cea in engineering srptures “THe all delace ‘Bento the pats of «deformed body il ually be resale tatempenni pr tn se 8 ey. ar ep oma ane wanda oe he lan the Sn onl eo sro bu Bee ee as arto dnp brie am toe Tbm he emporaa ance ed a coat 28 | ewating by 2 ob coiter che pla || Serer, {] eaatenagtey verteom 9, \ If we consider « plane in the bar before deformation [cd goes by he oman 4 we tiy teteno ® Fuu, the points of this plane wll el be im & plane afer eformation, The equation of this mew plane i ‘obtained iy mubstitating in Eq, () the values of y= from Ba. (). fh ean esely be proved in this manner that paralel planes resin Doral! after deformation and parallel Liner remain parallel Ti we coir a sphere! race inthe bar before deformation euch sa give By oho ion ee @ te euatcn o the spre becomes a lio tr dlr, te the aang br © hve or Posed om Bae Te er eee pate twa om tr “than epee of es r dar nt lig dh ein Tera ana we ome ‘suple extension, and lateral contraction, considered above, set pra eae tse gral ype eran oh TEE Me iene of dco ey ae er nce eT thatce certian brant tien tt in Seatbelt ove fore @ Avanvars op seas ax stmary 2m imple tenon, Planes and trait nee rmals plane and stenght ‘ter dtermotion. Parle! plans and paral night oe remain bull after deformation. A sphere becomes, after defottonton a ‘ipecid. This Kind of deforoetin sealed hemopenes ornatin, 1 il be shown later that in thin sate the deformation in acy given zction the anine at all pits of the deformed by.” Ths be ‘gomelly sla and early oriented elements of boy remae soomotrionly ca alter distro. {In more general ease the deformation varie over the volume of format bly, "Fo stance, hen « earn i eat, the longs ‘and contractions of lng! hers depend om heir distances fom fe neutral urfaees the shearing tain newest wi eat lls proportional to thar detsncee from the ais of th eat. Tn uth ‘ase af neahonopsacms deformation fn analy of the vinin in to Dughboroad ofa polstt naceaary 2 73. Stain at a Point Indico: Ol ing strain i the neighborhood of print O of « deformed body (ig 136, le consider asl nent mo emia 00 of lent, with the dretion coins fmm: ‘The ssl Pjetlons of Ue ment on the cordate nee ae ean ow mam ® They veproent the ecodinaten of the pit 0, with romper tothe by ate through O ase orga. I's w ae the component oF ‘ie diepacement of the print 0 dig defemation of the body the cesponding displacements ofthe nigUboring point 0, abe ror seated lows nour cy Mast wane te May Me sere Bue Eee o wo a ys rove eso saree ceca anecite Seo eee TcEy rusoay of sLAsTICrTY ee My ae feu nan ae Bae ay wine mt Rit hae te 8 = fei wee 2 ay 38, 30+ ay +E Iso esc hat tee curate ae Ss inline of te Hein pce te trata ve ea ven yt pat © nb ema tr homeprone nt : ‘Let ua consider the elongation of the element r, due to this defarsns- sn he te gh su eer main Suter of theca) Men, ee Sat cps Sie temens wend tera (te Baer tt ee) (w+ Beet ae + (ut Sars eu or dividing by + ad using Ba (0), ooo (oS) Be nten(e el @ nenbeog tnt nd th deat 9/8. ee a sma ‘pints ww su a ptt be ight, ne PPS Ty ie deme we tet ein (8) o(tE Bee gr etme) raG ee mn (422) cao) fae pa at ean eed od ee AvALvIs oF snus axe amary ms See ais © thew Bren 2% 1. (120) san be prose inte for Dk a a al Es ‘Th physioal meaning of euch qUABGng AF Hee 1 slrmaly been dieu (eo Art 8), and ¢ was chen ta sit elenentions in they ection dy Yon Yr stow sine related to the ame dzetions ‘Gonguicn ef tay ince soment through «pot O en be cleat {eum Ba. (121), prowind wre know the csi. componente TH the paris eat of herogentos deformation the eomponente sss seo diplseement are lesa metas of the courte, al fom Ek (th componente of etrain are constant over the valine of the boy, ln thi eae each elesent of the oy undergone the same (tera ‘Distnf Thecnunvelchesgl btwn eta emote demain s crise em We ema tm 0 1 129 ea ase [sm ainoa rugory oF BLasricirY ‘th, Principal Ate of Strnn, From Tn (121) a goomtsia inter potaonof te vanaiion of tain ats poa can beobsned. For i Pispoe atus p am the ivcion of ch Hea lent ich m8 (e194) a mdi veto of the length » eed © ve “Theo, proses explained in Art, en bo shown that ean tal thew ra are om the surface sien by the equation Se saat peg beet tte tne + tev (8) “the shag and relation of his unc completely determine by ERP crn th ptt an a inkpedeat fe dection f Sensi “Tesaluoye pele totatesnch dresonforogeasl SeIRNE a hetero wth prt of cores Ea 159) dana gesering sue fr mich detos become ‘Roe Seta so altel ger of sim, iron Pate tb rcpt planes fern andthe ectespning sie mae arane From the alovedapusion evden tht he aoe ce aan omnia exper to ach ere lore ec eter prclceppad mi hn es paral the a ne emai lang partner eine Rane er rl ave undergoes nal raion Ur te op nl sane ae pots oer hen Ba (138) Tomes Batt bet In tise th ongatin of any sar eet hte ein ose fy bese, rm Be (121) seb amt tent on ‘and the sheng strain urespoding ovo perpendicular eetany ¢ nd? bcoaey, fom Ey. 122, ae = el 4 gam a) 2) termined Town thus be seen thatthe tai sa pont completa {peo te sos ofthe lial nef sein and ho oa for af the penal extensions "The datorinaton ofthe yea AEE And he prinlpl tensions ean Be dove in the acne SSScE A Ripated in Arc 70, Te can aso be shows that thes 4} + remain constant hen the sysem of oordngtes tated ‘Thin sam hs ane kx, spl pelea weaning repre the unit volume expansion dist the stain a «pat "th. Rotaon. In guneral daring the deformation of m body, any clement change in cape, anlated sad rotated On scent of Ue sar strain the egos do not rotate hy equal uous, ae cesry to consider how the rotation ofthe wbole element cam be fecied Any soctangslr socentcouht Lave bee brought fate 4 Mal fora, pasion, aod eietaon in the following. tive sep, beginning web slerent inthe undef body 1 Theses 4 Ys Yo Yor toppled ee mont adthe ‘eount ss ore thatthe dinsetone af pinlpal sen have nel rote 2. The element ix trapdated il is center asciice its fina 3, Te clement i volated into ie ial orientation The roaton Inst $s evenly tho oathon of the eins of ncpt stain, aod i therefore independent of our choke of 2 9 Faves Te ust be posible evaluat wen hr dsplaceanenis 0 ‘eave given, On the cer aad itis lary independent ofthe iain Since the translation ofthe cant ix of no tere tow ize, wo ‘nay consider ho deplacemeatof «pint Oy ain Art. Tad Fig 39, Felativ tothe point 0, the center of the element. ‘Thin tlt i Dlarement is given by Bas () of Are. 7B fe My wun et se none B Sy te co ne it iy Mae Taotcing he ation (of At or thesia c MG-a)-— 1G -B)-— HEB) om cite: fon hat and uy, meg a eo SSL pgs Oa 8 "Tn te eae rotons od ise arate oe a seco200 rusoay oF xuassreery swe cam wit Ba (a) in tho form tyne ete bey thee at ton oerhet teh thle tate 0 wen din be ra ty be be bt srhich expres the ltivedinplacement ino prt cue dpendngoly Ur tc ivain comaponente, dhe or depending only on the quaniien ‘We cam pow show Ut ay yw eo fact the component of he rotation 3. Cansder tho sauce given hy Fy, (19). ‘he agua of {he radia in any dition rsnrosly proportional oth unit elanga- tion of tines element ia tha dvestom Sguatlon (128) ff the form less) ~ costant e ve eomsder a nsiyhboring point Fay hy +s om tho ar fon, me bave tho Plation eee fae Bao ay thaw o © ‘Theil dz dy des nn diretion wha dvction coins ane propor tional to #2; dy dis "Tha Yaewe quantities JF /te,2F 0p, 2F/2e alo pea detion, since wo aa take direction cosines proportional io thei ltchand ese of Bx, () then proportional tothe ecrine tthe angle between thee fe dretions Since 8 wanes, the so Ulnetinn are at ightenge, and cnc tb, ds represent» dveton {nthe tango pau Yo the wurace atthe pt xy, the dieton ay, 98 enor tothe slace given by Fa. ‘Mow Pein ourcve the fanstion onthe ight-had id of Pa, 23). Ths Bnet rat nee a tae tay ot oy Bo yas bray Be ‘The eatace given by Bx. (12) bing das