CN BN V IP

Phn I - Gii thiu chung

Nh chng ta bit Internet l mt mng my tnh ton cu , do hng nghn mng my

tnh t khp mi ni ni li to nn. Khc vi cch t chc theo cc cp: ni ht, lin tnh,
quc t ca mt mng vin thng nh mng thoi chng hn, mng Internet t chc ch c
mt cp, cc mng my tnh d nh, d to khi ni vo Internet u bnh ng vi nhau. Do
cch t chc nh vy nn trn Internet c cu trc a ch, cch nh a ch c bit, trong
khi cch nh a ch i vi mng vin thng li n gin hn nhiu.
i vi mng vin thng nh mng thoi chng hn, khch hng cc vng khc nhau
hon ton c th c cng s in thoi, phn bit vi nhau bng m vng, m tnh hay m
quc t. i vi mng Internet , do cch t chc ch c mt cp nn mi mt khch hng hay
mt my ch ( Host ) hoc Router u c mt a ch internet duy nht m khng c php
trng vi bt k ai. Do vy m a ch trn Internet thc s l mt ti nguyn.
Hng chc triu my ch trn hng trm nghn mng. a ch khng c trng nhau
cn phi c cu trc a ch c bit qun l thng nht v mt T chc ca Internet gi l
Trung tm thng tin mng Internet - Network Information Center ( NIC ) ch tr phn phi,
NIC ch phn a ch mng ( Net ID ) cn a ch my ch trn mng ( Host ID ) do cc T
chc qun l Internet ca tng quc gia mt t phn phi. (Trong thc t c th nh tuyn
(routing ) trn mng Internet ngoi a ch IP cn cn n tn ring ca cc my ch (Host) Domain Name ). Cc phn tip theo chng ta hy nghin cu cu trc c bit ca a ch
Internet.
PHN II: Cu trc a ch IP
a/ Thnh phn v hnh dng ca a ch IP

a ch IP ang c s dng hin ti (IPv4) c 32 bit chia thnh 4 Octet ( mi Octet c 8

bit, tng ng 1 byte ) cch m u t tri qua phi bt 1 cho n bt 32, cc Octet tch
bit nhau bng du chm (.), bao gm c 3 thnh phn chnh.

Bit 1................................................................................... 32
* Bit nhn dng lp ( Class bit )
* a ch ca mng ( Net ID )
* a ch ca my ch ( Host ID ).
Ghi ch: Tn l a ch my ch nhng thc t khng ch c my ch m tt c cc my
con (Workstation), cc cng truy nhp v.v..u cn c a ch.

Bit nhn dng lp (Class bit) phn bit a ch lp no.

1/ - a ch Internet biu hin dng bit nh phn:
x y x y x y x y. x y x y x y x y. x y x y x y x y. x y x y x y x y
x, y = 0 hoc 1.
V d:
0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0. 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1. 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0. 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
bit nhn dng

Octet 1

Octet 2

Octet 3

Octet 4

2/ - a ch Internet biu hin dng thp phn: xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx

x l s thp phn t 0 n 9
V d: 146. 123. 110. 224
Dng vit y ca a ch IP l 3 con s trong tng Octet. V d: a ch IP thng thy
trn thc t c th l 53.143.10.2 nhng dng y l 053.143.010.002.
b / Cc lp a ch IP

a ch IP chia ra 5 lp A,B,C, D, E. Hin ti dng ht lp A,B v gn ht lp C, cn

lp D v E T chc internet ang dnh cho mc ch khc khng phn, nn chng ta ch
nghin cu 3 lp u.

Qua cu trc cc lp a ch IP chng ta c nhn xt sau:

