VI SINH VT VSV C IM CHUNG Mycoplasma - Kch thc rt b, c th lt qua phu lc vi khun. - Khun lc nh.

- Nhn s, khng c thnh t bo, mng t bo c cholesterol. X khun - Sinh sn bng phn i. - Hnh si, hnh tia, si c th phn nhnh. - Nhn s, kch thc nh 0.21 m. - Si vi khun c 2 loi: + Khun ti c cht. + Khun ti kh sinh. - Khun lc: b mt kh, bm cht vo mi trng, khng nhn r cu trc si, c cu trc phng x, mang nhiu mu sc khc nhau. Vi khun lam - Sinh sn: Bng ngoi bo t. - Nhn s, n bo, hoc a bo. - Thnh t bo: Glycopeptid - Cha khng bo kh d ni. - Dinh dng; Quang t dng. - Sinh sn: Phn ct, t on. - Thc n cho ng vt thu sinh, l thc n giu dinh dng b sung. - C nh nitrogen khng kh, tng lng mn cho t. - Sn xut sinh khi, iu ng vt nguyn sinh - T chc c th: n bo nhn thc. - Cu trc: Khng c thnh t bo, cht ho khng kh. - L thnhh phn ca ng vt ph du thc n cho c, - Sn xut cht khng sinh (streptomixin) v mt s cht khc. - Phn gii mt s hp cht kh phn gii nh cellulose, linhin. - Sn xut trong cng nghip enzyme. VAI TR TC HI - Gy nhiu bnh him ngho cho ngi v sinh vt (Vim phi, bnh tit niu, bnh sinh dc)

d tr ch yu l glycogen, c roi hoc khng roi. t do hoc k sinh gy bnh. Khi gp iu kin bt li s kt bo xc. - Sinh sn: V tnh bng cch phn i. Vi to Hu tnh bng cch tip hp. - Kch thc: Hin vi. - T chc c th: n bo hoc a bo, nhn thc. - Cu to: C roi hoc khng, thnh cellulose dng si mnh. Lc lp c sc t quang hp chlorophyll, caroten. - Dinh dng; T dng, phn b rng, ch yu sng tri ni trong nc. - Sinh sn: Nhanh: + V tnh: Phn i, bo t. + Hu tnh: Giao t Nm men - Hnh thi: Hnh cu, bu dc. s loi cu to t si nm tht hoc si nm gi. Thnh t bo cu to t mannan glucan v nannan chitin. - T chc c th: Nhn chun. - Dinh dng: K sinh v hoi sinh. - Sinh sn: V tnh bng ny chi, phn ct hoc sinh sn hu tnh bng tip hp. Nm si - T bo nhn chun, h si nm ng

sinh vt khc. - Gy bnh ngi v ng

- Dinh dng: T dng hoc d dng, vt (St rt cn)

- Thc n cho ng vt thu sinh, lm giu cht hu c cho t. - Sn xut thc n giu protein, vitamine cho ngi v ng vt. - X l nc thi th, cng nghip, y t - Mt s to c c tnh cao gy cht hng lot ng vt thu sinh (Hin tng nc n hoa) - Thc n cho ngi v gia - Cng nghip sn xut bia, ru, cn, men bnh m, sn xut sinh khi - K sinh gy hi cho ngi v ng vt. - Lm h hng thc phm.

- Cu to: n bo, a bo dng si, mt sc, lm thuc cha bnh.

- Sn xut thc n giu

knh 3-5 m. - Cu to: Phn nhnh, khng c vch ngang, c th hnh thnh si cng bo. Thnh t bo c cu trc khc nhau, tu nhm: Hemicellulose, chitin. - Dinh dng: Hoi sinh hoc k sinh. - Sinh sn: V tnh bng t on, bo t hoc sinh sn hu tnh.

protein v vitamine. - Sn xut thuc khng sinh v vitamine. - Sn xut cc loi ho cht nh GA, AIA - K sinh gy bnh ngi v ng vt, thc vt.

Qu trnh hnh thnh ni bo t VK

Nm si

X khun

Khun lc x khun

KHI QUT V VI SINH VT 1. VD: - Nhn s: VK lam, VK lao, E.coli - Thc vt nguyn sinh: To lc dng si, to lc n bo - ng vt nguyn sinh: Trng c, trng amip - Nm: Nm men, nm si mc tng 2. nh ngha: L nhng sinh vt c kch thc rt nh, ch quan st c di di knh hin vi. 3. c im: - T chc c th: Kch thc rt nh b, n bo nhn s hoc nhn thc, 1 s l tp hp n bo.