with the potnt O Cg taf) an eater, we mayen, J0 in Es.) with 210 Kame ©. ABALYSIS oF sraess AND stnazy ar We consider now the special ee when tegen when ny 8F¢ 0, ‘Then ho had des ar 0) theme nh igi an! en Ep (@) bs for faster 2 Conseqventy the dopatomeat ges ty (¢ zermal tothe surface ven by Ea, (138) Comldering the poset (0, (Fig 180) ata peloton thn sutate,hs menn tt the dpc ooat ‘f0,kooraulothemataren Oy Hones TOO, oan the panel ‘vt tai hat iy one ft rina ae fhe rao ee aesoent of Os isin he dann ef Oy, nod therelre OO, does ah Foti. The dooement equi wiloreeprad toeep esl ose dgacnent we stro Fas) te rm iy the freon toa al i aly rotation having eoponents wn ny as about the 2p aoe intently thes anti, given oy 120, cape a sep tnt the ton oe gl me ee at ee 0." Tony ar led tinply the components of rations aie te = a het witht atHAPTER » GENERAL THEOREMS Te._Diforntal Eqcatins of Byuibium. In che discon of ASL BY we emer the tn ate point of um asi ey. Tat us ‘iosider now the vasaton of he ret ar we change the potion oth punt. For thie purpose the eondiions of equim of » =nall Felangularparlpiped with the sds 3,8 (Fg 195) must be Sf The compen rans stig he rf 5 el ‘mest and thle postive detonated in the Figure. Hse - tre take into aesoust the ena (ope anges of tke compocents of Ft fer duet the salient tds, Be of the coordinates ‘Ts designating tho mid-point fe der of the eorent by 12,3, 45, 6 ein Fig. 135, we iting Between the value Uo at pela 1 sod yal at 2 sting thre and (eos reqetivey, ‘The symbol vite denotes, of eo, the value of iste component Ie pit SpcE Meealeulaing the foro acting on te eloment wo consider te Fidler sly ad the ove tne by mpg tens [the eonteld af edo by he are ofthis sie. ‘isu be utd ta the body ore acting on the coment, whieh ‘wan nogested se a soll quay of higher order in dorarsing tho Crlbelm of tetrahedron (Big 182), must now be taken Into Scooush, betas ofthe see ode of magaitue ws the ters du fo vailins ofthe tes componente, which wo are now eonaering It welet X, ¥, 2 denote the components ofthis forco per unit volume ff ecercal then the auton of suis oie by meng ‘ive fren ating om be lose in Cho edie ~ ed WH rads ~ (eh bbe (eal = Gall bey +X 8 By = 0 ‘The two other equtions of equllsum are oe in the see mae ser “Afer vio by Be yb td proeeding tothe nt hy she Ing he slemeat down to the point 5 tra 4 ey Mes xa Mater ree sn tei dpeeso aten( 127 brated tal pint hong the vole atthe tay Thestener vary oe tn olan te Sta san ‘earevoa the sudan thy tt bench tole ie ones eh Sl Fram th re fh aly. ct Srl atthe utc can be tail fos Ee GD at * tetraodrn OBC (i, 1D) 0 tat tn se BUD coi pak hens fhe ony an ting by. Zn computed ‘sae free tae ats ui by 18) hoe Smad trae tra Pao tient val 0% Poon end drm In which athe detoneosne ofthe exterant normal tothe rf ofthe body atthe point under tonieeation, 1 the problem sto determine tho tat of stein ay sbwcitted tothe action of given forest a cesar to salve Es (120, and the ‘oiaton mst be sich az to antsy the boundary coma 28) ‘Thee sation, contlning es componentof men rye are ‘ot sufieient for the determination ofthese eomponenta: The problem ‘ea statically ndaterninate on, and in order to ebacate slton e ost proceed in the eae of twrdirasocal problem, the ‘hate deormation of the tay mie ao be contre. 7. Conditions of Compa. It ahoslt be noted thot te ex ompencny of sein teach pont sr completely deterned by the Uhewe uneasy 1 wrepresntng the somone ef diplaceen Hee the components af teaincantot be token ality fan Sng bt tebe alas veh Foe as a ‘ee page 6). oe “oe Bac, By te eae OF dea aE aetay’ ed" aay t aariy20 unony oF muasriciey ‘rom whieh Fey ty af tad Say ‘Two more elation ofthe ame kind ea be cane by yee ites Shee othe letters 2 9 © “Celt he de ae te tte By te hilayae Woaat iw dene, oe, te, ey Sin ayant aay aya ar ‘wofod st 2 (Pe te g ‘ (a ae ® “Two mate rations of the Kind (6 ean be obtain by farang of {hetetom 2g, 2. We thus sire at the following abe diferent ele lms between the omoponeet uf stain, which snus be wai by sire of Pas Bede By gh kOe Bt oy, 2 224%) cam BeS-Dy 28-80 —) "These diferent retour eed te conto of compat, Ty using Hokey (2) conan (120) cam be tensor Ante aations betwen the components of ers Tak for isanee, Ma ts = we flO toe = ot ae pe os pan enti apn sf oeteat nee ey ae ‘omwERAL rusonsws on antag te inn, tan crores) 28) ements @ ‘The vght se of thin equation cam be tensformed by wing he ce Yona of equiva (127. Prom ther equatcns we find be Diecetatng the fat ofthese equations with rspct to x and the snond wth nepec toy, aman them togeties we ied ate ae we ~~ or by wing the fit of ag. (12), tm _ Be _ Bey _ Oe, aY a Byte 7 a a ae as uatatng this fa Bq and ing, eo eapiy the weit St Fe @ iy the writing, the vey he cap tap tae ne at o4n(v0-m0. 28) --(00-2) ( ax aya oye) © ‘Two szslagous oqutions can be obs fom the to thereon "ens of eompatity of te yy) Adding coger all hte equine ofthe type (0) we find -a4n enor =-0 406 ‘Subettting tis expres for Win Ea, 2o(8E 4 F rile tmm swpony on stasticiy We can stain these equios ofthis Lind, cormsponding to the fet Uvee af Fup U2). Inthe same roncr the einige woe ‘on 128) can be tnformed te eustons of the flowing Kind 9) ® gin 4 Grant B= hates atom + <0 cm atone rat 28-0, 4 on + BO = Care Reo, CHOP BE 0 Wo me tat in adiin othe tins eulibviam (17) ad tho ‘orisnry eons (128) the strom cnsponans in an sotrogie by ue my the sy onions of eompatiity (J) ad (@) a hea Eenditons (190). "This syrew of eqanton generally exfiint fr fetermining ta ts components without ssiity (ome Ar 82, ‘The comlsions of eompotiiity eatin cnlyareond denvatves of host components. Hence Ue enenal fren reach that Ue fuatins of ener (127) together wit the hosnary condone (0bs) ean bw atid ny taking the sees components ether a com tanta ora Besar funetone of the cords, the equations of com may ave stated ieteally and oh strom ete the eorct fototion ofthe problem. Several examples of such peobema Wil be ‘oaridered a Chap. 10 "TR Determioation of Digpiacemeats, When the components of tae ar foun fom the previns equations, the eomponet uf tein ante ealelate by ang Hogke's ew [Ee (8) and (0) Then Ens @yaretend forthe determination a he delacepents nr. Diller minting Bae) with romper tos y, 2 wo ean obtain (8 equations Confening [Second derivatives of #5 om wih all hee deren {Gresena be delerined. Pore, frlactance, we obtain ee es Soe hy sie 4 adap) oh re (+ Be) “To mead desatvs forthe te ter compen depaceneate {telsecanbochsind by cea itesange in Bp) eters Bye ow 1 wn be obtinl ty due tation ofthe sro esate Ths inroston of aebiary cmon fiero ‘ileal in aig to he salen ow Una anon in 94 a0 Te etieitntinscanbealid one wit eng sh wstios oe [o,Touve the tain empanens (2) webe Src adn the additonal ea sear mast Rave efor nate anmbe ® Leena Thi rane that the dsplcement are not ealily dering by he strstr und stains. On dhe displacement found rom tho diferent gu (127), (18), (130) a place ke tat of rd body eae superposed, ‘The constants ein Fu. eopomeats rabsatary ‘uation a the bly, und the onaants ys ears the tree rotation of Ute eg body arated the eorinate axe Wien tere are scent ‘telat prevent maton an igi by, hex const Be (Ojewo ey be cleulat anne to ety the condition of contin ‘Several examples of eh cleans wl be sown iter TR. Bquations of Bgl ia Terme of Disglacetect One wood afsalution ofthe probleme of ltl ito simi teres component fom Fa (127) and (128) by ting Hook's lw and to "apes the strain component intra of dglaeneat by arog Pas @. “Tn thie mamer wo avive at thro uations of eqs com {anne only the theo loon fanetons Sabin the ft of Bag. (127) fro (21) det mee @ em wre 0(55 +3) : ra = Gon = (38 4 seted araxea(t + ‘The two other equations can be tranformid in he samo msnoeBy rienony oF eeasriciry “The, ing te ym epg 