* Bit nhn dng l nhng bit u tin - ca lp A l 0, ca lp B l 10, ca lp C l 110.
* Lp D c 4 bit u tin nhn dng l 1110, cn lp E c 5 bt u tin nhn dng l
11110.
* a ch lp A: a ch mng t v a ch my ch trn tng mng nhiu.
* a ch lp B: a ch mng va phi v a ch my ch trn tng mng va phi.
* a ch lp C: a ch mng nhiu, a ch my ch trn tng mng t.
Vng a ch l thuyt

a ch lp

S mng
ti a s dng

S my ch ti a
trn tng mng

126
16382
2097150

16777214
65534
254

A
B
C

T 0.0.0.0 n 127.0.0.0
T 128.0.0.0 n 191.255.0.0
T 192.0.0.0 n 223.255.255.0

T 224.0.0.0 n 240.0.0.0

Khng phn

T 241.0.0.0 n 255.0.0.0

Khng phn

0
10
110

S bit dng
phn cho mng
7
14
21

1110

---

11110

---

Vng a ch s dng

a ch lp
A
B
C

T 1 n 127
T 128.1 n 191.254
T 192.0.1 n 223.255.254

Bit nhn dng

Nh vy nu chng ta thy 1 a ch IP c 4 nhm s cch nhau bng du chm, nu thy

nhm s th nht nh hn 126 bit a ch ny lp A, nm trong khong 128 n 191 bit
a ch ny lp B v t 192 n 223 bit a ch ny lp C.
Ghi nh: a ch thc t khng phn trong trng hp tt c cc bit trong mt hay nhiu
Octet s dng cho a ch mng hay a ch my ch u bng 0 hay u bng 1. iu ny
ng cho tt c cc lp a ch.
i / a ch Lp A

Tng qut chung:

Bit th nht l bit nhn dng lp A = 0.
7 bit cn li trong Octet th nht dnh cho a ch mng.
3 Octet cn li c 24 bit dnh cho a ch ca my Ch.
Class A: ( 0 - 126 )

- net id: 126 mng

- host id:16.777.214 my ch trn mt mng
a/ a ch mng (Net ID)

1/ Kh nng phn a ch
Khi m s bit chng ta m t tri qua phi, nhng khi tnh gi tr thp phn 2n ca bit li
tnh t phi qua tri, bt u t bit 0. Octet th nht dnh cho a ch mng, bit 7 = 0 l bit
nhn dng lp A. 7 bit cn li t bit 0 n bit 6 dnh cho a ch mng ( 2 7 ) = 128. Nhng
trn thc t a ch khi tt c cc bit bng 0 hoc bng 1 u khng phn cho mng. Khi gi tr
cc bit u bng 0, gi tr thp phn 0 l khng c ngha, cn a ch l 127 khi cc bit u
bng 1 dng thng bo ni b, nn trn thc t cn li 126 mng.
Octet 1

Cch tnh a ch mng lp A.

S th t Bit (n)- tnh t phi qua tri: 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Gi tr nh phn (0 hay 1) ca Bit: x x x x x x x
Gi tr thp phn tng ng khi gi tr bit = 1 s l 2 n
Gi tr thp phn tng ng khi gi tr bit = 0 khng tnh.
Gi tr thp phn ln nht khi gi tr ca 7 bit u bng 1 l 127.

Xin xem bng tnh trn vn gi tr ca tt c cc Bit

Nh vy kh nng phn a ch ca lp A cho 126 mng 2/ Biu hiu a ch trn thc t: T 001 n 126
B / a ch ca cc my ch trn mt mng

1/ Kh nng phn a ch
Ba Octet sau gm 24 bit c tnh t bit 0 n bit 23 dnh cho a ch my ch trn tng
mng.

Vi cch tnh nh trn, c tng s my ch trn mt mng ta c.

Ga tr tng ng vi Bit n
Gi tr 2n

a ch

23.22.21.20.19.18.16.|15.14.13.12.11.10.9.8.|7.6.5.4.3.2.1.0
..0...0...0...0...0...0...0.|.0...0...0...0...0...0..0.0.|0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0
..0...0...0...0...0...0...0.|.0...0...0...0...0...0..0.0.|0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0
..0...0...0...0...0...0...0.|.0...0...0...0...0...0..0.0.|0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0
...................................
...................................
..1...1...1...1...1...1...1.|.1...1...1...1...1...1..1.1.|1.1.1.1.1.1.1.0
..1...1...1...1...1...1...1.|.1...1...1...1...1...1..1.1.|1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1

000
0

2
21
......
......
223+...+21

001
002
......
......
16777214
16777215

<------Octet2-------><-------Octet3--------->|<--Octet4---->

a ch khi cc bit u bng 0 hay bng 1 b ra. Trn thc t cn li 224-2 = 16 777 214
Nh vy kh nng phn a ch cho 16 777 214 my ch.
2/ Biu hin a ch trn thc t
Octet 2

Octet 2

Octet 3

Octet 4

Ga tr tng ng vi
th t bit (n)
Gi tr 2n

a ch my ch

76543210
00000000

000

00000001
00000010

1
1

001
002
0

00000011

2 +2

................

