Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI

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Chng

CNG TRNH X L NC THI BNG C HC

--- oOo --3.1 CNG TRNH LM SCH C HC
3.1.1 Song chn rc
Trong hu ht cc cng trnh x l nc thi bng bin php x l c hc u c
song chn rc (bar-rack/screen). Song chn rc l hng mc cng trnh x l s
b u tin nhm ngn gi rc bn th gm giy, bc nylon, cht do, c cy, v
hp, g, ... Cc loi rc ny c th lm tt nghn ng dn nc hoc lm
h hng my bm. Song chn rc l mt hay nhiu lp thanh an xen k vi
nhau (cn gi l mc song) t ngang ng dn nc thi. Rc sau khi ly ra
khi nc thi thng c em qua b phn nghin (grinder), t hoc chn ty
theo mc , kinh ph v cng ngh (xem hnh 3.1).

Hnh 3.1:

S trm x l c hc

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-------------------------------------------------------------------------------i vi song chn rc, ta c th phn bit:
Theo khe h ca song chn c 3 kch c: loi th ln (30 - 200 mm), loi
trung bnh (16 - 30 mm), loi nh (di 16 mm ).
Theo cu to ca song chn: loi c nh v loi di ng.
Theo phng cch ly rc: loi th cng v loi c gii.
Thanh an trong song chn c th c hnh trn ( = 8 - 10 mm) hoc hnh ch
nht (tit din ngang (s x b) = 10 x 40 mm, 8 x 60 mm, ...). Hnh trn th thun li
cho dng chy nhng kh co rc, cn hnh ch nht th gy tn tht dng chy.
C nhiu hnh dng khc, tt nht l hnh bu dc, nhng chi ph loi ny cao.

Hnh 3.2: Cc kch thc v hnh dng ca thanh chn rc

Loi song chn rc di ng thng t c s dng do thit b phc tp v qun
l kh. Ph bin l loi chn rc dng thanh ch nht c nh, rc c ly bng
co st gn vi mt trc quay. Lng rc c gi li ph thuc vo khe h gia
cc thanh chn. Tu theo mc rc trong nc thi, ngi ta nh cc khe h
ca song chn, nu rng qu th s khng ngn rc hiu qu, cn nu hp qu th
cn tr dng chy.
Bng 3.1: Ch s thit k thanh chn
D liu thit k
Co rc bng tay
Kch thc thanh chn
+ B dy, inches (mm)
+ B bn, inches (mm)
Khong h, inch (mm)
dc ( )
Vn tc dng chy, ft/s (m/s)
Tn tht dng chy, inch (mm)

0.2 - 0.6 (5.08 - 15.24)

1.0 - 1.5 (25.4 - 38.1)
1.0 - 2.0 (25.4 - 38.1)
15 - 45
1.0 - 2.0 (0.3048 - 0.6096)
6 (152.4)

Co rc bng c hc
0.2 - 0.6 (5.08 - 15.24)
1.0 - 1.5 (25.4 - 38.1)
0.6 - 30 (15.24 - 72.6)
0 - 30
2.0 - 3.25 (0.6096 - 0.9906)
6 (152.4)

Ngun: George T., Franlin L. B., Wastewater Engineering, 1995

Mt s lu khi thit k song chn rc:
Khng ch tc dng chy nc thi qua song chn t 0,5 - 1,0 m/s.
Nu lng rc W > 0,1 m3/ngy th c th ly rc bng tay.
Nu lng rc W 0,1 m3/ngy th c th ly rc bng c gii.
Tn tht ct nc khi i qua song chn rc c th xc nh theo:

hL = B( s / b) 4 / 3 .hv . sin

(3-1)

trong :
s l b dy thanh chn
b l khong h gia 2 thanh
hV l ct nc dng chy on gn n song chn rc, hV = V2/2g
l gc nghing ca thanh chn so vi chiu dng chy
B l h s hnh dng ca thanh chn, ly theo bng sau:
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-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Bng 3.2: H s hnh dng thanh chn rc
Hnh dng thanh
H s B
2,42
Thanh ch nht sc cnh vung
1,83
Thanh ch nht c u trn mt thng lu dng chy
1,79
Hnh trn
1,67
Thanh ch nht c u trn mt thng lu v h lu
0,76
Thanh hnh git nc
Ngun: Kriengsak Udomsinrot, Watsewater Engineering Design, AIT, 1989
3.1.2 Mt s kiu song chn rc
Hnh 3.3 l mt kiu song chn rc co bng tay, y l loi c dng ph bin
cc cng trnh u mi ca trm bm nc thi. Khi thit k cn lu l chiu
di rnh lm sch bng tay khng nn vt qu khong cch thun li cho vic
co rc bng tay, khong 3 m. Thanh chn rc thng khng nh hn 10 mm
theo chiu dy v 50 mm theo chiu su. Cc thanh ny c hn cht trong mt
khung cng vi cc khong cch ph hp vi dng c co rc. Pha trn knh
dn thng c cc tm y ngn cn mi hi ca nc thi. Knh dn nc
thi cn c thit k ngn cn cc tch t sn si v cc vt liu nng khc
lng t trong knh, nn xc nh b rng knh dn trc khu vc chn rc sao
cho vn tc dng chy ch gii hn trong khong 0,40 m/s - 0,80 m/s l tt nht.