21, been fii Ga woe arazromer-o arakse om aro sarweineo oa, wea th ae ote oo ato% samo om ato% rame=0 atreaing hn ent fet with rapes tn mee wih repo fy, andthe hin wich rapeet tos and ang them Aogther, we fad 4D Meo sey re ed iin nan _ om 1 hen boy fore ate constant thro= The an contin Dent ety ting sh mation) nd) it he weary ccm (38) we nd anions (11) tgeer wth he bonny codons (8 eine cant iene anne Frm hs teers ot Stele cane! for DG) th emaponens ore fm Sin and Oe Applinons tee esate wi be swe hap. 15 sera vo (See BnsSn) 4 o(Mer Sime omvenas ruznaus a8 1%. General Solution for the Dicpacements. Iti easly verfed| by eaettetion thas he diferent tins (192) of etbum n terms of placement ee steed hy" wr aned co sot vee 26) pata kite tat tue teed) eek nt ct tue Ftd whore da = 1/(1 ~ 9) and the four Functions $$, #9 a Bar ee % HHO, weno Pe no Ie-can be shown that this ston Segue, and that ay oe of the four fuuctions ay be dropped without los of geneva “his for of clution han heen adap acarvin cooley Neate, and applied by hen the nluion of proto of antl of ‘evoltio® geutrated by byperbols (the Aypesbnic govove oe {inde and eps (exrity inthe form ol amelie of revlon) ‘tansmiting tason, bending, arom, o hea ore trunoveoe te te with tecompenying bending 1, The Principle of Saperponition, ‘The mltion of probe of ven else slid with given surface and body frees rules to Aktermine stress camponents, of dplacements, which tatty the Sieetit equations aed the boundary couditea, I we howe te ‘ork with sro components wo have fo euty: (a) the equations of aullirism (127); () the comatitliy cooitons (058) Ce) te booty conditions 128). Tete, «seq =» be tho str come ments a0 determined, end dup to nurese forse Sy P, 2, and ely foros fy Yo. Tek «sen! be te te compannts in these clato ‘li de tows free, PB aad bady freee X", P=. Then merce. Pea Si pal acs reser alil Neubet, "Kettepaommnplehre” This hock la contains whutines of wis aa ripoey oF shasriciry the srs component eH ey yg aly = will repent Uesteasdue ote surface force £13, andthe boy frees xen, "Ths hols bernus al the diferent equi and ondary convene rear. ‘Thor ding the fist of Eqn. (21) 8 1h conremonding equation diateegiatuite é bot nt) $XEN 0 silly from the fv of (28) and ie counterpart we have br tin RR = Gebel Oe teat Gab Pe sompatitiity cmdline ean be cambla inthe sme manner ‘The complete et f euations tows thal eg beds = = tat re alt ll Ue equations ant eondons detrei he seat lnecthtorom £ FR ky Thiet princi of perpoatn Te deriving ou equations of equiran (17) and boundary cond ‘ions (25) ne made to dinioeson been the postion and form of {he aement before long, and te postion and for after Tosding. ‘Ave conetwonoe our equstons and the eocTains dean rom them, eel ty long athe rl placements he deformation do dno feet ubstaaly the action of sho external forces. Thre ake ‘ies, however wtih the deformation ous be akin int acu Thon the justleation of the prpripl of superposition ven above fais. ‘The team veer ssntancone thst ad eter loud flora ‘mpl of tie Kay ad many tees vise in consierng the lasts ably of inal structures. ‘52 Uniqueness of Ssiton. We consider now whether ov egute tion can ave more than one slationcoresponding to given mon snd bly foe. Tet ed ove tal << tepeset a solution for onde £ wn coe od ia ee eepresent sco anion FoF ‘he sone onda rvenan rnzoReMs on “The forthe fie ston we havo euch uations te tl 4 Oe ea coeeanes sd ale the codons compat rth soted etn we bare Beep stg exo wie ali 8 tn ‘nd ale tho conditions of compatiiity. ‘Uy mabtrarion we ind that he etese dlcibuton given by the tence ed ey sy tl = rt the eatons fled wai 52 Gob et te im lea hn In which alt exter! frees vanish, The conditions of omnis (123) 0 alo be tated by th corresponding stra cosponcats ‘Tas this ec dnbaien aoe whic cormaponde tone sta ‘tbody Cores. The woke dons by those foe during lading ie ‘eo ad fellows tht [Js de dy de nih Bua Ea (3) hows, Ys positive forall stat of wri, and there te ntgral (28 wash ony Vs vane st ll pote of the body. This requires hat eae of be sai eampones n'y tal — Ta toad be aero, The two skates of strain oo) Jal ey adas rrasony or wasrierry tm! and a,” ae | ane therefore identical. “a's be ei eyo oe ton eomaponing to Bo Ka! “Tel fui of son sian om he ein sharin ey nd basso nl pa hen ich iene wanes soe se ohn il Sin ay e's iy wie sre fs ean Aa ‘Sitios end wa enna cig ear ng ee SOB “ifr eng tenn oes wnt eek and ic eiee toga uc gan yr wenger ther ete dag wh ni somes tne Svea pe RETR TS Ean emer nena rtm ec tv ital svn stp ome ay 09 se conan dng he pes forage ly. ‘2a nes fortstene snr a sees ing eae Tee hc eng si nl se ary ef pues by ad wre Foe dterating tn ina eta Sanne sly ren aes sb ‘locaton rng pe og oor raed bate taal nen och he pcp door pelioncn cae te Sonnets tnd ates eo by eel [eet we ot ulated by al ees an be aad a (steams tee si hwo ota ene Then {Seon a cle ty wopenng the eae pode by ‘Sul reo infos” Tare en he prc ‘Sits mot apps steam pre yma ds SEOu'E Sonal hot Hoong etal see We cae sor or atne eat digs produce te ode ie: ear ie ar han le en eam, ‘uct ovag in god tha na so i incre ie of mime li, SSeS reps cora eee sey oh ‘usar iw teat te Tn A TY rt eerie averas r70REMS 20 2, The Reciprocal Theorem. Limiting curves tothe bon imosicoa eae nt conde the plate ude tro diferent losing feitiony, and denoca hy Py Ny and 7; the eoxoponeet of the tbody aud the velit feces a the fst cave and by Ps, Xe thi Yr te scone ene, Forte dnglacements the Hain eam tents, ab sree sompenent a the to case We tse the notation Uinta tbs ys yoy T! 884 ty 5 Yl 2st {ite comser nor the work wich wal be fide by the fren the Set sate of stows on th coreponding deplaceeats of the Sound tate. Ths wore wal be Te jSmade+ [Pode + [Jndeds + fiPededy Co) hee the Sat two integra ace excoed around the enie bonny ie plate and he soon two ore he entire urea the plat, Sub nuingfor ye expesio fom Eq. (20), page 25 we ea rept ent thes term onthe right-hand ede Ey te) fallen SB = flecuade Sarde » Procening now as explain on page 164 wo gt frente ff kf aay [ f Mec deay mratiate = f f ootitanay+ ff Bteadeay Subsiuting thie [mars ff xmsears ff (QE+%z +1) see “fee een [teas ff roaser~ ff Gi +8d 41) neew +[[@etBn)ew @ (tvecving now that tbe eterna on he right af mquaiane (© and () ysis in‘virtbe of equim ogetios (18), and ub (0) no find that the fis nd tho hid tes of ()0 iepony or suasricry sttaing in Ba, (0, we obtain taal) dey P20 eel dey ety he mmo rel obtained if we calelate the work done by thefores ofthe second state fetes othe Upacementso the St Sint Thus we cat eonelnde, comparing tro states of age of a {ite tary, shat the werk tne by the fron of he eat ctata ci he Cmenpondingdiplcencts of he neond equa to the work dane by {he forces of he eecond state onthe orreepoading displacements of he Not This seprcens the reiprase aren. It cane easly tevtendol so to ortien in mation on Vibration, It leaky mecosery toad (ad the inenia forces to the eter! loads "he eelposl theorem nde an portant Anplcton inthe hoy of acta i eH -2 Erion efingoeneebnee abe ST cet ppt the eo a 7 nly. ‘Take ats single emg tbe cn of praia be compen sytwo equal ee oppo foros P, Fig Be. The preblen of d= 155 the stan proerd yt foros coplatd one; nt ‘SSume that eave intrest nthe terns but th Uta ‘Songation 8 of th bar Thi ction en bene tone {Sing che orem For in purpose me eonade ination to she {Geen ser enon rjematal in Fy 1860 the pe central fn tthe Br show fe Fg 150, Por ths wed eae we Bed the Intra contraction, eaual to, sr A the rs ional av of the ar "Than tho oxproel there ges whe ge Pe Sh nos dog, Tnly tncennd fc in tinea te a MOR Ghate foe lng ta hen dpe opens ch ata crvenan risonaus oa snd she ongstion ofthe ba, poncod by two frees Pia ig 13 Ph aE ae in independent ofthe shape ofthe ros seton “Ar ssen extn