B GIO DC V O TO

TIU LUN MN STMT NG DNG:

TC NG CA PHT TRIN SN GOLF N H SINH THI VIT NAM

CBGD: TS. NGUYN TH HAI LP: 11SMT01 SVTH: 1. 2. 3. 4. Kiu Th L Nga Nguyn Th Ha Phan Dng Trn Hu Tin

TP. H CH MINH, THNG 11 NM 2011

MC LC

1. GII THIU V GOLF ...................................................................................3 2. HIN TRNG PHT TRIN SN GOLF VIT NAM ...........................5 2.1. V tnh hnh s dng qu t pht trin sn Golf Vit Nam .........................5 2.2. V chi ph xy dng v li nhun t sn Golf...................................................6 3. HIN TRNG S DNG NC V HA CHT CA SN GOLF .......6 3.1 Tng quan v tnh hnh s dng nc, ha cht ti sn Golf.............................6 3.2 Mt s loi thuc bo v thc vt thng dng ti sn Golf.............................8 4. TC NG CA QU TRNH HOT NG CA KHU SN GOLF N H SINH THI............................................................................................10 4.1. Tc ng ca vic s dng phn bn v thuc bo v thc vt.......................10 4.2. Tc ng ti ti nguyn t..............................................................................13 4.3. Tc ng ti ti nguyn nc...........................................................................14 4.4. Tc ng ti mi trng khng kh..................................................................15 4.5. Tc ng ti a dng sinh hc..........................................................................15 4.6. c tnh ca cc loi ho cht BVTV ang s dng........................................16 4.7 Tc ng n sc khe con ngi ....................................................................21 5. NH HNG QUY HOCH PHT TRIN SN GOLF.........................22

1. GII THIU V GOLF

- Golf bt ngun t mt tr chi vng bin pha ng Scotland khong t

th k 15 v rt thnh hnh cc nc phng Ty.

- Tt c cc nc x hi ch ngha t nhng nm 1945 - 1980 u khng c

sn golf, sau khi Lin X tan r, golf du nhp vo cc nc ng u v hin nay nc no cng c.
- cc nc cng nghip ha hoc mi cng nghip ha, con ngi lm vic

cng cng thng th nhu cu ngh ngi, gii tr cng ln v theo quy lut pht trin ca th trng t nhin thc y, ngnh dch v ngh ngi, gii tr phi kp thi pht trin. Chnh v vy m cc cu lc b nh golf hin i ngy nay khng cn l mt sn golf n thun m n c kt hp vi nhiu b mn th thao khc, nhiu ngnh hot ng vui chi khc v nhiu mt sinh hot, vn ha rt a dng, phong ph, kt hp li thnh mt qun th tng hp v th thao v vn ha p ng nhu cu gii tr, ngh ngi ca du khch.

- Sn golf Lt l sn golf u tin nc ta, c thit k nm 1922 nhng

n nm 1933 mi a vo s dng, sn golf ny b b hoang khi chin tranh th gii th 2 xy ra v phc hi vo nm 1959. Sau nm 1975, sn golf ny b b hoang ln na, mi ngi vn gi l i C (nhiu ngi thy i C p m khng bit l sn golf c).

Bng 1.1 Ch tiu bnh qun v sn golf mt s quc gia trn th gii Din Tn quc gia tch t nhin (Nghn km2)
M c Anh Nht Thi Lan Malaysia Philippin Indonesia Singapore

S Dn s (Triu ngi) lng sn golf (sn) 302,2 82,0 61,0 127,7 65,5 26,8 88,7 230,0 4,6 17.179 693 2.915 3.000 256 230 100 151 14 43.967 35.167 39.256 31.267 8.677 10.882 5.137 3.726 29.663 GDP/ngi 2007 (USD)

Lng khch DLTB nm

Mt DS/sn golf Mt DTTN/sn

(Nghn golf (km2)

(tr.ngi) ngi) 51,4 24,5 32,7 8,4 14,4 21,0 3,1 5,5 10,3 17,6 118,3 20,3 43,2 255,8 116.5 887 1523,2 329 545 515 84 126 2.238 1.435 3.000 12.709 43

9.364 357 245 378 513 330 300 1.919 0,6

Ngun: Lin on Golf Th Gii.

Bng 1.2 S lng sn golf v ngi chi golf mt s nc ng Nam

TT 1 Quc gia Malaysia S lng sn golf 230 S lng ngi chi Golf 250.000

2 3 4 5 6

Thi Lan Indonesia Philippin Vit Nam Singapore

256 151 100 18 14

500.000 100.000 70.000 10.000 55.000

Ngun: Lin on Golf ng Nam .

