Bi 6

Bi 6

LI IN V MY BIN P T NGU BA PHA

NG C NG B VN HNH NON TI
6.1. LI IN V MY BIN P T NGU BA PHA
6.1.1. Mc ch
Quan st s phn phi cng sut trn hai ng dy truyn ti mc song song.
Hiu nhng c tnh ca my bin p t ngu.
iu chnh s phn phi cng sut trn hai ng dy mc song song bng my bin
p t ngu.
6.1.2. Tm tt l thuyt
Chng ta bit m hnh ca mt ng dy truyn ti (mn HT 1). Th nhng,
trong mt HT thc t c hng trm ng dy ni r lin kt nhng trm cng sut vi cc
ti phn tn rng ca chng.
Mng li chia ca ng dy truyn ti cho hnh 6-1 l mt v d n gin, n
phc tp hn rt nhiu so vi mt mch mc ni tip song song n thun. Cng sut tc
dng v phn khng trn ng dy khng ch ph thuc vo tng tr ca ng dy m cn
ph thuc vo ln v gc pha gia in p u pht v u nhn. mt HT nh vy,
cng sut trong mt ng dy c bit c th rt cao (hoc rt thp), do cn lu n
in dung ca ng dy v tnh kinh t ca s truyn ti.

Hnh 6-1
Trong nhng trng hp ny, cng sut tc dng c th c iu chnh bng cch
dch chuyn pha ca in p u nhn hoc u pht (thay i gc lch pha gia hai u in
p). Tng t, cng sut phn khng cng c th c iu chnh bng cch tng hoc gim
in p 1 trong 2 u nhn hoc u pht.
Tng hoc gim in p l mt vn n gin c th thc hin c bng my t
bin p t ng t ti hai u ng dy.
Vic thay i gc lch pha c th c thc hin bng my bin p dch pha. Hu ht
nhng HT ln u s dng my bin p chuyn dch pha tnh, mc chuyn dch ph
thuc vo cch u dy my bin p.

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Bn cht ca my bin p t ngu c th c hiu thng qua hnh 6-2, trong a1, b1,
c1 l nhng cun s cp ca my bin p ba pha mc theo hnh sao; a2, b2, c2 l nhng cun
th cp cng c mc dng sao nhng nhng cun th cp a3, b3, c3 li cha c ni li vi
nhau. in p p cc cun a1, a2, a3 s cng pha nhau, in p cc cun b1, b2, b3 v c1, c2,
c3 cng s nh vy.

Hnh 6-2
Tuy nhin, ba cp in p ny s c gc pha lch nhau 1200 nh hnh 6-3.

Hnh 6-3
Nu a2a3, b2b3, c2c3 c mc ni tip vi nhau th in p gia cc u X, Y, Z s
cng pha vi in p gia cc u A, B, C nh trn hnh 6-3. Nhng nu mc ni tip a2b3,
b2c3 v c2a3 th ta s c biu pha nh hnh 6-4 v khi in p gia cc u X, Y, Z s
lch pha vi in p gia cc u A, B, C. Mc lch ph thuc vo ln lin quan gia
in p a2b2c2 v a3b3c3 (nu nhng in p ny u bng nhau th lch pha s l 600).

Hnh 6-4
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Vi cc cch u dy trong my bin p ba pha, vi mt cng tc la chn ta c th
lm cho in p s cp v th cp lch nhau 300. Hn na, c th thay i mt cch nhanh
chng t tr pha n sm pha v ngc li.
Xem hnh 6-1 v gi s rng chng ta mun iu chnh cng sut tc dng on L2L3. Nu ta mun tng cng sut tc dng th gc pha gia in p ti L2 v L3 s phi tng.
Mt khc, nu ta mun gim cng sut tc dng xung cn zero th hai in p s phi cng
pha. Vic thay i gc pha ny c th thc hin bi mt my bin p di pha t ti c hai
u on L2-L3.
Vic thay i cng sut tc dng trn ng dy L2-L3 s lm nh hng n cng
sut tc dng trn nhng ng dy khc, c bit l nhng ng dy ng quy ti nt L2 v
L3. V y thng l l do hiu chnh cng sut trn ng dy L2-L3 ni u tin.
Cng sut phn khng tng t c th c iu chnh bng cch tng th (nng ln)
hoc h th (gim xung) ti c hai u ng dy. Do vy, nu in p ti L2 c tng ln
th cng sut phn khng s truyn thng ti L3. V kt qu tng t cng s c c nu ta
gim p ti L3. y, chng ta cn lu rng in p ch c th c tng hoc c gim
trong ni b mt ng dy truyn ti, ngha l ta khng th thay i mc in p trn nhng
ng dy khc ni vo im L2 v L3.
Trong th nghim, chng ta tm hiu cch phn b cng sut trn hai ng dy truyn
ti mc song song v s phn b ny s c iu chnh my bin p t ngu ba pha.
Thit b cn thit
TN THIT B
Resistive load
Inductive load
Three phase transmission line
Three phase Regulating Autotransformer
AC Voltmeter
Power Supply
Stroboscope
Connection leads (dy dn)