...........

................

...........
7

11111111

003
......
......
5

2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2

255

Nh vy gi tr thp phn Octet 2 tnh t 000 ti 255.

Octet 3

Ga tr tng ng vi
th t bit (n)
Gi tr 2n

a ch my ch

76543210
00000000
00000001
00000010

000
2

1
1

001
002
0

00000011

2 +2

................

...........

................

...........

11111111

003
......
......
5

2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2

255

Nh vy gi tr thp phn Octet 3 tnh t 000 ti 255.

Octet 4

Ga tr tng ng vi

Gi tr 2n

th t bit (n)

a ch my ch

76543210
00000000
00000001
00000010

000 Khng phn

2

1
1

001
002
0

00000011

2 +2

................

...........

................

...........

11111110
11111111

003
......
......

2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2

2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2

254
0

255 Khng phn

Nh vy gi tr thp phn Octet 4 tnh t 001 ti 254.

Tng qut li ti a ch ca mt mng, khi ln lt thay i cc gi tr ca cc Octet 2, 3,
4.ta s c 16 777 216 kh nng thay i m cc con s khng trng lp nhau ( Combinations )
c nghi l 16 777 216 a ch ca my ch trn mng, nhng thc t phn ch l
(256 x 256 x 256) - 2 =16 777 214
Biu hin trn thc t l ba s thp phn trong 3 Octet cch nhau du.
T 000. 000. 0001 n 255. 255. 254
Kt lun: a ch lp A c th phn cho 126 mng v mi mt mng c 16 777 214 my
ch. Ni cch khc a ch thc t s t 001.000.000.001 n 126.255.255.254
V d: Mt a ch y ca lp A: 124. 234. 200. 254. Trong :
a ch mng: 124
a ch my ch: 234.200.254

4/ a ch mng con ca Internet (IP subnetting)

a/ Nguyn nhn

Nh nu trn a ch trn Internet thc s l mt ti nguyn, mt mng khi gia nhp

Internet c Trung tm thng tin mng Internet ( NIC) phn cho mt s a ch va dng
vi yu cu lc , sau ny nu mng pht trin thm li phi xin NIC thm, l iu khng
thun tin cho cc nh khai thc mng.
Hn na cc lp a ch ca Internet khng phi hon ton ph hp vi yu cu thc t, a
ch lp B chng hn, mi mt a ch mng c th cp cho 65534 my ch, Thc t c mng
nh ch c vi chc my ch th s lng ph rt nhiu a ch cn li m khng ai dng c .
khc phc vn ny v tn dng ti a a ch c NIC phn, bt u t nm 1985
ngi ta ngh n a ch mng con.
Nh vy phn a ch mng con l m rng a ch cho nhiu mng trn c s mt a ch
mng m NIC phn cho, ph hp vi s lng thc t my ch c trn tng mng.
b/ Phng php phn chia a ch mng con

Trc khi nghin cu phn ny chng ta cn phi hiu qua mt s khi nim lin quan ti
vic phn a ch cc mng con.
1/ - Default Mask: (Gi tr trn a ch mng) c nh ngha trc cho tng lp a ch
A,B,C. Thc cht l gi tr thp phn cao nht (khi tt c 8 bit u bng 1) trong cc Octet
dnh cho a ch mng - Net ID.
Default Mask:
Lp A 255.0.0.0
Lp B 255.255.0.0
Lp C 255.255.255.0
2/ - Subnet Mask: ( gi tr trn ca tng mng con)
Subnet Mask l kt hp ca Default Mask vi gi tr thp phn cao nht ca cc bit ly t
cc Octet ca a ch my ch sang phn a ch mng to a ch mng con.

