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12
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16
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18
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20
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FGa j h ,OG```H Y ad TdG G CG```SCG Vh HC ```
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c dG dGh SSdG H GAdG UCG e GU J ```d
M eCG e Q``ÙC idG UG hh ,```MCH K d e ```j
jd d dG ```J Y ADg Yh ,HQbCGh OhCGh ``èc GUh ``èc
geh GN fY ```Y eBJ M ,IG J EG H OhCG ```dG ```JSS
.YhG JMW e a TdGY
22
23
OdGh ,dG j LQN NJ CG Y IH ```dG EG Fb j bh

S OG G OhCG C ,WSE LCG Gd j ef EG dP Y
jdG AHCG ADg H CGS LGGh JS AHBG C ,d fj
.ISCG OGaCG H k YLEG e CG j
k e fCH GhWj h ,```G EG UdG Gfj AHCG AD```g
jd a Gdh ,gadGh ```YdG Y GhOJh JM Ga e I``à CG
dG Gb hNBG eCG .dG Y adG hCG OdG d ```JGSEG CG
aGj CG T C a G M GPEG Y GaGj a ,dG Y adG
?H j f Y
gh !?OhCG S A```HCG e eGhCG j CG Y ```d ```g
CG MCG GY H M G dG je Th jdG YCG Ld
!?k T IQdGh SdG GOBG j OhCG e GASEG j
SGM ah cGeh GQS WSCG J CG dG dG fG g
!?dU GY Y H dU GY Y HQC
H OdG AHCd ```jdG fCG FdG Jj ```dG JdG C```G EG
k
.e
FdG Y e a Y j c MQ
ADg Y IQdG fG Qa S ```L G CG g S ```dGh
.MQ H J FdG jj f c jQdG j Sh ,AHCG
dG QN C DhH hCG QfG j h ,dG Y IZ CG g fCG
k
g YGJ CG RG OY bS GMCG VCG dh ,Jh
L
.dG QfG EG ODS aJ hJ dG adG
,k KGJ dU G```Y d j CG ``` dG MdG ```jQdG R``ÈG
,dG Ad ```dG SJ aj CG ```g ,Y j CG MCG ```j
fEG .QNG f Y dG H H e d k FQ j dG j CGh
Sh ASDhdG QNG b ``è OdG aJ k HSCG SDj CG ```dH
NdG Y IH jdG SDG j Sh ,AHCG H eOb YGU
.QfGh J e OdG j SdG dG

jd a dG eCG ,dG gCG g OdG MG bJ e jQG EG
Se EG H ,eGH I```G hCG Rd S CG dG d j ``à ,j ``è
Wh f SCd ``ÙdG JCS M ,dG QfG ``è ```dG
.QGbGh geh IAc e jd e QH EG GP U hCG Gg HH j
24
25
HdG jQd FQ hCG dG GY G CG aj dG b

N j k ej S b kGMCG CG XCG h ,"S" EG QhL OJ dG
hCG Rf dG AHCG e MCG j h ,"```S SG b e fCG "```SQ
IFK QK H eCGh jdG ``ÙG J hCG ,JSCG hCG ```J
.AU YGPEG k je J O G FeR
cGe e jdG ```jQEG MdGY VdG ```fY dG MQ ```Hh
dG FdG ch ,```dG Fbh ```We EG ```J fc dG i```dG
N H dG "dG "M dfG eY dh ,FHbCG e G Gd
H ,LGJ S G GdG CG e X We b BG S bh
CG k e f dh ,"e dG FdGh ,e FdG "N dG OOQ CG
SQCG dP e dG Y H ,FdG b dd cG NJ ```G
.b dd G M k Sh jQEG VdG
jb EG UCG Oj dG G gGHEG jdG FdG AL jQEG Hh
k Vb Yh b TYh K YJ d ,dG T bCG I```M

a H b EG j fCG ZQh .AU GdG H ```j CG b ,QeP
AeR Ujh TM d HdG ```S k Xe k egG ```j c
k aeh Y adGh IQdG jM H kGe ,S AHCH jdH G
.FHCG H
cCG G S AHCG a ```dU GY Y FdG Y ``èCG
GdGh eCG GH dH gQGSG jW Y IjG jQG ```jM
gadH GJh ,dhdG dG eG UG gZ J M ,G
e f d j h dG G dG S gCG CG CG .```fG IG
.dG EG G e
aGh GSCG ```dG WGG ``è kGc f CG ```jdG ``èh
FdG CG M ,S H G CG H ```S Y f Y Hj
j jdG g Q``ÙCGh FbUCGh JSCG e HGh ```dU GY ```Y
,dG EG S A```HCG H EG j h ,dG GN ``è hjh ```dG
b Mh .IG hCG ```jG hCG GOQ hCG I```jG AHC gj bCG k ```fMCGh
fdG eG ihQ bh ,dG AdG dG ```Y e dj CG TM
,2003 Y Y G e kGMGh c ```b gdG OY QG VQGh
jdG dG iMEG LGh ODj c ```jdG TM AHCG MCG CG ```gh
QdG j CG TG dG VG ,dG gMCG Rha S jj
k GOQCa ```Y
ffdG dH a e ```Y dG Sj CG e Hh .b
dG Qc ReQ eCG HPh IY aNG iL ,dG Ad ```j hCG
.dGh ffEG GYCG H FG VY HQV
g EG b ```d GdG LCG a A```YdG adG g e ```ZQh
j CG hO ,H RdGh G e ```fj e AadG dG e ```S
J UG SGh ```G GdG V H ``èh ,MCG ```Jfe
hCG dhdG ``` f hCG ,AdG ```VGQCG Y dH adG ```bNCG ```d
26
27
FHCG LM TE IOhG JGhQ ```J

p h ,dG dG MCG bS
e fjh G jSdG H JQG S Ea dP eh ,```gSCGh
.M Lh hO g EG LJ eJG
,HQbCG IH FdG J ```dG GOfG dG Cd HG j ```bh
bCG g e OLh X ,jG G```d kGFb MCG dU J ``è
,dGd k N cG eCd k ``à kGFb dU GY j J hCG ,``è
dh ,ISCG e c ```gZh ,QG Sd kGFb Y MCG ```J hCG
jNBG jY IOb OLh ```Y MG SCG aCG CG SCG k ```T
dU GY Y OLh Y k HS G GdG gOLh c S e
jdG JH j dG ```dU GY MGdG NCG H e ,```f
MCG dG dch ,IQGH SdG adG e d HG dH da
SdGh GG I```N H L jdG YSEG MGdG ```FdGh a
.MGh bh
d j fCG M ,```SFd dU jEG dG d ```j b AD```g
,IOQe cQe Gdh gh ,G GdG dNO Y a CG
eCG ,fL EG Vh dG AdG jJ j FdG CG eCG G dh
ADg H eh ,QGH jDhQ ```j h ,gjj a S AHCG e A```jbCG
JdG M e ab H MdG jG j Oj dG dG GY dG
.f dU GY Y a jdG
j G G```dG IdG feh jdG ``èH dG ```dG
e jb d ```MG eY ,dG ```bhCG EG dU GY ```Y H
QhGh GMdG IOb ch ,gW Sb g SCG adG jRh LGJ dG
QhO e MGh c j M ,Q```fG hO Sb g e EG ```Nj
Ibh LdG d fh .dG GY MdG adG jRh Y NdG b
,WdG adG d FQh HG d jc cGG ```JGNh T
,jJQG G dd M Q dG G IQ```N dhDe
dP H iL bh .HdG ddG G Fb dhDe J QG CG ```M

M QGRh J e e dY j CG b ,d kGjRh d dG f
e jH eGJ dG aR j fYEG ```Y QG dG UM
.LdG QU MdG d Yf
FQ dG A```LQCG L c GMH ```j jdG S AHCG ``èh
jOdG JNh adG bNCGh eSH hG SdG HdG cQCG
Qb CG EG ,edG e b f e cCG GW gJ dG G e cG dG
Ue GdGRe e C ASCG e jG cPCG dh .MGd OG H
.H JOTEG H ghj CG j h
dG AdH YbEG dhj jdG FdG M dG CG gG AdGh
,G d jJ dG IFGdG Q```N eh ,dG QN e g Ie ```WCG
k e cQj ,S QNh ,S dGh G gCG e AdG CG ```M
k X S K aS FdG V dG dG jGJh VhCG ```MG CG
.dG dG e j a j FH j CG hO k fHh
M c e NBG T CG UCG LQd kGL J fCG FdG e
c a bh a FdG j CG H ```dHh ,bOU f d j CG ```j
EG ThJ EG ```dG ScQe EG GjEG T ``è HdG ```jQJcdG
.M GU EG fhfG JQgS
f kGL kGch kGc ```S fhBG g G e FdG h```N EG
M eGhO OdG NS G DhHh ,gMh dG dh c dG
dh .dG QN d gGc ```ZQ GjS hCG fCG EG H J b ```gCG
k aW Gfj ANCG Jh Jj k X ```LGS AjHCG S AHCG
f .G MQ Q```dG eEG M S ```H d M c ,``à
,VG dG GW kGc ```YCG eN dU GY Y FdG CG ```f
fGdG Y O```YG dh ,dG ZQ ```G AdG Y ```JYSh
OGORGh hG bJ CG H ,j j dG dG Yh ```gMh
28
29
dG gh dG dBG OdG PfE MGh jW iS g j h ,SdG ```fCG

,dG G f bjh ,YLG dG Y dG a aj S H
cCG BG fh .S e bJ dG ```jdGh dG Y OdG ```fCJh
NC j dU GY MGdG e d LH e bh CG ``è
GY Y OLh ```b dG TY eh ..```c ..c ..c ..N ```H
.dG fdG a EGh ,S dCH H J CG Od H dU
30
Y d eH f CG H dG ```H dG dG VhCG ```X

Y IMdG ```j Lda ,```fMJ EG OCG ```JZd C ,```dU G```Y
,cGM g ``` ,2009 HG ```MJ gS ```dh ,1990
dG UCGh ,dG e ``ÙdGh ,UEG e cGTG Mhh
dG hHh ,YaCd dG IO```dG MQh dG M Y JSS ```H
,dG AHCG eCG k ```Fb GRe eCG Ea dP eh .d Ob fG E``à
h HG fGNEG ```b jW Y d ,fG ``` fS ``ÙdGh
GM fCG J jW Y dh ,dhdG G FGL c ```Me
e dh OdG f e d S H AdGh ,G AHCG GH T
,IU KG O Y AdG Y Y b dG c GPEGh .a dG Oa
dG AHCG cQe hCG ,dG dG Y CG Qh j ``à
OG Y bdG dG AHCG Q```NG GPEG eCG .G AHCG e eJ G``è
j Y ad ``èOb gCG M jM kGObh ```dG ej ``à
.bGdG VQCG Y IOLe J IMh gh ,IMdH
31
Y HG dG GNE ```G INCG H aG LCJ ```S

cdGh ,jj 13 ISCe Y HdG INCG fhBG ```jGJ ,gQe
d jh ,```HdG g N j ```dG eYEG G dh ,```VG
e a e cCG SG CG gh ,U d M j ,G G
.WGG YCG Y dG ISSh ,k dM cG G g VG
dG edG OQhCG e g G d a e j UJ ``àCGh
dG dG DG J d ":b M " Rf" d e dG f
dM jh ,ddG fh ,dGh dH cq Ph ,jZ FbEH Ic MCG
c dG Cch ,G SdG dG jeO Y jh ,"jQJ" Y
a b h ,TdG ```S a j h N j ```S L
"....Y GQL M YdG e e
ZEG jP Y OHG OG FhH hj ,G YQ ,f edG dh
QDj b e gh ,g dG G ```g ddh ,k T ```FdG

QdG FGL ```HCGh NCG UJ ```JW j G C ,```G ```FdG
SCG dG FdG IH OhCG ```dG G gh ,dG jQJ ```dGh
VLEG dG hG ,jG dG he SDe ,G ```gGHEG
AHCG H kGQ```Zh dG k ```WMEG IQOdG dZG ```L eh ,``è
Gg ej M d k gH k ```K af dReh ,bCG EG bCG e ,```WdG
.Gh dG
dGb AMEG dhEG dG a ,f edGdGQTCG eYIOjRh
,NCGh ,QhG dG fh G Jb AME dh g ,"jQJ "Jbh
"S 26" U f ,```fd a Ve a .FdG dG ```Mh
"H h```G dU MCG ``è Uh fEG ```db Kh ```VG ```G
adG f bh ."``àQ " ShdG dG ``è e d gh "```jQJ
dG FdG ```dN b HdG ```G aY jQfG ```Y hCG ``è
ee M J jW Y dPh ,1978 ```Y dG M MCG ```HdG
Gd edG IO```dG dG e EG ```jQJ e QfG ```M
jT GM kGQGJ AL ```H ,IjL ee KdG J h .```G
EG dSQEG b jQJ QfG e Sb ``è dU MGdG gGLCG He
jJ CG Z .M GS jOhe UTC jdG jJ h ,AU
Y e dU adG adG J a j bh AL ```KdG
e eGdH ,iNCG ib Y jd dh ,edGh ddG ```f
k
UGe
QCdG d dG MCG b Y ITG dhDG f bdG dGh
k
.FGdG dGh ```FGdG cG e Tj ```c ,Gh dG ,```NGeh
dH Y j c jQJ eh e dU ```MGdG H b e CG ZQh
j c dG dG OGaCG e kGc k Yb CG k ``ÙN IdG J j
dhDe S MGdG HG ```FdG d ,G b e QCd ```bJ
YGPEG JQG kGc k jQJ CN c ,```dG jdG H dG e ```dG
32
33
YS M gOGYEG e YS Y iS ```J G EG PEG ,A``Ù

