.

22 2553


1.

...........................................................................................1
1.1 .............................1
1.2 .....................................................2
1.3 ...........................................................2
1.4
................................................................2

..........................................................................................4
2.1 ........................................4
2.2

(Digital Media Development

Process)...............................................................................10

2.3 ........................16
2.4 .............17

3. ..................................19
3.1 ..................................19
3.2 .........................21

4.
31

4.1

(Development Methodology).............................................31

4.2 ...........36
4.3

.......................38

5. ............................46

 .................................................................................49

1.

1.1

(.)

.

1.2

1)

2)
.

3)

1.3

1)

2)

3)

1) 2)

1.4
1)

2)

.


3)

2.
2.1

2.1.1

1)

(text)

(image, graphics)

(2D/3D animation)
(video)

(sound)

(interactive multimedia)

2)

(Package File)

-

: .DOC, .PDF, .HTML, .RTF

: .JPG, .PNG, .GIF, .TIFF

: .MPG, .MP4, .WMV, .FLV/.F4V,

.MOV, .RM, .VOB, .XVID

: .SWF, .QT, .VRML

: .WAV, .MP3, .AAC

Multimedia Container: .3GP, .SWF,

.WMV, .RM, .QT, .MOV

Package File: .ZIP, .RAR

2.1.2

(metadata standards)

(metadata)

(
)

search engine
6

 ( google.com)

2
1)

(Dublin Core)

(physical media) (digital media)

ISO
15836 NISO Z39.85

(metadata elements)

 15 (DCMES - Dublin Core Metadata

Element Set) [1]

2 Simple

Dublin Core Qualified Dublin Core Simple

Dublin Core : Title,

Creator, Subject, Description, Publisher, Contributor, Date,

Type, Format, Identifier, Source, Language, Relation,
Coverage, Rights

2.1

2.1 Simple

Dublin Core

Title="A Pilot's Guide

(eleme

nt)

Title

to Aircraft Insurance"
Title="The Sound of
Music"

Subject Subject="Aircraft
(keyword)

leasing and renting"

Subject="Dogs"

Descrip
tion

Description="Illustrated
guide to airport

markings and lighting

signals, with particular

reference to SMGCS
(Surface Movement

Guidance and Control

System) for airports
with low visibility
conditions."
Type

Type="Image"

) Text Image

Type="Exhibition

InteractiveResource
Source

Type="Text"
catalog"

Source="RC607.A26W

"RC607.A26W574

574 1996" [where

1996" is the call

number of the print

version of the resource,

from which the present
version was scanned]
Source="Image from

page 54 of the 1922

edition of Romeo and

Juliet"
Relatio
n

Title="Reading
Turgenev"

Relation="Two Lives"
[Resource is a

collection of two

novellas, one of which

is "Reading Turgenev"]
[Relationship described
is IsPartOf.
Covera
ge

Coverage="1995-1996"

MA"

Coverage="Boston,
Coverage="17th
century"

Creator

Creator="Shakespeare,
10

William"

Creator="Wen Lee"
Publish
er

Publisher="University of
South Where"

Publisher="Funky
Websites, Inc."

Contrib
utor

Right

Rights="Access limited
to members"

Rights="http://cs-

tr.cs.cornell.edu/Dienst/

Repository/2.0/Terms&
quot;
Date

Date="1998-02-16"
Date="1998-02"

Format

( MIME type)
(file
size)

Title="Dublin Core
icon"

Identifier="http://purl.or

g/metadata/dublin_core/i
mages/dc2.gif& quot;
Type="Image"

11

Format="image/gif"
Format="4 kB"

Subject="Saturn"
Type="Image"

Format="image/gif 6"
Format="40 x 512
pixels"

Identifier="http://www.n
ot.iac.es/newwww/photo
s/images/satnot.gif "
Title="The Bronco
Buster"

Creator="Frederic
Remington"

Type="Physical object"
Format="bronze"
Format="22 in."

