Spin Liquid Phases ?

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Valence Bond Crystals

How to overcome effect of frustration ?

Valence Bond Crystals

4-spin S=0 state

A simple way to overcome frustration Crystal of singlets

Fully optimized bonds and absence of m.-f. interactions

LRO in singlet-singlet correl. fonct. (crystal)

Modes

of gapped excitations: integer (S=1, 0 excitations

J.B.Fouet et al. 2002, W. Brenig 2002 P. Sindzingre 2003, E. Berg et al 2003

A product of singlet wave functions is a good app. of the N. body g.-s.

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Valence Bond Crystals

Quantum Spin Liquids

No spin-spin long range order Singlet-singlet long range order

No LRO in spins No LRO in dimers and in any local correlation fctn

Gapful spin integer excitations Specificity of the g.-s. w.-f.

G e(T
w

Fractionalized spin excitations may be gapful or gapless

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Quantum Spin Liquids

Resonating Valence Bond Liquids P.W. Anderson, L. Balents, V. Elser, M.P.A. Fisher, E. Fradkin, S. Kivelson, C.L., G. Misguich, R. Moessner, S. L. Sondhi V. Pasquier, N. Read, D. Rokhsar, D. Sutherland, S. Sachdev, S. Senthil, D. Serban, P. Sindzingre .

+ +
EN
terms

(1 E 2 )

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Quantum Spin Liquids

Resonating Valence Bond Liquids

+ +
EN
terms

(1 E 2 )

No LRO in any local correlation fonctions (liquid) , spin gap

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Quantum Spin Liquids

Resonating Valence Bond Liquids By alphabetic order: P.W. Anderson, L. Balents, M.P.A. Fisher, E. Fradkin, S. Kivelson, N. Read, S. Sachdev, S. Senthil..

+ +
EN
terms

(1 E 2 )

No LRO in any local correlation fonctions (liquid), spin gap Continuum of gapped unconfined spin excitations (spinons)

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confined spinons in the V-B crystal unconfined spinons in the R.V.B. Spin Liquids

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Quantum Spin Liquids

Resonating Valence Bond Liquids

+ +
EN
terms

(1 E 2 )

No LRO in any local correlation fonctions (liquid) , spin gap Continuum of gapped unconfined spin excitations (spinons)

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Quantum Spin Liquids

Resonating Valence Bond Liquids An exactly solvable dimer liquid model

+ +
EN
terms

(1 E 2 )

No LRO in any local correlation fonctions (liquid) , spin gap Continuum of gapped unconfined spin excitations (spinons) Subtle phase coherence properties (Quantum liquid) and S=0 visons excitations
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Ising gauge theory G. Misguich et al. 02

Misguich et al dimer model (02) only kinetic energy: sum from 3 to six dimer moves around each
hexagon of the kagome lattice

3 6 4

H = 7 dimer moves from black to red config. + h.c.

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Misguich et al dimer model (02) only kinetic energy: sum from 3 to six dimer moves around each
hexagon of the kagome lattice

3 6 4

3 6 4

H = 7 dimer moves from black to red config. + h.c.

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Coherence Effects and S=0 Visons excitations

G. Misguich V. Pasquier & D. Serban P.R.L.02

The Resonating Valence Bond ground-state:

+ .

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Coherence Effects and S=0 Visons excitations

G. Misguich V. Pasquier & D. Serban P.R.L.02

The Resonating Valence Bond ground-state:

+
An

+ .

S=0 gapped excitation: the two-visons wave-function

a

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Quantum Spin Liquids

Resonating Valence Bond Liquids

Topological degeneracy

+ +
EN
terms

(1 E 2 )

No LRO in any local correlation fonctions (liquid) Continuum of gapped unconfined spin excitations (spinons) Subtle phase coherence properties (Quantum liquid) and S=0 gapped visons excitations
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MSE Spin Liquid Spin gap & Topological degeneracy

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MSE Spin Liquid Spin gap & Topological degeneracy

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MSE Spin Liquid Spin gap & Topological degeneracy

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MSE Spin Liquid Spin gap & Topological degeneracy

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Topological degeneracy in SRRVB Spin Liquids

a generic g.-s. configuration

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Topological degeneracy in SRRVB Spin Liquids

a generic g.-s. configuration draw an arbitrary cut

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Topological degeneracy in SRRVB Spin Liquids

a generic g.-s. configuration draw an arbitrary cut count the number of dimers across the cut

;x = 3

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Topological degeneracy in SRRVB Spin Liquids

Pijkl

;x = 3

;x = 1

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Topological degeneracy in SRRVB Spin Liquids

Pijkl

;x = 3

;x = 1

Parities of winding numbers (;x, ;y) are good quantum numbers: 4 unconnected topological subspaces on a 2-torus degenerate in the thermodynamic limit

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Topological degeneracy in SRRVB Spin Liquids