Hnh 3.3: Mt kiu kt cu song chn rc co bng tay

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-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Song chn rc c b phn ly rc bng c gii rt a dng v hnh kiu, mi loi
u c u im v khuyt im ring (hnh 3.4).

Hnh 3.4: Mt s kt cu chn rc vi thit b lm sch bng c gii

(a) kiu vn hnh bng xch quay; (b) kiu bn co trt (theo Franklin Miller);
(c) kiu ti quay (theo Dresser Industries); (d) kiu u cp
Trong hnh 3.4(a), b phn co rc vn hnh bng xch quay theo mt u
dn, rc c cun theo chiu i xung ca dy xch v a ln mt mng lc .
u im ca kiu ny l vic ly rc tng i trit nht l cc loi rc "mm"
nh giy, vi, nylon,... cc thanh chn c bo v khi b h hi do cc mnh v
gy ra. Khuyt im l n thnh thong b kt do cc loi rc "cng" gy ra, ng
thi gp kh khn khi chnh sa bnh xch v cn thit phi tho nc khi lng
knh.
Hnh 3.4(b) l mt kiu ly rc theo cch trt, b phn co rc di chuyn
theo mt gi , ln n u gi , rc s t ri xung v a i ni khc.
nghing ca gi c th iu chnh ty theo tnh trng rc thi. u im ca
kiu ny l hu ht cc b phn ly rc u nm trn mc nc, c th d dng
lm sch v qun l m khng cn phi tho sch nc trong lng knh. Khuyt
im ca n l b phn co rc ch hotng trn mt chiu gi thay v lin tc
nh loi xch quay.
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------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Hnh 3.4(c) l mt hnh thc ly rc theo kiu ti quay, b phn co rc
c gi trn gi nh vo trng lng ca dy xch. u im ca kiu nu l
b phn u bnh rng c kh khng b ngp chm trong nc thi. Khuyt im
ca n l chim nhiu khng gian lp t.
Hnh 3.4(d) cho mt kiu ly rc bng u cp, b phn co rc i ln
xung trn mt gi trc qua s chuyn ng ca h thng dy co v u trng
quay. B phn co i xung bng trng lng bn thn v nng ln bng cp
quay. u im ca kiu ny l b phn co rc t trng lng bn thn n m
nhn mt phn vic vn hnh c hc khi ri vo vng nc thi. Khuyt im ca
n l kh nng co rc b gii hn, qun l hi phc tp, cun cp hay b vng
do cht thi rn v b phn thng hm c hc thng b trc trt.
V d 3.1: nh hnh kch thc lin quan n vic thit k mt knh dn trc khi
i n mt b phn song chn rc co tay vi cc thng s tnh ton sau:
+ Lu lng thit k ln nht
Q = 1 m3/s
+ Vn tc dng chy i qua song chn rc
V = 0,5 m/s
+ Khong cch cc thanh chn rc
b = 50 mm
+ Chiu su dng chy trong knh ly rc
H = 1 m.
Tnh h s hu dng ca song lc v s lng rc qua song mi ngy, gi thit
song c kh nng gi 20 m3 rc /106 m3 nc thi.
Gii:
1. Tnh chiu rng cc thanh chn v b rng knh dn nc thi
Din tch mt lm sch qua song chn A:
Q
1
A= =
= 2 m2
V 0 ,5
Chiu rng mt lm sch qua song chn W:
A 2
W =
= =2 m
1
H
S khong h trn song chn rc n:

n=

W
2 .m 100 .cm
=
=
= 40 khong h
b 5.cm
1.m

Mi khong h c b rng b = 5 cm, tng s thanh chn s l 40 - 1 = 39 thanh,

mi thanh chn c rng 5 mm, vy chiu rng ca knh dn nc thi s l:
B = B rng cc khong h + B rng cc thanh chn
5

B = 2,00 + 39
= 2,195 2,2 m (lm trn)
1000

2. Tnh h s hu dng - efficiency coefficient ce - ca song chn rc (c nh

ngha l t s gia khng gian lm sch so vi b rng knh dn, h s ny cng
c dng khi tnh ton b rng knh)

ce =

n.b
40 50
=
= 0,91
B 2,2 1000

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-------------------------------------------------------------------------------3. Tnh ton s rc gi li song lc trong 1 ngy.
Khi lng rc gi li
= (20 m3/1.000.000 m3)(1 m3/s)(3600 s/h)(24 h/ngy)
= 1,73 m3 rc/ngy.
V d 3.2: Mt song co rc dng thanh ng vi khong h l b =25 mm lc
rc t nc thi n mt nh my x l qua mt ng dn hnh trn. Cho bit :
+ ng knh ng dn D = 1,25 m
+ H s nhm ng ng n = 0,013
+ dc ng ng S = 0,00064
+ Vn tc trung bnh dng nc Vavg = 0,8 Vmax (vn tc ln nht)
+ Kch thc thanh chn s = 10 mm (dy), b rng song chn 1,5 m