2. HIN TRNG PHT TRIN SN GOLF VIT NAM 2.1. V tnh hnh s dng qu t pht trin sn Golf Vit Nam

- C nc hin c 144 d n c mc tiu kinh doanh sn golf c cp php hoc c ch trng cho php nghin cu thc hin. Trong , hn 140 d n sn golf ch c 41 d n (7.095ha) c ghi r trong quy hoch, cn li l hon ton t pht (57 d n/18.746ha) hoc ln vo din tch dnh chung cho hot ng th thao, vui chi gii tr, du lch, cnh quan mi trng (41 d n/15.071ha). - Theo quy hoch ca B K hoch v u t, s lng sn Golf c quy hoch n 2020 s l 90 sn nm trn a bn 34/63 tnh, thnh ph. Trong c 29 sn golf ang hot ng, 21 sn ang xy dng, 13 sn c cp Giy php chng nhn u t, 27 sn c chp nhn ch trng u t. Trong s 90 d n

sn golf nm trong quy hoch, ch 21 d n l kinh doanh sn golf n thun, cn li 69 d n khc kt hp bt ng sn (BS) v khu du lch, sn golf ch l mt d n thnh phn. iu ny ng ngha vi vic ch 40% qu t dnh cho sn golf, cn li tp trung cho khu du lch sinh thi, trung tm thng mi i km. V d nh sn golf Tam Nng (Ph Th) t d n l 2.000ha song t xy sn ch gn 172ha, t xy sn golf trong tng 1.200ha d n Khu du lch quc t Tn Vin (H Ni) ch chim 200ha - Trong 64 d n thuc i tng phi lp bo co nh gi mi trng c 55 d n c ph duyt bo co, 9 d n ang thc hin. 2.2. V chi ph xy dng v li nhun t sn Golf - Chi ph xy dng trung bnh ca 01 sn golf khong 20- 50 triu USD. - Kh nng phc v 200 - 300 hi vin. - Mc ph phi tr ca mt hi vin khong 100 USD/lt chi. Nh vy sn golf khng mang li li nhun cho nh u t. Tin thu t khch nh golf v cc dch v lin quan ch trang tri chi ph hot ng. Li nhun ca sn golf ch yu da vo kinh doanh bt ng sn (bn v cho thu bit th). - Trung bnh 01 sn golf chim 100 - 200 ha t. Nh vy, 144 d n sn golf hin nay chim ti 50.000 ha t, trong khi ch phc v khong 5.000 ngi chi. Vn ng ni l rt nhiu din tch t trng la phi nhng ch cho sn golf. - Mt s d n ly t NN lm sn Golf Vit Nam: + D n sn golf ti x M Ph (Th Tha - Long An) c trin khai ngay ti vng t lm hai v la/nm. Ton x c 777 ha t la th b thu hi 256,3 ha lm sn golf nn nh hng trc tip n cuc sng ca khong 600 h nng dn. + Tnh Hng Yn quy hoch 180 ha t la ti 2 x Long Hng, Ngha Tr (huyn Vn Giang) lm d n sn golf 18 l kt hp kinh doanh bt ng sn.

+ Sn golf Vn Tr (ng Anh - H Ni) chim 128 ha t, trong t nng nghip l 93 ha, khin 600 gia nh mt t, km theo l tht nghip. 3. HIN TRNG S DNG NC V HA CHT TI SN GOLF 3.1 Tng quan v tnh hnh s dng nc, ha cht ti sn golf: Theo mt s chuyn gia ngnh Ti nguyn v Mi trng, t s dng lm sn golf gy nhim mi trng gp 5 - 8 ln so vi s dng sn xut nng nghip. Trung bnh mi ngy tiu tn 150.000m3 nc mt ti, s dng nhiu loi ha cht c hi gi t, gi c cho sn, trong c cht gi t khi trt l c kh nng gy ung th cao. Lng phn bn ha hc ti c cng c tnh ton l ln hn gp 5 ln ha cht trong sn xut nng nghip. cc chuyn gia ny cnh bo, qu t mt khi dng lm sn golf ri th khi hon tr, cht t khng ly li c nh ban u k c khi phi tiu tn mt khon u t khng nh ci to li t. - Cc s liu nghin cu trn th gii cho thy, trung bnh mi nm, mt sn Golf 18 l s dng khong 1,5 tn ha cht (cao gp 3 ln so vi cng din tch t nng nghip). Trong , c cc cht nh axit silic, xit nhm v xit st (tc nhn gy ung th), cht xc tc lm cng t gia c nn v b cc h nhn to sn Golf c s dng Acrylamide l cht cc c i vi sinh vt v sc khe con ngi. Tt c cc loi ha cht ny c th ngm xung long t, vo nc ngm, chy trn khi ma s a n cc vng t, nc mt ln cn, gy nn trnh trng nhim mi trng. Ngi s dng nc thi ny hoc nng sn c trng cy gn khu vc sn golf c th b nhim c v ri lon chc nng h thn kinh trung ng. Ngoi ra, khi phun ha cht vo cc thm c, mt phn chng pht tn vo mi trng lm nhim khng kh. - Hin nay cc sn golf Vit Nam s dng 3 dng phn bn: hu c, vi sinh v v c. T l s dng cc loi phn trn cc sn c khc nhau nhng trung bnh l