- Dinh dng: Hp th v chuyn ho cht dinh dng nhanh sinh trng v sinh sn nhanh. - Phm vi loi: Ch yu thuc 3 gii Khi sinh, Nguyn sinh v gii Nm. - Phm vi phn b: Rng, hu ht mi ni v cc loi mi trng khc nhau.

CHUYN HO VT CHT V NNG LNG VI SINH VT I. MI TRNG SNG CA VI SINH VT 1. Trong t nhin: Sng hu ht cc loi mi trng, k c mi trng khc nghit. 2. Trong phng th nghim: Chia thnh 2 loi mi trng: a. Mi trng lng (Mi trng dch th): Trn c s s lng, thnh phn cc cht trong mi trng bit hay cha bit, chia thnh: - Mi trng t nhin: Gm cc cht t nhin khng xc nh c s lng, thnh phn. VD: +Cao tht b: Cha cc acid amine, peptide, nucleotide, acid hu c, vitamine v mt s cht khong. +Pepton: L dch thu phn mt phn ca tht b, cazein, bt u tng dng lm ngun carbon, nng lng v nitrogen. +Cao nm men: L ngun phong ph cc vitamine nhm B cng nh ngun carbon, nitrogen.

- Mi trng tng hp: Gm cc cht bit thnh phn ho hc v s lng. - Mi trng bn tng hp: Gm cc cht t nhin v cc cht ho hc. b. Mi trng c: Khi thm vo mi trng lng 1,52% thch (agar) II. CC KIU TNG HP CC CHT CC KIU DINH DNG: Trn c s ngun nng lng, ngun carbon dng tng hp cc cht, chia thnh: Kiu dinh dng 1.Quang t dng 2.Quang d dng 3.Ho t dng nh sng Cht v c (NH4 , NO2-, H2, H2S, Fe2+ Cht hu c
+

Ngun nng lng nh sng

Ngun carbon ch yu CO2

VD To, VK lam, VK lu hunh mu ta, mu lc VK ta, VK lc khng cha lu hunh VK nitrate ho, VK oxy ho lu hunh, VK hydro VSV ln men, hoi sinh

Cht hu c CO2

) 4.Ho d dng Cht hu c

C 4 kiu dinh dng, trong khi thc vt, ng vt bc cao ch c mt kiu dinh dng. III. MT S KIU PHN GII CC CHT CHUYN HO VT CHT VSV c im VD H hp hiu kh H hp k kh VK nt sn Ln men Nm men, VK lactic

nh ngha

L qu trnh OXH cc phn t hu c.

Qu trnh phn gii carbohydrate thu NL cho TB. Cht v c, c thnh phn ion l: NO3-, SO42-.

L s phn gii carbohydrate trong t bo cht, c xc tc bi enzyme trong iu kin k kh, khng c s tham gia ca mt cht nhn electron t bn ngoi. Cc phn t hu c.

Cht nhn in t cui cng

O2 : - SV nhn thc chui truyn in t mng trong ti th. - SV nhn s din ra ngay trn

Sn

mng sinh cht. phm CO2, H2O, NL

NL

Lactic, ru, dmhu c.

to thnh 1. H hp: a. Trong mi trng c oxy: *H hp hiu kh: - Cht nhn electron l O2. - Sn phm: 36-38mol ATP (tc 40% nng lng ca mt mol glucose. *H hp hiu kh khng hon ton: Mi trng thiu mt s nguyn t vi lng Thiu mt s coenzyme trong chui chuyn electron khng th dng pha phn gii th nht (Gm ng phn v chu trnh Krebs) Thi ra mi trng cc sn phm phn gii d dang. *H hp vi hiu kh: Xy ra mt s VK m trong t bo khng s lng, chng loi enzyme (SOD SuperOxyDismutase, catalase, peroxydase) phn gii trit cc yu t c hi (H+, O, OH-) trong iu kin mi trng c t O2 .