Identifi Identifier="http://purl.ocl
er

Uniform

c.org/metadata/dublin_co

Digital Object Identifier

Identifier="ISBN:03854

Resource Identifier (URI)

(DOI) International
Standard Book Number

re/& quot;
24728"

12

(ISBN
Langua
ge

2)

Language="en"
Language="fr"

IEEE LOM (Learning Object Metadata)

IEEE LOM [2]

) 2

(application

profiles)
( The Learning

Federation ANZ
13

LOM Core) [3]

(UK LOM Core) [4]

(Can Core) [5]

SCORM (Shareable Content Object

Reference Model) [6]

2.1.3

(digital object identifier)

IEEE LOM

Identifier

1)

URI (Uniform Resource Identifier)

(
) 2

URI
URL (Uniform Resource Locator)
URN (Uniform Resource Name)

14

2)

DOI (Digital Object Identifier)

ISBN DOI

2 prefix
suffix 10.1000/182 prefix

10.1000 suffix 182 prefix

(.)
(10)

( International DOI Foundation) 10

DOI 10

2 prefix (1000)

1000
International DOI Foundation

182 suffix

prefix doi:10.1000/182 DOI

4.4.1 (DOI Handbook, Version 4.4.1)
International DOI Foundation

15

 DOI
DOI Prefix

DOI Registration Agency

Suffix

Suffix
3)

Handle System
( DOI)

(Locator)

Handle System

(query)
Handle Services

Handle System DOI

Handle System
DOI

Handle System

DOI (

Handle System DOI

Handle System prefix
10)

16

2.1.4

1)

HTML

Web Accessibility
2 WWW Consortium

(design guideline)

Usability

The Learning
Federation

Technical Specification [7]

2)

SCORM OAIPMH
2.2

(Digital Media Development Process)

17

2.2.1

Process)

(Software Development

(software reuse)

1)

Waterfall Model

Requirement analysis/specification

Design

Development

Deployment and Maintenance

Waterfall Model

18

2)

Spiral Model

Waterfall Model

3)

Rapid Prototyping Model

(requirement)

4)

Agile Model

19

2.2.2

Process)

(Digital Media Development

1)

ADDIE Model [8]

Analyze :

1)

(need assessment)
2)

Design :

(Pre-test)
(Posttest)

20

(Flowchart)
(Storyboard)

3)

(Screen Design)

Develop: /

4)

Implement:

(formative evaluation)
(summative evaluation)
5)

Evaluate:
((formative evaluation)

(summative evaluation)

21

 2.1 ADDIE Model

2)

Structured Methodology for Multimedia Development

(SM) [9]

iterative
rapid prototyping
ISO/IEC 12207 Software Life Cycle

Processes

1) Initiation

2) Specifications
3) Design

4) Production

5) Review and Evaluation

6) Delivery and Implementation

22

Development
(generic)

Management
(legal)

(project) (risk)

Support

change control quality assurance validation &

verification

2.2

2.2 Structured
Methodology for Multimedia Development [9]

3)

Multimedia Development Life Cycle MDLC [10]

MDLC [10]
SDLC (System Development

23

Life Cycle)

7
Problem Definition

Genre and Character

Location and Interface

Plotting

Scripting

Production and Testing

Use

2.3 SDLC
MDLC [10]

4)

The Learning Federations Content Development

Methodology (TLF Model) [11]

24

 The
Learning Federation

3 6

1) Project Scoping Brief

2)

Content Development
2.1)

Design Brief and Learning Object Design

Specification (LODS)

2.2) Prototyping

(scripting)

2.3)
2.4)

3) Release

and Functional Specification

Development and Unit Testing

Acceptance Test

2.2 SM TLF

25

 2.2

Structured
(SM)

Project

Initiation

ADDIE
Analyze

MDLC

TLF

Problem

Project

Definition

Specifications

Scoping
Brief

Design

Brief and
LODS

Design

Design

- Genre

Prototyping

Character

Functional

and

- Location
and

Interface

and

Specificatio
n

- Plotting

- Scripting
4

Production

Develop

Review and

Implement

Evaluation

& Evaluate

Production

Developme

and Testing nt

Unit Test
and

Acceptance
26

Test
6

Delivery and

Implementation

Use

Release

2.3

2.3.1

[12-13]

Project manager

Subject matter expert

Instructional designer (including UI designer)

Writer (scripting and editing)

Video and audio specialists

Graphic designer and animator

Programmer

27

2.3.2

1) Change Management
2)
3)

Configuration Management
Quality Management

1)Scope Management

2)Resource Management
3)Time Management
4)Risk Management

2.4

[14]
2.4.1

28

1)

(Usability)

2)

user perceived quality, resource consumption,
standard/guideline compliance

3) (bug)

(resource consumption)

(standard/guideline compliance)

4)

(reuseability guideline
2.4.2

compliance)

1)
(instruction design)

2)
summative/formative evaluation

29

3. .