70% v c, 30% vi sinh + hu c. T l ny s cn c thay i khi phn v c ch dng cho c sn y. - Phn v c dng cho c cc sn golf Vit Nam cng l loi phn v c thng thng dng cho la v cy hoa qu. (nh Kali Clorua (KCL), Ur v m tng hp NPK). - Ngoi ra, cn c loi phn v c chng cn trng Pest, loi ny dng chm sc c sn y l ch yu nhng do t tin nn phn ln cc sn golf Vit Nam t nhp. Ngoi tnh cht chng cn trng n cn c tnh cht phn hy chm u, nh git m bo khng ph v lc no c cng c thc n. - Vi 147 ha sn golf Tam o, mi nm ngi dn thn Sn Long (ni c sn golf Tam o) phi hng chu khong 220,5 tn ha cht. 3.2 Mt s loi thuc bo v thc vt thng dng ti sn golf: - Thuc tr su Carbaryl Tn ho hc: 1-napthyl methylcarbamate Nhm ho hc: carbamate Cng thc ha hc: C12H11NO2 Cng thc cu to:

c tnh: Carbaryl c phn loi d tan trong nc. tan: 50 mg/lt. Carbaryl c nh gi c kh nng di ng trung bnh trong t. Thi gian bn phn hy: Carbaryl khng bn trong mi trng. Trong t Carbaryl km bn. Thi gian bn phn hu t 7 14 ngy trong t tht pha ct, t 14 28 ngy trong t tht pha st, trong nc: khong 10 ngy trong nc trung tnh.

 c cp tnh: trung bnh c nh, thuc nhm II III (phn loi theo WHO). - Thuc dit nm Mancozeb Tn ho hc: [[1,2-ethanediylbis[carbamodithioato]](2-)] manganese mixture with [[1,2-ethanediylbis [carbamodithioato]](2-)] zinc. Nhm ho hc: Carbamate fungicide; Ethylene bisdithiocarbamate (EBDC) Cng thc phn t: [(CH2NHCSS)2Mn]x[Zn]y Cng thc cu to:

c tnh: Mancozeb tan trung bnh trong nc. Nhng thc t Mancozeb khng tan trong nc. tan 6 mg/lt. Mancozeb t c kh nng di ng trong t, thi gian bn phn hy: Mancozeb khng bn trong mi trng. Trong t Mancozeb khng bn, thi gian bn phn hy t 1 - 7 ngy. Trong nc: khong 1 - 2 ngy trong mi trng nc acid nh kim nh. c cp tnh: khng c Sn phm phn hu: ETU, bn hn Mancozeb (thi gian bn phn hu 5 10 tun), c kh nng di ng trong t. - Thuc dit nm Thiophanate - methyl Tn ho hc: Dimethyl [(1,2-phenylene) bis-(iminocarbonothioyl)] [carbamate]. Nhm ho hc: Benzimidazole precursor. Cng thc phn t: C12H14N4O4S2 Cng thc cu to: bis

c tnh: Thiophanate methyl rt t tan trong nc, Thiophanate methyl di ng trung bnh trong t. Thiophanate methyl khng bn trong t. Thi gian bn phn hu l 1 ngy i vi t hiu kh, 2 ngy i vi t k kh. Thiophanate methyl hi bn trong mi trng nc, thi gian bn phn hu l 41 ngy. c cp tnh: khng c. - Thuc tr su Chlorpyrifos Tn ho hc: 0,0 - diethyl 0 - (3,5,6 - trichloro - 2 - pyridinyl) phosphorothicate Cng thc ha hc: C9H11Cl3NO3PS. Cu trc ha hc:

i vi ng vt (qua ng ming, vi chut cng, ch v cc ng vt c v khc) Chlorpyriphos b chuyn ha nhanh v ch yu thi ra ng nc tiu. i vi thc vt, Chlorpyriphos khng b r cy hp th. Trong t, Chlorpyriphos phn gii chm, thi gian bn phn hy khong 60 - 120 ngy, Chlorpyriphos tip tc phn gii thnh hp cht clo hu c v kh CO2. - Thuc tr su Diazinon Tn ha hc: O,O-diethyl O-2-isopropyl-6-methylpyrimidin-4-yl

phosphorothioate.