b. Trong mi trng khng c oxy H hp k kh *H hp nitrate (Kh d ho nitrate, phn nitrate ho): Ly oxy t hp cht nitrate lm cht nhn electron cui cng trong chui vn chuyn electron. 1 mol glucose 25 mol ATP (30%).
Nitrogen kh quyn VK c nh nitrogen VK phn nitrate ho

NO3VK nitrate ho VK amone ho

*H hp sulfate: (Kh d ho sulfate, phn sulfate ho) Ly oxy t sulfate lm cht nhn electron cui cng trong chui vn chuyn electron. 1 mol glucose 22 mol ATP (25%). 2. Ln men: 1 mol glucose 2 mol ATP (2%) L qu trnh phn gii carbohydrate xc tc bi enzyme trong iu kin k kh, khng c s tham gia ca cht nhn electron t bn ngoi. Trong , cht cho v cht nhn e u l cc cht hu c.

IV. QU TRNH TNG HP CC CHT 1. C ch: a. Tng hp acid nucleic: -Din ra ging vi qu trnh tng hp acid nucleic ca mi sinh vt khc: Nh qu trnh t sao, sao m theo nguyn tc b sung. b.Tng hp protein: RNA Protein thng qua qu trnh gii m. n (acid amine) polypeptide c.Tng hp polysacharide: VD: tinh bt, glycogen, chitin, cellulose. (glucose)n + [ADP-glucose] (glucose)n+1 + ADP d.Tng hp lipid: - ihydroacetonP Glyceron - Cc phn t acetyl-CoA Cc acid bo. - Glycerol + acid bo Lipid 2. ng dng: a. Sn xut sinh khi hoc protein n bo Ln men cht thi t cc nh my ch bin rau, qu, bt, sa, thu nhn sinh khi lm thc n cho chn nui. b. Sn xut acid amine Sn xut acid amine qu (khng thay th) cho ngi v gia sc. Acid amine khng thay th l loi acid amine c th khng c kh nng t tng hp m phi ly vo trc tip. Acid amine thay th l loi acid amine m c th c kh nng t tng hp c. c. Sn xut cc cht xc tc sinh hc

Cc enzyme ngoi bo ca VSV c s dng ph bin: - Amylase: Thu phn tinh bt Dng lm tng, ru np, sn xut bnh ko, cng nghip dt, sn xut syrup. - Protease (Thy phn protein) Dng lm nc tng, ch bin tht, cng nghip thuc da, cng nghip bt dt - Cellulase (Thu phn cellulose) Dng trong ch bin khai thc v x l cc b thi dng lm thc n cho chn nui v sn xut bt git. - Lipase (Thu phn lipid) Dng trong cng nghip bt git, cht ty ra. d. Sn xut gm sinh hoc Sn xut kem ph b mt bnh, cht ph gia trong cng nghip khai thc du ho. Trong y hc, dng lm cht thay th huyt tng. Trong sinh ho hc, dng lm cht tch chit enzyme. V. QU TRNH PHN GII CC CHT 1. Phn gii protein: a. C ch:
Protease

Protein Acid amine CO2 + NH3 + NL - Giai on 1: Phn gii phn gii protein phc tp thnh cc acid amine bn ngoi t bo. - Giai on 2: VSV hp th acid amine phn gii to ra NL. Khi mi trng thiu C v tha N VSV kh amine, s dng acid hu c lm ngun carbon. b. ng dng:

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- Thu c cc acid amine tng hp protein bo v t bo khi b h hi. - Lm tng, lm nc mm 2. Phn gii polysaccharide a. C ch: - Ln men ethylic: Tinh bt

Nm (ng ho)

Nm men ru

Glucose

ethanol + CO2

- Ln men lactic (Chuyn ho k kh)

VK Lactic ng hnh

Glucose

VK Lactic d hnh

Lactic

Glucose Lactic + CO2 + ethanol + acetic. - Phn gii cellulose:

cellulase

Cellulose trng.

Cht mn, lm giu cht dinh dng cho t, trnh nhim mi

- Qu trnh OXH do VK sinh acid acetic (gim) C2H5OH + O2 CH3COOH + H2O + Nng lng b. ng dng: - Phn gii tinh bt sn xut ko, siro, ru - Tn dng b thi thc vt lm nm n. - Cung cp cht dinh dng cho cy trng. - Lm thc n cho gia sc.