QOe Mh .```H MWEd SG H ,S ```dG H j h ,```gJ
j Gfc a UTCG HQCG Ea ,dG jQJ e DG IdG J UY
.jGhQ j Qh Rj k ```M GRe HGdGh 86h 78 Gb e ```KK H
JG dG dhdG eCG R```L OdG G Ma g HQCG ADg ```MCG
dG dG ``Ù k Ke d SS ```fEG d Fb S U kG``è ```dH
dU g dGh ,86 G```MCG Ma b bh ,dG ```FKdG H ```jE
,jQJ e f G g ddGh ,dH MWEd HG SCGdG e
e c QGSCG jh G Y Wd gDj Ob be c a HGdG eCG
.iL
U UdG f Ea UdG j e OQh e U Y dG Hh
V j dG QG```b MU CG hjh .f ```jQJ Uh e gCG ```G
b k e k HH a KdG f C ,G NGO e dU GY Y FdG
fC ,k dM cG e j e gh ,dG ```SdG ZG
GdGReh G dH QdG dh cQH e dG dG ```f
O e Hjh ddG J e cCj ,k eY KK e cCG e ,dG f
.V e RGh hO ,H gb jdG AeOh ,dG
34
h ,a cQG EG aj S fCc QdG OM e ej dG CG ZQ

bCG EG bCG e dG dG CG EG ,Mh dG iS dhDe ```j
cQG ASCG dG QdG hGJh H ,iL e hCG ```dG e Y
G Fd dG ```MCG cQCG FQ e IYH dG QdG ```dh
dGY ```dG T Y i```NCG jGhQ h ,```dGY jdGd ```J
.e
hG Y dG Vh b MCG ```M H GY MGdG ```dG ch
b e GH ```MCG IjG Ib ```dCS eY IOG ```MGUh ```WH
b :a dG ```b eh :IdG dCa ,dG ```MCG b :a ,```G
dU Y Y FGdG AL bh :Fb UGh K ,YSEG dGY ```YL
.d fG LCG e kGMGh k YSCG dh SFdG H ZQ Y d H EG
,IMGh fN dG ```MCGh dU GY Y L G IO``àEG g
35
Y GReh ,ISCG EG dG JMQ e ahe ```G bY fch

.h G M HG e d j dU GY
FdG e NCG Ea dU GY Yh dG H KdG bdG Hh
e dh ,H QZ e ```T H aj IG b Y GdGRe ```jdG
e Y dU GY Y dG AdG a Cj dG h G JCj CG G
H OG ```b AU EG J e ```fG GPh ?OG bh ```YS O```Lh
SCG e gZh ?AGdG HOCe EG G GY QMEG QhO ``èh ?MGh
,VdG LQd VGh ```G e C ,dG dG ```HLEG j dG
gZh SCG g Y HLEG FdG Y jh ,VdG LQd ``èZh
.jj 13 M Y Aj CG b
,dGYjdGY,He,jQdHeJOTdGRe hNBG gh
dGYGYFGdGCG c,SdGh,QhGh,Gh
G dG e nj dh ,e d f dd jYG e c
AGdG Fb IgR b Y ANEG iL G Hh .IYd J Y ```H
h e dGYh ```S Y GYEG iL ```c ,Qe HdG
jdG Yh e ```S GY Gb jdG fCG ```g ADg bh .``à
dHh ,jNBG GYh ```Y GQLh cG jh ,S GYh ```dG
Y a dG ```G IAf h ,d jdG h```G ```MEG
.L Ghj CG b b e jG
G b 1977 HcCG OSG e YSCG ```b d N NBG a
:S IQd 15`dG icdG S
j ,WGdG Y IjGe Sd kGe dG INCG jCG d "
e EG d bCGh Y CG dh ,eO jj dGh WGdG G G
gHd dG EG UdG Ua d JCG d H dH hgj ```b
"...jQdG EG jQdG e
HfG "i CG ```g WGdG e ADg ```g CG e HN C```Jh
YCG fG e KGh gh ,JU j CG jW Y WGG j jQU

k
" ....k bU Y jh a
eGIOdHdG ajYTDe "EG HN GYOh
G WGdG EG Ud ```Y hj dG jdG hCG SCG hQ```jh
."dG ITG IG Hfd dG OGYEG JCj M
e WGdG H e GhDhL jdG ``àCG a ,dH ,G CJ ``èh
dG dG DG he G```dZGh ,jQdG EG jQdG e gHPh ,```gG
d SDeh ,FdG hDd e EG DG d G d N dG
CG iSh ,G J ``è d LG eCH dG a Gdh .```jdG
je GdGReh ,dY ``è hDhjh HbQ j HZ e ```jG
NGdG dG AHCG e ,jNBG jV Y jh ,FGL jEG ```Y
d dG ```dG j eh ?gM Y ajEG ```S a ,Q```Gh
!?QYG
36
2007 2005-
37
( )

L e MGh ``è GP jT ```FSQ K ```TGh EG ``Ùh

Th Y eSEG ``ÙEG M CG e ceCG Q``` dG ``Ùf
dSQ NBG fch ,```dU GY Y G G S Y ```VfG
Z kGf S d UEG Uh CG YG fCG LQO EG MGdG e
EG a SM cM f Y IQN j ,G gQEd e
.NCG j
Ffh AU ```ceCG dG aJ e FSdG ```bf MCG ```TGh
iS d g IN eSEG ```T e jh ,QdH j fEG ```Fb
ceCG dG Y kGN j ```S dP CGh ,G Y ```VfG
.G
LCG ,J QG aQ dG ,ceCG fG E``à ,G Q k ahh
jdG f f "dh dG g Y kGT Fb IH dSQ NBG Y
FdG e ```JGSG e ```Y k UM bCG fj ```dh ,Ffh ```fH

dGh OdG bJ CH ```fQMh ,kGQGe dG FdG f fCG ```c "dG
j CG a Fd j h gQEG ```SCG gCG e fS OH
."G NCe ec NCf c T e k bOU j CG Y CG c ,JSS Ff
dG OdG de V j h dG VhCG j a Ffh fS ``èCG
.a j dG OdG hCG f
QNH fe GDS Y Oj CG j ```dSdG bf EG QG bh
bf QM I```G jdG d !?"I```G jdG e ```G g ``è"
.WGdG Y LGJ CG eh ,Ff hCG HfG Y dG CG e dSdG
g CG ZQ ,```ceCG LQG SJ dG ``è bdG CG QG ```cCGh
H J Y gVQ Y HYCG NGdG eCGh adG JQGRh IjY ```L
dG g H e ceCG dG bdG dd dG HT T
G ,MCG ``` Y dH M OTCGh ```NCG AHCGh FdG ```
e Y Y ceCG id ```c GMH j dGh eSEG QdG ```Y
g H ej h OYH j ```dG YG dG d ,dG ```j
Uh JGP QG SGh .TGh Qe e cC ah edG ```MU
jW Y dh HY W jW ```Y ceCG EG jdG FSdG i```MEG
dSQ jW Y M dh , SQ jW Y hCG IOG SeHdG GdG
b dP CG Y dO ,FdG Q``è jQEG dGY jH e ```fhdEG
bdG C hCG ,Ffh dH ITe Z iT J Y UG VH j
.kGe UCG jQEG C Qh ,LM M eG H
Y FdG Ff HJ CGH Y Ic IG ```jdG CG G eh
Z NBG H hCG ,dG QG```S e J h ,QH dU G```Y
gQEG CG k eRL kGOYG J ceCG UdG IO L gh ,Ke
J GUCG J CG```Hh ,eSEG eG dh ISdG fCG ``è
,cJ Y G EG "dG eSEG" TGh J e ``Ùh
38
39
SCG ajh ,QhL LGh gQEG L d G dG ```fC

H Wh Y GhjGj CG aG j h dG ib e edG
d dUh ```W h YT d ```VG jSdG ```G
.a FHh
j CG jj HS ceCG SeHO J M a dG FdG Y eCG
dG H
"He wants to do it both ways, but he cants"
dG iNCGh ``ÈG eL k eb j CG ```jj dG ```FdG CG CG

d FdG ```cj CG Jb ```fc e M CG ```Lj h ```HCG
dG e QfG EG jdG UJ S ```SdG g EG H ,ZdG ```g
.adG GNh
Ia YO VGh dG ```HfG e ceCG bG CG ```jJ h
kGQhO ceCG dG d bh ,Ff Y dG H WGdGh HfG
k
h ,k L SFdG Te ``` SdG fjdG dG Va ``à
Me O dCG CG ```j c CG H G ad dG FdG ```b
jh .Sc j CGH ```M SG eCG f La k LQN ```f jd
QGSG j j TGh CG EG dG FdG e JdG ceCG ``èdG
S dG ,MdG G idG ``è edG J J EG ,```G
e c de Oj dG OdG ```Z Y GH gANQh OdG QG```SG
K eh RdGh ddG EG dG B```H ajh FY ch I```SCG ch
.gQEG M EG
hdG dG aj G AdG FG cGTG G OLh CG YCGh
QGVEd J h ```d UEG GO```b CH dGh ``ÙEd
G UEG OLh CG c ,AbUCGh ATCd dhdGh bEG dH
GhH OGfGh ```fd J JGOb CH cGTd ```G AdG ``àj
,G jG d k eb kGH j UdG G O```Lh CG e ,G
.fM b dG YS CH dG QdG g ADg c e gCGh

IOb H J dG EGh dhO J h bEG J dG Y
Y Fd dG dG IOQ e k aN HfG RdG j jdG G
d CG aj gh ,JM Jh UTCc aJ b dG dU GY
k k YH
.IOe H NBG H MGdG eN e dG jW
ceCG CG ```M ,k ceCG ```Ye fCH k ehO A```jEG hj ```FdGh
AG S Y S bh jd ```H j h ,iNCG c ```de
UCG g e E``à ,eN Y e LdG ``` eh ,JdG A```NCH
H e e IY EG ```J hCG CG a ```H edG ``è
eh ,GQG ``èh ,dG IQ eh ,```gQEG eh OdG ``è
j dG dhdGh bEGh G OHCG GP G e NBG EG ..ZG
.ASDhQ IH MWEd e MGdG a
f jJ ``è j b ```dU GY Y ```FdG EG ```dG ```jh
M J e k ``è j d dh ,```jj dG dH ```G ```HfG
dG SSh ,OdG e Gh d dG H OdG IFdG MG
QhH b b G ```Sh ,JGSG dG de ```Y jdGh
VG j CG fh ,Sh SdG gT M UCG dG OdG J
.k S Gh k S
40
41
AGLE fCG EG ```G e ```dU Y Y Fd ```LG dG Q```KCG

hO k jS fCG W Ua j fCG ZQ Ic DhJ W Ua
?GP MCG Aj CG
H ,fCG EG e ```Ld AU EG Oj CG EG FdG j I```G ```g
Hj M e jGh L IN ,G e k SCGQ g EG LJ
EG ,k b bCG Gfj FdG VQG CG M ,``Ù Y dG
JCjh .Wh aGhd OdG Y f CG a ,ffEG aGhd LdG Y ```f
FdG Iah M dG dG f VGdG dBG Z X dG Gg
Ff H BG ```M QL QGb QhU Yh ,FXh AGOCG ```Y ```Y hCG
.k Ff Og Qe HQY j SdG YEG CG ZQ Fd
k k je c EG V dG hMCG h FdG d SCG g ```fCG
,a
C OdG e Y k Yhe Dk hJ WCG dh ,dP aCG CG W e ``à
J CG jG g M eh ,dG e e 22 IM Y KDJ ```LdG IM