Cng thc ha hc: C12H21N2O3PS. Cu trc ha hc:

Trong t Diazinon c thi gian bn phn hy l 1 -12 tun, trong nc thi gian bn phn hy ca Diazinon l 12 ngy i vi nc c pH=5, 138 ngy i vi nc c pH=7, trong khng kh Diazinon chuyn i thnh diazoxon (mt cht c ch mnh hn so vi diazinon) trong kh quyn. 4. TC NG CA QU TRNH HOT NG CA KHU SN GOLF N H SINH THI 4.1. Tc ng ca vic s dng phn bn v thuc bo v thc vt Cc nh khoa hc thuc C Quan Bo v Mi trng M (EPA) tnh ra rng mi ha sn golf s dng khi lng ho cht gp 3 ln cng mt din tch canh tc nng nghip. Kt qu kho st 107 sn golf ti Long Island (M) cn cho con s cao gp 5 ln. Ngay khu vc ng Nam , cc kho st cng cho thy mi ha sn golf s dng n 1,5 tn ho cht mi nm. Vy c tnh lng ha cht dng chm sc sn golf 36 l vi tng din tch 39,6 ha khong 64,4 tn ha cht mi nm. Bng 4.1 Loi phn bn v ch s dng trong sn golf.
Loi phn URE NPK 30:5:10 NPK 15:15:15 Cch bn Phun dung dch nc Rc Rc Tn sut 01 ln/3thng 01 ln/thng 01 ln/thng Liu lng 2.300kg/ln 4.600kg/ln 4.600kg/ln Lng s dng trong nm (kg) 9.200 55.200 Xen k vi NPK 30:5:10

Tnh ton tnh ton lng phn bn s dng nh sau: - Tnh cho vic bn phn mi thng bn 1 ln, mi ln bn 5 ngy lin tc vi s lng l 4.600kg. - Gi s rng 2 loi phn NPK 30:5:10 v NPK 15:15:15 c s dng xen k vi s lng coi nh bng nhau cho mi loi trong nm, ng thi lng Ure s dng kh nh so vi NPK nn gi nh n bng vi lng c hp th bi cy c. y l gi nh khc nghit nht (bt li nht) trong vic tnh ton hm lng dinh dng thot vo ngun tip nhn. Khi : - Tng lng nc ma chy trn tnh cho ton mt bng sn golf l 4.274,440 m3/ngy. + T l phn NPK trong phn bn s l: 22,5:10:12,5 + Lng nit trong mt ln bn phn l: 22,5x4.600kg : 100 = 1.035kg + Lng phospho trong mt ln bn phn l: 10x4.600kg :100 = 460kg + Lng ma trung bnh ngy ma ma l: 4.274,440 m3/ngy + Lng nc ma trung bnh trong 5 ngy bn phn ma ma l: 4.274,440m3 x 5 = 21.372,27.200 m3 + Hm lng nit trong nc l: 1.035.000g: 21.372,27.200 m3 = 48,4 (mg/l) + Hm lng tng phospho trong nc l: 460.000g : 21.372,27.200 m3 = 21,5 (mg/l). Cc loi ho cht ny tiu dit gn nh ton b cn trng trn sn, ko theo s suy gim cc loi chim, cng nh a dng sinh hc trong khu vc. c bit, ho cht tan chy theo ngun nc v ngm xung t lm nhim t, nhim ngun nc mt, nc ngm trong khu vc, nht l gy ra hin tng ph dng ho h Rn. Vic phun thuc bng my dn n gy nhim khng kh gy nh hng