Yu cu xc nh
(1) vn tc trung bnh dng chy trong ng.
(2) s thanh chn cho b phn song co rc theo cc s liu trn.
(3) tn tht ct nc qua song chn ng vi Vavg.
Gii : Trng hp nc chy y ng, lu lng ln nht s l (p dng
phng trnh Hazen-Williams):
8/3
1/ 2
0,312.D 8 / 3 .S 1 / 2 0,312.(1,25) .(0,00064 )
Qmax =
=
= 1,10 m3/s
n
0,013
Vn tc ln nht ca dng chy trong ng:
Q
1,10
= 0,9 m/s
Vmax = max =
A
.(1,25)2 / 4
(1): Vn tc trung bnh dng chy nc thi trong ng
Vavg = 0,8 Vmax = 0,8 x 0,9 = 0,72 m/s
(2): S thanh chn yu cu tng ng vi knh thc khong h 25 mm
n = (b rng song chn - 1 khong h)/(1 khong h +b dy 1 thanh chn)
(1,5 1000 25) = 42,1 ==> Chn 42 thanh chn
n=
(25 + 10)
(3): Tn tht ct nc ng vi Vavg
hL = B( s / b) 4 / 3 .hv . sin
trong : thanh ch nht B = 1,83, s = 10 mm = 0,01 m, b = 25 mm = 0,025 m
hV l ct nc dng chy on gn n song chn rc, hV = Vavg2/2g
l gc nghing ca thanh chn so vi chiu dng chy, ly = 90
0,72 2
. sin 90 = 0,014 m
hL = 1,83.(0,01 / 0,025) 4 / 3
2 9,81

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-------------------------------------------------------------------------------3.2 B LNG CT
B lng ct (grit chamber) dng chn gi nhng ht ct, sn nh c trong
nc thi, c bit l nhng h thng thot nc ma v nc thi chy chung.
Cc ht ct ny c th gy h hng my bm v lm nghn cc ng dn bn ca
cc b lng. Khi lng nc thi ln hn 100 m3/ngy th vic xy dng b lng
ct l cn thit. Dng chy trong cc b nn khng ch vo khong Vmax 0,3
m/s nhm m bo cc ht ct c th lng chm xung y, ng thi cng khng
nn nc chy vi vn tc nh hn 0,15 m/s lm cc lin kt hu c trong
nc thi lng ng.
Thi gian nc lu li trong b lng t 30 - 60 giy. Cc b lng ct c h thu ct
u b, ct c thu hi bng bin php th cng khi lng ct Wct ( 0,5
m3/ngy m, trn lng ny c th dng c gii nh bm phun tia, gu xc,
bm rut xon kiu Archimde, ...
Di y l mt s kiu b lng ct:

Hnh 3.5 l mt s b lng ct nc

chy thng vi h thu ct u knh, y
knh c dc ngc i = - 0,01, dc ca
h thu ct khng nh hn 45, cui knh l
mt p trn thnh mng thu hp bn hnh
loe. Dng chy qua p trn ny ging nh
chy qua l, vn tc trn mt cao hn di.
Mt s trng hp, ch ng khng ch
vn tc trong knh theo mun, ngi ta
lm mt bng khuy quay trn nh hnh v
(bng khuy cn lm nhim v gt y cc
cht thi ni). H thu ct c th b tr mt b
phn ly ct nh hnh 3.6.
Hnh 3.6: B phn thu hi ct
bng bm xon Archimde

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-------------------------------------------------------------------------------V d 3.3:
(1) Thit k mt b lng ct vi lu lng nc thi ln nht Qmax = 0,45 m3/s.
Cho thi gian nc lu li trong b l T = 1 pht v vn tc chy l V = 0,3 m/s.
B rng knh dn l B = 1,50 m.
(2) Xc nh kch thc ca p trn hnh loe cn thit. Cho chiu cao t y
knh n nh trn l P = 0,2 m (xem hnh 3.5).
Gii: (1) Tnh ton kch thc b lng ct
Chiu di b lng ct:
L = V.T
= 0,3 m/s x 60
= 18 m
Din tch mt ct t:
Chiu su lp nc:

Q 0,450
=
= 1,5 m2
V
0,3
A 1,5
H= =
= 1,0 m
B 1,5
A=

(2) Thit k p trn hnh loe

p trn hnh loe i xng c b tr cui knh dn. y l dng phi hp
gia bi ton dng chy qua mt p trn thnh mng v mt l. Loi ny c c
im l khi Q tng gp i, th chiu su dng chy cng tng gp i v nhng
vn tc dng chy khng i:
Q
2Q
V=
=
( B)( H ) ( B )(2 H )
vi B l b rng knh v H = (h + P) l su dng chy.
Ti im lu lng max, ct nc trn nh trn l:
h = H - P = 1,00 - 0,20 = 0,80 m
Lu lng qua p trn hnh loe c tnh theo cng thc:
Q = 1,57. 2 g .C.(l.h 3 / 2 ) = 7,5.(l.h 3 / 2 )
vi

l l b ngang mt nc qua hnh loe trn mc nc trn h.