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Ch : Gy h hng hoc lm gim cht lng thc phm, dng, hng ho. VI. MI QUAN H GIA PHN GII V TNG HP L 2 qu trnh din ra song song, ng thi, ph thuc cht ch vo nhau. Trong : Tng hp -Cc phn t lin kt to thnh cc hp cht phc tp. -Nng lng c tch lu trong cc mi lin kt ca hp cht phc tp. -Sinh khi tng, t bo phn chia. -Cung cp ngun nguyn liu cho qu trnh phn gii. Phn gii -Cc hp cht phc tp c phn ct thnh cc phn t nh b ri c hp th v phn gii tip trong t bo. -Nng lng c gii phng do ph v mi lin kt ca cc hp cht phc tp. -Vt cht d tr gim, t bo gim sinh khi v kch thc. -Cung cp ngun nng lng cho qu trnh tng hp.

MT S CU HI N TP Phn 1: Khi qut v vi sinh vt 1. Th no l chng VSV thun khit ? 2. Tin mao v tim mao ca vi khun khc nhau ch yu im no ? 3. Nu 3 yu t tc ng vo thnh t bo VK v c ch tc ng ca chng ? 4. Ti sao khi cho enzyme lysosyme tc ng ln thnh t bo th vi khun v Archaea th Archaea vn gi c hnh dng n nh ? 5. Ti sao mt t bo VK ch c mt ADN NST nhng li c th c nhiu plasmide?

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6. Gii thch nh th no v hnh thc si cng bo (t bo nhiu nhn) ? Hnh thc ny c loi sinh vt no ? Cc t bo ny phn b u v c vai tr g ? 7. Hin tng kt bo xc ging v khc nhau nh th no vi hin tng hnh thnh ni bo t ? 8. Nu tm tt s khc nhau gia vi khun v Archaea ? 9. VSV c phi l mt n v phn loi khng ? 10. Khun lc l g ? Ch x trong x khun c ngha g ?N khc vi ch cu trong cu khun nh th no ? 11.Ti sao vi khun hnh cu li c nhiu dng khc nhau: Song cu khun (diplococus), chui cu khun (streptococus), t cu khun (staphylococus) 12. C hai mi trng nui cy A v B. Trong mi mi trng l mt loi VK khc nhau ang sinh trng bnh thng. Thm vo mi dung dch enzyme lysosyme. Sau mt thi gian thy B s lng VK tng ln cn A th khng ?C nhn xt g v loi t bo vi khun mi mi trng ? 13. c im no trong cu trc ca VK lam (cu trc ca thnh t bo) gip n c th d dng ni trn mt nc ? iu ny c li g i vi i sng ca VK lam ? Phn 2: Chuyn ho vt cht v nng lng VSV 1. Hy k tn cc loi mi trng nui cy VSV ? Nu phn loi theo mi trng th c bao nhiu loi mi trng VSV ? 2. Gii thch thut ng Ho t dng v c, Ho d dng hu c ? Cho VD ? 3. M t qu trnh ln men lactic t glucose ?

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4. So snh qua trnh ln men ru v ln men lactic ? 5. Ti sao khi ru cn trnh iu kin hiu kh ? 6. Ti sao hoa qu lu (b hng) c mi ru ? 7. Ti sao ru nh hoc bia lu ngy c vng trng v c v chua gt ? C th quan st thy hin tng g khi nh ln mt vi git oxy gi ? 8. Mun bit mt chng VSV c phi l VSV hiu kh hay khng th phi lm nh th no ? 9. Mt s VSV khuyt dng khng th sng trn mi trng ti thiu nhng khi c ni cy chung vi mt VSV nguyn dng khc th c hai u sinh trng, pht trin bnh thng. Hin tng ny goi l g ? Gii thch ? 10. So snh h hp hiu kh, ln men v h hp k kh ? 11. Cho bit nm men c nhng hnh thc trao i cht no ? Mun thu c sinh khi nm men ngi ta phi lm g ? 12. T hiu bit v Quang hp VSV, hy: a. Phn bit quang hp thi oxy v khng thi oxy ? b. Nu tn mt s VSV thuc hai nhm trn m em bit ? c. Trong hai dng trn, dng no tin ho hn ? 13 .Trong quy trnh sn xut cc loi ung cha ru nh bia, ru vang, sake, c nhng im no chung v khc bit ? 14. Hy k tn nhng nhm VSV c kh nng c nh nitrogen phn t m em bit ? Hin tng c nh nitrogen xut hin vo thi tri t nguyn thu, kh quyn giu hydro, cha c oxy. Theo em h thng enzyme c nh nitrogen ca VK ny hin nay