n du khch v c dn xung quang khu vc d n, nht l gy nh hng trc tip n cc cng nhn trc tip phun thuc nh gy cc bnh ngoi da, sng mt, thm ch l gy nn bnh ung th. V vy, Ch u t s p dng cc bin php chm sc c ph hp nhm qun l v kim sot cht ch d lng s dng phn bn v ho cht bo v thc vt (BVTV) ny trong qu trnh hot ng ca d n sn golf, tuyt i khng s dng cc loi ha cht cm s dng. Danh mc cc ho cht BVTV c s dng cho vic chm sc c v cy xanh ti sn golf bao gm : - Thuc tr su : Karate 2.5EC; Nissorun 5EC; Pegasuss 500DD; Selecron 500DD; Suprathion 40EC; Trigard 100 SL; Vitashield 40EC; Asitrin 50EC;Tornado 10EC; Bazan; 95SP; Southsher 10EC;Caradan 5h;Cyper Alpha; Just 050EC; Dibrom 50EC; Trebon; 20WP; Methink 25EC; Pasha 50EC. - Thuc tr nm : Anvil 5SC ;Ridomil Gold 68WP; Impact 12.5EC.

4.2. Tc ng ti ti nguyn t D lng phn bn, ho cht bo v thc vt s dng chm sc c, cy xanh l nguyn nhn chnh gy nhim t, gy tc ng tiu cc ti mi trng. Nu tnh ton nh trn, khi lng ho cht s dng hng nm cho sn golf 36 l (39,6 ha) ti d n c tnh l 64,4 tn ho cht/nm, tng ng 0,18 tn/ngy. Din tch phun xt l 39,6 ha v chiu dy trung bnh ca lp t v cch pha trn ca h thng gom nc ngm l 0,5m. Khi ,th tch t c phun xt l : 396.000 m2 x 0,5m = 198.000 m3. Coi rng t trng ca t thp nht l 1 tn/m3, khi khi lng t c phun xt l : 198.000 tn. Nh gi thit cho rng, 50% ho cht BVTV sau khi phun xt c gi li trong t v trong ho cht c 50% hp cht c tnh hot ha. - D lng HCBV thc vt trong t : 180 kg x 50% x 50% = 45 kg

- Lng HCBV thc vt/kg t l: 45000 mg : 198.000 tn = 0,23 mg/tn =0,00023 mg/kg. So snh vi tiu chun (TCVN 5941 1995) cho thy: gi tr ny nm trong khong gia ca gii hn cho php i vi tng loi ho cht BVTV (t 0,1 0,5mg/kg). Hn na, vic ly mu trong tiu chun quy nh sau v thu hoch khc vi gi nh tnh ton ca ta l vo ng thi k s dng ho cht v ng thi y cng b qua thi gian bn phn hu ca ho cht. T y c th khng nh rng tc dng ca vic s dng ho cht BVTV trong sn golf n mi trng t l khng ln, c th chp nhn c. Bn cnh cng cn nhn mnh rng, vic tch t ho cht BVTV trong t v trong chui thc vt trong trng hp ny l khng cn thit xem xt v c trng y ch nhm mc ch duy nht l m bo k thut ca sn golf v to cnh quan ch khng s dng cho bt k mc ch no khc.

4.3. Tc ng ti ti nguyn nc Sn golf lm tng nhu cu s dng nc, m bo vic chm sc cho thm c trn sn golf, cy xanh v phc v nhu cu ca du khch, trung bnh mi sn golf cn s dng lng nc ti trung bnh khong 60m3/ha (6 lt/m2). V vy gy ra tnh trng tt gim ngun nc ngm cc khu vc lin k v thc y s pht tn cc ha cht c hi vo mch nc ngm. Ngoi ra, ngun nc mt v nc ngm c th b nhim do nc ma chy trn qua mt bng sn golf s ko theo d lng phn bn, thuc tr su (dng chm sc c, cy xanh), gy tc hi n bn y v i sng ca thu ca h sinh thi h Rn nu nh khng c bin php kim sot cht ch v vic s dng phn bn v thuc bo v thc vt trong hot ng ca sn golf. Tng lng nc ma chy trn c tnh trn ton din tch ca sn golf 36 l l 21.372200 m3 (c tnh trong 05 ngy ma lin tip). Gi s lng HCBV