C l h s lu lng, C = 0,6
g l gia tc trng trng, g = 9,81 m/s2.
T cng thc trn Q = 0,45 = 4,173 x l x (0,8)3/2

l = 0,15 m

xc nh hnh dng ca mt hnh loe, ta tnh ton theo tin trnh sau:
Q = 4,17 l.h1/2.h
Xem l.h1/2 = 0,15.(0,8)1/2 = 0,13 l mt hng s;
ta c Q = 4,17(0,13) h 0,56 h
Q
h=
0,56
Lp bng tnh:

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-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Lu lng
Q
(m3/s)
(1)
0.45
0.40
0.35
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10

su trn
h = Q/0,56
(m)
(2)
0,803
0,714
0,625
0,535
0,446
0,357
0,267
0,178

su
H = h + 0,20
(m)
(3)
1,003
0,914
0,825
0,735
0,646
0,557
0,467
0,378

B rng
l = 0,13/h1/2
(m)
(4)
0,145
0,153
0,146
0,177
0,194
0,217
0,254
0,307

Vn tc
V = Q/BH
(m/s)
(5)
0,298
0,291
0,282
0,271
0,257
0,239
0,213
0,176

T bng tnh, ta lp quan h h ~ l (ct 2 v 4) cng nh Q ~ V (ct 1 v 5).

+ B lng ct ngang nc chy vng

Loi ny c th p dng trong trng hp lu lng nc thi ln hn 2.000
m3/ngy m. Loi ny c u im l t tn din tch xy dng. B gm phn
lng, mng vng theo chu vi hnh trn ca b. y mng lm khe h rng
chng 0,10 - 0,15 m ct chui xung phn cha. Phn cha ny hnh chp ct.
Ct c ly ra bng my bm phun tia. Nguyn tc lm vic ca b loi ny
ging nh b lng ct ngang nc chy thng.

Hnh 3.7:
B lng ct nc chy vng
1. Tm phay
2. Nc k thut (cho bm phun)
3. ng dn ct (

1 H
1
<
< )
8
R
6

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-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ B lng ct c sc kh
B lng ct loi ny thit k theo quan st chuyn ng ca cht lng xoy trn
lm cc ht rn trong cht lng tch ly li, nht l cc ht ct c ng knh ln
hn 0,2 mm, thi gian lu li trong b khong 2 n 5 pht ti thi im c lu
lng cc i. H thu ct c b tr di y ng dn chng 0,9 m di cc
ng thi kh. Cc ng thi kh c t v tr cch y b chng 0,45 - 0,60 m.

Hnh 3.8: Chuyn ng ca ht ct trong b lng c kh nn

Bng 3.3: Thng s thit k b lng ct vi bm kh nn
Thng s

Khong p dng

Khong
chun

Thi gian lu li trong b ti Q max, pht

+ Su
Kch thc b, ft ( 1 ft # 0,3048 m)
+ Rng
+ Di
T s Rng : Su
T s Di : Rng
My nn kh, ft3/min.ft (# 0.0929 m3/min.m)
Lng ct thu, ft3/Mgal (# 0,00748 m3/103 m3 nc)

2-5
7 - 16 (2,133 - 4,867)
25 - 65 (7,620 - 19,812)
8 - 23 (2,438 - 19,507)
1:1 - 5:1
3:1 - 5:1
2 - 5 (0,1855 - 0,4645)
0,5 - 27 (0,0037 - 0,2019)

1,5 : 1
4:1
2 (0,0149)

Ngun: George T., Franlin L. B., Wastewater Engineering, 1995

V d 3.4: Xc nh kch thc b lng ct hot ng vi bm kh nn cho mt
knh dn nc thi c lu lng thi ln nht l Qmax = 30 000 m3/ngy, thi
gian cht thi trong knh ng vi Qmax l 3 pht, chiu su dng chy trong b l
H = 3 m. Dng my nn kh vi cng sut nn = 0,6 m3/pht.m, hiu sut a =
60% thi kh vo b. My nn kh ny c ko bi 1 m-t in hot ng
hiu sut m = 90%. Cho bit:
- ngp my khuy 2,5 m
- Tn tht ct nc ti ng khuy 300 mm, ng khuy di L = 2,8 m
- Tn tht ng ng khuy v van khong 30%
- Gi in tiu th Ce = 0.03 USD/KWh

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-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Tnh lng kh cn thit, cng sut kh ti u ra ca my nn kh v chi ph tin
in hng thng.
Gii :
Vi s liu cho, xc nh kch thc b
Lu lng knh max
Q = 30.000 m3/ngy
Thi gian lu li
T = 3 pht = V/Q
(V l th tch khi nc thi)
Th tch khi nc thi trong knh:
3.phut 30000.m 3 / ngay
= 62 ,5 m3 nc thi
V = T.Q =
24.gi 60.phut

A (m2)

Din tch mt thong:

V 62,5
A=
=
= 20,8 m2
H
3
Chn mt thong c
b di L = 8,5 m v b rng W = 2,5 m:
(8,5 x 2,5) = 21,25 m2 > 20,8 m2

L (m)
H (m)
Q (m3/s)

W (m)

