.

: I

III

. , ,
.
.
p
P . P .
;
, .
, .
p A B,
. A B . T
p p AB .
AB , ,
()
, . ,
, , .
.
, .
.
.

. ,
.
.
p
. p .
.
, ,
,
, , .
, ,
p. p p , p
. , .
()
3.

51

. : I
. ,
.
.
,
. .


6. ...
.
(.
), 6. 3.
...

.
13


, ,
.
, 17. ,
,
.
, . 18.
. , 19. ,
, ,
, , .
19. :
, (David Hilbert, Grundlagen der Geometrie,
1899), .
,
. 1957.
,
, . 8. .
.

9.
.

.

3.

52

. : I
. ,
,
.
. 19.
:
1. (1-8);
2. (1-4);
3. (1-5);
4. ;
5. (1-2).

9.1. ,
, .
.
I-1 .
I-2
.
I-3 .
.
I-4 ,
. .
I-5
.
I-6 ,
.
I-7 ,
.
I-8 .
A, B, C,
...; , , a, b, c, ...; , ,
, , , ... ;
.
I-7 , I-8
. I-1-3
I I-4-8
I.

3.

53

. : I

(I-1,2),
A B a = b
.
, , , ... ,
,
, , .
9.1.1. a b .
: , . ,
a b , A B. I-1,2
.
, , . a = b. ,
, .
. I-3
.
9.1.2. .
I-4.
.
9.1.3. .
: p C , .
I-3, p A B,
I-4, A, B C
. A B p

, I-6 . ,
p C A, B C,
I-4,5 . , p
C.
9.1.4. .
: p q {A} , . I-3 p
A B, q
A C.
I-4 A, B C
. I-5
.

3.

54

. : I

9.1.5. ;
.
: , I-7
B. B
I-1,2 p I-6
, B
. , p.
,
,
, -5 .
, .
9.1.6.
.
: , I-6
, .
. ,
.
. I-8
.
9.1.7.
1. .
?
2. .
?
3. ?
4. 5 4 ?
5. ?

9.2.
""
, .
II-1 B A C, A, B, C
B C .

3.

55

. : I
II-2 C B AB, C
A B.
II-3
.
A, B C ,
B A C. II-1 B C
A.

.
II-4 A, B C a
ABC ;
AB, AC,
BC.
. 1.
II-4 ,
:
.
ABC
, ,
BC.
AC BC.

9.3.
,
.
III-1 A, B , , '
', B' '
', AB 'B',
: AB 'B'.
III-2 'B' "B" B, 'B'
"B", : ,
.
III-3 B BC ,
, 'B' B'C' '
; AB 'B' BC B'C', AC
'C'.

Moritz Pasch: Vorlesungen uber neuere Geometrie, Leipzig 1882.

3.

56

. : I
, AB BA.
, . ,
. .
(a, b) (b, a)
b .
Oa Ob ,
.
, .

(), . O
A B AOB, B.
.
III-4 (p, q) a' '
' a'. p' a'
'; ' q' (p, q)
(p', q') (p',
q') a', (p, q)
(p', q'). .

9.4.
9.4.1.
, .
9.4.2. .
IV ( ). :
, ,
.
9.4.3. .
: IV, a, b .
,
,

, I-5 .
p p .
p .
b a
a, a.

3.

57

. : I
b . ,
.
, , .
(12.4.1.) ,
(12.4.2) . 12.1.4. ,
.
.
9.4.4. .

9.5.
V-1 ( ). AB CD
, n, CD n A
B B.
V-2 ( ).


I-III V-1.

10.
, , .
.
, .
, a b
t . A
B a b.
1, 2, ..., 4.

AB, 1, 2, 3 4.
, 3, 4, 1 2.

,
3 3.
, 3 1.
, 1 2.

3.

58

. : I

10.1.
,
180 ().
10.1.1.
.
180 .
( )
. , .
, .
.
10.1.2.
180.
10.1.3.