. EG AH h !?ICa FdG Z d H S GPe
Y JQbh H he c SS ```Y GDdG Gg MW d
gCG dh ,SG f SCG C g SG cPCG dh ,QeCG QGZCG S
k N jd CG H dG cG ISCG CG i```j a dG g SG ``è
dG gCG Ic QeCG Y G Jh ,G```c M LG jH
a ?kGb CG ?k VY KOM CG ?k Ve j g FdG a j CG dG
,d edGh G EG f f "dG SdG jh .``` c
M ,Ic hCG IU ```HQ EG ODj CG FdG Z CG ```XCG h
.CG H dh QeCG V j CG Zh OL aH
k ,```HJh
e GS c MCG ``` Y dG FdG EG :Fb
jh jY T i```bCG fC ,QW CG hM id H ```G g
h ,OdG OGeG Y dGh ```jG idG e jbh SGh bY ```H
HG j CG h- hj e Y G e Ac- edG SG j j
.k dM f QhdH
HG IQb ie QOCG T dh dG ```SdG c fG g EG
jQdG CGe CG J OJ jQS fGNEG H C dG QG QhdG AGOCG Y
ie HG j GPEG G Gd bCG jdG g HdG ```jQG
dG jjGG eCG NCG SCG QH QcdG ```N eh ,FcPh CG M
. f f OH j fCG Y e N EG eO
H G IYCG e OY dH a (VdG) MCG d IO```Yh
k k ej f ```j fCH AcdG e ch ,dG ```FQ
k YGQP H Fd jH
.AGVCG e J h eCH CJh FdG IOGQEG J jb
L e ,CG f hCG d k NCG h Fd k T d SH ```Yh
EG g e c HGb ```Y LQG YEG Mj eh ,CG ```L ``è h CG
,LQG YEG Y QSh VQG G YEG jGdG JQG FT
l C```N
42
43
g f eY ```H fj dG hDT ```fLCG G CG ```LQd

.LdG H HGdG U e LQdG
Yh ,T e dG hCG ```NCG e CG bY e ibCG LdG H ``è EG
eJ bY a "eCG J d CG Q" CdG Gg j f ```
e gMCG hNh ,NBG OLH EG gMC QGSG CG SSCG ```Y Fb
.k Va Y Vhe GPEG INEa ,NBG X b IQhdH j dG
hCG k dhO e Z ```fCH - jh H - Y Qj ```FdG EG ```jh
e EG UdG d W CG j c ,"k dhO e" IM cCG H
Y cJ k ehO j FdG EG hNBG j c ,dG Gg Lh EG ```SFdG
FdGj CG d h,HQe ShMGhL e fCG
QSdG CG k UN ,HdG LCd UdG MJEG j H k S e cCG g ``è
.2013 dG S j CG EG dG AdH d j
,gOGYCG OGR ```dG HdG LCG ``` Y CGQ Y dG ```Hh
CG k e Qj ``à ,IOhG OdG OQGe M ```Y AGKEG f ```SJh
eeCG QN h ,k e M GhR i```S j FdG e a ```N CG
Y SG OLh Y eCG ,NBG OhM gMCG ij CG hO e jj CG iS
dh ,J hCG ```Y J b Hc a k dhO ```HG H ```
.f Y QOG c H ,jGhdG g e cDj HZ Qe CG Lj
,SFdG Y d h```dG adG g jGhdG a cDG A```dG
d k aQ dh ,```G dU GY Y QGS ``àQ dh
c dh ,WEG Y dG HG Y ```J Sda , Y
dU GY Y M Y j b Y M CG MG fOCG ```g
h NGdG MCG aQ O```d k MUEG k Yhe ```Y CG hCG
.QG
GY Y Y QGS ``àQ g Y aQ CG cQj ```KG
EG LG Ia JCJ g eh ,MQj CG eCG Gg MQJ AG```S dU
H VJ Y ```bCG Y hCG ,MCG ```H M AH j YT ```

ISCd j eh ,QdG jSdG ANCG H efG YC MCG
h ,FHG GhQCH dG J dG dG gh ,k e S b EG M h
.gZ bj GeCG e l dG a EG Hj
a jQS ```M c Teh a H G ```jQJ EG dG ```h
idG H j b JGH ISCG e d dG J CG c ,Ic I```W
SCH J SC bEG hCG dhO VeG j b c ,ISCG NGO ```dG
.dhdG GG e Sj OdG IQGOEG G FdG
SFdG j e ``` OjEG g G gCG f Lh e ``èCG G
IdG MEGh ,eCG hCG jY d CG ``è j e ,GdG e Od
bJ dhDe G FdG d kG k e jdGh eCG SDG ```Y
Jh QfG e OdG PfE SG dG IOdG dHh ,OdG dG
.G dG QhO d ISCG e T
aJ NBG T CG hCG NCG HG hCG G FdG HG g dG Gg j b
,BG M Mhe ASCG KK Y j a G eCG ,HG UGG ``à
M gH hCG SFdG HfG ```b H WG d e MGh QNG j ```b
IAGdG dP c e ```gCGh ,bEGh Gh dhdG h```d fCG IAG```dG
.G Fd dG hdGh Od jObG hd YVG
e dh JHjEG ``è MGh d ```G QhO d KdG ```TG
f VCSh .a e ```W Y d SFdG J b hdG J ```jP
dG e TG A```SCG VSCGh ,cG ISCG QG```b fU Ve
:Te c e ISCG Y G WGh Te c HjE
k G
:G FdG Ff Og Qe HQY ,hC
YL IMdG dhd j ```b Fc OLhh G e fCG JHjEG ``è
j fCG c ,dGh G AHCG e c b Y SCG ```jjh ,WCG IM
k
j
G j bh dG G```VG ``è
q b dG eCG ,```jW
44
45
S eCG .```L Me C LG hO ```SFdG ISCG IO```SG

N e eCGh jdG SDG a OLh MU fc a ```LdG
OdG Qb d kGN k YGUh k Lh ISCd j bh ,QfCGh UdG ```H
Y EG ISCG VG dG g f h```G gh ,d eSG G Y
ej eG YEG CG ZQ ,Fd k jQSO k Ff H SQ QGb QGUEG
h ,dH a QGb CG BG ```M Qj dh ,Fd Fc k SQ ``è
FQ gS H G ```FdG Z M SFdG J k jQSO ```d j
a bh ,Q```SdG H MCG ```M H GY ```dG GdG ```
CG k jQSO dq J dG gh ,dG dG DG Fd k Ff Qe fG
.QW CG hM id FdG j
jQEG dGY :k fK
dh ,k bEG e M EGh ,k dhO eh dG c fCG jQEG HjEG e
Ggh a FQ EG dG j bh ,c M EG cP fCG SSCG e
ej CG j h j Y ISCG c CG EG aVEG ,e Z
Qhj kGTDe j dG dG DG Fd k fK k Ff J dh ,ITe e
k jQEG QNG MG CH FdG gP
.kGOQGh GRe
dGY jdGY :k dK
Y dG c H JGP bdG h adG WG Y h L Te
fCG G dh eGhCd eh L e gh ,WG J AHCG dd dG
Gg Uh ,SMCG h d Ye fCch hjh ,N Qhj Y ```j
.Ic jP AGQh j b
Y ISCG id CGdG SG e GPEGh G QhO ```d TG g ADg
FdG j dG c H ceCG FdG Y YT ``` QNG
Ea dHh ,HG ```TH FdGh CG TH FdG H ```YT Ua ```dG
Z fQG gh ,(k W QdG e) G jQJ ceCG e bCG d dG
UG d H IgG Y Qj dG FdG dh d C e
. QNG k a j fCG cDj

jQd d dh , EG a LM dG CG dG jJ h
EG eY 28 SG ```dG dG ZG Me ``è OdG d EGh ```G
GbG jOd dG MG Y dG a Oj IjL YT ```Me
.dG EG Ud YQH jdG hCG ,SG QTEG hO
G FdG A```H dJ J J OdG CG Q```j CG G ```Yh
Ic bEGh GAGY ISCGh dG ```NOCG fC ,IjL GS d
dG Y e Z kGQM VJ QGG hO Lh ,OdG fGe gQCG
ge UCG ```dG LdG AH ```dJ CG c ,``è ```Jh
SH Y EG A``Ù e G S ```Y c dJh ,dG ```d
a ,jG dhdG fGe j FGQRh TCGh Mh eNh aGeh ```Lh
.Qd IQG JGQjR hCG iNCG We cH dH
CG hO ,edG ```JM IQhG hdG hDe ```q j CG jj ```FdGh
id UCGh ,JaJ fhj A``Ù jSdG dhDG L CG Q```j
,SFdG QGO O```LG G e cCG ```dRe dd ```Ye e
.eO M e k YJG cCG fhS eMh
c a TCG H iS edG e nj 2006 jG dG NO ``èh
G hCG dG TCG CG ``à ,dG j CG jDhdG ```J
dHh ,iNCG TCG KK iS VG SFdG HfG Y j d G
Qhj e" IQY QGJ YCGh .FdG gP Qhj GP``è dG j CG ```H
OdG e Oj CG dG g FdG gP Qhj e C "FdG gP
jQJcdG e f d fC ,dG j b c,GbG jOU dh ,O```dGh
YOG e YT hO ```gVh d H edG WGdG EG ``èdG
.dP dG
dP Hh ,cCG iNCG Q```T Id a j e j CG ```j ```FdG
QNH ,jGf ```Y j CG HfG SG ```M e kGe ```S
46
47
fG eCG G j b ``` ,d H jQU HfG VH hCG ```

dG j hCG ,SSCG e HfG j b h ,Y j b VhCG
J G k eY jYh ```fK Ea f Lh eh .Ff aQ ```Y
,fCG UdG dJ e j NGdG H U ae RE
U SDe OLh d H fj jOY ``Ùd fCG EG da
J iJh jOY Z UdG fc GPEGh ,fOH bdGh dG BG d
.dG Wh e Y dH fJ fEa ,BG
Y EG d e
dU GY d jH EG dH J GUCG e jdG k dM ```f
dd k J d Rj h ,gQGSG ``èQh OdG eCG U fEGh ,dG ```SFQ
.d k e H d k e j fC jQdG dhDe Y dG
C fgEG CG ```dG d fgEG A``àG GQdG g e EG ```bGdG
H CG M ,dU GY Y Z dG gDe MCG CG ```fe
dG gDe WGe c UCG H e dG KCG dG k eY 28
.dU GY Y ASH
,k eY 28 b ddG ```H dN e jj c c ```dG jj LdG G```g
U e a j JObh GWCG ```ST Od JOb H ```j h
TG bH hdG eC eGhCG QGUEGh ,dG jOU jRJh GO```dG
Y IQbh S GN c jGQO CGh j IN CG .G Ye hCG
.G jJh eRCG f
e CG cDf CG f Gdh ,dG G SCG j h edG J d
OdG CH G e U MCG M H GY dG dG M e QM
.e f NO b
48
.."W b c EG Q```f ,W f ,f ,UCG ```J ```W"

k j N dG dG jJ bJ Gg
.Gc L
Ija jH QGJ ```dG OdG G bGh j QdGh ```bdG Gg
QGH IcCG ae Y Y G dG ```LQG jRh j h .Yf ``è
EG Qj fCH MVhh bU Y VjdG dG dG j e ,Gc
dG LQG jRh J jOdG eG e W b dG eG fc
e MCG Qj h QJ f dG ``èG CG bGdGh . CG dG ```SCG
.OdG j GPe FGQRh
dU GY Y FdG g QGdG PJG c j dG MdG dG
e b f h T GQdGh QGRdGh ```SDG ac j dG
Y g ,FGQRh e cCG VQe e UGj dG MdG dGh .jYe
bh ,SdG LdG j jOdG CG k e Qj gh ,dU GY
j h .UCG GY ```jH a ,jdG M BG eN GhQ```LCG
49
.dQG GQGb hCG eYEG GjGe e fhBG g e g e MCG