Xc nh lu lng kh cn thit
Qair = 0,6 m3/pht. m x 8,5 m = 5,1 m3/pht
Xc nh cng sut:
Tnh ct p nc
h = (my khuy kh) + ( ngp my khuy kh) + (tn tht ng khuy v van)
h = 300 mm + 2500 mm + 30% (2800 mm) = 3,64 m
h = 3,64 x 9790 N/m2/m = 35.700 N/m2 (1 m p nc 20C = 9 790 N/m2)
Cng sut my bm kh P:
Q h 5,1 35.700
=
= 303.450 N.m/60 giy = 5058 Watt (1 W = 1 N.m/s)
P = air
0,60
b
P 5,06 kW
Chi ph bm kh mi thng Cm t ng c
T C e P 24.h / d 30.d / mo 0,03$ / kW .h 5,06kW
Cm = m
=
= 121.$ / mo
m
0,90

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-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ B lng ct ng

Hnh 3.9: B lng ct ng

B lng ct ng c xy dng theo nguyn tc nc thi dn theo ng tip
tuyn vi phn di hnh tr vo b. Dng chy xoy vng theo trc, tnh tin i
ln. Cc ht ct b ri dn v y phu v c ly ra khi b.
Ti trng ca nc thi ln mt b c th ly vo khong 110 - 130 m3/m2. Tc
nc chy trong mng thu l 0,4 m/s. Ly thi gian nc lu tn T = 2 - 3,5 pht.
Tc nc dng ln 3 - 3,7 m/s.

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-------------------------------------------------------------------------------3.3 B LNG S CP
B lng s cp (primary sedimentation tanks) l mt trong nhng tin trnh x l
nc thi c in nht, n c nhim v gi li cc cht khng ha tan, tri l lng
trong nc thi. Cc cht c th b gi li trong b gm:

Cc cht rn c kh nng lng;

Cc cht du, m v cc vt liu ni khc;
Mt phn cc cht ti hu c.

Theo tc gi Gerard Kiely (Environmental engineering, 1997), nu b lng s cp

c thit k v vn hnh tt th c khong 50 - 70 % cht rn l lng b gi li v
lm gim 25 - 40 % hm lng BOD5 trc khi i vo vic x l bng phng
php sinh hc (hnh 3.10).

Hnh 3.10: Quan h gia tc chy mt v t l cht thi rn lng ng

(McGhee, 1991) (cc ng t nt - - - - - - dng cho v d 3.5)
Ngi ta phn bit:
+ B lng s cp hot ng gin on: loi ny p dng khi lng nc thi t
v ch thi khng ng u (v d xng git o qun). B loi ny c
nguyn tc hot ng tng i n gin l ta c vic x nc thi vo mt b
cha (xem cch xc nh cch cn bng dng chy phn 2.3.5, chng 2) v
nc ng yn trong mt khong thi gian nht nh (khong 1,5 - 2,5 gi),
sau khi cc cht rn lng xung, ta tho nc ra v cho lng x mi vo.
+ B lng hot ng lin tc: nc thi c x lin tc vo b v trong qu
trnh di chuyn cc cht rn l lng b gi li. C nhiu kiu b loi ny: b lng
ngang, b lng ng v b lng hnh trn.
Hnh 3.11 v 3.12 l s cc kiu b lng ch nht v hnh trn, cc b ny
ngoi chc nng lng bn ct cn thm nhim v thu ht cc cht cn vn nh
xng du, m, du nhn, cht do nh v cc cht thi ni khc.

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Chng 3: CNG TRNH X L NC THI BNG C HC

Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI

L Anh Tun
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Chng 3: CNG TRNH X L NC THI BNG C HC

Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI

L Anh Tun
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Cc ht cht rn c tc lng khc nhau, n ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh s
lng ht rn, hnh dng, trng lng ring, ng lc dng chy v c nhit
nc na. Mt s nh nghin cu v thy lc c gng xc nh qu trnh lng
bng mt phng trnh ton hc nhng n nay vn cha c th khi qut ha
c. n nay qu trnh lng ng hc thng xc nh bng cch thc nghim.
Vn tc lng ca thnh phn ht Vs c th ly theo cng thc:
g
Vs =
( s w ).d 2
(3-7)
18.
trong
g - gia tc trng trng, g = 9,81 m/s2
- h s nht ng hc (dynamic viscosity), = ., N.s/m2
( l h s nht ng lc - kinematic viscosity - ca cht lng, m2/s v
l trng lng ring - density -, kg/m3)
s v w - ln lt l khi lng ring ca nc thi v nc tinh
d - ng knh ht, mm

Hnh 3.13: Mt kiu b x l s cp hnh trn

Ch tiu thit k b lng s cp gm:

Lng chy trn mt thong (surface overflow rate - SOR) (m3/day/m2)

Chiu su lp nc
c im hnh hc ca mt bng
Thi gian lu tn thy lc
Tc nc chy qua mt n v chiu di p trn thnh mng

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Chng 3: CNG TRNH X L NC THI BNG C HC

Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI

L Anh Tun
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Bng 3.4: Cc s liu thit k b lng s cp
Thng s
Khong bin thin
B lng s cp trc trm x l th cp

Thi gian lu tn, gi

Lu lng, gal/ft2.day (m3/m2.day)
- Trung bnh
- Ti a
Lu lng qua 1 n v chiu di p trn
gal/ft.day (m3/m.day)
B lng s cp c hon lu bn hot tnh