Subnet Mask bao gi cng i km vi a ch mng tiu chun cho ngi c bit a
ch mng tiu chun ny dng c cho 254 my ch hay chia ra thnh cc mng con. Mt khc
n cn gip Router trong vic nh tuyn cuc gi.
Nguyn tc chung:
Ly bt mt s bit ca phn a ch my ch to a ch mng con.
Ly i bao nhiu bit ph thuc vo s mng con cn thit (Subnet mask) m nh khai thc
mng quyt nh s to ra.
V a ch lp A v B u ht, hn na hin ti mng Internet ca Tng cng ty do VDC
qun l ang c phn 8 a ch mng lp C nn chng ta s nghin cu k phn chia a ch
mng con lp C.
a/ a ch mng con ca a ch lp C
Class c:

a ch lp C c 3 octet cho a ch mng v 1 octet cui cho a ch my ch v vy ch c

8 bit l thuyt to mng con, thc t nu dng 1 bit m mng con v 7 bit cho a ch
my ch th vn ch l mt mng v ngc li 7 bit cho mng v 1 bit cho a ch my ch
th mt mng ch c mt my, nh vy khng logic, t nht phi dng 2 bit m rng a
ch v 2 bit cho a ch my ch trn tng mng. Do vy trn thc t ch dng nh bng sau.
Default Mask ca lp C : 255.255.255.0
a ch
my

ch
255.255.255.1
1
my ch)
255.255.255.1
1
ch)
255.255.255.1
1
ch)
255.255.255.1
1
ch)
255.255.255.1
1
ch)
<--------------->
Default Mask
con
Trng
hp
mng

0 0 0 0 0 0 ;

<-------->
192 ( 2 bit / ch mng con 6 bit /ch

1 0 0 0 0 0 ;

224 ( 3 bit /ch mng con 5 bit /ch my

1 1 0 0 0 0 ;

240 ( 4 bit /ch mng con 4 bit /ch my

1 1 1 0 0 0 ;

248 ( 5 bit /ch mng con 3 bit /ch my

1 1 1 1 0 0 ;

252 ( 6 bit /ch mng con 2 bit /ch my

<--------->
a ch
mng

Subnetmask

S lng

S my ch trn
mng con
tng

1
2
3
4
5

255.255.255.192
255.255.255.224
255.255.255.240
255.255.255.248
255.255.255.252

2
6
14
30
62

62
30
14
6
2

Bng 1: Kh nng chia mng con ca a ch Lp C

Nh vy mt a ch mng lp C ch c 5 trng hp la chn trn (Hay 5 Subnet Mask
khc nhau), tu tng trng hp c th quyt nh s mng con.
1/ Trng hp 1 - Hai mng con
Subnet Mask 255.255.255.192.
T mt a ch tiu chun to c a ch cho hai mng con, mi mt mng c 62 my
ch.
S dng hai bit (bit 7 v 6) ca phn a ch my ch to mng con. Nh vy cn li 6
bit phn cho my ch.
a/ Tnh a ch mng
Octet 4
Bit

76

543210

xxx.xxx.xxx.

00

000000

= xxx.xxx.xxx.0

xxx.xxx.xxx.

01

000000

= xxx.xxx.xxx.64

xxx.xxx.xxx.

10

000000

= xxx.xxx.xxx.128

xxx.xxx.xxx.

11

000000

= xxx.xxx.xxx.192

Ghi ch: xxx.xxx.xxx l a ch mng tiu chun ca lp C.

a ch ca mng l gi tr ca bit 7 v 6 ln lt bng 0 v 1. Trong trng hp chia a
ch mng con khng bao gi c dng a ch khi cc bit u bng 0 hay bng 1. Do vy
trng hp 2 mng con ni trn, a ch mng con s l:
Mng con 1: a ch mng xxx.xxx.xxx.64
Mng con 2: a ch mng xxx.xxx.xxx.128
b/ Tnh a ch cho my ch cho mng con 1
Chng ta ch cn 6 bit cho a ch my ch trn tng mng.

Octet 4

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

xxx.xxx.xxx. 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

= xxx.xxx.xxx.64 a ch mng

xxx.xxx.xxx. 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1

= xxx.xxx.xxx.65

xxx.xxx.xxx. 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0

= xxx.xxx.xxx.66

............. .........