,J fOCG Hh ,jOah , G bGdG FdG GQGb fc eh
.f eCG Y j ```dG FdG GQGb e Gc Ea ,e ```J hCG
k f CG ```Y ,dG QGdG PJG j c Q```j eh
gh ,k H e
CG fhdEG jEG d d O```Lh AKCG U dG UCG Ve
bh ,k S dU FdG ```M SE QG VQG dJ e
m ```g
.LQN HH j a NGO QGH dG dG j EG k jCG
dG AfCG dch SGh UdG ```b EG dH Uh jdG Gg
IFGdG b ``è k jCG UQ h ,``èCG G hCG ``ÙG d MCGh ,C```S
.fBG Y SFdG e j MCGh jQG SFQ e eYEG
H gd iNCG Gh eYEG G e gCG Qj QhH fBG
e gCG c Fd jh ,SFdG d j c Ae e HdG YdG
eYh ,L e dh CGj CG j fCG FdG Y heh .UCG db
j J ,Y j ```J" Z Yj e YS a ```jNBG CGQ EG ```j
OQ j ICah ,Z ```FdG LGj CG Dhj MCG h "..." cG ,"``à
Uh dG jdG dP e ,hDe Qe jJ g Y VdG dG
jdG Jh ,f G```jJ kGS Y fCGh H FGS ```MCG FdG a
j FdG c C ,fhdEGh bQdG FdG dGh SdG dcdG
e NBG hNBG G AGQRdGh LQG jRh jh QeCG bJh .Y
e GP hCG Gg jdG S ``è AGMG h CGJ jCG Hh ,iL ```j
.QGVCG
dCG k T fCGh ,dG IOdG X d dh ,S dG UEG
Oah Vah ah jOe VhCG ``è OdG dG UhCG e Y dG IO```dG
SCG dG ```jRdG g dG j ```dG hCG dG ```dh ,Jh
H b e ,G IS EG dG IOdG UhCG dG UCG GY GY
.a f Y hCG hDG a ,ddH eJGh fH MCG Y dP
UhCG fCH ,AGaGh k X ,MCG M H GY dG j dG dGh

dG EG PEG ,dP Z bGdGh 1978 Y dG dU GY Y ```FGdG
,fG SFdG dG hCG YG IOdG jDe e Gg ej EG G```j h c
YT cCG LdG g c H ,k e G dG j CG jj j h
k dU GY Y QU dG dG
.SFd J fCG dh j :d Fb
Y QG FGdG ```H QGG hO bCG ```dG g UCG Ea ```HHh
IQhG hdG IOb j bh ,dG e YCG ```d dU GY
d eh O``è YO c d Gebh ,SG ```cJ M ```j
IM idG dG g cdG J fch ,UCG cJ Y AH QG```SG
e j CGHh ,bGdG dG e Gb j CGH e YS dU C ,UCG
dG GaO e H eh ,JSCG QN e dG EG UdG Y fYCG e c
H fGh ,N SCG ```dG GHG FQ ,UCG ```fL EG
dU FdG d VQG dG SdG J S OGM hc
jdG hhP J GPEG e k ej FG dhdG ```cG Je J CG H ```dGh
.QG Fb ihYH
e fL ```LGe Nj CG ```dG FdG e ``è a G```dh
k G IOLe Z QG VQe e h hCG ```Y U
CG Yh ,UC
ObH jNBG ADg Oh```j CG a ,jNBG V J ```Jb CG Qj
EG Oj CG Y H ,VdG a OhOQ ```H ,VQ q aGhOh ``à
Yh .e QT e d J a GQdG c e j c VGdG ```jCG
Of ,dG f ,fC ,G HfG f TJ H YH ```j CG
J hCG FQ U ```Y H jNBG AGSGh jS ```f CG
.JGQGb
j FdG EG Y b dG FdG e G dG hD```G Uh
e c SH M CGH dh .H f VQj e aCG fC VQe EG
.Oh g e c AGSH M j Qh ,Oh g
50
51
k cCG dG JM GW
,eG hCG ddG e f CG a kGMGh e
k ehO KBGh ,dU GY Y FdH ,TCG e T CH ,IOTEG M hCG
.iNCG k fMCG AhHh ,k fMCG IH ,SdG e d OfG H AOEG
kGe ,JG dG dG QGdHh LdH IOTEd NCG G Gg dh
d f OS REG cCGh ,SdG jQJ dU GY d REG cCG fCG
.HCG IH Y d H gMh d
,a jW GS H ```G Y YGW RdG Qj HY FQ hCG ```fEG
CG EG ,gdG QGS SCG GO```dG FdG b H b dG fjJ ``èh
SDj CG jQJ Ua eeCGh .Y hCG S dU GY Y
H g b gh ,dG Y dRH HdG G M WGd a
.RGHGh dG e k eY 27
Ib NBG M H dG ````Y kGQOb GRe LQ e IQOf YT ````fEG
.MQCS fCGh Te GJg GOfG c d j CG ICa Qb dP eh ,eO
k dU GY Y Fd dG REG Y jCG b c d
PJG EG Fb
f Tj CG hO ``èOdG SFdG Hfd OGYEG j G```g e QG```b
CG GHh ,```FdG oN j CG```H a QGdG CG QOCG ```cCG h ,``à
k Y ```f
dG dG ch dG eQh ,WGdG LQh ,dG SQa a
k j ```fCG M ,k dJ dG Y ```j
dAe hO ,QGdG Gg a
.S hCG
SdG hhPh dG UCG Q```j CG g NCG dG MdG A```dG EG
dh !!FH ZQ hCG a k ```M d dG QGb Y LdG AKEG EG ```dG
GW gcG dG ```jQdG Jchh GG dGeCGh ``è Y aN
.VG GdG
fC ,e AcP cCG Sh ,IG g deBG j S FdG CG Xh
jh ,G Sc a QO```j dG SG bdGh SG dG Q```NG
hCG e NJ hO G```bG jOU Y fj ``è GhQj c ,dG ```gC
.MC J
dG hCG eBdH ```dG j ``` Fb J b k ```N MCG dH ```gh
OdG hX ``à J bh ,kGO``` dG QGSG YYRh ```H ```MWEd
.S b e 60 d GdR bCH J jObG
GhQOjh ,FdG N Y Gbj CG dG d YdG e ```fh
.QGdG J JY fL EG bdGh LdG H
dU G```Y d jQdG ```j S YT I```Nh Y QG```b fEG
k afEGh k eGMG ```Jb afh Y f CG ```jh ,gP e h```H
,H d HfG Ye C a ```dG Rj dG ,FGdG QGdG G```g
O dG YEG CG JG ``è GPEG fdG d ic QY Uh ```Sh
.eOBG Sd J eYEG Ya
e f dG NO EG ```dG QGdG Gg Y LGdG ODj ```Qh
.QG G e hN
52
53
d HfG M k ```dM aG j dU GY Y ```FdG

Gg .OdGh OdG e Mh O```dG Y AdGh dG jhH ```NdG
eY :j e EG d cdG LCG e ```b HSCG b d b dG g ```LdG
e" ...SS Me d ```da TdG ZQ Y Y e ```CG
NCG ```b c EGh ,L AT G``à a aq J b ```c Ea ,k ``èY 28
k je d ```fCG" bh ."dG ```dG e G ```WCa YCG ```H
k S dG ```SCG CG BG ZQG fCG EG ..```dG Y kGLY ```dh
HCG bh ,AcCG G dLH ```Z dG dG EG" ."dG ```d
EG bCGh ,k e aQCG fCa ,SS Me CG e QMh Dd dG eCG
GMCGh Jh Y T Dc ,jQdG dhDe j dG dG
dG" :k jCG bh ."G ``àh GMCG M g dG da ,```SS
g dh ,HdG ```Y fc aCG VhCGh ``è eCGh ``è
"bh .dG Ie ```Y h WGdG Y h IMdG Ie ```Y b
dG JCG d fCGh .. IM WGO H k S dG OJ j CG j G```d

FQ fG j CG EG QSdG H CS H "adG j fCG j" bCGh
,dG Y JCS fEG jCG ```HQCGh kGT 11 b HCG CGh Sh ,```dhd
jCG HQCGh GT 11 b HCGh S M ,WEG Y ICLe d ```gh
j h ,d SCGh dG ```Y JCSh SFd f TQCG d ```fCH
fc M ,eCH dG Z dG dG" ``èa bh ."MC k Le ``èCG
AH cG Y f ,VG eh gVM OJh OdH WG
G dhdG SDe O```Lh X dG KGh fCa Gdh ,```dhdG ```SDe
e dG" :k ehO FdG jh" G AT EG eBG WT EG dG ```S
dhDe d T eCG f dGh ,k e dG j c ```dh
fG .WdG T QN Ggh d dG OdG QWEG WGdG ```WCG
,dG EG k L ```dh ,QH AGSGh G``èGDGh HfG ```Y
IdG dG IQ```dG GgCGh Oeh QSd k ``àh dG Qe Q```YH
dG Y jG EG "Fb DG A```YCG FdG WNh ."HcCGh ```S
,dG dG e hCG ,```jDc e SS Z hCG ```SS Me ```d
gh ,SdG Gbh Ja H jQJ dhDe eCG dG dG VC dh
g EG ."GGh GgG Y j CG j Mh ,kGHCG Me d
ej H GGh GgH eCG M dP eh ,FdG CG jM fG
d WH H ```LdG Gg .j e jh ```j e j fC ,ec ``è
.SdG dGh LdG jY a iNCG Ie bf
54
55
ah M Z fCG ZQ kGL Ie d G Mh e He dG g
k .dG UJ j
:( Rf be Y f)
ceCG GQSG ch LMG S e Y OG GMCG H
HdG GdG ```Y jG ae JY ```HdG dH WdG e ```jd
.VQeh FGQRh e dG ASDhdG e LJh
e Sh JcM ``è cM c adG KDJ ceCG ``èG Ch
HdG dH WdG e J ceCG dG fYEG dfCG a ,JS
.ceCG GQSG dch e d dG eSEG adH aQdGh
fCa JgDe Y k e J ```fCG Lh YEG hT CG ```Hh
AdH TCGh ,HY H Cfh ,eSEG adH EG Yh ,HY UCG e
H AL e YS dG OdG Ge bGQhCH ea ,gQEd ```jOG d
.b HSCG
a fEG ```dbh ,e dG ZQh ```JGH dcdG O```TCG
jdGh gQEG LCJ gQGhOCGh ```dG ASDhdG Y eH aGj

d eJ dG XdG CG Z ,k e Y
q J UGGh hdG CGh ,```Y
je e Yh a dG AGQRdG e OY J CG H IZT ```J
,fCG ASDhdG e iNCG Yh H ,Y AGSh ,dG ASDhdG Je
c H RdG e CG h IjT fc ```G Y aG Ea ```dHh
.HdG dG k e TCG
a LG Y OOJCG G Ad CH dSQ dcdG QTCG c
ILG IFdG Ea dHh ,WSh je fL EG IdG ODhCG h ,jdG
,ceCG fdG H ceCG WGe CG Y IhY ,ehe J OJ e
k WGG j CG Rj h
.L e dG d Y
dG Ggh ,NBG Wd J CG j dG dcdG g f ```ddGh
J e M ceCG GQSd haj jdG dG AYdG EG ``àj
e bJCG b CG M ,```cJ OJ IgR KCH ee e H ZJ ``è
G e dP Zh U eCJh Y He HK JGQh fV dcdG
H j c jdG a HH gaCG bh ,dcdG fGe gJ b ```dG
.dG ASDhdG
Ea ,QG adG ZQh ,```ceCG GQSG e TdG b ```g
hCG kGjRh hCG k FQ LCG I``è c dh SCdG j h SG ```Jh
aJ dcdG dGReh ,ceCG dcdG O```G e NCG b HY G```S
.S P Z C d JeN
GQSGdche dG Md LIaYgPJbh
dHh ,HY H CG ```g e d G YCG CG gh ,```ceCG
CG hO ,H e fCGh ,dG H aJh , ```YGQP dcdG S
eG QOe Yh WdGh QbCGh ```gCG Y dGh HdG e ```CG
.J dG
56
57
k kGQOf k U k S "S 26" U M CG H

e QOe Y f
,(ceCG) jcG GQ```SG dcH WJQG ```Y H ,SFdG ```b
e dH jJh Sb
m fCd b e VJh ,dcdG FSDhQ YSG
Y- e C dh ,dcdG QGSCG e kG```N kGS HS C d ,dG
!!dcdG e fhJ jJ EG iOCG H Y Aed CSCGh -gJ M
M H JCG jdG dG FeR ```jg Y QSG idh
CG Y c dG dU G ```Y Y edG ea H e EG G```db ,BG
G W jQ dfhQ FdG ```jCG e e hj fc ,ebCG QbCGh ``èMG
dcd k FQ CG ```TH QL SCG ```FdG c eY dP ```b H ,G```K
cQCG Fd HG e kGFGQ bh dG FdG ch ,ceCG GQSG
.dG Y G eR iS e dG Y aj dG M MCG
k d QYG dcdG ```jd YS ```Hh
Ie CG Gg Q```cCG d EG Fb
SM c jjDG e XCG ch ,ja e fCG QOCG cCG C ,i```NCG
g Y ee d b e aCG fEG e j a ,dG Gh O```Gh
e c ae Y fYS ```fEG H ,cM O d dG ```jCJh c```G

,dG EG eOb dG gh Y dSG dG ddG jQc jGQU QG```SCG
CG Yh ,ceCG GeCH H jj dG ShdG dG QGSCG ``è ch
Fb Th ,jY IObh AGQRh H e dG Gg Xe d C J
. CG JeN Y ASG feEH dh ,JeN Y f
edG eCG RL fLh HQOh fCfCG ```fCG J CG :Fb FSDhQ ```HJh
YG e ``` SdG eCG R```L CG fLh CG H ,```fCH ```dG
,MU feEG ``è j CG H EG ``èdG eCG RL ```f h ,```HgQEG
HG NG M ,FG dGh SdG eCG RL e k b UCG ```fC
T CG j h ,SCdG N QGSG Y IQdG JaCG IQH HdH
,jQG SFQ e eCG I```FGdG iS ILCG g j e ```j
.GH Gg Jh ,GP Y Gg J dG
d VdG H aVEG J J dcdG e QOZCG CG ```bh
CG S dG AGG G e d VdG C GdG GdG OH ``è
.Y dbCG e f e U
k N a fc jW CH jQG ```FQ J CG ```bh
Jd VdG e QG K QG dh ,dG IOd kGeQ j h ,MCG
be CG d fC ,YEG jRh jd hCG jQG Fd eYEG
UG be SCd J Sh ,Y dS e d j ffEG ```Y
.dG JGQ j dG AdG a fGe Y k Y S Ggh ,H
,TCG e ```T CH dG Jd ```VJCG CG FSDhd ```Jh
IOd jN ```jeQ fCG ```YCGh ,dP IQN i``è ```YCG C
UG f Y dG be SCd VG a k jO GPEG dh ,dG
Y HG bh .f edG eCG RL FQ M aj bGQhCG cCGh
d MdG aGb Gj Qh dG dG SdG Y SGh a
OfG J CG h ,FdG e VM TCG C ,```
58
59
e dG e ``è fhe cCG fC ```MCG Y dG ```FdG