Thi gian lu tn, gi

Lu lng, gal/ft2.day (m3/m2.day)
- Trung bnh
- Ti a
Lu lng qua 1 n v chiu di p trn
gal/ft.day (m3/m.day)

Khong
chun

1,5 - 2,5

2,0

800 - 1.200 (32,56 - 48,84)

2.000 - 3.000 (81,4 - 122,1)

2.500 (101,75)

10.000 - 40.000 (124 - 496)

20.000 (248)

1,5 - 2,5

2,0

600 - 800 (24,42 - 32,56)

1.200 - 1.700 (48,84 - 69,19)

1.500 (61,05)

10.000 - 40.000 (124 - 496)

20.000 (248)

Ngun: George T., Franlin L. B., Wastewater Engineering, 1995

Bng 3.5: S liu thit k b lng s cp hnh ch nht v hnh trn
Thng s
B lng hnh ch nht
- chiu su, ft (m)
- chiu di, ft (m)
- chiu rng, ft (m) *

Vn tc thit b gt vng, ft/min (m/min)

B lng hnh trn
- chiu su, ft (m)
- ng knh, ft (m)
- dc y, in/ft (mm/m)

Khong bin thin

Khong chun

10 - 15 (3,048 - 4,572)
50 - 300 (15,24 - 91,44)
10 -80 (3,048 - 24,384)
2 - 4 (0,6096 - 1,2192)

12 (3,6576)
80 - 130 (24,384 - 39,624)
16 - 32 (4,8768 - 9,7536)
3 (0,9144)

10 - 15 (3,048 - 4,572)
10 - 200 (3,048 - 60,96)
0,75 - 2 (62,5 - 166,6)
0,02 - 0,05

12 (3,6576)
40 - 150 (12,192 - 45,72)
1 (83,3)
0,03

Vn tc thit b gt vng cn, r/min

Ngun: George T., Franlin L. B., Wastewater Engineering, 1995

* nu chiu rng b ch nht ln hn 20 ft (6,096 m) ta c th dng thit b gt

nhiu cnh, loi ny cho php thit k chiu rng b ln n 80 ft (24,384 m) hoc
hn na.
Nc thi c thnh phn kch thc ht nh bng.
Kch thc ht d, mm
% trng lng ht lng
Vn tc lng Vs (mm/s)
S Reynolds, Re

0,1
10
0,81
0,08

0,08
15
0,52
0,042

0,07
35
0,40
0,028

0,06
65
0,30
0,018

0,04
90
0,13
0,005

0,02
98
0,03
0,0006

0,01
100
0,008
0,00008

V d 3.5: Xc nh kch thc mt b lng s cp hnh vung x l 36.400

m3/day nc thi vi lng chy mt l SOR = 12 m3/ m2.ngy v thi gian lu
l 6 gi. Tnh lng thi loi ton b nu trong lng ring ca nc thi l 1,15.

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Chng 3: CNG TRNH X L NC THI BNG C HC

Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI

L Anh Tun
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Q
36.400
=
= 3.033 m2
SOR
12
B hnh vung L = W = 3033 = 55,072 m, ly trn 56 x 56 m
Ap =

Gii: Din tch mt thong

Vi vic chn b hnh vung 56 x 56 m th lng chy mt thc t SOR' s l:

36.400
SOR =
= 11,607 m3/ m2.ngy
56 56
6
Chiu su b
= 2,901 m. Ly trn H = 3,0 m
H = V s .t = 12,033
24
Kim tra lng chy qua p trn (Weir overflow rate, WOR):
Q 36.400
= 650 m3/day/m
WOR =
=
W
56
V d 3.5: Thit k mt b lng s cp loi 60% cht rn l lng (SS) vi lu
lng dng nc thi trung bnh l 5.000 m3/ngy so vi h s lu lng max l
2,5. Xc nh mc gim ca BOD5.
Gii: Cn c vo th trong hnh 3.10 ta thy, gim 60% SS th tc chy
tr mt s cn l SOR = 35 m3/day.m2. ng thi gi tr ny cng dn n gim
32% BOD5.

Din tch mt thong: A p =

Q
5000
=
= 143 m2
SOR
35

Chn b trn c ng knh 13,5 m v chiu su b l 3m.

Th tch b :
V = 143 x 3 = 429 m3
Thi gian lu tn : T =

Vday
Q

Ti lu lng max: SOR =

429.m 3 24.h
= 2.06 h
5000.m 3 / m 2 .ngay

2.5 5000
= 87 m3/ day.m2.
143

Vi SOR = 87 m3/day.m2, tra li th hnh 3.10 ta xc nh c mc loi thi

SS l 38% v BOD5 gim 20%.