.
10.1.4. 360.
10.1.5. :
) 360.
) 540.
) n- (n 2) 180 .
) n- 360.
: ) n- n {3, 4, 5, }.
1 n-3 ,
A1A3, A1A4, A1A5, , A1An-1.
n-2 123, 134, 145, ..., 1n-1n.
(n 2) 180 .
n-2
1
. ,
,
n.
)
. 1, 2, 3, ..., n, 1, 2, 3,
..., n, . 1 + 1 = 180, 2 +
2 = 180, 3 + 3 = 180, ... , n + n = 180. 1+2+3+...+n= (180-1) +
(180-2) + (180-3) + ... + (180-n) = n180 + 1+2+3+...+n = n180 + (n2)180 = 360.

, 60.

3.

59

. : I

.

().

.
10.1.6. .
: ABC, BC > AC, . a > b.
BC D,
C-D-B CD = b. ADC
, A D
, . BAC =

ABD, = ABD, . > >
, > , .
10.1.7. .
, > , a > b.
b > a.
( )
.
. 2:1
.

10.2.
10.2.1. CD ABC:
AB
1. CD
C > 90.
2
AB
2. CD
C = 90.
2
AB
3. CD
C < 90.
2
: 1. ABC .
AD > CD ACD > ,
DB > CD DCB > .
> + ,
180, > 180 - , > 90. 2.
AD CD ( DB CD) , .
ACD = ( DCB > ). = + ,
= 90.
3.

60

. : I

90 ( )
, .
90, .
,
90.
.
.
10.2.2.
.
: C
B D. ABCD ,
360, + 2 = 180. ,
1 + 2 = 180.
10.2.3. ABC 3645'30'' 6225'30'' .
) , C ?
)
. .
) B.
: ) , , 60. ,)
,
.

.

.
10.2.4.
135.
: ABC
A B . , .
+ = 90.
ABS,
, /2 /2,
45. ,
S 135. ,
S 135, B () 45,
90. C
.

3.

61

. : I
10.2.5. 5 - 12 -.
.
: ,
ABC. ABC = = 90
x 2 5 2 12 2 , .
= 13 .
,
45 + = 112,38.

10.3.
( )
, . ,
.
.
.
10.3.1.
.
.
1.
2.
3.

1. AOB BOC,
. OBC = , = 2 . 2.
, AD DB, 1 = 2 1 2= 2 2 ,
= 1 + 2 = 2. 3. = 1 2,
AD BD.
10.3.2. ( ) .

3.

62

. : I
) .
)
(), () .
)
.
: ) 2. CAD ,
ACD .
BCD.
180. ) , tAB ACB
.

10.4.
1.
. .
2.
.
3.
9. .
4.
?
5. .
6. ABC CD AB 105.
CD = BC.
7. AA BB ABC AB
C.
8. H ( ha hb) ABC,
AHB + C = 180.

11.
, ( )
, ,
.
, .

, ,
, , ,

3.

63

. : I
, . ,
, ( ):
) ;
)
;
)
;
)
, .
()
.
AB1C AB2C ,
(),
b.
1 2 1 2.
11.0.1. Opq M. P
Op Q M Oq MP = MQ,
OM Opq.
: , OMP OMQ
(P = Q = 90), ,
OM.
MP = MQ,
OMP OMQ, POM = QOM.

11.1.
11.1.1.
.
: , ABC A1B1C1 :
BC B1C1 , AC A1C1
CD C1 D1 , . a a1, b b1 h
h1. , .
D = 90. a b.
,
Q ADC A1D1C1 . D = D1,
a = a1 h = h1, ,

3.