.Hhe e QGG hCG e jG ad e f CG jfh ,deCG
k aT cCG ```fCG Qh ,aYCG h ``àj LdG Gg FSDhQ ```j d ```b
,FGYCGh FGYCG e dG AGMG SG bh ,d G e feCGh k bUh
iNCG ASCG YCG ,```c EG Aj h EG Aj d ```VJCG GPa
.d kGcT cCG
,FGH gjh ```gj fEa MCG ```dH Y :ASDhdG AD```g ```LCG
e dh MGdH R da ,kGL dG aJ fEG YL j d a
jCG e j CG j dh ,```dG je T fC AGdG Ue ``Ù
JQjd dG I```YdG LJ M hCG ,jJ hCG ```fCJ J jd k ```Xe
dh ,c EG LH d GMCG c gh ,d YdGh AdG jh
.Oh c iS QN e eeCG
Y Fb GfdG dH sY GhQTCG CG EG dcdG FSDhQ e c a
JCG b :d a Le Y fQfCG f ```fh ,Fb Qe a ```H
d N k aW dh ,```LdG MJ e H ``è
k G
M JMhW LdG e ```NCG b C fH dCG CG aCG fCGh ,```d ```gC
CG cV JQG b c EG QOCG dh ,G VGeCG Yh R```jG
,faCG adG ```M AfG Y e ddG iY fG H A```T
.GHCG EG Aj LQ Y M d Z Y GJ CG Yh
a j k f kGN EG Rh TG FQ H JG dG ```dG h
G J h jOj e a OYCGh ,QeCG TCG CG H dG e
.dcd dG
Y e cCG CGh ,ec jM SQ Qb dG QGH ZHEG Hh
dG eG e kGc N EGh ```M ,dcdG Y e dh ,```JYb
dG jU e EG ```H YCG dG HdG Xh H I``àe ```fc
.dG HdG jQG FQ JS
60
edG hCG e ```W f jdG edG g IjG ```G MU c AG```S

eeCG VCG ,d QHCGh FdG YCG CG b Ea ,NBG Te CG hCG ```G MCG ```jdG
dG G J gh CG iNCG G c Jh ,NCdG LY e
.QfG J NCGh adG EG JGASEG C ANdGh FGdG e
ReG UCGh ```j ASDhQ G``ÙCG SCd G ```Y ANdG AD```g
e jdGh A``àdG ```VGYCG ```Vjh ,adG ```dG hQ```j
d dH GASEG G L dG ebCG d e NBG ch ,```dG
ZCG eS ```gh ,k HOCGh k bNCGh ```Y JeR cCG ``è U ``èR
.dG ITQh ec cJh
ej OdG dG VhCG j eY ITQ hCG eS hCG c```J EG
Vj h ,Fb Sh M ```d SS eJG Ljh f ```c
SCd OdG ``è CG Z ,aT hCG ```VGYCG ``ÙTC ``è
VGYCG dGh d G dG jJ iS f Y H aGj e ```j
61
.G ReQ e AadGh jdG

jh ,H dG Uj FGQ Hc j e W f eR EG
k ej j M ```Ù dh ,iNCG HdG H hH ````dG
,k jJ d O````fG h k aSEG dG ```è abh h ,k Hf k ````d
Y J G JMh ,ddG G bNCH he ````G MCG eR CG c
aM edG jg Y j ````dG TG ac CG iQCGh .````dP
SQG g aQ j CG dG Rj e Y Ea Gdh ,eTh
H G Y ANdG e jdG ````J CG HdG Y CG c ,d ````G
ReG Mh QGUEG NQ S Y dG jh H ,ITe HfG
eJ j CG FdG dG e bf c .cdG S AGdG dG J Y
H gQEGh IA````SEd GVJ ````jdG AedG c ```èh dG JeR ```è
M EG G Y ANd dG SQG g e ODJ CG jh ,FGQBG
hCG e NG Ak G````S gf Lh IAGb Y ````fOJ dG YdG G```ÙCG
Y k J ec cJ edG db e SCG CG EG ````NCG j h .````JG
..f Lh d GAG````dG EG bCa dG dhCGh dG ````J gJ
JGOfG c a ,IQe eY h ,GHEG dO d G VGYCG e ````dGh
c ch ,dG bNC a Vf ,JM H e ,efh Fd
H CHf c c .cCG e gh ,ddH k He G OQf G
j CG e eh SdG dG Yh .dGh SEG f J CG e
S ,G dSCH ````G fh ,G G ib e cd ````JQGOEG CG
o`Ye fdG GAGH J a .jG H ISN d ,dH ISN ````f
.G G IObh dG e FdG gh V e dG j eh e
G dG CG dG ````VCGh ,"dG G" cJ eR ````db e G````g
e L AT c GaEGh ,NCG OaEG EG dP Rh H ,dG OaEH ```
p `j
EG d WGdGh ,jOa d IMdGh T EG d ja fe
.QNe EG QSdGh ,jPQ EG d gGdGh ,Me
62
jQG ``à ,MCG Uf ```H M H GY ```G dG I``àH

HdG dG a c ,eG QGdG NBG OdG Nh ,YU RHCG dG
k ``èSEGh
hCG GdGh ,jdG ```dG LdG IN e k YT LQ
k SSh ,k aY k HCGh ,k MQ kGdGh fa dG f .jdGh OG dG e
NGdG G YCG M gSh ,dH jQGh IQdG Y aGO ,k eGe
e jdG e b CG YdG FGQBG YEG Y kGHCG G```j h ,LQGh
sah b c b HSCH G dG Iah bh .jNBG Y jDhQ ```NG
MCG dj CG j YT AGQBG J dG jQdG JGce fh feCH
jGdG e c fCG JGce VhCG d .```MCG M H GY dG i```S
MGdG Fd k VQe ch ,SFd dU GY Y FGdG Od k ```VQe
Cf S H edG ```g e gG fH d ,Y NGhCG ```G ```gGHEG
b TG fCG ```c k jCG ihQh ,IQOdG jdG ```H MGdG FdG ```J
LdG eGc CG ```jQEG MdGY VdG V fG Y ``àGe
63
GMCGh FbdG ``è dG Hc J ```d .IMGh O I```b ```J CGh

GW dG iL e Y Sd T ```H dG NQDG ac CS ```dG
IQdGh jQG IS g MGdG ```dG IS Sh ,VG S ```G
e eCG eh G iDhdG e dG dG jOMCG J c .I```MdGh
OH jObG QeCG jJh OdG J e H" :j OdG ```Y :j
CG g Gg" :j YEGh Gh G Y PGSG Yh "...```G
2006 Y ShCG dG e ```JLCG jM fG c " .. j ```dG
dG" :Fb e Se GQG fEGh IMdG H MG dG
k gh .```MG g AGQh e j e ```g CG M ```c
a
LCG cGTGh DG H SdG eRCG AKCG 1993 Y h .fEH ```MCG
:a IMdH bG WG Y dCS G dG e Ad "OGG"
g HG iMEG Sh " .W a d dKdG GhdG e I```MdG"
gLdG GP dG ```H J e IOY IeG C kGf I``èG EG
adGh WdG eN b c JMh ,e d fCG :LCa ,YLG
e Se c Lh ,``è bh e d dGh jQGh IQdG ```Y
aY edG dCS ``èYh .a QGSGh ``èCG WJh dG e ```LCG
MQ CG k FS Ok YG g CH "ShCG dG" U Jf QGM HGe
JCG OdG NS jdG IG g H G e dU G Y Y FdG
fh .eh eRCG CG OdG j CG G Cf :```b ..gCG Mh eRCG
H OdG G j CG fh ,I```Gh MdG MGdG d G Cf ```fQhH
.JM GW G dG e QM W dG G HZ
64
LQ H GU SSCG g dG dM FGdG SdG G```dG

dGh dU G Y Y ```Yjh dG hCG .Jc SS ```Jb
.Y G QL dG Yjh VQG
?GdG f GPa kGT UCG ```Y G QL EG GOe Fb j ```bh
IM CGH GdG CG ```gh Hh dP ```Y OdGh ..!?H bY ``èh
. pj h k e GReh Y G QL MG
jd G ejdG ch G A```dG Ia MU g Y G QL
.cGTG Gh UEG M gh ,OdG VQe HM cCG H
e ,GdG M e M UEG M De Y G QL b d
H SEG O dhCG :MGh bh ag h ,UEd dG LJ ```LCG
.QdG AGQh j dG LdG e dG fKh ,dG HG
j CG G ``è d dh ,dG f ``` Y GQL ```h
Ia gh , CG Ia LdG C ,GdG jf Y GQ```L
65
.OdGh OdG fh gQEGh dG jEGh OGSG AdEGh dG AfEG

CH e ```b FdG e f J Y GQ```L EG j ```Gh
e aj ```H kGS d eCG Ggh ,```JM Y Uj CGh kG```Mh Q```dG
j h Y e dG Rh``` LQ fCH OQ CG EG e c a ,``è ```HG
.fGa Y j e JM
H j fCG c ,dG EG j h kGY Y GQ```L c Q
DG e UY e k HQJ LhCG H ,UEGh cGTG G H QJ
c c ,QdG dP Lh ``è cG j MGdG c bh .dG ```dG
.QdG SJ FdG SdG YdG e QGT HCG g dG
QGT HCG gh Y Q```L Z HfG Y BG Y ```jh
QNG G A```dG QMG k bH GR``è gMCG c dh ,c```G ```jh
.SFd Te
,aGH J ```S KdG AGdG d ```SQ e Ea bG c ```ZQh
W e Y ```dGh iPCG jh WGG ```j SS f OjEG ```Sh
.QfG
AH Sh ,GLdGh ```dG AMCG jh gh G QL ```TYh
.Gj CG f GdH d
66
Z dh bh Y ceCG e jh FT SCG Gg OOJ

dh jhe jQG FdG jOJ e JOY Y ,dU G```Y Y FdG
g dG ```dG ShCG H IH gGU OO```J dG FdG CG ```Qh .```jdG
jUdG "hMdG" U ```Jf N e a EG S O```j
e FdG IO```Y b G M Qf ```WEG Y ffEG Y ```be
EG j h ,fe k VGh c ```G CG FdG hOOe Qj h ,Q```G
SGh cG eCG SCG Qe c Qf WEG EG QTCG H ,ZG dh
g aG CG OaCG H ,FdG GSG EG IQTEG CG j h ,QG
.FGdG dG e eCG bGdG WGG
G Y Y IQhdH dh (FQ CG) FdG IM GSG Ea dP eh
"IjG" LY N EG JM J CG h ,k e e Z eCG dU
. CG
MCG dG d VJ ``è S O FdG Vj CG ```G eh
67
Y hCG dG jdG Y hCG cG j hCG QG```T HCG g hCG ```dG