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Chng 3: CNG TRNH X L NC THI BNG C HC

Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI

L Anh Tun
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------3.4 B THU DU, B THU M
Du m trong nc thi t cc nh my lc du, xng sa cha xe c, x
nghip ch bin thc phm gia sc, ... l cc cht c hi cho mi trng sinh
thi. Cch tnh ton kch thc v kt cu hai loi b thu du v b thu m th
tng t.
i vi cc cht cn vn ni c trong nc nh du (c kch thc ht khong
0,1 - 0,08 mm) v m (c kch thc ht ln hn 0,1 mm) th tc ni ln Umin
ca ht s c xc nh theo cng thc Stokes:
981 2 n d
U min =
.d .
(cm/s)
(3-8)

18
trong :
d - ng knh ht du, cm
n, d - ln lt l trng lng ring ca nc thi v du, g/cm3
- nht ca nc thi, 20C c th ly = 0,01 g/cm3.s
Chiu di ca b thu du c th xc nh theo cng thc:
v
(m)
(3-8)
L = . tt .h
U min
trong :
vtt - tc tnh ton ca dng chy
h - chiu su cng tc ca b
- h s chy ri theo quan h gia vtt/Umin, c th ly theo
vtt/Umin

20
1,75

15
1,65

10
1,5

Nu xy v vn hnh tt, c th thu hi 97 - 98% lng du trong nc thi.

V d 3.6:
Mt nh my lc du x c knh nc thi trn ln vi du cn vi lu lng thi
220 l/s. Hm lng du trong nc thi l 5.000 mg/l. Cho bit ht du c ng
knh d = 0,008 cm, nhit 20C, trng lng ring ca du l d = 0,87 g/cm3,
nc thi n = 1 g/cm3, nht ca mi trng nc thi l = 0,01 g/cm3.s. T
s vn tc dng chy ngang trong b v vn tc ni ti thiu l vtt/Umin = 10. Yu
cu xc nh kch thc b thu du.
Gii : Tc ni ln ca ht du:
981 2 n d 981
1 0,87
U min =
.d .
=
.0,008 2.
= 0,0465 cm/s = 0,00465 m/s
18
18
0,01

Vi vtt/ Umin = 10, ta c h s chy ri = 1,5

Vn tc tnh ton vtt = 10.Umin = 0,465 cm/s
Mt ct t b thu du:
Q
0,22
48 m2
= =
vtt 0,00465
Thanh gt du thng c chiu rng 1,2 - 1,5 m. Chn 4 thanh, chiu rng b thu
du ly l B = 6 m, 4 ngn. Khi chiu su cng tc ca b l:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------42

Chng 3: CNG TRNH X L NC THI BNG C HC

Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI

L Anh Tun
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------h=

w
48
=
=2m
B 64

Chiu di ca b thu du:

v
L = . tt .h = 1,5 10 2 = 30 m
U min
Dung tch b thu du:
W = B.L.h = 24 x 30 x 2 = 1.440 m3
Thi gian lng nc thi trong b thu du:
30 100
L
=
t=
= 107,52 pht # 1 gi 47 pht
v tt 0,465 60
3.5 B LC
Ngi ta c th dng cc ht sn si, ct, than ... loi b mt phn cc cht
rn l lng ca nc thi v lng BOD trc khi cho qua cc cng trnh x l
sinh hc hay ha hc khc. B lc thm hay b lc nh git (percolating hay
trickling filters) l mt trong cc hnh thc lc c in vi dng hnh hp trn , hnh
ch nht bng b tng hoc thp cha si, vi (c ng knh ht khong 25 100 mm). Kch thc cc b thng vo khong 1,0 - 2,5 m theo chiu su v c
ng knh khong 5 - 50 m, y b l cc tm lc thu hi nc thi qua
x l b lc thm. Gn y b c mt l nh thng kh. S b nh hnh v.

Hnh 3.14: S mt b lc thm

Cc yu t nh hng n vic x l v thit k b lc:
Thnh phn v kh nng x l ca nc thi;
Loi vt liu lc v b dy lp lc;
Tnh dn ti thy lc v hu c;
T s quay vng v sp xp nc thi;
Nhit nc thi;
S vn hnh ca h thng phn phi nc thi

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Chng 3: CNG TRNH X L NC THI BNG C HC

Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI

L Anh Tun
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Bng 3.6: Cc c trng ca b lc nh git
c trng thit k (vn tc)
Thp
Trung
Loi vt liu lc
Ti thy lc (x 1000 m3/m2. ngy)
Ti hu c (kg BOD5/m3. ngy)
% BOD b loi kh
Nitrat hoa

Si
40 - 100
3-6
50 - 70
Mt s

Si
10 - 40
1-3
80 - 85
C

Cao

Rt cao

Lc trn

Si
100 - 400
6 - 12
40 - 80
Khng

Plastic
150 - 900
< 30
65 - 85
t

Plastic/ Si
600 - 1800
> 20
40 - 85
Khng

Ngun: American Water Works Association (AWWA), 1992

Nhit ca dng nc thi cng cao th hiu qu lc cng ln. Cng thc kinh
nghim sau cho thy quan h gia hiu sut b lc v nhit nc thi:

Et = E20 .a t 20
trong :

(3-9)