64

. : I
( 10.1.7.), . b h,
ADC A1D1C1. A = A1.
, a = a1 , b = b1 a b
A = A1,
ABC A1B1C1.
, ( )
.
. ()
2:1 .
11.1.2. ,
. .
: ABC, ,
CD. = =
C/2, AD = DB.
, CD
E C-D-E CD = DE. BDC =
ADE ( ),
BDC ADE. BC =
AE = . AEC ,
, . AC = AE.
AC = BC, .
ABC .
11.1.3.
.
: AC = BC , EC = CD = ,
. C
AEC BDC, AEC BDC,
AE = BD, . .
, , . AE = BD, AT
= BT = 2/3 , DT = ET = 1/3 ,
ATD = BTE.
ATD BTE.
AD = BE, AC = BC, ABC
.

3.

65

. : I
11.1.4. ( , 17. 1983. )
ABC A1B1C1 . D D1
AB A1B1. BCD = B1C1D1, AD = A1D1.
: BCD B1C1D1
( ), DB = D1B1 AB DB = A1B1 D1B1, AD =
A1D1.

11.1.5.
1. ABC ABC :
) b = b, ha = ha, = ; ) hc = hc, = , = ;
) a = a, c = c, tc = tc; ) hc = hc, tc = tc, c = c.
2. :
) ; ) .
3.
.
4. M AB AM = BM. .
5. . :
) ;
) .
6. ,
( )
( ) .

11.2.
, ,
, .
, .
11.2.1. .
,

3.

66

. : I
.
, ABCD
AC.
ACB = CAD, CAB = ACD,
ABC CDA.

. .
11.2.2.
.
, AB CD
BC DA ABCD,
.
E ABE
CDE ( )
. , ,
( ).
.
11.2.3. .
11.2.4.
.
: ABC M N AC BC,
. MN
. MN P
P-M-N PM = MN. (3)
ANCP .
(2) CN PA
. , (2)
ABNP . , MN AB AB = 2MN.
11.2.5. M N AB CD
ABCD. DM BN AC .
: , DM BN E F.
AME CNF () AE
= FC. EG || MB MBGE
EGF AME (),
AE = EF. DM BN
AC .
11.2.6. 2:1
.
3.

67

. : I

: ABC () AS CM
, . AS
D. ABDC.
, CM BN (N
CD) AD T V
AT = TV = VD. S
TV AT = 2TS, T AS 2:1
A.
11.2.7. .
.
.

,
.
.
11.2.8. ( , 15. 1984.)
ABCD AB > BC. B1 B
AC, E AB1 CD. ADE CB1E
.
: , CAB
DCA . CAB CAB1
AB1 AB AC.
, DCA CAB1,
AEC (AE = EC). , CB1 = CB = DA
DEA CEB1,
ADE CB1E .

11.2.9. DC ABCD M.
BAM BC N. AM = DM + BN.
: DC P
P-D-M PD = BN, .
ADP ABN,
APD PAM, APD = ANB
= 90 - , PAM = PAD + DAM = + (90 2) = 90 - . , AMP
. AM = MP = DM + DP
= MD + BN.

3.

68

. : I

.
, ,
.
, .
, .
.
.
11.2.10.1. :
) ;
) ;
) ;
) .
2.
.
3.
.
4. AC ABCD A
C. ABC ACD.
5. ,
.
6. M N AD BC ABCD, AB
+ CD = 2MN.
7. ,
.
8. ABCD ( ) . AB
CD BC AD, M N AC
BD AC BD.

11.3.
10.3.
( 10.3.1.).
() ( 10.3.2.)
,
.
() .
() .

3.

69

. : I
11.3.1. ABCD AB +
CD = BC + AD.
|AB CD| = |AD BC|.
.
ABCD
M, N, P Q, AB, BC,
CD DA. A, B, C D
, . AM = AQ, BN = BM, CN = CP DP =
DQ. AB + CD = BC + AD.
11.3.2.
(180).
:
ABCD. ( )
( A C)
BD, . + = 180.

11.3.3. A.
B C. BAC (90).
: , AS
A
SA SB ,
SA SB .
SA = SB = SC. ,
S A, B C,
A
BC .
11.3.4.
1. 65, 105 115.
?
2. A, B C 1:2:3.
ABC.
3. s a, s b
abc
s c, s
.
2

3.