MODEL
8311
8321
8329
8349
8426
8821
8922
9128

6.1.3. Trnh t th nghim

Lu !
Nhng th nghim ny dng in p cao, khng ni mch khi ngun in ang m.
1. Ni mch nh hnh 6-5 v sau iu chnh in p E1 = 380 V
Ghi li kt qu in p v gc pha vo bng khi tin hnh th nghim vi cc iu kin
c thit lp nh trong bng 6-1 khi thay i cng tc tng/gim in p v cng tc di pha.
Lu : khi thay i hai cng tc, gc pha v in p E2 thay i mt cch c lp.
Ch th t pha ca my bin p. Trnh by nhng g xy ra.
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Hnh 6-5
Thit lp
Tng/gim p lch pha
0
%
0

+15

-15

-15

-15

+15

-15

-15

+15

+15

+15

+15

-15

E1
V

Gi tr c c
E2
Tr/sm

0
V
-

Bng 6-1
2. Mc mch in nh hnh 6-6. t tng tr ca hai ng dy bng 200 v iu
chnh in p E1 = 380 V. Cn lu rng mi dy u mang cng mt lng cng sut khi
khng c lch pha v tng/gim p ca my bin p.
Tin hnh th nghim vi cc iu kin thit lp nh trong bng 6-2.

Hnh 6-6
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Thay i gc lch pha bng cng tc di pha trn my bin p. Quan st s nh hng
n cng sut phn khng trn ng dy mi ln thay i gc pha.
Thay i in p E1 bng cng tc tng/gim p trn my bin p. Quan st s nh
hng n cng sut tc dng trn ng dy mi ln thay i in p.
Ghi li kt qu vo bng 6-2.
Thit lp
Tng/gim p lch pha
%

+15

-15

+15

-15

+15

+15

-15

-15

P1

Q1

P2

Var

Kt qu
Q2
E1
Var

E2

E3

380

Bng 6-2
6.1.4. Cu hi
1. Trn hnh 6-7 c hai ng dy truyn ti c tng tr l 100 v 200 mc song
song nhau. Mt my bin p di pha T1 c ni vo ng dy 200 cng sut tc dng
c phn b u trn hai ng dy. Nu in p hai u pht v nhn u bng 110 kV,
hy xc nh cng sut tc dng cc i truyn i v gc pha cn iu chnh ca my bin p
di pha.

Hnh 6-7
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2. cu hi 1, nu khng c my bin p di pha th cng sut cc i c truyn i
trn hai ng dy c phn b nh th no?
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3. C phi my bin p di pha cu hi 1 tng cng sut cc i m ng dy 200
c th truyn ti?
C
Khng
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6.2. NG C NG B VN HNH NON TI
6.2.1. Mc ch

Quan st s vn hnh ca mt ng c ng b non ti.

Quan st s chuyn dch c hc ca rotor khi tng ti.
Xc nh gii hn ti ca ng c.
Quan st tc ng ca kch t ln kh nng chu ti ca ng c.

6.2.2. Tm tt l thuyt
Chng ta hy xem li s mch ca mt ng c ng b th nghim 5.1, s c
dng nh hnh 6-8, trong X l tng tr ng b, E0 l in cm bi dng t rotor v E1 l
in p cung cp.

Hnh 6-8
Nh ng dy truyn ti, cng sut tc dng cp cho ng c c tnh nh sau:
EE
P = 1 0 sin
X
trong : l gc pha gia E0 v E1
E1E0/X l cng sut cc i m ng c c th nhn khi = 900.
Gc s thay i nh th no? N tng khi tng ti. Tht vy, khi moment tng s lm
cho ng c hot ng vi vn tc thp hn. Khuynh hng gim tc ny dn n rotor s
dch chuyn, lin quan stator. S dch chuyn ny lm in p E0 tr pha so E1 khi ti tng. S
dch chuyn ny c th quan st bng n chp ng b.
Vi cng sut P v in p cung cp E1 th t phng trnh: P = E1E0sin/X, ta thy
gc pha tng khi gim kch t. Nu cun kch c gim va , s tin n 900 ti thi
im ng c bin ca s mt tnh ng b.
cc ng c cc li th gc pha khi ng c mt tnh ng b nh hn 900, thng
vo khong 700. iu ny c c l nh vo moment t tr c to t nhng cc li. Tuy
nhin, i vi mc ch ca chng ta th phng trnh v cng sut trn to ra c mt
hnh minh ho r rng, tho mn nhng g xy n vi mt ng c ng b non ti.
ng c ng b v ng dy truyn ti
Hy xem mt h thng gm ng dy truyn ti c tng tr l X1 ni vi mt ng
c ng b c in khng ng b X2 v in p cm ng E0 nh trn hnh 6-9.
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Hnh 6-9
Cng sut truyn t E1 n ng c ng b by gi c cho bi phng trnh:
E1E o
P=
sin
(X1 + X 2 )

trong : l gc pha gia E1 v E0,

Pmax = E1E0/(X1 + X2) l cng sut cc i c th xy ra khi = 900.
Mt khc, cng sut truyn n ng c cng c cho bi:

P=

E2E0
sin
X

vi E2 l in p cui ng dy v l gc pha gia E2 v E0. Bi v E2 phi nm gia E1

v E0 (xem hnh 6-10) nn hin nhin gc s nh hn 900 khi cng sut cc i c truyn
i. Ni cch khc, ng c s mt tnh ng b trc khi gc pha gia E2 v E0 t 900.
Do ng c ng b t c cng sut cc i khi = 900 nu in p E0 v E2
khng i. Mt ng dy truyn ti, in p E2 thng khng c nh, ph thuc vo ln
ca ti. y chnh l l do ti sao ng c t cc i v cng sut trc khi tin n 900
(xem hnh 6-10 b). Bng phng php lng gic, ta c th xc nh c gi tr ca khi
cng sut t cc i theo phng trnh:
tan = (X 2 / X 1 )(E 1 / E 0 )
Bi vy, nu X1 = X2 v E1 = E0, tan = 1 = 450.

Hnh 6-10

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Thit b cn thit
TN THIT B
MODEL
DC Motor/generator
8211
Three phase Synchronous motor/generator 8241
Resistive load
8311
Three phase transmission line
8329
DC Voltmeter/Ammeter
8412
AC Voltmeter
8426
Three phase Wattmeter/Varmeter
8446
Power Supply
8821
Phase shift Indicator
8909
Stroboscope
8922
Timing belt (Dy curoa)
8942
Connection leads (dy dn)
9128

6.2.3. Trnh t th nghim

Lu !
Nhng th nghim ny dng in p cao, khng ni mch khi ngun in ang m.
1.

Mc mch nh hnh 6-12.

Hnh 6-12
2. iu chnh E1 = 380V khi ng ng c, sau iu chnh kch t Q1 = 0. Sau
khi iu chnh, hy gi gi tr dng kch t khng i (trong nhng iu kin nh th ny,
in p cm ng E0 bng in p E1).
S dng n chp iu chnh b ch th lch pha bng 0. Cn lu P1, Q1 v IF; Ghi li
kt qu nhn c vo bng 6-3.

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E1

P1

Q1

P2

Q2

IF

E0

Var

Var

380

380

10
20
30
40
50
60
Bng 6-3

Cng sut cc i ca ng c ph thuc vo E1

3. iu chnh in p E1 = 380 V, chnh gi tr IF nh bng 6-3. t ti = 200. Sau
t t gim E1 v ch n gc lch pha. Ti gc pha bng bao nhiu th ng c b mt
tnh ng b?
= ___________ 0
V in p E1 tng ng khi bng bao nhiu?
E1 =___________V

Cng sut cc i ca ng c ph thuc vo E0

4. gim dng kch ta mc mt ti tr ni tip vi cun kch ca ng c/my pht
ng b ba pha. iu chnh in p E1 = 380 V v dng kch t nh bng 6-3, hy iu
chnh ti = 200. Sau t t gim in p E1 v ch n gc lch pha. Ti gc lch pha
bng bao nhiu th ng c b mt tnh ng b?
= ___________ 0
V dng kch t khi bng bao nhiu?
IF = ___________ A

nh hng ca tng tr ng dy truyn ti

5. t E1 = 380 V, E0 = 380 V v ghi li gi tr cng sut tc dng P1 v gc lch pha ca
E0 so vi E1 trc khi ng c mt tnh ng b.
P1 = _________W
= _________ 0
Mc ni tip ng dy vi tng tr 400 vi ng c v vi E0 = E1 = 380 V. Tng
ti cho n khi ng c mt tnh ng b. Ghi li P1 trc khi mt ng b?
P1 = _________ W
Gc lch pha gia E0 v E1 khi ?
= _________ 0

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Khi ng n chp t in p E2 t vo ng c v lu n dch pha ca cc
rotor khi ti c tng ln. Ti gc pha bng bao nhiu th ng c th ng c b mt tnh
ng b?
=___________0
Hy gii thch ti sao gc ny li nh hn 900 ?
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6.2.4. Cu hi
1. Mt ng c ng b, ba pha 1000 kW; 2,3 kV c in khng ng b mi pha bng
2,6 . Xc nh gc lch pha theo in khi cng sut ng c pht 500 kW, bit in p
kch t E0 = 2,3 kV (in p dy).
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2. Nu ng c cu 1 c t ti cui ng dy truyn ti c in khng mi pha
bng 3 th lch pha l bao nhiu in khi ng c pht ra cng sut 500 kV?
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3. cu 2, hy cho bit cng sut cc i m ng c c th to ra trc khi n b mt
tnh ng b.
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