et ur eaenata the elation in var ofa ‘te body prodused by to equal and penta forces P, Figs Ia, ‘Ae nscond cast of ste we take ‘he "stot body sited to the ian uniformly debuted pre Sore P In this later cane we wll Hive at atch point of the body ‘slorn compres nll directions the nngntue (1 2p low ‘Bq. (8) mage 9] and the inanes etwoen the pote of applestion 4 snd B il be diminehot by the amount (1 — 2)t/, The reiproeal theorem applad ta the two meee sends of Fig 1 vil the gee a = tap! pCa 2it ay sd the rutin inthe volume of th boys theaone yo P39) Pu ‘oleh smptinn me orm ns ye Ott pro) a Beit aay aR) na ede ow re ero EQ. eeany wre hat th aber ea oat lp es ‘site Saad ie Chnpe un Bskny shen wagner eon ce tf ak AF. Toe, Mha TyFest (oe 8). The Hee, wnt en koe STULL a teed sonlerny te tompetne Te ein 29a sare td coi | "2d or inert sap shown in i. 12 come by fre ph Ce ig maaan LAR "Mitencen ron ye ‘CHAPTER 10 ELEMENTARY PROBLEMS OF ELASTICITY IN THREE DIMENSIONS 5, Uniform Sts. Io diseusing the equations of equim (127) and the hosndary coitions (28), wae sted tin the Woe elution ow probam mest ssiy not only Bae, (127) and (28) bab ‘so the compasbiity conditions (Geo Art. 72). "These Inter cond ‘ions contin if no bay free ae acting, orf the boy forces are fenstant, only stead derivatives of th eres components I thete- {or Big. (127) and condos (128) an be aati by taking he sree Bonar fesestone of the condiate, = fhe compatibaty conditions ates ‘sod ieatially andthe sirens ae the ertst eatin of the robles. "Ass very simple example wa may take tesion a a prismatic bor in the axial direction Pig, 138). "Body foreae are heist. The ‘mations of equbeiam are exif by talking fw ee 18 is evident that boundary conditions (18) for the lateral surface the bu, tie fe of external fore are sits, Pewase l fret comporents,exeptey, are aro, ‘The boutlry candi fr ‘ho ene reac to ant © ey ma have @unform ditribation of tell reaps over eos = ens «prismatic barf the etn sees are orn Sebo ‘ver the ends Ia this eae ston (a) euiie Eos, (EF) a 128) seth ecreet sation of the problem case the compet iity ‘ottons (Is) ave sdentelly aati the tensile eres are at afr Ateibted over te end solution a) ne longer the corti ba does tsi le Boundary conditions at teens” “The tve sltion bosoms mare ‘empire tho stents on eran setion se 0 oughformly ditbuted. Beampler of euch noouifora dtebaton ‘ceured in the dicision of tw-dimensceal probleme (we pgs St prt) ‘Ata abcond example consider the cas of union hydewtaic om presion with so bod frees” The equatons of ulin (127) aro ‘tis by cing en tated © ‘The eiptid of sucain tice is sebere. Any thee perpendicular Ainecon ca be conser a principal dietion, and te eres on ny pane ns normal compreesve siren cl tp The sfcecon- “ios (28) wil evidently be aid the pressure pv nioraly ited ovr the ater ofthe 8, Sueching of x Pisuatical ar by Ts Owa ruithey weg “Iter the weg pri vite ots ae (Fig 398); the bay fr are | X-¥=0 2--w @ he feretiat eqntine of euiibviam (27) are sled by puting termed ® Fe ca, by asuming that 0 ech ross stetion We haves for tenion produced by the weight he lower portion afte ba. Teean easly be seen that tha boundary condi (18) at the ater surface, which ste fom for, are aatsid. The boundary cond ties give zc sree forthe lowers ofthe bat, an, for the upper fed, the unifraly cstelbted tea ten ex yin wich (he Tenge the bar Tne eompatlity equations (191) are ao aii by the sltion (2, ee I isthe correct sluton ofthe grote fora uniform di lebution offre on the top. Te ead: with th aoltion which ily give in semen books onthe scent of materia et us conser now ue dispcenent oe Av 78). From Hooke law using Hae 8) and (6), we ad a Ze @ enero R- oF Oo ue ow ante PROWLEMS OF ALASTICITY IN TURE DIMENSIONS 7 "The dinpicaments «1 cn now be found by nkeratng Bas (ad) nlegration of (0 given BE o snhgoyira function of andy, tobe determined ater, Substituting Thin the cond snd thi of Bye. (we nd oe Eta" te ton hich wet cele fn which wand ye fusions of x andy only. Substituting expres sow nto Ha, wo Sind Ihoy 5 Buy a tae Remembering that uy and oy do not depen om ¢, a. (A) ean be ou oe 2 Be oy 7 =o wae since andy donot depend on ¢, we mut have Bm oo Mee @ aay Wt : rom Es, (at () gmnorlexpetsins ean now be wit foe the ee eae oes peepen rcir -rtistied by. - Bete partons Bern tetetyiy 1 suony ov suasrioiry Jn which 0 9 Sra ciety constanta, Nom, fom Eom tad (@), the general exprenion forthe diplacemente ae PE atone pa BE oe at &) ee eta bor tanty “he iar constants tb data rm the conto at thowopprt."Thesuppart ct euch nto prevent ay sven Uhotaronsvigibny.Topreventstrandatry woton ofthe r,t athe eateld Ae he upper end lth arab == 0 fers y= Oand=1 To lmine rotation of beter about ae heh te pie palo the rset a leet Gl the sane tt Thon duet bh = Ott pin. "The poe Sty of eation boat the ase dintd by Son an tonal aea trough A, pan ose seplene. Then B/or =O the pont A. Ung ip Co) the theo conn tthe pln 4 Secor ee an, BH0, ae treo @ he mre ree td te nal expressions forthe deplacemeats are {may bessn tht prntzon the ease have oly vertical dxpleeemeste wee ‘ter pints of the bat, om ecount of Sater eontruction, have not ‘aly vertical ut alo borntal deplacemets Lives whisk were PRONUEMS OF BRASTICETY IN THREE DINENSIONS 219 rll tothe sans bufredeforaton beomne inet to thie ait her defemation, at he fre of tho bar after dsfrmaton ta nd fated ig 199 by dete ire, Crow tion the bar prpondo far to the asin sfterdefermtion are earved to the surface of = Terabolaid, Pointe om tbe cous section # = 6 for lastance, ster {oematon al be onthe eure PI 8 on 4 yy) — webu ned Me Morty) Me ‘This surface i perpndiclar oa ongtdinal Share af theta, thew tring sino othe easier deformation 20 that thee no sexs- Gr Twat of Cevalac Shaft of Constant Cross Section. ‘The a= rwenory theory of it of treat state that the sbrasing tres Piduny punt af Ure crow srtion (Fig 10) feendicaa to the rude rand propertlanal to the Tenet and tothe angle let € peru engi of tesa ure the module of rgity. Resolving thie ttre into to components paral to the = and san Oer-E = be © ta Oe B= 0h ‘The elementary theory alk asumes tet « tnd We ean show that this mentary uluon i texte stetion under certain conditions. Biase the stese components ate all either lina fonetins of the coordinates or seo, the eqtatons of comp Sty (190) are otis adi only neoery to conser the eae tins of exuvivn (127) atthe nr caine (128) Sle tating the above oxprons for tec component into Be (127) we find hut thew equations ae stisid, provided there ae no boy fares. "Th lateral nace eth sti fee fro fore ad the aunty conditions (128), romarsering tha forthe eMindea eu fee eoe (2) = w= 0, rede to 0 = 4 08 (2) 608 (0) ©i 20 srumoay of suasricrTY or the ome ofa circular epider we base al conte) <8 cor tn = 2 o ‘Subettuting thew and exprions (fr the stem eomponents into Ba. (it resident tht this njtin i ata weevil lat for era ection ote thu eeular, for wbieh Eau (4) do not ld, the tres componente () do nt anti the bowedary conden (cand therefor aoition(o esnaet be applied. Hae move em ‘ated problems of twist wl be eased ater (ot Chap). ‘Consdeing now the boar conditions fr the eno he ha ‘woes thatthe sae steaingFreos mst be Stine in val these leanne as the sree wn ov any Intermediate es reoton ef esha. Only for enn the tes dition ve % Su ao a @ by Bas. (8) an exact solution of the probes But the pracial “sppletion of te elation isnt ited ta auch eaten From Saint ‘Yenant’ principle ean he eal that long tuted fat 8 iin tare frm te ead, the ssn ped aly onthe magn tude o the trque Mf aad ae prt Iadapedet fte mnern hich the froa are diated oe the ens The dspasements fr thn cae ean bo found in the nme casera inthe previous ale. Aemming the sae condition af evant at the plat asin the proven preblewe Bd eat, van