Et - hiu sut b lc nhit nc thi t C

E20 - hiu sut b lc nhit nc thi 20 C
a - hng s thc nghim, a = 1,035

Thng thng, gin phun nc thi quay vi vn tc 1 vng/pht vi lng nc

thi phun ra mi t khong 30 giy. Nu tn sut phun ln hn 30 giy th phi
iu chnh gin quay chm li nhm gim s vng vi bi nc thi v vi trng
trn mt b. B lc c kh nng lm gim lng BOD. Tuy nhin hiu sut ca
vic gim BOD ty thuc rt nhiu vo thnh phn v ng u ca vt liu
lc. Hai cng thc kinh nghim sau tnh ton hiu sut gim BOD ca b:
Theo M hnh ca Hi ng Nghin cu Quc gia (The National Research
Council, NRC) ca M, 1948:

E=
trong :

100
1 + 0,448. W / VF

(3-10)

E - hiu sut gim BOD (efficiency of BOD removal) ca b lc

W - lng BOD vo (influent BOD), kg/ngy
V - lng lc thi (filter removal), m3
F - h s hon lu (recirculation factor) = (1+R)/(1 +0,1R)2
R = Qr/Q = lng hon lu/lng nc thi

Lu : + C th thay W/V bng L vi L l lng ti BOD (g/m3 mi ngy)

+ Theo Kriengsak Udomsinrot (AIT, 1989), h s thc nghim 0,448 ca
M c th thay bng 0,014 trong iu kin p dng ng Nam do iu kin x
l lc thi vng nhit i cao hn cc vng n i, dn n hiu sut cao hn.
Theo Cm nang M hnh Thc nghim Anh quc (The British Manual of
Practices Model), 1988:

L1
1
=
t 15
Lo 1 + K
A.s m / Q n

trong :

)]

(3-11)

L1 - lng BOD vo, mg/l

Lo - lng BOD ra sau khi x l, mg/l

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Chng 3: CNG TRNH X L NC THI BNG C HC

Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI

L Anh Tun
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------K - h s lc (K = 0,02 vi sn si, = 0,4 vi plastic)
Asm - din tch mt thm (media surface area) v h s, m2/m3
(m = 1,41 vi sn si, = 0,73 vi plastic)
Qn - tc ti khi (volumetric loading rate) v h s, m2/m3.ngy
(m = 1,25 vi sn si, = 1,4 vi plastic)
- h s nhit (= 1,111), t - nhit ca nc thi, C
V d 3. 7: Nc thi th cho s liu sau:
Lng BOD5 ban u = 360 mg/l
Tiu chun BOD5 i hi = 25 mg/l
Dn s tng ng (PE) = 20.000 ngi vi lng thi 225 l/ngi.ngy
Nhit nc thi t = 20 C
Xc nh th tch mt b lc nh git n vi vt liu lc l sn si, nu t s hon
lu R l 1:1 v 2:1. S dng phng trnh NRC.

360 25
= 93%
360
Vi R = 1:1 = 1, s dng phng trnh NRC:

Gii: Hiu sut gim BOD yu cu:

E=

H s hon lu:
1+ R
1+1
F=
=
= 1,65
2
(1 + 0,1R)
1 + 0,1.1) 2
Lng ti BOD5 ban u:
W = 20.000 x 225 x 360 x 10-6 = 1620 kg/ngy
Phng trnh NRC:
100
100
E=
= 93 =
1 + 0,448. W / VF
1 + 0,448. 1620 / V (1,65)

V = 34.793 m3
Nu hiu sut hu dng l 80 % th V' = 34.793/ 80% = 43.491 m3
Vi R = 2:1 = 2
H s hon lu:
1+ R
1+ 2
F=
=
= 2.083
2
(1 + 0,1R)
1 + 0,1 2) 2
Phng trnh NRC:
100
100
E=
= 93 =
1 + 0,448. W / VF
1 + 0,448. 1620 / V (2,083)
3

V = 26.550 m
Nu hiu sut hu dng l 80 % th V' = 26.550/ 80% = 31.212 m3

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Chng 3: CNG TRNH X L NC THI BNG C HC

45

Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI

L Anh Tun
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Chn n = 10 b lc hnh trn vi kch thc: su h = 2,5 m, ng knh D = 40 m.

3,1416 40 2
D 2
Kim tra: Vtk = n.(
.h) = 10
2,5 = 31.416 m3 > 31.212 m3 (tha).
4
4

V d 3.8:

Cho BOD5 ca nc thi WBOD = 200 mg/l

Lng nc thi
WW = 1.400 m3/ngy
Th tch b lc nh git
Vtf
= 16.000 m3
S dng b lc nh git vn tc thp, khng c h thng hon lu.
Xc nh hiu sut lc h thng trong iu kin nhit i v lng BOD5 loi b.
Gii: Tnh lng ti BOD5
WW W BOD 1400.(m 3 / ngay ) 200.(mg / l )
L=
=
= 17,5 g/m3.ngy
3
Vtf
16000.(m )
H s hon lu
1+ R
F=
= 1 , v R = 0 (khng c lng nc thi hon lu)
(1 + 0,1R ) 2
Hiu sut b lc trong iu kin nhit i :
100
100
E=
=
= 84,41 %
1 + 0,014. L / F 1 + 0,014. 17,5 / 1
Lng BOD5 loi thi:
EffBOD = (1 - E).WBOD = (1 - 0,8441) x 200 = 31 mg/l
=============================================================

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Chng 3: CNG TRNH X L NC THI BNG C HC