.FdG AYCG Hh ,fBG Y SFdG e je M hCG ,edG dG
EG PEG ,dG ```SdG IG k e ``è Z SdG ZG ```dh
EG HdG O VG e jW SdG Zd GVJ e Fb
Yh G G Yh G gGHEa G GY K f MCG
gOGaCG L fOQhCG ```d J b FdGh ,Y GQLh ```jGh IgR b
SFH dG IMdG YEG Y efG IdG GS jdG dhCG k UN
.dU G Y Y FdG ea
dfG dG J e Qe hCG ```YL QR S e g CG ```c
Y Y gRHCGh ```dhCG ch ,1986 jj e Y ```ddG dG ```L
EG Y Oh ```YSEG dGYh Og FT ```Yh ,e ```dUh
.FdG NBG
bh ,sh c ce kGH j ```dU G Y Y FdG CG ```h
jCG d ,jOdG ```WGG d Vj dG dG OGM ```Y iC j
dh ,LQGh NGdG JjS ```KdG GFdGh MhG GFdG ```j
a MCGh YSEG ```MG IM e KCH J G Y JM ```J
SCG bGdG adG jRh S e ,hDG MhG OM S ```jdG
j K OM M GU bGdG FdG b e jdG GN fY
.dG j Y k eDT
gHj ZG dh hCG IFW OM e -Y G WCG- FdG dh
e J j e Lj fEa ,FHCH hQOdGh ,WdG AGYCG e hQJG ```d
G Y MG IH iOhCG dG VQdG ```dP e Le U VQY
hQ fG dG G ```VG dP hCG ,OHdG MG hCG ``è ```S
,QdG MCG MdG ``èRh G M MG hCG ,hG ```Y VG
H AadG VG e dG JN e ASCG fOY d J b ```FdGh
.dG VGeCG J
e jh ,WEG Y gRHCGh FHCG gCG dG J CG jf f

fhjj c gh a ,eN Lh FdG CG ed G L dP
CG fhjjh ,k aY GS ```J CG f eOb S Gd dG ```j CG
fe ddG FdG d ,dG A```SDhd c d e GdG dG ```jj
hjj a ddG Fd VQG e hbG eCG , ``Ùa bCG
,M GU c T d c Ghj CG j fC ,J hCG ```HZ
YG HG GY H J ,VGhh Ic FGL GU CG cQe Z
IMGh YL Ie iS JY a dU GY Y FdG eCG ,G```dG
."dG jQG" SG
68
69
..
k X G TM b EG j SS LH dG jQS dG
dG WCG dG SdG IQO```G jCGQ Y M dCa ,dG ``` fCH
.f TJ Y LGJ Y FdG LGJ b MCG M
IM Y NCG EG dH ca IQOG OH Y WG b bh cCG
a e eR kGYU k jOb ``à iQCG Z BG e C ,M ```dG
.eZ hX e fN CG H ,LdG Ld
YS d ,IYGQ Ijb HfG ```L Cc dH K Y h
Zj FdG dGh kGL ```d j M dG EG "Fb fCW ``è
."M dG Rh T CG GSH QfG
dG Fb LQ H e ```JLh dh ,JM k ej LdH p```dCG
JQOe h ,JjJ k e bh ,OGdG dM eR H ```j
jh ,k jL k YT j dG G gh ,dG H k e JLa INCG
JGSEG INP YCG EG b EG dHCG dh , WGe CG dj CG j ```
bK jDhQ e ```j dh ,IQh GeCGh c```T e jd d ```d

GgCGh jRfG e c Y J jdG SdG H g CG sb Mh
.IUdG jDhdG hCG dG
,LGdG FdG A```dEG bh ,kGNDe MCG ```M dG W ```d
S e Jh Lh Ae G Fd ```S fc f K e IQO``è
bdG EG G ```dG Y LN Ic jSh ,dHh ```H S
j d gQdGh ```d SCj d G Lh ,hdGh ```bEG
.FQ h a
e eY I SFdG ```HfG LCJ J IQO```G hCG ```dG
FdG Cd dSQ GdH dG gh ,2006 ```S OG gYe
GRe k FQ H dG EG H ,dG UEG e T H e Z ```fCH
k T k e j j CGh OdG UEG eCG Y j CG ```H ,GOQGh
.H e jQdh d
e c eOdG HfG FdG CG TJ Y e edG :k fK
Rj h ,d SFQ j ```NBc aVEG edG QYGh ,G b ``è H
k FQ S fC FdG Lh A VGh PfEG dG Gg h ,VEG j CG gH
bdG h ,OdG YdG SdG idG H aGdG M ,cCG hCG eY I
h ,c dG cM MU hCG MG G dG eCG j JGP
.LQN h WdG NGO dH eJG Y CGd MCG j
Y J Wh IMh eM J g IQOG ddG dG fc :k dK
,FdG CG IObh GTEG SdG JG OH Jh OdG T ```J
dG FdG ```YCG dG GbG e dG ```g Jh ,jdG Ia ```Nh
IQOe j dG eCG gh ,U He e cCG Uf Y SCG
WdG LEG ``` Sjh ,H j aVEG I```b MCG M ```dG
k
.k HZh k bTh k HLh T
jYQ e d ```dG dG DG IO```b e FdG CG hN :k ```HGQ
70
71
,SdG idG ad k ```Le S QYH aCG H WGdG ```dG

gh ,GMCG e M C RfG Y V e ,a MGh ``` dh
CG eCG YCG ```dG FdG Lh A kGPfEG k ```jCG dG jCGQ ```dG
a ,Gc e ```j d fEG bh ,jSd ``` dG ```DG CG
G Gg Te S eh ,SH TJh a jCGQ G```g M SFd Oj
."e fCGh e d" j TGh
,jj jGH hCG ,O```dG jO T jf ```J G HfG :k ``èN
k
kGNDe bG HfG gGf V bJG d Ua MJE S e ```H
.JG d GWCG ac jL Y Y H dh
dG GOG```SG C ,JHS ```Y gCG ```J IQOG e ```dG ```g
S H ,kGQe Ag ```gj d d dG DdGh ,Hfd ```dH
k e c e M G ```HfG
TEG ej 90 ```gNCJ e ,d eD
gNCJh ,QG eQ T e eGj S gAGLEG S dG edG
dG UEG ```cE Hfd dG ```d dG bdG aS k ``èj 90
Y LdG MG GhR H jf ``` HfG Y GTEGh ,HfG
.SFdG HfG jhd OGSG
eRdG ```jQSdG jdG AG```LE O``` Ye Y ```JG :k ```SOS
,OdG G T be a ``` ,OdG SdG VdG LMG ```d
GdG QhO jJh AdG dSG cCJh jQG FQ MUh
dSQ UJ ```fEG PEG gQU CG G ```J dG Gg .d ```c
UEG ```Y dG j ```G ```Fd ```jdG EG ```fe ```d
dG MdG j ```fCH G dG FdG G Jh ,```SdG
GPEG jhSCe jf J b e QJcO EG dM dG jQG Fd ge
OdG G H eb eeEG Y IQdG CG dG cJh ,OGSG SG
fCG b f Qj e H f gh .G T H dh eEd
k HK dCG EGh M ,KGQdG FdG OdG G e Ib TCG H ,K Vh
Lj fC AdG SG gCG EG IQOG e IdG g J c .k jQL

k kGM AdG j ,e H CG OY M ```f
JGP IdG J c ,e
G GdG EG VGh H Jh ,jdG dG FdG G EG
dG jh .G ```jJ jh dG j c QhH ```j
dGh CG ZQ ,dG GH jdG d JQTEG Y GMG c MCG M
Y dhDG e k fL jh ,jdG dG FQ g GY dG G
hj e Y dG e k ,VG dG GW Qhd GdG AGOCG ```Y
,ZCG j JGP G CG EG aVEG ,dU FdG H GUd
.G SFQ e e dh SFdG b e JdH QGjh
HfGh WGdG ```VdG UE dBGh SCG ```Y JG :k HS
dJ .dG ```YEGh edG ```XdGh dG G ```jOM fVh ,O```dG
AGLE h ,Y k ``` Ic Fe MCG ```dG IQOe e dG ```g
kGQhO eG ```YEGh dG G ``à j jf L ```G ```HfG
,Mh YT HfG ```S dG eCG gh ,Z hO T kG```fe
HfG S G dG Y S dG ```dH gAGLEG CG M
jJh ,Fb g e fEG IOYEG Y hdG MCG J dh ,fe ``è
.fh gh ge g cCG dG eCG S
e H dG GAGLEG ac d bO eR efH Vh :k eK
.eOdG edG N fEG
FdG Aj c dG dG g e gh e b dG g dJ
dG j dh ,OdG dU Z OdG IhK SG jNCG edG
.d k S dG fG d IhdG g J ch JhK M
:H e aVEG OH MCG M dG J c
:ADg e CG eY H eOdG SFdG Hfd Tj CG
dG EG aVEH fGNEG OhCGh fGNEGh OhCGh dU GY Y FdG.MCG Y
72
73
.OhCGh MCG M H G Y dGe hCG SFQ ``` Y hCG Ff hCG jQL ```FQ e J ``è c
eh IQdG b e AGQRh FQ hCG ,```dOY e hCG Gf FQ hCG ,```HT
.fGNEGh FHG e BG Mh SG
k ,H GbG Gg e dG Y MCG M dG ```jh
AL fEG Fb
f CG dN e f ,TdG H QGd fjCJ CG ```FdG CG fCd"
FdG CG ea QG```b e RS GbG Gg CG k fKh , ```deCG hCG ```f
."Y GdG IM e Sh d dG hGdG Y e Sh
JGh ,```JdG YS aQ IQOG ``è dG d JAGb Q``àh
iL h IY ```Hh ,eO Uf Y ```SCG dG ```FdG
FQ fCG H ,IQOG e dG g jCGQ Y dCa FdG CH ``ÙJ
MCG M dG IQO k ah ,```SFd TdG e Sh ,HS ```jQL
j fCGh ,Ib H GdH IQOG ``è dG g jDhCG fEG "dH C```La
bh ,gDhNQh ```JMhh dG e j ```H ,j hCG TJ ```j CG
JCj gGdG dG ``èh ,IMdG LCG e Q```dG Vh dG QO```Z
a OQh e H MCG M dG IQO jCJ cDhCG G```dh ,MW ee
."OH e
k k jCGQ Gh```HCG HS AGQRh A```SDhQ ```gh
Uf Y FdG ```MW K
Z FdG LGJ C ,```dG e dG bdG ``` IQOG d ,```
e e IQOd j h ,IdG J SdG ```MdG NBG AT CG ```Y
Lh Ae PfEGh WdG e Fb dGRe fc EGh ,FdG Lh Ae
.k M dG eRCG eh AS e H CG ,dG
GOdG e j Mj dG FGQBH MCG M dG EG g dG ```Hh
jh ,SBe e OdG PfE k ```M kGQhO T H S dG IYGdG ```HdG
c ,Y ah GO```dG g CG WdG Gg I```G idG c ```Y
M dG CG QJ CG FdG eCG dG Yh ,fY bM Y ``à
g j b dh ,HGdG JQh JhH "dG jM" j d MCG

MCG IM aSG d ,dG ```dG g Y dG nqdDS jM e ```cCG
Te dG VQe Ob ch !MdG edG Gg gcCG eh ADg e
NBG jf M jGH e dGh ZG S j NBG k jjM j CG
bM H OS CG eCG Gg heBG j a ,dG dG Gg Qe
!?dG EG
J
dG J Hc :GdG
e````````````````SCG HCG :SG
e EG dG Hc CG EG TCG dG Gg e Y jQdG c EG
eCG bQH jdG dG e a ,UCG ```Wh e Hf QhG e
k N jRJh JHc YH JCG fa ,Yh OG dG d d ```dH
Gg dGRE jG c O```L aJ IQhH e k ```SMEG ,JSCG fRGe ``è
.dG dG T gc Y dG
74
75
,TdG dG dG gDe SdG jdG G GMh IOb Y

.eCd YJh dG J dG UdGh GQGdG e OH GLNh
,NG ```Y AdGh ,```jRG Y G GQG```dG g ```H e
GdG AHCG ```J dG jdG ```fCG V Jd ```dG ```dGh
.eCGh G
G GdG ```J dG G hCG ```G EG CS dch ```N ```j
dGh OG H S dG G kGL f dh ,```jdG fCH
.fCG g e
,WdG M Y dG b HQ e SCGj dG G LdG IFGO fEG
Vh ,dG e j ```M ,IM je f OhCG e ```dG
ce QS ```J dG JGhdG M ,eCGh ```G GdG ```dG
dG H G c :g GDdGh .eOBH Jh gSCG hC```J
,dG bdG G```g X h ?MGh BG H OdG ```dG EGh O```Gh
dG G LdG YCG HCG ```dGh OG Y J CG ```c

d T SGM EG ,WdG de ```Y aGe e j J
Vh fCG SG AD```gh ,IedG Jd HGH hCG jSdG ```dhDG
.Y hj mQe
kGL a ."NG Y AdGh ,jgG Y G"`H j e eCG
JCj GYG gh ,NG O```LH ,SdG jdG G IOb ```j CG
,NG dS ```c dh ,MGdG g ``` CS dch Y I``è hC
G GdG OGaCG e Sj dG dG g N cCG CG M Qf CG hO
,G JM I```fe dG dG ``à cCG e GUCG ```fC ```dG
dG Y jQOdG IO```dG Qc hCG dG jM "jdG ShTCG "A```SH
.dGh dGh
Yf CG Y ```jgH G G```dG fGNEGh FHCG ```de ``à
Y j c .bdGh dGh R```dG e gfh ,e fh ,```JGhQ
IYGeh ,ebCG GMG NGdGh adG JQGRh OGaCGh dG hDT FGhO
H IGhGh ,dGh ```bdG dGdG NJh jdG GYCGh ```dG
M ,eCGh G G```dG U NGO ```dG OhCGh Gh```dG OhCG
Va EG dG dG jh ,dGh OG AGOCG Y k S eCG j
Qe hO ,cG I```SCG d dG ```jdG UGh ```JdG a ```
bh Y NdG ```Y JQbh dG e Hb i```S fb hCG Q```SO
.ee hCG U
NG J ```H CGJ CG dG ```jdG GOdG Y ```jh
G De E``à G S ```Yh .bGGh JdG ```dG GMG ```Y
gdG AGdG gh G Fb ```Y j CG Vj c SdG ```jdG
AfCG dch H dG G dh ,YEG hO ```J b j EG ,OG```dG
Fb dU GY Y MCG dG FdG OLh Y cQ SdG ```dG
k
SG gQWEG J dG jdG G Fb k e ge
,QG SG
76
77
.dG dh ,QG
g Qf h ,ddG Gb Fb FG AGdG FdG fL EG Xh
MCG M CG hG e dh !?GPe CG YEG hO jcG G EG f
Lf e GU Y j ,OGdGh Y M He FGh Y
p dG HGdGh IdG dd ``èbCGh jdG GYCG GMG Y ```Y