w= ‘This means that th sumption that eros satons rain pane and radi en stent hh sly mudi the lomentary Serve tion ofthe theory of twit cores 88, Pure Bending of Prismatic! Bars. Covsider a prismatic bar ent none of its principal pant by two equal and cppaste explo: (Wg. 121. "Taking the origin of he eordnates a the conrad he PROBLEMS OF BLASTICITY IN THERE DIMENSIONS 251 rom scion snd the seplane in the prnepal plane of bending, tbe ‘Sr component given bythe ul lesen Uory of bending ae ln which inthe radios of erate ofthe bur ater bending. abe ‘tietgexprstion (a) fr the sree componente fo the equation of ‘tbo (127), ss found ths Wea etme ar att Uhre ao body Tors. The boundary condition (125) forthe lateral ‘iiface of the bar, which foe fou entra ov, ae ao steed ‘The boundary ection (128) atthe ons require thet the sce forse mist be dstrbted ver the end i the tne tanner as the ‘reset vy Oaly under this condition do te truer (a represent the ‘aac sotton of the probles. The beading iaomeat A given by wen fones= f P54 ot Jn whieh 1,8 the moment of inertia of the rom seta of the beam wit epee natal aie aralles to tho pain Prom thier Sion we Ad 1 at aoa hich re wellkown formula of the lementry thvory of being Lat ustonsider now the dplacemente for theca of pre being Uaing Hook’ aw sad B42. (2) we fn, from anton (0, o ays Ben © oe - #+E=0 @ By wing thas deus cqutions, and taking ito comsernion Us fastening conditions ofthe ba, the daptacments cat obaned fn the me momzer ar fa A 8h From Bx. (we End eokiw22 Peony oF sLasrierny in which ea function of andy only, ‘The send and tin of Ee (give trom which ue © Here ny andr denote unknown functions of «andy, wish wil be eterno later. Subtting expremsnae (0) i Eg 0, 2 om 4 Le ae feet Ree ‘resect ent Be si foray ve of, hence ow ae ae © wath, wo Bene @ Now stating 6) (nts th Ot of Ep), nk fn ahd) aide) pa aay “oy ae Noting that nly the it term in thie equation depend ot, me con- cle thats necery to ave 0) eH) ‘These equations and Fe (7) segue that wrest tp a 1) = Bo one i= aot Jn whem 9, 48,7 a Ptrarycenetants, ‘Th exresons for the dlsplacomania ow beam [PRORLEMS OF BLABTICIVY IN THREE pesLENSONS 258 ‘The acitrry coamants are deveined from the conditions of fastening, Alstiing thatthe pois 4 the ceutei of the et en of the bar, together with en dement of the esi ada ental the ‘plane, ate Sine, we have for b= y= 2 =O weeee m2 Mae ‘hes conditions are sated by taking all the asirary constante anaes when teom rutpony oF siassicity Aafmstion is sal conidering the wpe of lower sien ofthe tei isovonttet ile the curate ofthese side after beeing ‘anves don the lange direton the curvature inthe erase \inecton icemres upward, Contour line for thn anlatic uate trite ab shown in Bg 12x. Bp taking aed w constant in the ist WF Kay. () we Sod that the equation for the Tey arethororehypebols with he ermpiotes rom this equatln the angle « (Fig. 1425) is Yy found “This equation bas torn ute for determining Poo ration! If tho ter sree ofthe beats polished and a lam plate pul ove, Ute wil be, alter bending am a gap of varble tienes between ‘ha gies pte and th curved suraue of the beam. This variable ‘hieknen can be messed pba A beam of monochromatic tight say yellow sou ght, perpoicuar to he gla plate, be lected partly by the pst and partly bythe woe ofthe eat. "The two feted rays ight intetece with each ober pots where the theknos ofthe sit gp ls soc thatthe diferenn etre the 1s Gry Gna rt 9 38, 1H, Sea Sa, la PEOMLEMS OF MASTIOITY IN THREE pIMRwsIONS 255 pats of the two raya i equ to a uneven number of Il wave {Raut ofthe eh The lta stn fn ig 140, reveeating the Krporolie contour line, was ataced hy this menos, 10, Pare Beading of Pates, ‘The 2eslt of ti previous arti xm be pple in nasi the Sanding of pats aera thine otra ey ~ Be/R aredetebated over the cies plate paral to the pane (Fig 149), there fave ofthe pat wl besome at soteaetesuron, thcurvatate Of which in panes parallel othe Praca Gection is 9) 2 Teh dents the thicknes of he Fea sib, the beeing momen! per uit length cm the edges peal to the vase aed Le ae ‘tho momout of neta per uit length, the tlio between sd fromthe previous att, a = Ms _ 12m 7 Ran ee a Wien wo hove bending menor it pepo dietons (Pig. 1, he curate ofthe dflon sete may toa superposition, Lat ir aad Uh be the corte of the Seton stn planes Darl ache corn lates $2 aad op, eecay dt Ji tnd i te te nding rem trent pa uni enth onthe thee prs oo and ses sepesively. Then, wg Bo and peg ne superposition, we find fi eo250 ‘iimony of euasricirY "The momeatn are consered pesto they radu defection of the inte which incomes dann. Seleng Has (for fy and fy me nd ae Jol eects e w h eiie ex fe a= 084) ‘recs Dial a riya te. Inn Ter caee when the at ie bemt ta laden! saree with generate paral othe gran we have 0/29! ~ 0, nod rom Bs, (180), _ as y= 0 or the parila eas in Which My = Me ~ Af, we have ROR R "The ple is ent to 9 apres surface an the sation between tho areatare std the bending moment i fram Ba, zy 1_ Daye i Magen RR he Wesball ave we fr these els Inter PROMEMS OF RLASTICITY IN THREE DIAEEXSIONS 287 ‘Thoformulee (18H are wed in tory plan when te bending smorenta are notte, sod ate accompanied ty sar faces nad sac pesures, or thee sreumtnnen hey on be deduced fro ‘ho ganerl eqution of Chap. 9 as approstatons rab hen the prin Theol toy feng bean rae 8. Goat, Frans Ray Se Com, eT, 2p.CHAPTER 11 ‘ToRSION 90, Torsion of Pramatical Bare. It has already oso shown (Ar 87) tht the ema alana the torsional room for a aloe ‘aft ic ota we amue tha the ert ction tho bat remain pine and ylate without any dltotion during twa. This trary Seveloped by Caulonl,* was applied later by Navies to prewmatieal ‘ore uf auncreular ens setions Mabing the abuve assumption he "rived at the aroncous conelsiona tha, fora gven tong, the ange ‘ooo bors nverely proportional ote enaal polar meat ‘teri of she eros eoton, end thatthe madam sharing trean ‘secur the ponte ost remote rm the cettid of the ears ection? Ttiseey toscethat the above sumption inca [a4 {rho wih tbe boundary endo Tae, - for tance, bet of retonglr toe section WAT Whig 145) "From Navier's asunplion i follow wa ha at aay point Aon th boundary tho sheting 2g. trea should actin the diction porpendule to Feu Remade thd” Reslvng thcseer nto come oneots ra aa ry i evident that there shoal be a omplemeatary earings, cal or, om teelemet of th aera sree he fart the polo (Ge page ©, wc sin cantata wie the ssrmption atthe lateral surge f the bari fe from extra eres, tbe twist being produced by coupes applied wt th ends. A ‘Spl experiment wth a ratanguur ba, ceprennted in Pig. 148, ‘Shows chat the crc sectlons of tbe bar d9 ot romain plane deg torso, ad that the distortions of retanpareeonents on the art (of Ue bat are greatest a he mdi of the side, a the plate ‘nbh are mart to the ais ofthe tn yin dens patna mtg" 8 ay "sre cons caret «tine ay, oven to on ate bmn wo nennn atari ple Be Na Sapa ipso yp rrorstow 299 ‘Thecorrel solution of the problem of orion of print are ay covps applied st the ends wae given by Sais Vonuat> ile used the soled so-iurscmetod. That the start he mae certainswarptons ao the determin of the twist br and owed slat ick thee ssamptionr he enol {tiny tbe equations of equim (127) and the Thoda conditions (128) Then fromthe wnigiee hor of solutions of the usty equine hr, 82) fe follows that the essampioas made at the start ee eotreck nd the scion ined i te eae slstion of th torsion prem. "Cooalor a pelmaticl bar of any eres ston tosted by eotpler appliné at the en, Big 14 ‘Guided by Che noluion fora sour aba (pas fo), Sala-Veuant eames atthe deformation ‘the vite chat onsets) of station of econ (retinas othe safe asin the cave ofall shaft ‘and () of warping of tho eres ccetlnn whiny DAMA Inthe supe for ll ets sctionn Taking the