.............

xxx.xxx.xxx. 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0

= xxx.xxx.xxx.126

xxx.xxx.xxx. 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

=xxx.xxx.xxx.127 Khng phn

a ch mng con 1
Mi mng cn li 62 a ch cho my ch.
Mng 1: T xxx.xxx.xxx. 065 n xxx.xxx.xxx.126
c/ Tnh a ch cho my ch cho mng con 2
Tng t nh cch tnh trn ta c
Octet 4

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

xxx.xxx.xxx. 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

= xxx.xxx.xxx.128 a ch mng

xxx.xxx.xxx. 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

= xxx.xxx.xxx.129

xxx.xxx.xxx. 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

= xxx.xxx.xxx.130

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

.............

xxx.xxx.xxx. 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0

= xxx.xxx.xxx.190

xxx.xxx.xxx. 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1

= xxx.xxx.xxx.191 Khng phn

a ch mng con 2
Mng 2: a ch my ch trn mng 2.

T xxx.xxx.xxx.129 n xxx.xxx.xxx.190.
Tng qut li:
Subnet ID

Hosts

1-62

64

65-126

128

129-190

192

193-254

a/ Mng con th nht

* / a ch mng con: xxx.xxx.xxx.064
* / a ch cc my ch trn mng con ny t.
xxx.xxx.xxx. 065
xxx.xxx.xxx. 066
xxx.xxx.xxx. 067
..............
n xxx.xxx.xxx. 126
b/ Mng con th 2
*/ a ch mng con: xxx.xxx.xxx. 128
*/ a ch cc my ch trn mng con ny t.
xxx.xxx.xxx. 129
xxx.xxx.xxx. 130
.............
n xxx.xxx.xxx. 190
a ch my ch t 1 n 62 v t 193 n 254 v 127 ; 191 b mt, ngha l mt 130 a
ch.
V d: a ch tiu chun lp C l 196. 200. 123
Subnetmask 255.255.255.192
T a ch ny ta c 2 mng con l:

* Mng 1: a ch mng 196.200.123.064

a ch My ch trn mng ny.
T 196.200.123.065 n 196. 200. 123. 126.
* Mng 2: a ch mng 196.200.123.128
a ch my ch trn mng ny.
T 196.200.123.129 n 196.200.123. 190
2/ Trng hp 2 - Su mng con
Subnetmask: 255.255.255.224.
To c 6 mng con, mi mng con c 30 my ch
a/ Tnh a ch Mng con
Trng hp ny s dng 3 bit ( bit 7,6,5) ca a ch my ch (Octet 4) b sung cho a ch
mng tiu chun to mng con.
Octet 4

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

xxx.xxx.xxx. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

= xxx.xxx.xxx.0

xxx.xxx.xxx. 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

= xxx.xxx.xxx.32

xxx.xxx.xxx. 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

= xxx.xxx.xxx.64

xxx.xxx.xxx. 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0

= xxx.xxx.xxx.96

xxx.xxx.xxx. 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

= xxx.xxx.xxx.128

xxx.xxx.xxx. 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

= xxx.xxx.xxx.160

xxx.xxx.xxx. 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

= xxx.xxx.xxx.192

xxx.xxx.xxx. 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0

= xxx.xxx.xxx.224

B trng hp cc bit u bng 0 hay 1, chng ta cn li a ch ca 6 mng con sau.

xxx.xxx.xxx.32 ; Mng con 1
xxx.xxx.xxx.64 ; Mng con 2
xxx.xxx.xxx.96 ; Mng con 3
xxx.xxx.xxx.128 ; Mng con 4

xxx.xxx.xxx.160 ; Mng con 5

xxx.xxx.xxx.192 ; Mng con 6
b / Tnh a ch my ch cho mng con 1
Octet 4

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

xxx.xxx.xxx.

001

00000

= xxx.xxx.xxx. 32 a ch mng

xxx.xxx.xxx.

001

00011

= xxx.xxx.xxx.33

xxx.xxx.xxx.

001

00000

= xxx.xxx.xxx.34

xxx.xxx.xxx.

001

00011

= xxx.xxx.xxx.35

xxx.xxx.xxx.

001

00100

= xxx.xxx.xxx.36

.........

....

....

...............

xxx.xxx.xxx.

001

11110

= xxx.xxx.xxx.62

xxx.xxx.xxx.

001

11111

= xxx.xxx.xxx.63 Khng phn

Nh vy a ch my ch ca mng con 1 s t 33 n 62.