thc vt ra tri theo nc ma trong qu trnh phun xt l 50% ca d lng ho cht bo v thc vt c trong t. Khi d lng ho cht bo v thc vt c trong nc ma chy trn s l : 50% x 45 kg = 22,5 kg. Nng : 22,5 kg : 21.372200 m3 = 1 (mg/l). Nc pht sinh t khu ti sn gofl v cy xanh khong 1.600 m3/ngy m. Ton b lng nc ny c thu gom v ti s dng cho mc ch ti c sn gofl. So snh vi TCVN 5942 1995: Gi tr gii hn cho php ca cc thng s v nng cc cht nhim trong nc mt (ct B) cho thy : Hm lng ho cht bo v thc vt (Clo hu c) vt tiu chun cho php : 1 (mg/l) / 0,15 (mg/l) = 6,5 ln. Lng nc ma chy trn s cun theo d lng ho cht c trong t, thuc bo v thc vt cn bm trn c gy nhim mi trng nc h Rn nh: Gy hin tng ph dng ho, gy tc hi n i sng ca thu sinh vt v sinh vt y ti h. Ngoi ra, d lng ho cht BVTV cn theo nc ma thm qua cc tng t v gy nhim ngun nc ngm trong khu vc. Do , Ch u t s p dng bin php kim sot vic phun thuc BVTV ng liu lng v c phng n thu gom nc ma chy trn v nc ti c sn golf ti s dng nhm hn ch nh hng n ngun nc mt ca h Rn (TCVN 5942 1995, ct B), tun th Quyt nh s 02/2003/NQ-BTNMT ngy 29/07/2003 ca B trng B Ti nguyn v Mi trng v vic Ban hnh quy ch bo v mi trng trong khu du lch trc khi ...thi ra ngun tip nhn. 4.4. Tc ng ti mi trng khng kh Qu trnh bay hi ca ha cht BVTV trong lc phun xt chm sc c sn golf, cy xanh c th gy nh hng ti sc kho ca cng nhn, du khch hoc c dn ln cn. 4.5. Tc ng ti a dng sinh hc

Rng thng l ni tp hp nhiu chng loi ng - thc vt pht trin, tnh a dng sinh hc rt cao. Khi tin hnh pht quang xy dng sn golf ngi ta ph v sinh thi rng ny v gn nh thay th bng mt hnh thc c canh: trng c. Vic ph rng hnh thnh sn golf dn n ngun ti nguyn nc mt v nc ngm khu vc b nh hng ln. Ngun nc b st gim c s lng ln cht lng do s nhim ly tch. Nc ma v nc ti sn golf cun nitrate t phn ha hc gy hin tng ph dng, c mi hi thi v gy tnh trng thiu oxy cho cc loi thy sinh. V d nhim h H Xun Hng ( Lt): Ton b nc thi ca sn Golf i C c thu gom, x l v a vo cc h nh, khng a trc tip vo h H Xun Hng. Tuy nhin, t ngy hot ng sn Golf, nc h ngy cng b nhim, c bit l b ph dng ha. Nguyn nhn ph dng ha l do nc thi ca TP. Lt, trong c s ng gp chnh l do nc ma chy trn qua cc i c ca sn Golf c bn phn ure vi lng ln. Cc thuc tr su sn golf git cht nhiu loi sinh vt t hu ch v mt lng ln cn trng. Cn trng b tiu dit khin s lng cc loi chim trong khu vc gim st nhanh. 4.6. c tnh ca cc loi ho cht BVTV ang s dng Trong s cc ho cht s dng ti sn golf, cc ho cht gc clo hu c chim 1 t l rt nh, y l 1 u im ln v cc ho cht gc clo hu c c c tnh cao v kh bn vng trong mi trng. Vic s dng cc ho cht gc BVTV nh trong danh mc nu trn l hp l v cc loi ho cht BVTV s dng ti y u thuc danh mc c B Nng nghip v Pht trin Nng thn cho php s dng (v s dng hn ch). Cc hp cht gc phospho hu c l tn chung ca cc este ca cc axit phosphoric hoc phosphothiaric. y l nhm hp cht c s dng rng ri trong

cc loi ho cht BVTV hin nay. Cc hp cht gc phospho hu c l cht c c th tiu dit ng vt theo c ch c ch hot ng ca men cholinesterase. Nhn chung, y l cc cht c c c cp tnh rt cao i vi su b v ng vt c mu nng. Mt khc, do km tan trong m, d b thu phn cho nn chng tch lu trong c th v kh nng gy tc hi lu di v mt di truyn t bin l rt thp. Mt s cc hp cht phospho hu c b cm hoc hn ch s dng trong nng nghip (Methaphos, Dichlorvas). Cc hp cht gc cacbamate, c s dng vi t l cao nht sn golf l nhng axit c dng l RHNCOOR. Cc hp cht ny c xc nh l c c tnh thp i vi ng vt c v v d b phn hu trong mi trng.
Bng 4.2 Quy nh ca T chc Y t Th gii - WHO v c tnh ca thuc BVTV.