orga of eondinte end crnt meio (Fg 147) we find that th inlacements core ‘Sponog to rotation of eos sections ate : wn tay, tee @ ‘whore 6s the ange of oation of there seton ‘nditence rom che aig, “Tho warping of cus setonn is defined by T w= ates) ® Fe1S. wich the anrued dspacements (2) and () we ‘aleulae the components a crain from Boe. (2, which give © beak tase and Toast nol KPa, "iors ate Tony of Bice20 anon oF masriciTY “The comeaponing componente ofr um Bue (2) and (6), ae ES 7 wea() 1 cam be seen that with the assrpsions () and (0) reading the ‘formation, there will be no nora strewee aating between te lng! ers ofthe shaft ori the lmitsnal Seetion of howe fers. ‘Ther alo il bene ditartion i he plans of ere ceton, itoe by tg Yani We ae a ach pst pare bear, did ie the someponents sr zy The notion fa), ebing warping “rom seston, mse now be deter seine im acta way Wat gue tion of equbriee (127) wil be tats, “Sabatting exper ‘ose (@) ia these esuatone and egloting boly faces we fad {hat the furetion ral eatiy te equation a” = emo Considee now thoboundary con- sions (28). "Foe the lateral su face af he bse, whieh fee frown extra ores and has Boreal pe prndiulr tothe ais, wehave.t = P= Z = Oandeas(¥e) =a =0 "Theft two of Fs (125) ate Mealy sotised sn the hid gives nadine =0 © hich rans tht the resultant searing atom atthe boundary i inetd along the tant tothe boundary, Fig 18, wus share before Ge pare 238) tht this easton must be asd i the Intra ‘rfae of th ba sre frm exter feos. ‘Considering finest lent at atthe Boundary aud sun ing shat «i norouing in the dietion rom ¢#0 5, me hare room =% ma eonctyy =$ srorsioy 201 a Ka, (¢ esomee ‘he ft two ae alo stated sincera a a gion by Bas.) sve indepeniest of The thin tneans tht we can expen vo 0, -0 Fliinatiog¢ by diferatatng the rst with epect to the cond with espe Yo a subtracting om the me find thatthe nes faetian mae saty the dieresile 43, whe b= 200 48) Ts boundary condition (0) bec, introducing Pas (14), 26 én , 98 dr _ HY te wag roy This shows thatthe sre Suntan @ must be constant slong the Docaday ofthe cranaretion. In the ete of singly connected haat ‘ese fo aid brs, tht constant cab henen arbitral, ad ie Ue olcving discussion westaltae egual tsro, ‘Thus the deters uation of te srs dteibution over ae tation of twisted bt "ewan by Padi See Pht yl 4 8on upony or suastiorry oni in fading the foneion which mation Eq, (142) and ese “Tet we consider now the conditions st the cds of the twisted bar ‘The normals tothe eu cass ston: gv pall othe si Hence Tam=0,m= 21 and Bae (128) booome Lett Pot © ln which the + sgn should be taken for the end af tho ba for which the exter! normal bar the dirtion of tbe positive xi for the Tomer end of th bar in Fig 14. Wo ce thet over the ens the shear ing Toren av dstbutd in he ato manner a the shearing sree ‘over the cr set he bar I Seay to prove tat thee ores Gre wr torque. Suetituting in Ege, (0) Srom (141) and baring hat at the boundary i ero, we find [seca f[raiir= [[iucer~ fe fiterno Jf racar= ff wacar~~ ff Serer fafite-o ‘Thus the resltant ofthe fort dlatibute over tho ends ofthe ari tro, and thew forces represents couple th mage of which i My= | | (Pe = Ry) dedy = Meacdy [8 - [free w Integrating this by parts and observing that ¢ = O atthe boundary, wend My = 2559 dedy as) ‘uch ofthe integra nthe Ist member of Fax. (A) canteibuing one Taio this erate, ‘Thun we Bad hat bal he torque is due tothe seen component ra an the othe hal 9 ‘We see tat by smuring the dapicemem a) aud (2), and dcer= svining the te eorponent ry ry fom (141), (42), an, te obin wees dstrbution which satses the equations of equb- Tinm (12), lures the Lateral ase of Uh bat free fom external sorsiox a forces, and sets up atthe ends the torque given by Bq, (15). “The cmpattiiy onions (130) need not onstered sae th ete fas been derived from the diplncements(e) and (‘Thue al the squstons of elasticity are sted sd the soliton ebtined inthis ‘nner the exact sltion ofthe torsion problem, Tas pointed out thatthe eolutonzequres hat the forces atthe ‘ns ofthe bat shouldbe dns na defate manner But the practical application ofthe sclaton int limited to mach ence Teom Suint-Venattspeinciple follows that na lng twisted, at ‘ent distance from the end, the somes doped only onthe angie of the torque fy and re pratelly {dependent of he manne in whieh te {ration are dite over Un en ‘SL. Bars with Eliptial Cross Section, et the boundary of the crow section (Fig. 140} be given by the equation aaa Zaf-1-0 ‘Then Bg, (142) and the boundary con- lion (14) are atid by taking the seo funetn inthe form ® ‘in which mu comeant, Substituting (into a, (142), we find Heoee . oF (e nae (S+ 8 © ‘The magnitude ofthe constant P wl now be determind frm Ba (149). "Sutsioting in thls equation froma (we Sd L[Jeeash| vai [fen [freemanoot srusory ov etasriciry etn Mm a _ a ° ‘Then, from (¢),, i oi (E+8-1) o Subettuting i Kae, (141), the stress component are My, ome ra 2, = (0) “The ratio of the ste components proportional to the rai y/ ad Tmceisansant ang any radu such sr OA (Fi. 149). Thi eas thot the mautant shearing rs long any radios OA has content {Tvtion which evidently ences with th ietion ofthe tangent to {he boundary st the point Along te vertal sis OB the stress omponent ss troy and the sultant etre i eal ry Along the Horionil axe OD the relat sbeting eres cel 1. Te ie evident that the masini ste feat the Boundary, and We ca faci be proved that this maximum ooears a the ead othe noe Sint the elie Bubsttting y ~ bin the Seat of Baa, (90), we find that the absolute valve of ti maximum is 2 om Lr — Ts ate So yo) wf he xan rhage we ae) Oo Me RG he factor by whieh we divide torque to obtain tho twist per unit length clled the lrioal rp. Denoting it by, vale for the lip eres ston ren (18), is sot _ 0.8) 10) Co SER iT, bral ronsiox 265 to which et + sre the area an entra moment of inert ofthe eos sion. Vig tesco 40) en yo he ie placements. The components and var given ty Ef (2) Art “Fie dnplacemect wound oon paar a (0 ad) of Ar. Sade stituing from Ba (146) and (G48) and iterating, we fd dom ate wo O52! aw “This shoms thatthe conto lines for the warped emer notion Peo Inyprslan having the principal aaee of the eligme as asymptots ie 130, ent Swe ees ss of Ei el ple ‘sve the pon ie as epenet hee actin ie tr nT ern tterten © to a o ot Fy) ect ® {Beton vin yn nh mf yon la etn ® eee tle fanaa Fcc eh ion tO Bey PWih n= Pe ti minor 2 ~Dayaal ey ye Wah w=sx bin palin of a, (2 i he frm of yom fhe hn er ThaSerrnand a atta Hicparoma nan Join —he-mnseo o by cangng the cnt bn hs sean, nvr hap the oe ilagb = ih weave a he aie othe eguinten ian, Bae im 3 in cen prea foe th = leo vay toe vy Tl eee ny {EP wemeceeere * vain, = BCR) » _® « ‘sth creo hag sing tose (Fa 18D, ‘Shin it 18), don Beaty o “aking satin of (12) athe a emi fh ort ne cong ely ore pow rand pe als -or[ foe ees for eer ti +h] “eto coon (14) mt he Bounty of he i ton reap ouninn ty nae owas te rossiox or yng St ed ey fo i hws i (nthe bas his investigations, Saat-Venant dew certain goer conclisions of practical intrest, Heshowed that, oth es of ingly omeatedboubdaris and fra given erousectonl are, the torsional Fit iereasny, the polar moment inertia ofthe ers ection ‘korason ‘Thor fora given amount of materia the cietor shalt ves the largest torsion vgdity. Siar cocfusios ean be drawn ‘auring the maximum soatingirwe.” Fora given torque andere ‘ection aren tho mast ste i the salle fr the eons etn ‘ith the ama pla oment of ned Comparing various eon ction wit singly connoctd boundary, ‘Ssint-Venunt found thatthe torsional rig ean beclelatd approx: ‘mately by wing B. (140), , by seplaing the given shat Dy the sft ofan epic cress sertion having the sume coswsetoa ea ‘an the tame post moment of etna the given shaft has ‘The msximum tras in all