. 3

1)
2)

( )

3)

1 2

(content) (

)

3.1

3
( )

1)

30

2)

( )
3)

MS Word

(layout)
Adobe Indesign
4)

5)

2
1).

31

2)

. (MS Word)
(Adobe InDesign)

32

1)

)
2)

(Glossary/Dictionary)

(revision)

33

3)

(publishing workflow)

( book)

3.2

3.2.1

( Learning Object - LO)

34

 (
)

()

Computer-based Learning Media - CLM) 4

1)

2)
3)

( )

4)

3.2.2

( 1-3) The Learning

Federation [11,15] (

. )

35

1)

.
(Project Scoping Brief - PSB)

2)

(Design Specifications)

Storyboard (
) (:
3
)
3)

( 3
2)
4)

5)

(functional
specification) storyboard

36

 .

6)

7)

8)

TLF

SM
2

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)

Project Initiation : 1
Specifications : 2
Design : 3-5

Production : 6

Review and Evaluation : 7

Delivery and Implementation : 8

3.2.3

1)

37

3.1

3.2.

3.1

N/A ()

38

3.2

39

-
)

2)

40

 PSB Design

Specifications

3.3

3.4

3.3

( )

41

4-6

(subject

matter expert)

42

3.4 2

43

-
)

44

3)

( )

(PSB)

.
1

45

 3.5

design
specifications

3

design

specifications

46

47

48

 3.6 3

49

-
)

50


4)

Outsource

COTS (Commercial Of The Shelf)

51

volume
buy

source code / source files

52

4.

) 3

4.1

Methodology)

(Development

2 3

.
( [11])
1) Curriculum analysis

2) Design brief development

3) Design specification development

4) Prototype development

5) Prototype testing and in-school evaluation

6) Functional specification and script development

7)

Development (by selected vendors)

8) Beta testing

9) Conformance testing
10)

Publish

53

 [9] [11]

3.7

3.7 3

. TLF

TLF
[9] 3.8

3.7

IPST Model

Curriculum

Design brief

analysis

development

TLF Model

SM Model

Project Set-up

Project Initiation

(PSB)

(Client Brief)

- Concept

Analysis and

Design (Scope

(Specification)

Discovery and

Initial Design

54

Doc.)

- Design Brief
3

Design

Learning Object

development

Specification

specification

Prototype

Prototype

development

Design

(LODS)

Prototyping and
evaluation

testing and inschool

evaluation
6

Functional

specification
and script

Functional

Design

Specification

development
7

Development

Development

Production

Beta testing

Unit Test and

Review and

Conformance

Acceptance Test Evaluation

10

Publish

Release

Delivery and

testing

Implementation

55

 3.1
(TLF-IPST Model)

3.1

( )

( )
( ) (Feasibility

Study)
(
)

TLF

TLF
TLF 2

(Project Setup Analysis & Initial Design)

TLF

(Design, Production, Delivery)

56

 TLF

1)

Project Scoping Brief (PSB) :

2)
3)
4)

Scope Document :
Design Brief :

Learning Object Design Specification (LODS) :

5)

Functional Specification :

TLF

User-Centered Design

iterative incremental

TLF
3.2

57

Process & Output

Activities
PSB

Concept Disc
(Scope Doc.)

Design Brief

LODS

Functional Spec.

Prototype

Objectives
Content Priority
Key Education concept
Teaching and Learning I ssues (problem analysis)
Pedagogy & I nstructional Design
Learner Characteristics
Learning outcome
Flows between activity, splited/combined LO
Learning Activities (overall)
LO Learning Purpose and Activities
LO Experience
Learning Design Consideration (design treatment)
Character description
Learning activity pathways/ and interaction map
Screen specifications (script & events)
Conformance (standards)
Additional requirements
I nventory of learning objects
Technical metadata
I nventory of fonts
I nventory of screens
Screen specifications (script & events)
Prototyping

3.2
TLF

SM [9]
3.3

Process & Output

Activities
PSB

Concept Disc
(Scope Doc.)

Design Brief

LODS

Functional Spec.