Tng t nh cch tnh nu trn chng ta c th tnh c cho tt c cc trng hp cn
li (xem bng 1) v c tng hp li nh sau.
1/ Trng hp 1: Subnetmask 255.255.255.192

2 mng con.
62 my ch mi mng.

2/ Trng hp 2: Subnetmask 255.255.255.224

6 mng con.
30 my ch mi mng.

3/ Trng hp 3: Subnetmask 255.255.255.240

14 mng con.
14 my ch mi mng

4/ Trng hp 4: Subnetmask 255.255.255.248

30 mng con.
6 my ch mi mng.

5/ Trng hp 5: Subnetmask 255.255.255.252.

62 mng con.
2 my ch mi mng.

Xem bng tnh a ch cho cc trng hp trn

V d: a ch mng lp C m NIC phn cho VDC l 203.162.4.0. Trn a ch ny phn ra
2 mng con th a ch s l.
Mng 1: a ch mng 203.162.4.64.
a ch my ch trn mng t 203.162.4.65 n 203.162.4.126
Mng 2: a ch mng 203.162.4.128.
a ch my ch trn mng t 203.162.4.129 n 203.162.4.190
b/ a ch mng con t a ch lp B

Default Mask ca lp B l 255.255.0.0

class b:

Net ID - Khi phn a ch mng con s dng Octet 3

a ch lp B c 2 Octet th 3 v th 4 dnh cho a ch my ch nn v nguyn l c th
ly c c 16 bit to a ch mng . Nu t mt a ch mng c NIC phn chng ta
nh m rng ln 254 mng v mi mng s c 254 my ch. Trng hp ny s ly ht 8 bit
ca octet th 3 b sung vo a ch mng v ch cn li 8 bit thc t cho a ch my ch, theo
cch tnh s thp phn 2n gi tr ca 8 bit nh nu phn lp C, chng ta s c:
Bng phn chia a ch mng con lp B
Class B
Subnetting (Default Subnet
mask)
255.255.0.0
S dng Octet 3 m
rng mng con

#of subnets
S mng con

Subnet Mask

#of hosts per subnet

S my ch trn mi
mng con

255.255.192.0

16382

255.255.224.0

8190

255.255.240.0

14

4094

255.255.248.0

30

2460

S dng c Octet 4 m
rng mng con

255.255.252.0

62

1022

255.255.254.0

126

510

255.255..255.0

254

254

255.255.255.128

510

126

255.255.255.192

1022

62

255.255.255.224

2046

30

255.255.255.240

4094

14

255.255.255.248

8190

255.255.255.252

16382

a ch lp B v l thuyt c 2 octet u cho a ch mng, khi chia mng con theo phng
php s dng tt c 8 bit trong 3 octet cho a ch mng, trn thc tng ng vi lp C, nh
vy v a ch NIC phn l lp B nhng cch t chc a ch li lp C ( Xem Bng ph lc
phn a ch mng con lp B ).
Trong bng ny cn ch ct 6 - khong cch a ch gia 2 mng con gii thiu cho
chng ta cch tnh a ch cc mng con, a ch cc my ch trn tng mng lin quan ti ct
7,8,9,10.
V d: Trng hp Subnetmask 255.255.240.0 l r nht.
Chia c 14 mng con, mi mng con c 4094 my ch, khong cch a ch gia hai
mng con l 16.0 c ngha.
Mng con 1 c a ch l xxx.yyy.16.0 ; Mng con 2 s c a ch l xxx.yyy.16.0 + 16.0
= xxx.yyy.32.0 c tip tc nh vy ta s tnh c a ch ca tng mng con v mng con 14
l xxx.yyy. 224.0.
a ch my ch u tin trn mng con 1 l xxx.yyy.16.1 ; a ch my ch u tin trn
mng con 2 s l xxx.yyy.16.1 + 16.0 = xxx.yyy.32.1. Tip tc nh vy ta s tnh a ch c
my ch u tin ca mng con 14 l xxx.yyy.224.1 v.v..

Tng t chng ta bit c a ch cui cng ca cc my ch trn mt mng con.

Theo hng dn ny chng ta s tm c cc trng hp khc.

Tm li chia a ch mng con cng phi theo mt quy lut nht nh ngoi mun ca
chng ta, khi chia mng con cng b mt kh nhiu a ch, mt t hay nhiu tu thuc vo cc
trng hp c th.