cass dised by Saint-Venant was tsne at tho boundary at the plats which are the nearest tothe ‘atti f the crea section, Amare dead investigation of this ‘question by Fon! showed that there are eases where the pote of ‘eaximum sre although alway atthe boundary, re not the mara ‘oats to the centroid of the ero esto, ete Mma ca at Sate208 sueowy op masriciry Takings — Lande —tnenyenin sro tlwiag vine of B "Tan the te anton) ne en nh eon Prony 2 iy bans enon 40 J naw tae — Loo “em (i-Be) 0 tart the gan hy aig ten = Or8 = 8) o 98, Membrane Analogy. I the solution of tosonal problems the ‘membrane analogy introlused by L. Prat,” hae prove very vale He Imagine » emogencoas membrane (Fig. 14) supported atthe ‘els, withthe sme olin a that ofthe exes section af the tise ‘ths prem waded iy ©. Weber, Fran, No 2, 2 ‘Phyl Esso Soy Ds ppc Jy pa arte devlopment ofthe anny ab aptly oro cae ie pare ty A ih nnd GH, Tol, Fe Regt Come ew ‘oc, i eS, 7 lt in he i the ato te ee ronsiox 209 tur, subected to uniform tension whe egos and uniform latest pretsure, If isthe pressure per unit area of the membrane aad Sit {he wsifor earion per unit Hngth oft boundary, the tons frees ‘ting onthe side ad nd eof an nites leshnt abe (i138) {Fn the es of smal defections ofthe membrane resale in to Sprard dloeton —S(0%/oe) dey. Inthe sme ate he tele foros acting om the other two see of tho lant giv dhe relent Satay dedy and the equation of equim of the ecent qiedy +8 Fide dy + 8 Fe dedy = 0 fr wich Bege-4 «sy At tho boundary the delotion ofthe nenbrane fe zee. Comparing (11) and the boundary enitin for the daetions = othe mom: bre with F.(48) andthe boundary candi (148) (ee page 201) forthe sess fenton 4, we conclude that these to probleme are etic Heace from the defetions of te nenbrane we ea obtain ‘ales of ¢ hy replcing the quantity ~(@/S) of (151) with the ‘amtty# = — 6 of, (18, avin th deletion surface of the memubrane epreseated by con tour ines (Fg. 155), several portant eonlusions rearing tres ‘nation in torsion cas be obtained Consider any pint Hom thea0 wsory oF soasticrey ‘membrane. The defection of the membrane slong the contour line Ahreugh tia poate contant, and we have ‘The corresponding equation forthe sre fanetion Se Bo EHS) - dt wk ‘This expesor tat the projection of the reutant searing sto at a point B08 the noemal tothe castor line i aero and therfore we ‘ay conclude that th abet ste fk point B in the twin bari in te diction of tho tangent tothe contour line through this point. "The ‘trves dria in the erat seston of ‘eto br, in seh a ame hak the relent sharing see at any olf the curve itn the rection llth tangent the curve, ae called liner of soaring tress ‘Thus the onto ne of te membrane are the x Tins of shearing stow forthe ero mt setion ofthe evistd br. “The mide of the estat stros vat (Fig. 155) obtained by projecting on the tangent th ston components and ry The = rca (Ns) ~ ra c08 (NY) Subatitating 2 0, i 7 Pa cosy = we obtain — (2088 4 2048) 2 ae cea tapas) = “Thus the magne ofthe sheng rst a B even y tho asi tum slope ofthe membrane a this point Tee oly ectesary in The fxpresion forthe slope to splace¢/8 by 262. From this it ean be ‘Concldd that the mann ear ate at Ue pols where he contour Tine are comet to enc tr. ‘ronsios om rom Ba. (145) canbe concued that doable the volume bounded by the defied membrane andthe 2y-plae (Pg 18) ropecuta the argue, provided 98 replaced by 208, se a ti. ion ean, mitt ton ‘tte shout sir (prt an when il sje othe sae ager, feta, sear is wie tyre soe i ened eS {ought bk ty rgd ey rotation ofthe whole ender abut Jintao thi origi! plas in vist a he Fi cy rotation of the eter Saran Em fa a rt kale an ear otk ‘Parton wa chang he sal trl tao uparlaee Tae Swot sh in retin one a cee Bal ns ‘et us condor now the equim condition ofthe portion mn the metbrane bounded by etour ine Fig. 15). ‘The dope ofthe rmemtrae along thle ibe proportional teach point tothe shearing ‘Heer atl eq tor/8- 1/200, Then denoting by A the eon, lal projection ofthe portion wm of the menue, esuaton of ele [stm of thi portion JoCta)o-n ° sn 142+ 7) «cman amm rasory oF siasricrry tho boundary eonition (2) of the previous article 6 alo satis. ‘Thor we ean absinthe foneton from the deetion ste of ih Snloaded membrane, provided the erinates of Use membrane sfc Inve dete value atthe boundary. Tl be show Inter tht bot lauded and unloaded aenbrane can be weed for determining ate ‘lerbutons in twisted bas by experient. "The semnbane analogy uf, not only when the bar is tise tia the elastic Timi, but also when the mate yds is ental Doris of the errs setion.* Aawiming thatthe shacing stress Femainsconsant during Felting, the tes ditiution in the ducts one af the ees sotion represent the membrane ete, bt Inthe laste zone the srs wil be gven by srfacehaving constant == ff 4 def iil: ¥ maximum slope cormsponding ta the yell ates. Tinagne sch are {aoe contracted att on the eat etion ofthe ba ad the mem ‘rane vietched and loaded ss explained before. Om inereatng the ‘preaure we asve at the condition whes the mesmbran begin to toush {he roof, This coresponds to the beginning of plate flow ia the twit bar. Aste pressure icra certain portions of the mem ‘rane come into contact wi terol. ‘Thew portion enter give 16 thereon af paste Mow in the twisted ar. Tntereting expe ments testing this chery were made by A. NAdai® ‘9. Torsion of «Har of Narrow Rectangular Cross Section. Inthe cue of a narow rectangular crow ction the membrane analogy gives ‘ery simple ation ofthe torsional problem. Neglecting the ext ff the ahort sides ofthe rstangle and snsuming that the sarc ofthe Highly defected membrane epindiesl (Fig. 150), wo obtain the “The was ina ye Prada A. Nad Z ogo. Math Me V8 108 "Be in Tred hi a 5p 1 so Fone S18, Api Mena ro 0. ey ao A Wa “Pty af Few tod Peart af Soy” 18 Cong 88 m0 lection of the membrane from the elamentary formula for the ‘arta defection curve of uiforny losded sng! (Fe 188), og © From the known propria of procure, the masini Hop, ‘hick oceartin the mii portion oth lng ss i th tng Coolio cs og ® ‘ho volume bounded by ce defected meme and the pane, Seated fra pars elne,o v= 2e0 85 © Nov using the membrane ssalogy and substituting 208 for 9/8 ia (8) sd (0, we Bnd cena teon a tom ih aa oie ou = wo td the slope of tbe membrene at any pat #.- ‘Tho corresponding sro in he ted bar -- ‘The streesdstrtution flows o Hear law as chown in Fig 56 Colealting the rngntade of the argue careponding Yo th eae Alatbation we nd 2eyel eked = hte "Soe 8 Timobnh aed D. Young, “agarog Meshain”p 35.mm ‘rasony or stasricry “hn ony oe a hata re sre by B10). Te me {b's gent ger seems Ph te ney ‘Steve wr rsd at te ef ine ans oSGnica A ew ses an spear mapas Cciven thst ee eta nd in ene cer ha a sated son, Bi pete om tte Ser tnd thar sment pret he nd ara qe Heinen fst th hon, en oy tn ge hea en ocealtcrehshftnitdas cel (event jet ‘Sites wena aap thecestntines Thsadef rants ‘ach rey 10 mal a ot ‘gino Se not ecm thom a th pth aad mT talc i'n nent ho ead SEAS pete doetoton the ca maton sont tn a at eel tsa {heer ef dere prt do raring os even te on ot mr redanr coe iee Se pan he tar eb pat as 2 Tiga cn of eater ‘Euan (no (sie toe fra narow eta, con Sw at tec ‘Sheth tah eos see =e Svs Fg bby sng ee to {ie vp imo he nat, uli Ts ota toe tia fae te he ‘cou a's lated fle (2 180) eas compton he ca KS fire maining of Ge meme ‘ite tad vce nt ie Pk tv le my eo or 8 ao ean se ‘ln ae wea hese ihe refs ot {Tethidosudne the.” he sages conden ane mae ‘Ser shan! fe 00). er "oti tae ap yh vee Rin ay Sod vite my rorstow 26 ae 8 considerable stro concentration takes plot the reentrant ferner, depending onthe magnta ofthe sata ofthe lt, and Bq (50) connote applied at these points, Atmore detailed doe oon of tia mee wl be given Art. 8, ‘96. Torsion of Rectangular