Prototype

Analysis

Conducting Needs Assessment

Preparing Audience Assessment
Specifying Content and Objectives
Selecting Authoring Systems
Selecting Delivery Systems
Planning Project
Planning Evaluation Strategies
Design

Creating Treatment Specifications

Specifying Instructional Interactions
Screen Design
Flowcharting
Prototyping
Writing Scripts Specifications
Formatting Screens
Conducting Formative Reviews

58

 3.3 TLF
SM

2 TLF

TLF

4 ( Learning Object Design Specification)

TLF
(Design Brief)

3.3

Simplified TLF-IPST Model TLF-IPST

3.4

59

Analysis

Feasibility Study

Needs Assessment
(Scope Doc.)

Review & Approve

Project Plan

Res., Time, Cost,

Risk, Scope Mgt.

Design

Design Spec. &

Prototype

Functional Design
Spec.

Review & Approve

Change Mgt./
Config. Mgt./ QA

Res., Time, Cost,

Risk, Scope Mgt.

Development

Media Acquisition

Beta Development

Conformance
Development

Change Mgt./
Config. Mgt./ QA

Res., Time, Cost,

Risk, Scope Mgt.

Beta
Test/Evaluation

Summative Evaluation

Acceptance Test

Change Mgt./
Config. Mgt./ QA

Res., Time, Cost,

Risk, Scope Mgt.

Release Notes/
Documentation

Delivery/Publish

Support/
Maintenance

Change Mgt./
Config. Mgt./ QA

Res., Time, Cost,

Risk, Scope Mgt.

Review and
Evaluation

Delivery and
I mplementation

3.4 TLF
3.3 (Simplified TLF-IPST Model)

3.4 .

(Design Brief)

3 3
( )
TLF
3.5

60

 3.5

Model 1 3 Model 2

2 Model 3
1

1)

Learning Technology Department :

.
2)
3)

Academic Department :

Information Technology Department :

4)

Procurement Department :
61

5)

Vendors :

4.2

4.1

(
3.3 TLF-IPST Model 3.4 Simplified

TLF-IPST Model)
2
1)

(
)

2)

(
)

1)

Configuration Management :

Configuration Management
2)

Change Management :

62

Change
Management

3)

Quality Assurance Process :

TLF-IPST

1) Setting up new project proposal

2) Perform need assessment analysis

3) Deliver Project Scoping Brief document for review

4)

Budget secured, and initial project planning

5) Develop a scope document

6) Review scope document

7) Develop a design brief document

8) Review a design brief document

9) RFP, and procurement (tendering)

10) Develop learning object design specification (LODS)

11) Review LODS document

63

12) Develop prototype and evaluate

13) Develop functional specifications

14) Review functional specifications
15)

Production (beta development)

16) Beta testing

17) Production (conformance development)

18) Summative evaluation
19) Delivery plan
20) Release note
21) Acceptance

22) Delivery/Publish
23) Support

4.3
4.3.1

TLF

1)

Learning Objects (LO) TLF

is an interactive digital resource facilitating learning

experiences related to a particular educational purpose.

Learning objects are designed in accordance with

deliberate decisions about learning design and learning

experience

2)

Digital Resource learning asset (DR) TLF

64

is a resource that contains an item, such as an image

or moving image footage or an audio file, accompanied

by information about the item and interpretation of its
educational value. Digital resource learning assets are
built around items sourced from cultural institutions,
scientific organizations and private individuals.

TLF

LO TLF (
Learning
Object) DR

metadata

.
2
1)

Learning Object (LO) :

HTML Assets HTML

LO HTML 1

Asset LO

65

 SCORM ( SCO Resource Package SCO

Content Aggregation Package)
2)

Learning Material (LM) :

PDF
HTML ZIP

LM
LM Package ZIP

(organization)

LO
SCORM

LM
(

HTML
LM

)
LM

66

LO LO/LM

LM LO
.