IY cCG Y NCGh M GU b dh ,dG e k e h k FQ GHCG
.OGH S b jQdG hCG fc fC
78
L dCG 65 dG eG dG G GdG OGaCGh V OY j

,cG eCGh WdG ```Vh OGaCG e jNBG dCG 50 ```fL EG ,HVh
dG hD```T GQGOEG JGhdG ``àc e Ie ```d bQCG ```gh
aGe LQCG ```Y gQWEG Nj h ,adGh ```NGdG JQGRH OG``àCGh
gQWEG Nj ```c ,"dG N" ``àc LQG hCG ```jG
FY Ad gQa GQH j jdG edG eCGh SdG eCG LQ
.gh g JYh
HfG e eGG eCGh jdG G S e Ie bQCG g
L a QSh ,A``Ù HZh HY IQS ``è cC jJ ```dG
Ea bQCG g Y AHh .jY We N Y ```YRG dGh FdG
,LQ dCG 115 gOY Rhj G JGh eCGh G Vh OG``àCG
LGh hODjh ,gSCG OGaCG e jNBG BG e j cCJ H ```gh
.jQCGh G WG GfCG Vjh OdGh G Sh WdG
79
k FJ 1997 U FG dG gL LN c cPCG dRe fEG

."dG ZQ j Gh WdGh MEG "```J gh SFdG QGO U
Z CG ``è jQEG dGY G ```SdG dG ```dP h
Z H a AGQRdG SFQ ```S aQ CG H V f jh ,```gG
CG jQCG h "......OY OY a j "gG JOfh ,jSdG Od ```VdG
.dG jdH JG M dG cCG
CG eY gG CG ```g IdG J GMCG e PNCG ```SQdG
k ```J
j LdG Gg c GPEG ,Ib h d M ,dG ```M k fe LQ
.SdG cG hCG G ZdG V U
G j GjEG T V 1979 ```Y LN eY fGjEG ```gGh
dG GjEG dG e kGAL c GjEG G C ,gV "adG" h
:g dG BG hG GDdG Ea Gdh ,j
ddG GOYGh JGhdH j jdG jdCGh GMdG IOb EG
,TdG HfG JQN bG fG jSdG e G```j CG
dG e fj ```jdG OGh dG Uh ```dG be S ``à
!?bdGh RdGh
e j HHO 1180 dG CH gZ e iQOCG OGh dG EG
M bh dG dGh OdG H He c bdGh ,HHO 715 iS
,QG SG HHO e d fCG O HG HHdG UEG eCG IY
OGaCGh V CG j e jh .```MCG Y HHO e e ```H
j a ,Z e S SG hCG bdG Gfc AGS ,G GdG
eCG h ,gZ e cCG fj gh ,dG ZQ g bGdG Gh WdG
?dG bhY e OdG LH EG e
80
b jW Y 1977 HcCG e Y OG dG NG iL CG ``è

G eh ,```G gGHEG G dG ```bdG dP ```fb
G e OdG ```jd GhCG BG ``à ,bj dGh Q```dGh ```dGh
?WG ch
e cCG H G H ,WdG e dG AG ZH WG j
p
e f IQOdG FSdHh AX d h G HJQG Y edG e ```Y
k dG dG Y ASG
.f IQOdG FSdH ec
81
,dG SFd ```f TJ Y ```dU GY Y ```FdG ```YEG c

eYEG IQKEG H e AL ec SG O ,VG ```SFdG HfG
G OdG H dG AHCG Sf edG dG UeG VH hCG
H IG Me c h bNCGh SdGh YLGh ```jObG VhCG
FdG a j dG hCG IG g J J h .LdG M e OY KK
K ,HGdG J EG ddG IG fEG H ,SFdG e Y dG eY ```dU
.G SCGQ Y FH ZGdG V QGb Y LGj
k VdG ```j e dG e ```gh
"" Y j ```FdG EG Fb
eCG jdG S dh ,J hCG ```J b Id H e SFdG ```j
VhCG QgJ CG dG G ```S VfCG Y G d ```MCG
J k efh ec dhO S d d jh ,G ```JCd cCGh cCG Y
fH a ,jQ EG G fh jf S ddh ,aO IQGOEG e NCG ```j
jh ,HQdG ILCG ch UG GdGh QG SGh eCGh G
.OdG PfE dG SFdG OJ CG

,Yj UCG Y hCG ,LQG GWCG H Vj CG jQdG Gg
SG jQdG fCG ```j e gh ,k bDe NGdG dG ``` CG h
k
QhO d Og Qe HQY Ff Y QNG bh b FdG CGh H ,``à
!?dG HQ Zd k W jdG CG g dh .G
dG dh ,adG ``è AH j GR e dG CG j ```G bGh EG
dG fC ,G H gh gOj CG ```d h , T ``ÙCG
k G ```j
YCG e gh ```c UCG e jh jh ```dG e hC
dU FdG Qj e g j d dG G```gh ,eCG H EG Uj ```K
aj gh ,SFd TdG f GYCG jdG dhCG e k jCG j ```dh H
M e c AY Y JQb Yh ,eCG jL Y gZ b
.c M gh dG
OdG PfEG ```Y kGQOb j CG j ```jdG G dG ```j e
,hdGh bEG dGh SdG ```dGh IG jd j CG jh O```dGh
FdG ch .dG j dG gG hCG ,``à dh dG G Y dG ```H
LG CG dP ``à dG G ``è d k Ff QNG b ```dU Y ```Y
,HL FQ d ddG id OGSG ```gh ,fG b HG dG
CG G Fd a j CG SFdG j CG FdG CG H
.Y AGOCG Y j hCG ,he
G MdG dG ```g OdG SFQ G e T J CG ```c
je Z fCG G S fCWh ,dG I```MdG Y d QG
e d HG e LM cCG ddG EG H ,ddG FTCG b e
h dG dG WGG CG ```Qh ,G dG Oah he e ```c
g ha ,eMh IT WGG NCG ```fj cCG j S
.IG EG IU e eT IfGh ,dG We L EG j b b
G e fOCG hCG ```Sb b UCG Og Qe HQY ```G HG h
82
83
e f Og Qe ```HQY Fd Cf GP !?AG OLh ```dG GPa

MUEG FQ hCG j CG ?k FQ Uf Y j CG ,OLe fCG GO
hdG a J bh ,OH UEG ZQ H e j CG ?G
?BG Y g c UEd JGe dhdG
FdG jU ``è dG gh ,jhMH ``Ùf d jCG ```J CG
dU FdG ```H MWEGh ,1982 Y A``Ù bG e dG ```g
?dG J d jBk G c dG
,Wh e Ac ```dG EG k Le ```Y e eh Uf ```Y QO```j CG
?ehDG 1986 GMCG H H QN EG QGdG k aGQh
H ,dG IMd AGa 1990 Y dG QOjh Uf Y ```j
nq CG
?k YQh k aN OLh e OG G M baQ JQG CG
k ``Ùf Y ```j CG
kGjRh K ,QSG ```V dG L kGFK Ve
L FQ Ue KK ```gCG H j CG b ,AGQRd k FQ K ``àd
,AGQRdG SFQh ,cG ```cGTG d edG feCG gh -GfBG ```dG
?YCG dG SFQ g SFQh
hdGh bEG ```SdG ```b SFQ A```KCG Uf Y ```j CG
?QSG MQ e e Z ANQ Y dG G Th ,Gh
aj CG ,QGh NGdG ```dGh GG g k ```T EG
j CG H ,``` O j dh ,OdG aO IQGOEG ```Y IQdG ```MCG
GY Y jU PfEGh , mOJ e dG dBG OdG PfEG Y QOb fEG ,G
.fa H dG SG d e e dU
fh H jh ,Y e SOdG dG FGhCG Uf ```Y EG
H a ,kGO IWG ```b YbEG g dG G Jh ,```Se
k VhY kGQG``è aQ b fEG bh ,SdG ``ÙG J Y k aRY ``ÙCG ```fCG
SFd f TJ e j CG dG dG Yh ,jOb Ue d Ic
e JOGQEG GU k T Te d H J CG dG IOdG Yh ,OdG
fc bh ,OdH bG WG kGL J dG IOdG CG XCGh .```dG IOGQEG

OLH Y eh .VhCG dG dBG e Y e ibCG INCG YG Gge
CGh ,e T dG dG CG dP a ,dG S b e 60
dG Yh ,GGh QedG EG EG OD```J d ,SGh dG H ```LGe
kGL j G GdG OLh V CG c ,kGL dP j dG ```jeh
.jSdGh jOG Y aGj dh dG jV hCG fCG
EG dd jQCJ Ua eeCG dU GY Y FdG CG Q```f CG Hh
fh ,d Hh
m I```Md fc G cd ```HGHCG ShCG e ```jQdG
Uh dG MG eh ,G dG e H jh ,UdG j CG FdG
k
kG k Ve JSCh d j Sh ,OdG dG
Qj CG dh ,k eBG eh
b LdG EG j hCG ,YH ahh Yh ```dU GY Y EG Y j CG ```H
b HCG db fCG GPEG dG dG j d M ,bf a ```ch
."dGh
p G H G qM ..dG e AfCG UCG dG" :dG e
84
85
..
AdG AHC GAd N 1993 Y VGdG Sj dG dG aY

kGY M Sj CG j h ,VGdG HQY Y dG G Y ``è
d Cj c G CG kGL cPCG d ,dG dG Dd edG ```dG
k
.jCG KCG e gh kGc k SS e
dG
fC ,cG G GOb e Sj dG j CG jCG J bJCG cCG
SdG Wfh JjJ HJ d ,dG EG e VQG EG ```bCG c
e dJ CG e CG h ,J CG Jf ```LCG a ,cG ```G
Wh e jh HCG jQJ j k f k SS a fLh H ,cd f CG
.iNCG e CG ee
Y FdG TJ Y jG YdG iNCG DG GOb h
dG DhdG Y Od dG dG ifG a ,TJ Y hCG ,dU Y
Q ,DG gCG i```d kGL SM Ve EG Jh ,```G gPCG Qh```J
Qh ,fdG DG c Fd k Ff be H NCG AV Y dM H
eGh VQG gPCG dG jG W Y a kGe NCG AV hH

.AGS M Y
g SFdG HfG CH ```NCG VGdG dG jJ fd ```G
j CG hO Nc HfG ```dG Vj b dG dG DG EG :```db
Ea dHh .f TJ ```FdG bEG Y Y GPEG ,HfG EG k ```Te
FdG Td DG dj dG i```dG gCG QXEG hj VGdG ```dG
Lj fCG Y a ```jd G G dh ,e SFQ I```d
fCGh .dU GY ```Y Z SFdG e Y aG ```j e ```DG
g C ,DG Y VG b fC ,VGdG d eH TCG T
j e c ```dG Lj fEG j ``è -SCd ```f ```VQG
.dU GY Y Z SFdG
dG bOdG Gh ,VGdG Sj jdG Cd cCG dG GMG c eh
DG C ,CGdG e NG e dP CG EG ,bYCG d ```MCG
,Gh SFd gDe g e ```dG LdGh GAdG e jd dG ```dG
.Y e c SG dG G FdG e cCG
,dG OH e JGOb e C ,b bOdG DG LQ CG U
.LdG VGe Qjh ,dG LCG e H j e DG NGO g dh
k gOY c e ,ADg ``èh
OYG c dG dG Y S ,b
.FdG e j e H eh ,G dG
-jH Vh dG ddG a VGdG Sj dG e NCG fCGh
LQ CG J f VQG GOb e k jCG NCG H ,FdG ```M
.g EG dG SFQ dU GY d jH h ,FdG EG dG
U U CG jdG h```jh ,QJcO c j e g AD```g
jQdG dhDe Y dG dd k J d Rj h ,gQGSG eQh OdG eCG
J b GQdG g e CG bGdGh ."d k e H d k e j "fC
fgEG fEa VQG LQ dj eY dh cG G e de
86
87
H e dG KCG ```dG eY 28 H C fgEG CG ```dG d