Loi IA cc c IB rt c II c tb III t c IV nn

LD50, chut cng (mg/kg trng lng) a qua ming (per os) a qua da (per dermal) Cht rn Cht lng Cht rn Cht lng <5 5 - 20 50 - 500 > 500 >2000 < 20 20 - 200 200 -2000 > 2000 >3000 < 10 10 -100 100 -1000 > 1000 < 40 40 - 400 400 - 4000 > 4000 -

Ngun : T chc Y t Th gii WHO, 1987.

S dng bng phn loi trn c th nh gi c mc c i vi sinh vt ca mt loi ho cht cng nh so snh c tnh gia cc loi ho cht khc nhau. C th xem xt c tnh cp ca mt s hp cht phospho hu c thng dng thng qua bng di y.
Bng 4.3 Phn chia nhm c theo Farm chemicals Handbook (M), 1992. Ch tiu phn loi I LD50 per os < 50 mg/kg 50 mg/kg II III 500 500 5000mg/kg IV > 5000mg/kg

Ch tiu phn loi LD50 qua ng

II

III

IV

h hp LD50 dermal < 0,2 mg/lt 0,2 2 mg/lt 2 20 mg/lt > 20 mg/lt Phn ng nim Gy hi nim c mng Gy nga nim Khng gy mc mt mc., c mng sng mt ko mc sng mt ko di di trn 7 ngy Phn ng da Mn nga da 7 ngy, gy nga nim mc 7 ngy Mn nga 72 Mn nga nh Phn ng nh gi
Ngun : c hc mi trng, GS.TS. L Huy B, 2000.

nga mc

nim

72 gi

72 gi

Nhn chung, cc ho cht BVTV c s dng khng tn lu lu di trong mi trng, t c hi, khng tch t v khuch i sinh hc theo chui thc n. Hn na, cc ho cht b ra tri theo nc ma chy trn v nc ti u c thu gom v cc h cha nn chng t c kh nng lan truyn v gy nhim ngun nc mt khu vc bn ngoi d n. Ngoi ra, cc ho cht BVTV ny khng hoc t c kh nng di ng trong t nn khi tch t trong cc h cha chng s b phn hu dn m khng c kh nng di chuyn qua cc lp t gy nhim cho tng nc ngm trong khu vc. Thuc BVTV cn gy ra nhiu tc ng sinh thi nh tc ng mnh n mt s loi thu sinh vt nhy cm, cn trng c li lm mt cn bng t nhin. Cc tc ng ny cng nh hiu qu s dng ph thuc nhiu yu t bao gm yu t t nhin v yu t nhn to. * nh gi s phn b thuc BVTV trong cc thnh phn mi trng: S lc v cch tip cn m hnh Level III Level III (A steady-state fugacity - based multimedia environmental model) Version 2.80.1 thng 07/2004 da trn c s ca m hnh Multimedia Environmental Models: The Fugacity Approach Hiu chnh ln 2 ca Macay v

Donald nm 2001. Theo m hnh ny, ha cht c a vo mi trng lin tc v n nh. Qu trnh lm gim cht nhim l cc phn ng trao i (reaction), pht tn (advention) v tun theo s cn bng khi lng (equilibrium). S cn bng khi lng c tnh cho 4 pha: - Kh (gm kh v sol kh) - Nc (ha tan, cht l lng, sinh vt) - t (rn, kh v nc) - Trm tch Cc cht nhim trong mi trng c xem xt thuc 3 loi: - Cht nhim c th pht tn vo tt c cc mi trng thnh phn - Cht nhim khng bay hi - Cht nhim khng tan hay gn nh khng tan M hnh hu ch cho vic tnh ton s phn phi ca cc ha cht tn ti hoc ha cht mi c a vo mi trng trong cc mi trng thnh phn. iu kin bi ton p dng m hnh Level III c tnh s phn b ca Carbaryl v Mancozeb trong cc thnh phn mi trng trn 60ha din tch d n vi cc gi thuyt nh sau: - Mi trng t vi su tng canh tc 0,5 m. - Mi trng khng kh tng cao 5 m. - Mi trng nc vi din tch b mt nc: 20 ha; su tng nc 5 m. - Trm tch vi b dy 0,1 m. - Lng Carbaryl u vo mi trng t l 0,2565 kg/gi v Mancozeb u

vo mi trng l 1,269 kg/gi trn din tch 60 ha. Tng thi gian phun thuc Carbaryl khong 351 gi/nm v Mancozeb khong 205 gi/nm. Kt qu tnh ton Sau khi Carbaryl v Mancozeb i vo mi trng t, chng s phn phi vo trong cc thnh phn mi trng khc nhau thng qua nhiu qu trnh v bin i, kt qu tnh ton nh trong bng sau.