LO (
)

LO (

) LO
LM
4.3.2

Identifier

Identifier

ISBN/ISSN TLF

IEEE LOM

2 Catalog Entry
Catalog LO TLF LTF-

LearningObject LTF-Resource LO DR
Entry Field

67

1)

LO: L
(4 )

2)

DR: R
(4 )

UKOLN [4]

[1]

URI Catalog Field URI

Entry URL
Entry

TLF Catalog

Identifier

[4]
Catalog

(
)

(URI )
68

 Entry URI ( URL)

TLF
1)

LO: L 7

2)

LM: M 7

Package File

4.3.3

[1] IEEE LOM [2]

( 2

( Application Profiles)

CanCore [5] ANZ-LOM [3] UKLOMCore [4] SCORM

[6] IEEE LOM

69

3
1)

General Metadata Profile (GMP):

Metadata Harvesting Simple Profile

Dublin Cores DCMES (Dublin Core Metadata Element

Set) 4.1
2)

Learning Metadata Profile (LMP):

LM .

3)

Standard Learning Object Metadata Profile (SLO):

LO .
IEEE LOM IEEE LOM
controlled vocabulary
4)

Advanced Learning Object Metadata Profile (ALO):

Standard LO Profile vocabulary

.

4.1 GMP LMP

DCMES elements

(
70

(eleme

GMP/LMP

nt)

(M =

DC
Library

mandatory, O Profile, MA
= Optional, R =
=

Mandatory

d)

applicable)

Recommende
Title

Subject

(keyword)

if

M/M

O/M

MA

R/M

O/M

Descrip
tion

Type

71

) Text
Image

InteractiveResource
Collection
Source

O/O

Relatio

O/O

Covera

O/O

Creator

O/O

Publish

O/M

Contrib
utor

O/O

Right

R/M

Date

O/M

MA

R/R

ge

er

Format

72

(file size)
(for
example, the list of

Internet Media Types

[MIME] defining

computer media formats)

Identifi
er

O/M

MA

Uniform Resource

Identifier (URI) Digital

Object Identifier (DOI)
International

Standard Book Number

(ISBN).

Langua
ge

(Recommended best

practice is to use RFC

3066 [RFC3066],

which, in conjunction

M/M

MA (ISO

639-2), O

(RFC 1766,
RFC 3066)

with ISO 639 [ISO639],

defines two- and threeletter primary language

73

tags with optional

subtags. Examples)
4.2 LMP SLO/ALO
elements IEEE LOM
Element

CanCore

SCORM

LMP

TLF

SLO/ALO

1:General
1.1:Identifier
1.1.1:Catalog
1.1.2:Entry
1.2:Title
1.3:Language
1.4:Description

Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y

M
M
M
M
M
O
M

M
M
M
M
M
M
M

M
M
M
M
D
D
D

M
M
M
M
M
M
M

UK
LOM
Core
M
M
M
M
M
M
M

1.5:Keyword
1.6:Coverage
1.7:Structure
1.8:Aggregation
Level

Y
N
N
Y

M
O
O
O

M
O
O
O

D
O
N
M

M
O
O
M

O
O
O
O

Element

CanCore

SCORM

LMP

TLF

SLO/ALO

2:Life Cycle
2.1:Version
2.2:Status
2.3:Contribute
2.3.1:Role

Y
Y
N
Y
Y

M
M
M
O
O

M
M
M
Y
O

2.3.2:Entity

M
O
O
M
M
(publisher)
M

M
O
O
M
M
(publisher)
M

2.3.3:Date
Y
O
M
*when 2.3.1:Role has a value of Author
**with the type of contribution specified in 2.3.1:Role
***when 2.3.1:Role has a value of Publisher
****when 2.3.1:Role has a value of Publisher

Dublin Core

DC.Identifier
DC.Title
DC.Language
DC.Descriptio
n
DC.Subject
DC.Coverage

UK
LOM
Core
M
O
O
M
M

Dublin Core

DC.Creator* or
DC.Other**
Contributor
or
Publisher***
DC.Date****

Element

CanCore

SCORM

LMP

TLF

SLO/ALO

3:MetaMetadata
3.1:Identifier
3.1.1:Catalog

UK
LOM
Core
M

Y
Y

M
M

O
O

N
N

M
M

M
M

Dublin
Core

74

3.1.2:Entry
3.2:Contribute
3.2.1:Role
3.2.2:Entity
3.2.3:Date
3.3:Metadata
Schema
3.4:Language

Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y

M
O
O
O
O
M

O
O
O
O
O
M

N
Y
O
O
O
N

M
O
O
O
O
M

M
M
M
M
M
M

Element

CanCore

SCORM

LMP

TLF

SLO/ALO

4:Technical
4.1:Format
4.2:Size
4.3:Location
4.4:Requirement
4.4.1:OrComposite
4.4.1.1:Type
4.4.1.2:Name
4.4.1.3:Minimum
Version
4.4.1.4:Maximum
Version
4.5:Installation
Remarks
4.6:Other Platform
Requirements
4.7:Duration

Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
N

M
M
O
M
O
O
O
O
O

M
O
O
M
O
O
O
O
O

M
M
M
N
Y
N
D
D
D

M
M
O
M
O
O
O
O
O

UK
LOM
Core
M
M
O
M
O
O
O
O
O

Element

CanCore

SCORM

LMP

TLF

SLO/ALO

5:Educational
5.1:Interactivity
Type
5.2:Learning
Resource Type
5.3:Interactivity
Level
5.4:Semantic
Density
5.5:Intended End
User Role
5.6:Context
5.7:Typical Age
Range
5.8:Difficulty
5.9:Typical
Learning Time
5.10:Description
5.11:Language

Y
N

O
O

M
O

Y
N

Element

Dublin
Core
DC.Format

Dublin
Core

M
O

UK
LOM
Core
O
O

DC.Type

Y
Y

O
O

O
O

N
N

O
O

O
O

N
Y

O
O

O
O

N
N

O
O

O
O

N
Y

O
O

O
O

N
N

O
O

O
O

LMP

TLF

CanCore

SCORM

SLO/ALO

UK

Dublin

75

6:Rights
6.1:Cost
6.2:Copyright
and Other
Restrictions
6.3:Description

Y
Y
Y

M
M
M

M
M
M

N
N/A
N/A

M
M
M

LOM
Core
M
O
M

N/A

Element

CanCore

SCORM

LMP

TLF

7:Relation
7.1:Kind
7.2:Resource
7.2.1:Identifier
7.2.1.1:Catalog
7.2.1.2:Entry
7.2.2:Description

Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N

O
O
O
O
O
O
O

O
O
O
O
O
O
O

N
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

SLO/A
LO
O
O
O
O
O
O
O

UK LOM
Core
O
O
O
O
O
O
O

Element

CanCore

SCORM

LMP

TLF

SLO/ALO

8:Annotation
8.1:Entity
8.2:Date
8.3:Description

Y
Y
Y
Y

O
O
O
O

O
O
O
O

O
O
O
O

O
O
O
O

Element

CanCore

SCORM

LMP

9:Classification
Y
M
O
9.1:Purpose
Y
M
O
9.2:Taxon Path
Y
O
O
9.2.1:Source
Y
O
O
9.2.2:Taxon
Y
O
O
9.2.2.1:Id
Y
O
O
9.2.2.2:Entry
Y
O
O
9.3:Description
N
M
O
9.4:Keyword
Y
M
O
*when 9.1:Purpose equals Discipline (or Idea)

TLF

SLO/ALO

N
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

M
M
O
O
O
O
O
M
M

UK
LOM
Core
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O

Core

DC.Rights

Dublin Core
DC.Relation*
DC.Source**

UK
LOM
Core
O
O
O
O

Dublin
Core

Dublin Core
DC.Subject*

76

5.

1)

2)

1)

.

-

77

 SCI-MATH

Clearning House

2)

3 4

( TLF

3)

78

4)

.
-

. .

79

5)

(vocabulary)

(taxonomy) .

(Dublin Core for Education)
(
)

80

81


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Reference description, [online] Available from

http://www.dublincore.org/documents/dces/, 2002.

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IEEE standard for learning object metadata. New York, 2002.

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Guidelines for the Implementation of Learning Object Metadata

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th

Aggregation Model (CAM), [online] Available from

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[8] Robert Maribe Branch, Instructional Design: The Addie

Approach, October 2009.

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godfrey.pdf, (Date retrieved: 10 September 2010).

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http://www.thelearningfederation.edu.au, June 2007.

[12] Elaine England, and Andy Finney, Managing interactive

media: project management for Web and digital media,
Addison Wesley, 2007.

[13] Robert E. Bergman,Thomas V. Moore, Managing interactive

video/multimedia projects, Educational Tech. Publishing, 1990.

[14] Pamela Taylor Northrup, Learning Object for Instruction:

design and evaluation, Information Science Publishing, 2007.

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http://www.thelearningfederation.edu.au (Date retrieved: 10

September 2010).

83