Pijkl

;x = 3

;x = 1

Parities of winding numbers (;x, ;y) are good quantum numbers: 4 unconnected topological subspaces on a 2-torus degenerate in the thermodynamic limit 4-fold degeneracy of low lying singlets

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Topological degeneracy in SRRVB Spin Liquids

Pijkl

;x = 3

;x = 1

Parities of winding numbers (;x, ;y) are good quantum numbers: 4 unconnected topological subspaces on a 2-torus degenerate in the thermodynamic limit 4-fold degeneracy of low lying singlets A topological quantum bit (Kitaev quant-phys/9707021) ?
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Quantum Spin Liquids

Resonating Valence Bond Liquids

Topological degeneracy A topological quantum-bit A. Y. Kitaev 97, 03 L. Ioffe and coll. 02 G. Misguich et al 04

+ +
EN
terms

(1 E 2 )

No LRO in any local correlation fonctions (liquid) Continuum of gapped unconfined spin excitations (spinons) Subtle phase coherence properties (Quantum liquid) and S=0 gapped visons excitations
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Quantum Spin Liquids

Resonating Valence Bond Liquids

Topological degeneracy A topological quantum-bit

+ +
EN
terms

(1 E 2 )

What seems the most favorable conditions to observe Quantum Spin Liquids? triangular geometry importance of effective kinetic terms acting coherently on more than two spins

No LRO in any local correlation fonctions (liquid) Continuum of gapped unconfined spin excitations (spinons) Subtle phase coherence properties (Quantum liquid) and S=0 gapped visons excitations
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MoessnerSondhi hard core quantum dimer model on the triangular lattice 00

H = t + ... +V + + ...

VBC

12 x 12 0

SRRVB
1

VBC
V/t

On the square lattice the original model due to Rokhsar & Kivelson has no real spin liquid phase only a Q.C. point
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H = 2 J2 7< i,j> Si . Sj + J4 7 (Pijkl + P-1ijkl ) on the triangular lattice

SR-RVB

Gapless LR-RVB ?
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Kagom-like ?

Quantum behavior of models with infinite local degeneracy in the classical limit
Heisenberg model on the kagom checkerboard and pyrochlore lattices Half integer odd spins versus integer ones

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Classical Heisenberg Hamiltonian on the kagom lattice

An infinite number of soft modes, an infinite T=0 degeneracy Same property on the checkerboard lattice, or the pyrochlore lattice
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Quantum ground-state and first excitations of the Heisenberg model on the kagom lattice
have a total spin S=0 A gap < 10 -3 in the singlet sector (if any)! Very large extensive entropy from singlets at ultra-low T A small spin gap (~1/20) G w exp( ( T ) but
!T p Cv

At low temperature Cv is insensitive to large magnetic fields

( Sindzingre et al.. PRL 00 , Ramirez et al.. PRL 00)
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Spin-3/2 kagom Antiferromagnet

No theoretical results Experiments: the spin liquid picture is plausible.
Some features are very much alike the spin-1/2 system Dynamics of spins (Uemura et al 1994) Low lying local singlet excitations (Ramirez et al. 2000) A very tiny spin gap if any (Ramirez et al, Bono, Mendels et al.) Quasi-critical behavior of the spin susceptibility at intermediate temperatures (C. Mondelli, H. Mutka and coll. 2002, A. Georges and coll. 2001)
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Conclusion
SU(2) magnets in 2d
Semi-classical Nel phases Quantum phases: Valence Bond Crystals and Spin Liquids

Quantum Spin Liquids

A Realistic Spin Liquid : MSE on triangular latt. Open question: spin-1/2-Heisenberg model on the kagom lattice. A true new phase or a system near a Q.C. point?

Half-odd integer spins versus integer ones

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A toy model for a topological quantum-bit

G. Misguich, V. Pasquier, F. Mila, C.L. cond-mat/0410693 Z2 spin liquid on a cylinder: 2-fold degenerate g.s. a topological q-bit protected from any local perturbations How write and read it?

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A toy model for a topological quantum-bit

G. Misguich, V. Pasquier, F. Mila, C.L. cond-mat/0410693 Z2 spin liquid on a cylinder: 2-fold degenerate g.s. a topological q-bit protected from any local perturbations How write and read it?

Houches/06//2006

A toy model for a topological quantum-bit

G. Misguich, V. Pasquier, F. Mila, C.L. cond-mat/0410693 Z2 spin liquid on a cylinder: 2-fold degenerate g.s. a topological q-bit protected from any local perturbations How write and read it? Introduce a local perturbation which change the geometry from a cylinder to a plane

Houches/06//2006

A toy model for a topological quantum-bit

G. Misguich, V. Pasquier, F. Mila, C.L. cond-mat/0410693 Z2 spin liquid on a cylinder: 2-fold degenerate g.s. a topological q-bit protected from any local perturbations How write and read it?
gap

1/L exp(-L) perturbation

Vc

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