Bng 4.4 S phn phi Carbaryl v Mancozeb trong cc thnh phn mi trng Stt 1 2 3 4 Cc thnh phn mi trng t Nc Khng kh Trm tch T l phn chia (% khi lng) Carbaryl Mancozeb 91,67 93,25 8,31 6,74 0,00 0,00 0,02 0,01

Vi lng s dng khong 90 kg/nm Carbaryl v 260 kg/nm Mancozeb. S chuyn ho v phn phi ca Carboryl v Mancozeb trong cc thnh phn mi trng c th hin c th trong s sau:
Hnh 4.1 S th hin s phn phi ca Carbaryl trong mi trng

Hnh 4.2 S th hin s phn phi ca Mancozeb trong mi trng

Qu trnh pht trin loi hnh du lch sn golf l qu trnh tt yu trong xu th hi nhp vi nn kinh t th gii hin nay. Trn thc t, vic pht trin sn Golf thi gian qua c nhiu tc ng tiu cc n mi trng. Tuy nhin, cng tc

bo v mi trng li b ang b b ng. Bo v mi trng ca hot ng sn Golf li cng mi m. Cc c quan qun l mi trng a phng khng thc hin nh gi thc trng nhim mi trng do cc d n u t xy dng sn Golf gy ra, cng nh vic nh gi v gim st thc hin cc cam kt v bin php gim thiu nhim mi trng do cc ch u t xut trong bo co v mi trng. Mt khc, do nhn thc ch quan ca ch u t trong cng tc nhn nh, nh gi cc tc ng mi trng cng nh cha p dng hiu qu cc bin php nhm gim thiu cc tc ng n mi trng cng l nguyn nhn gy ra tnh trng nhim mi trng, lm gim a dng sinh hc. 4.7 Tc ng n sc khe con ngi Thuc tr su khng ch gy tn hi ngun nc m cn c th gy hi cho sc khe con ngi. Sau mt ln s dng thuc tr su v phosphate hu c, bt k s bay hi no ca thuc tr su cng c lun chuyn trong khng kh v c hp th cc mi trng xung quanh. Thng thuc tr su trong khng kh c hp th qua phi v da. Tip xc lin tc c th gy ra hng lot hu qu cho sc khe, nh th b nga mt, nga mi, nga c, nhc u, chong vng, cn nng hn th b tn thng h thn kinh trung ng v thn, tng nguy c ung th v gy ra cc vn v tiu ha. Tip xc thng xuyn nht vi thuc tr su l i ng nhn vin qun l v phc v sn golf. Ngi chi golf cng c th ht cht c lc h ra sn trc khi thuc tr su kp thm thu vo trong c. Trong s nhng cht c ny c diazinon. 5. NH HNG QUY HOCH PHT TRIN SN GOLF - Quy hoch pht trin h thng sn golf nh l mt ngnh CN, hng ti mc ch chuyn i c cu kinh t a phng, ly hiu qu kim tra lm thc o c bn. - Quy hoch pht trin h thng sn golf nh l mt phn t cu thnh trong quy hoch pht trin khu th, cng nghip, du lch vi mc ch to ra cc khng

gian xanh, hnh thnh cc khu th mi, p, thn thin vi mi trng. - Quy hoch pht trin sn golf khng ch v mc ch li nhun KT m cn v nhu cu pht trin sc khe ca cng ng. - Quy hoch pht trin sn golf phi ph hp vi nhu cu thc t ca a phng theo tng thi k pht trin, ng theo quy lut cung cu ca th trng. - Cp php xy dng sn golf cng nh cc d n khc u phi qun trit ch trng tn dng, tit kim qu t nh l mt yu cu ti quan trng bt buc. - i vi vic thu hi t cp cho cc d n pht trin th, cng nghip, ngh dng, cn thit phi thay i chnh sch n b cho cc ch s hu ph hp vi gi th trng, tng bc cho php cc ch s hu gp c phn trong cc d n bng gi tr quyn s hu t. - Phi c chnh sch o to ngh, tm kim cng n vic lm, m bo i sng n nh lu di cho nhng ngi b thu hi t pht trin d n. - Chnh sch quy hoch pht trin ngnh cng nghip golf Vit Nam phi c tnh bin chng, thch nghi, ph hp vi tng giai on pht trin.