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phi c c im g v nhng VSV sng trong iu kin no s c kh nng c nh nitrogen ? Cho VD ? 15. nghin cu kiu h hp ca 3 loi vi khun A, B, C ngi ta a chng vo cc ng nghim khng y np vi mi trng nui cy ph hp, v trng. Sau 48 gi ngi ta quan st thy cc ng nh sau: a. Cho bit kiu h hp ca A, B v C ? b. Ly VD loi VK A, B, C ? c. Ly VD v VSV nhn chun c kiu h hp nh A, B ?

16. Trong iu kin nh sng v giu CO2, mt loi VSV c th pht trin trn mi trng c thnh phn (g/l) nh sau: (NH4)3PO4: 1,5 ; KH2PO4 : 1,0 ; MgSO4: 0.2; CaCl2: 0,1 ; NaCl: 5,0 ; a. Mi trng trn l loi mi trng g ? b.VSV pht trin trn mi trng ny c kiu dinh dng g ? c. Ngun carbon, ngun nng lng v ngun nitrogen ca VSV ny l g ? 17. Bng cc kiu dinh dng, hy chng minh tnh a dng ca VSV ? 18. Bng cc kiu chuyn ho, hy chng minh tnh a dng ca VSV ? 5. So snh u nhc im ca phng php kh trng Paster v phng php kh trng Tidan ? 6. Trong mi trng nui cy khng lin tc din ra pha tim pht l pha thch nghi ca VK vi iu kin mi trng sng. Vy bng cch no VK thch nghi c vi mi trng ?

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7. Trong khi nui cy VSV c nhng trng hp pH ca mi trng b thay i. Nguyn nhn do u ? trnh s thay i t ngt pH, ngi ta phi lm g ? 8. Trong 2 mi trng nui cy A v B. B sung lng tng ng cc t bo VK Staphylococus (Gr+). mi trng A, thm mt t lysosyme vo dch nui cy u pha cp s (lu tha). mi trng B, thm mt lng lysosyme tng ng vo dch nui cy cui pha cp s. Theo em, s lng t bo VK hai mi trng c khc nhau khng ? Gii thch ? 9. Ngi ta cho VK Clostrium tetani vo 4 ng nghim, trong mi ng nghim c cc thnh phn sau: ng 1: Mi trng c bn. ng 2: Mi trng c bn + riboflavin (Vitamine B12) ng 3: Mi trng c bn + riboflavin + acid lipoic ng 4: Mi trng c bn + riboflavin + acid lipoic + NaClO Trong iu kin nhit thch hp, sau mt thi gian thy ng 3 tr nn c, cn ng 1, 2, 4 vn trong sut. a. VK Glostrium tetani thuc loi VK g ? b. Vai tr ca riboflavin, acid lipoic v NaClO i vi VK Clostrium tetani ? 10. Mt loi VK trong iu kin n nh c kh nng sinh sn theo kiu phn i 20 pht mt ln. Bn a mt VK vo mi trng nui cy, sau 2 gi s c bao nhiu VK trong mi trng nui cy ? Sau 10 gi s l bao nhiu ? Nu loi ny tip tc tng sinh ko di th hin tng g s xy ra ? 11. Mt huyn dch Clostrium tetani c gi trong ng nghim 15 ngy nhit phng, gi l huyn dch A. Mt huyn dch B cha Clostrium tetani khc c chun b t mt ng nghim c 24 gi tui.

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a. Tin hnh nhum Gram c 2 huyn dch ny. Trnh by kt qu thu c khi quan st hai loi tiu bn ny di knh hin vi ? b. un nng c 2 huyn dch ti 80oC trong 15 pht. Sau cy 0.1ml mi huyn dch un nng ln mi trng thch hp, nhit thch hp. Sau mt thi gian ngi ta thy c nhiu khun lc mc trn a thch cy A, 1 khun lc mc trn a thch cy B. C th kt lun g v c tnh ca dng VK ny ? c tnh ny lin quan n nhng c im c trng no ?

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