70

. : I
4.
. .
5.
. .
6. BC
D. ABC ABD ?
[30]
7. O AB. A B
C D. COD .

11.4.
(&10.). ,
180 ( 10.1.2.),
( 10.1.3.),
360 ( 10.1.4.). ,
.
, ,
.
11.4.1.
.
: ABC AO BO
sA sB. OM,
ON OP BC,
CA AB.
APO ANO

/2. OP = ON. ,
BPO BMO
/2, OP = OM. OP = ON = OM.
CMO CNO,
, OM = ON.
OCN OCM, CO ,
. OP = ON = OM
.
11.4.2.
.

3.

71

. : I
: ABC S sa sb
BC CA. M N
.
MBS MCS ,
. BS = CS.

NCS NAS. CS = AS.
AS = BS = CS.
, ABS S
sc AB. ,
S
ABC.
.
11.4.3. , .
: , A, B C ABC
NP, PM MN
BC, CA AB.
BMC, CNA
APB
,

,
.
A, B C
NP, PM MN.
(11.1.2.), MNP
H, ABC.
, .
.
(&11.1.). ( 11.2.6)
2:1 .
, , , .
( 11.2.4.)
.
11.4.4.
1. 2:1 .
2. , .
.
3.

72

. : I

. 1. , AN BM ABC
T. MN
,
AB .
ABT PQ,
AB
.
MN || PQ MN = PQ.
MNT PQT
MNT PQT, PT = TN QT = TM. P
AT Q BT, 2:1
A B.
2. AN BM ABC T.
CP BM S
, .
, BS = 2SM,
2
BS BM . , BT = 2TM
3
2
BT BM . BS = BT,
3
S T
. , CP , .
11.4.5.
1.
.
2. .
3.
.
4. D AB ABC. E
BC DE BC. F DE. AE CF.
[ CD . G BE GE
BED GF || BD, GF CD. F CDG,
DE GF. , CF CF DG. , DG
ABE AE || DG AE CF.]

11.5.
(
10.1.6. 7.).

3.

73

. : I
,
.
11.5.1. ( )
, .
: BC ABC D-B-C DC = CA = b,
. ACD
DAC = ADC = . BAC = ,
< BAD, BDA < BAD.
(
10.1.7.) AB < BD, . c < a + b.
a < b + c b < a + c.
c < a + b c a < b, c b < a.
. ,
|a b| < c < a + b, a, b c (
). ,
.
11.5.2. , a = a, b = b > c > c.
: A =
A C = C, CB
. s BCB AB
D. DCB DCB ( ), DB = DB.
, AD + DB > AB,
AB > AB.
11.5.3. , a = a, b = b c > c > .
: C C : = , < , > . 1)
= , ABC ABC, c = c, . 2)
< 11.2.2. 3) > .
11.5.4.
1. .
2. .
3. .
[ O ABC . , ABO: /2 /2
BO AO, BOC: /2 < /2 CO < BO. , CO.]

3.

74

. : I
4. .
5.
.
6. .
[ tc < b + c/2 tc < a + c/2]
7. , . .
8. .
9. :
) ;
) .
10. ABC M. :
) ACB < AMB; ) AM + MB < AC + CB.
11. ABC M. :
s < AM + BM + CM < a + b + c, a, b c , s .
III .................................................................................................................. 51
9. ................................................................................................................... 52
9.1. , ............................................................................. 53
9.2. .......................................................................................... 55
9.3. .................................................................................... 56
9.4. ........................................................................................ 57
9.5. .................................................................................. 58
10. .................................................................................................................... 58
10.1. .................................................................... 59
10.2. ....................................................................... 60
10.3. ...................................................................................... 62
10.4. .............................................................................................................. 63
11. .......................................................................................................... 63
11.1. ................................................................................. 64
11.2. .......................................................................... 66
11.3. ....................................................................................... 69
11.4. .................................................................................. 71
11.5. ...................................................................................... 73

3.

75