Bare. Using the membrane analogy, the problem reduces to tnding the deestions a uniformly ade relingular membrane as shown ia Fig. 159. Thove deletions ma say the EO) B+B--4 oy tute aero atthe boundary "The condition of ayeumeiry with repet to the yas and the boundary condone atthe ders = tof the pg rectangla are eatifed by taking tn the form of sy PT vere, | a x bcos, u oh in which ty thy. are constant covfiients snd Vy, V's ase fanctons of y only. Sue ‘tao 0) in Bq (@), and obrrrng that tho i "i ilo this atin ean be preset th form a ering? -f-- x FA vr co o ‘weave atthe folowing equation for determining Yat shen ® from which Ye = A sah EB oa EY 4 © rom tho condition of symmetry ofthe dtestion surface of the ‘membrane with repet to the rnin it fellows that Une Costa of Snvegration A mst he aero. "Tho eonetant Is dlerminad from the BO. Pas A St Taf Tea” 45,910‘condition that the deflections ofthe membrane are ae for y = +2, fe) (areas = 0, whieh ives art [1 - sap ery ® sd he general expeson forthe defetion sre ofthe membrane, from @), becomes at 1 (yf — cot o/20) 02 oF am Eh Gta) |S placing g/S by 298, wo obtain for the sess faneton * Satay | as “The sre components ae now obtained fom Bas (14) by dior. callation For nates, * 3 ‘Assuring that b>, the maximum shearing stress, coreponding to ‘the manimum slope othe membrane rat the idle pointe of longer: = ‘act therortangle. Setting = = ey = Oin win not § alate or obmerving that os a # lapepte | eto a Lg td hereon df in eating uw with sult securacy for Dariulae value ofthe ratio B/a Far laste, in the ease of» rorsiow a ‘very narrow rectangle, /a Boome large umber, that the tum of {he iiiaite sre in (15) ean be negated, and we find e208 ‘Tis eincdes with tho rst ofthe Eg. ofthe previous artic, mn the eae fw aquare eras ection, « = b; and we find, ron Ea Slaw toe + ~ 100 [1 S(t texte +) In generale obtain Cees me = be (050) in which £ iss numeral factor depending onthe ratio a, Several ‘value of thi facta ae given in the table tow Tet us ealelate now tho torque Af, ax = faneton of the twit ‘Using Ba. (145) for this purpose, we find aft fen eff § [-abeaeaslan me fy oberg hat! 0, Pan, A Short Table fate” p00,m8 ripory or suasricrry pS fea!) own he series onthe right side converge vey rsp and My ca ely Tevalgatol for any talus ofthe rao /0. Tn the ease of »narow ‘rectangle we ean take ve have = Hoorzayyai (1 - a= Fora ( at, = Eoweayas) st) Inthe eam ofa suse, ay = osoae0203* a0) tn general th trgu can be represented hy the equation My = han(20)100) (ass) in which yi «numerical fetor depending on the agate of the file t/a. Several vals of ts factor art ven inthe tle on ge 277 ‘Sobtating the value of # fom Ba, (163) nto Bq, (150), we “he msium seating etre function tho tere in the ra 5 . rom = aio (108) ‘uhece fy is & numeri fstor the valves of “eh ean be taken om the able on page 27 nth can ofa scrofa (Pn, 100) te tnndareeare pve by 6 = S0/% re in pte nn dna y Stat Com od a 7 la TERI eel Manno toy 99,38 1 rorsi0¥ a “ni Taga ean A Ang in Fo Cmre fF OFer] aang it Ea (LD, we Sad My = I dr = 0 ‘Sdn on hs her Sr ala 2 fon fae fo lng te (BD fro [i [ooo |] 8 |rorsios 21 lat the dria oh a ation aii os eons oe sirimiast reaper ca ie Sarees //1) Ge» ‘Then by reasoning analogous to that wed in developing tion (81) ‘on pag 164, we conclude that Bf [GY + GS) sess 26 ff rszee sn) ayo ee ent Gmsed uvouy ov euascicrry JU) Gy 40 [fone ‘fag an expan for he fontinn # which make he er "+ (yaa In the approximate solution of tron problems we replace the ove problem of variational eel bya simple problem of Snding » Init of fonction, We tak the ete fesion nthe form of 8 6 = abet ast obs © in which» nso sting the boundary ond thay anhing a the honda in ening them fonts we ‘Sc ie yt mmtrane sagt tb eo om ‘Mile Yor mpreeating th function The sunnier ayy rennet fats oe earned from te nae ia neal), Seine er tt or tre cbt fletntagaton, Fane te cen depen a Tran ihe mime cond of hs onto wig w w weno Oe ® Thus we btn aye of lnc equstion from which he coefiient| (yoy «eon determined. By inteasing the numberof terme ine soc) we incense the accuracy of our apposite ton, land by using inte serene may arive aan exact sation of the ‘arson problem "the smo fanny hl mat flonan igloo on EH iether P81 rorsrox 2s ‘Take as an example the ear ofa rectangular cross section (Pig. 100), "The boundary is given by the equations =a, = yaad the function (2 ~ a%(g* ~ 8) ls revo at the boandaey, The erie (@) can be taken inthe form 6 ani — OBZ @ in whi rom symmtzy, mand n mus be even, -Aauming that we havea agar common an Tinting eure to the et fem of the ei () we fake 8 0G an" — 09) @ ‘Subattting this in (168) we Sad from te nnimum condition that "The magnitude of the tog, rn Ba (145), thew My = 21F de ay = 808 = o38609)400 Comparing thie with the crest sation (103) we se that the ror ‘he torque i bout 1 per ent, ‘To arts closer approximation we take the thre fist ferme i the series (©). Theo, by tog the condition of tpmmctey, we otal $= = ay? — olay baset + 95) ° Subetsting his in (165) and sing Bas.) e find wen B. 2,0 53 Bare OE et ‘Subetitting in erpreaton (145) or the torque, we obtain Me = ANGIE EE a0 = O.HOLaAC¢ “This vale only 0.15 por cont les than the coret vale. Amuch larger errr isfound athe gut the maaan te, Sobatituting (0) into exprosins (11) for the srs components ne Sd tha the error the msi tree abo per ent a to gt "better acturney more tr the eis (2) must he tae 1 can be seen from the membrane anigy tht in procnling ‘xvsiod above we genealy ge smaller vals forthe argue tate fomect vale, A peretlyRexlle membrane, wifrmly ste a $08 Tey Bl. oa. Way of Comma, abu, 018, ‘sot Po Loko Ma Sas aie et Ba288 rwpony or stasriciry tho boundary and uniformly loaded,» eytem with an lnfite num ber of degrow of feedmm.” Limiting oursclves to few tars of the teres (0) equivalent to itrodacing ito tho system eatin con ‘rns which rodueit to sytem with afew degres of freedom oly. ‘Such constraints an only rece the esitity of the rte and ‘imine the volume bounded by the defied membrane, “Hace the torque btaind from this vome, wil generally be amar than ts true vale, ‘E Trl suggsta anothor method of approximate determination ‘ofthe sre fetion 4. With the mthod the spprosinate mags td of the torque i lage than tx trae valve” Hence by using the [iteand the Tree methods together the lite of erro the appros= tat ston can betaine Tn ing Rise method we are not Limited to polynomial). We an take the Funston gy 44m, = af the sre a) in he frm fitable forthe representation of Ui tes function ¢. Taking for Instance, trigosometse feneins, and stueving the conditions of symmetry (ig 150), ne aban * > x 008 ME con MY o Sebettting in (15) and pvforming the integration, we Sind that eh foe 208 oo aes) aS 28004 —1) Ft ena = wT ech Petiy Bs or ne, Cady ey ae, rorsion 286 smhere« = 0/a. Substituting in (1) we obtain the ec scaton of the problem in the frm of an init trigonometric "The torque ‘il hen Be ‘This expression i brought into eancdence with expression (10) given fore we bere that a3 nee m aiSt,,.. MM FR © Wt Hla As nother example, in the ease of a nartow rectangle, when is very lng in eomparcon with a (ig 150), we may take an it ° Gaia — 29 ® Which ecineee with dhe wlio dncuse before (Art, 94), To got ® beter approximation satisfying the boundary condition atthe chord fides ofthe rectangle, we may take #5 0" = 21 — 9 ® nd chow the quantity in sich » manne Lo make the intel (165) a minimum. In this way we find “en ell ‘oo he exponential tr in the rakes of exresion() we obtain ‘sire dtabtien whch practi ein with tht he sly ‘on at al pinta cnscabe dace rm the hort dere the Tetangl, ‘Near thee le the er function (0) clei tho Boundary condition (148 Subang (ito eqaton (1) for ‘the torque, we find ad " o mina [f° o4ear~ forasvan (:-002$)