.dU GY Y ASH dG gDe WGe c UCG
,k eY 28 b ddG ```H dN e jj c c dG jj ```FdG G```g
e a ```j ```JObh G```WCG ST O```d JOb ```H ```j h
bH hdG eC eGhCG QG``ÙEGh ,dG jOU jRJh GOdG ``Ù
GN ch ?```jGQO CGh j IN CG .```G Ye hCG ```TG
Hch GMCG jJh eRCG ```f Y IQbh ,GeGDeh ,hMh ```S
."dG QNCG"h "dG" MaG
e CG cDf CG f Gdh ,dG G SCG j h edG J d
OdG CH G e U MCG M H GY dG dG M e QM
.GhOCG H EG dG e hd M e eeCG dh ,e f NO b
Ie f TJ Zj fEG b eY ,eh f e k bOU c ```LdG
c Yf GPh ."YH j Pc" EG j EG f GPa ,i```NCG
.jQdG fe Y ajh "k bOU" j
REH k jS e k ej jQdG ```dU GY Yh dG S Y NO ```d
Y aj CG H G O eH df ch ,dG I```MdG g Y
f dH M ```bh ,hN T jQdG e Lj ```c dG R``ÈG
.j GRe dG CG M ,A```dG S e hCG N M ,bJ ``è
aj CGh ,kGOhe ```jQdG e hG aj CG dU G```Y Y eEHh
bdG e fCG g e ```g dh .SG bdG fH fe ```Y
,WGG eCG S ``èCG GHCG Ea ,QGb Y FdG LGJ GPEG ``èCG .G
gAKCG hCG ITe ```HfG H J Q H dG eRCG ```J bh
GMh H k HM dh ,M gCG M OdG NJ H ,Y ```j
.1994 M c jY
dG dG Gg fgEG GhQ```j CGh ,T Gj CG dG AM ```Y
Y iS dG ```LQ hCG "dU GY ```d jH "de ```jOH
CG jh .LdH A``è FdG Mh LdH Ae da ,```dU GY

dh ,k FQ j CG b ```dU GY Y g e f f fCG ```cf
.(........) g eh ,```MCG M g eh VGdG Sj g ``è f dG
Sh ,dU GY Y hH dG BG TY dG CG f CG Yh
.fhH dG BG
88
89
e k Jg H JG e Y OQ MG dG HfG j
:d bCG CG iS k HGL LCG a ,HfG L c dCj QHjO ```je
Y G G HJh .RdG i```S sj h b b FdG YEG ```d
EG J ASG YCG e M dhCG FdG EG :d a ,dG ``àe
e Gg .U dCG 400 H e ,U e ``è cCH Ra ddG ```FdG CG
fh f GbG j HfG JY dG dG DG e a
.ITe AGdG Y dG FdG
jQJ f eCd e b f ,a Z Ff YEG tdG Gg
k dh ,d S
FdG g j e Uh e aCGh ,d S
k OJ
AL TH FdG CG EG QTCG eY IG Id jM f dU GY Y
:Fd Fb dP FM EG dG dG Sa ,HCG H ```Te
dU GY ```Y FdG Oa ..```WGO e ```TH ,HG H ```d...
."WGO fG f f ," H Sf "?f GPe fh ":k VZ
,dU GY ```Y FdG QHG dh ,Q```HG e d dG ```SZ

gh ,d dh dG FdG d g gh ,jG ggT He XdCGh
gfgT dG SQG g G dh ,WGd SDj fCG j
k QR b j WGdG SdG ```jf
iS j d dG Qj eh ,H
.dG
Y d ICae fG hdG e GQhO j d dU GY Y FdG
j CGh RdG Y AfG M EG fCj CG feEH c bh ,je WGO
dP h %70 -60 LM Rhd J dG G FdG M ,k e kGRa
dG GQhdH Rj dHh ,dG g ``` j HY YR hCc d a
jd e J QUCGh Y cQ d ,HfG Y dG ```j
VQG YCGh ,e FdG YT HUCG Ye f YE Gh
je e HMh FdG ``èMh ,eH WGdG dG dG ```M
.WGdG g AGQh e dG dG Th dG J fc GQhdG
:dG EG Uh Hfd dG dG
k fdG YdG GM /e jdG
FdG geh ,13 IFGdG bG d
hO T H J ZQ ```jOdG Y IdGh ,AU eL GOBG ```c
.FW d dG jhJh G cG Te Ra YEGh ,T fOCG
dG d jRJh ,```fhj dG e jG ```Y jSd he
.JGUCG bSh Nf IOGQEG ZG Y
90
91
j CG Y j ,SFd MCG eCG jdG dG FdG ```d

dG e dG CG ,ejCG NGhCG SCG aM QdG FdG a e
.LQN Qh G GdG NGO YG
Ue c e aQ T Y SCG aM MGdG FdG OO```j
FOg Ic J iLCG K ,```SH Y kGN a Lh CG H ,e ```bh
.dGh Iah H dH dG J Qd V eCGh G GdG
Y e bh Qb a ,G Gg K H d f dU FdGh
G G Gg Jh ,QG SG IOb e MCG dU Y T
HG UG SG IOb J c ,dU GY Y MCG dG M bh
.dU GY QW G dG MCG Y
OhCGh FdG OhCG ```Z MCG "g dG eSG ```G IYb
d c NCG OhC LG ```dh ,"dU GY dG ```NCG
.QhO CG
?Gg j GPe
S ,eCGh G G```dG c e IdG ShDhdG CG Gg ```j
.HCG CG AT G QN G GdG dG N jW
,MGREd hCG TG j b MCG Y dG CG ```j dG
g e Y jj CG ``è cPCG FdG C ,U Z G```g dh
.dG S cCJ H j dG e Y ha ,hdG
GU CG CG J dG SdG IG IdG EG dG dP eh
CGJH,aGgdh.jGGdGgGGdGGMhH
.VGQCGQdHhjLejJ b VQCHjq JCGh ,k cO FdGb J
IdG e ``` Gdh jG GdG ``è AL SCG aM Q```dG ```FdG
FdGh ,OdG hM e c G e bh QdG G GMh H Y
dJ H JOH HGhQ SGh ,jG GdG e AL Qe M ```G
VQe hCG JGOe Y H a Y Fb CG Dhj Gdh ,FdG e
.SFdG dJ
dG kGMCG iQCG h ,dG e e H gCG J jG GdGh
dU e cCG KG e jh ,FdG HGh Fd k LYREG BG j
.jG GdG Fb MCG
j M ,c e d d eH j MCG dU
j FdG f FdG dh ,Y JH HV e dG GcCG d
.AdG e CG```SCG jQdGh jG G```dG H bY ``ÙCGh ```G
a jM 29 e GFW N d iTG fCG T Y FdG ```jh
.jQdG AKCG e K
,k L S AHCG Y G e ``` h j Y H dG ```FdGh
SdG IG cj QhO CG d c d fCH ,MCG BG ISCG AHCG ```Yh
SG gd fEG k jCG dj d ,dH aj ISCG LQh .dG
aCG j CG ```f gh .GdG g G```W H dG ```FdG
92
93
.HG dC j a jd dh HCd dG Yh Y FQ
dG GhOj CG ShDheh WV e jh ,jY GQhe ```j HG
k
e AL H dG ``è dG H e dH h```
,INdG QG```H
.FNdG jOU
d ,e ```dG G Y jdG ``ÙGh gGdG e ```dG QdG G```g
CG dh .Sa Z eb NCG M SCGQ ``è dhdG dG ```G c
bdGh OdG GhOCG c ajh ,IOhG IOSG e QG SG V
.H G g Ga IFGOh IQGRh c XGh AGQRd
,SZh jGgFbaJe k VeG hjQG SGV
IQGb gh ,H Th MCG dU Y dG gFb ```VGd jh
.k FQ jG gFb j CG j fCG
dH eO QGR ```dh ,j Qh ,dP j Q ```fL e ```FdG
fCG Qh ,jQdG UdG e jhGRh cQ c Yae SCG aM U iCGQh
MQ H SCG aM MGd aS J GMGh dG Ye CG iCGQ
.U e j N CG d
N YCG EGh ,SFdG ```J kGL j dU GY Y ```FdGh
Qhj e Y dO ```JGP M QG YEG Ga ,cJ ```f Y G``è
,MCG HG g H e N j CG jj fEG .ZQ e Fd WdG dG
d EG INCG JQjR AKCG Qsj YTh JCGL H ,jQEG Qeh
e GJ h "IYb Y AH k YT Rj k FQ HG J CH dG Y
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dG jQdG CGe hj ,Gh SdG LQ e k SGh kGQJ g
.dP Z HGh FdG eCG Gdb e
QL H f k Y j ,dCH YdG JOc ,fL e FdGh
HfH Rjh Tj MCG CG j jCGQ eCG dh ,KGQh Z ```Gh
dU GY Y SG ``` WGO dG c dh ,WGdG ```g gh

.jT e cCG k FQ f
OGdG gdGh MCG dU h Y g G WGdG
.dG dZh
,dG Ye ```JGUCG gMh ,FdG ``àj gZh AD```g
Ye EG Od ,Qd e fj hCG k FQ MCG Gj CG ```jh
Y AH k dM j SCG QH CG Q```j CG FdG Yh .jL e ```SGQdG
.Y k ZQ dh ,gVQh jdG ISCG Yb
Z dh ,```YSEG MGdG O e k ```jH j b ```FdG
FdG VQj c ```dG ,G jQJ ```dU T hH s``Ù ```YSEG
.YSEG dG
hCG OGdG gdG hCG ```MCG dU hCG ```Y CG ```YCG h
,He IFW hCG IQS O GVj CG de e hCG Y
QN NCG OLh AKCG NCG H kGQGb Qj CG FdG Y dG e dh
OGYEG j CG H EG j ```d eCG Gg dh ,SCG e S C O```dG
. d k N dG G d QdG
94
95
,dG G Qj R```dG MCG M dG YEG jRh j ``èY

dG H j GRe fEG .ed k U j LdG CG ,gh hCG ``è
.FdGh ffEG Y fdGh
dG ```YEG HH G ```Mh fCch jh ```j GR``èh
e j dh ,HCG EGh e fG dG EG Qj gh ,LQNh
f g dO Nh ,e EG ``ÙdG e eYEG FSdG j CG ``à
.d HdG VGQCG NGO G Gg
fC ,YREG CG k LYREG d J ```gMh "S 26" U fc ```d
,H g fj fJ fc fCG ZQ ,fdG ITG JS J
!?JS Y QN c AdGh BG be S a
eH TG C ,```LdG Y eCG CG MCG dG ```dG Y
,```JM JJG QGb aCG kk FQk kk ```S c Qj CG hO fc d ```dG
PSCG j .LJ e ILh Ia H LQ Z EG OdG IQOe gh
```J IdG ge dh ,``àj j fC ,IQOH ```f RdG

RdG a c dG bdG a .MdG Y JY ac fc eYEG
k jN ```c eYEG SDG L GQGOEG dk ```FQh YEdk GjRh
G O```H iNCG ``Ùa Yk H OH QOj CG Q```b ,k Fe k Uh kG```jL
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dh ,```g d ``` h ,SQ R```d dG Lj dG ```bdG
.e bh Y d H CG UG
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```N RdG e Jje H H ,gZh IjG Ib EG ,c``èCG U
Q ,eG LQdG ek Xe ```J QGb bJ a aQ JYe Ja
ZQh ,jd dH i e dS EG fCG CH d Mj c SG C
```jdH QdG CG EG ``àGdG be Y QG``ÙEG Y H a ```LGJ
c ```FMh eCG ea ,RdG L e e ```J c gQU ```HCG
k G gOLd GO
f dG edG ch .UC
m IQGRh g e ```H fCG
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jG eCG G ```G ac j Sh ,YEG M d O```S
CG T C ,QfG bh VCG d ,fEG e Y ```Y OG
c .GHCd EG JQGRh e h ,SG G SG dG g RdG
:G b
Wh d bH SdG a dhd k S SdG H c GPEG
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OQh ,G```dG g c SG Z H f G ```T EG OY b ```jEG
cfh Y Mf fL RdG H ```YEG gjCGQ e CG g dP Y
.AGQdG EG IOY eCd ee IN JOY f LQO EG S
``è eRh jY jU ,RdG H ,YEG AGQRh ``è gjCGQ e ```NBG
96
97
j ``àdG jCG FGdG JHc d ,VjdG ```YEG k ``è c

.G j h G a ,IQGRdG Sc EG Uh CG H ```JSQ Y
.HdG bC Y adG VJh
ch ,``èYEG SdG c N d c RdG M FdG ```jRdG
hCG ```gh eYEG JSS Lg M ,G ADg e kG```MGh
k e cPCG dRe e ```S
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I```dG UCG CG H IQGRdG EG O```Y b RdG g gh "."G ```jdGh
dh ,Y Y fc ihk VY bQCGh ,k fe aCGhk W bCG
JGP bdG h dG cGj CG feEH d OhG gCJ H fCG SCd
!dG IQGRdG S NGO QNCG Q UN fGfR a Y kGQOb j
J QGb MU f EGh ,cQG Z JOY Y RdG f ```fh
```M Z hCG RdG M CG X d j dG ```dU GY Y ```FdG
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Y k GO``` bCG j hCG GaCG j CG SH CG XCG h ,``è
.f dU GY Y e h e j
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IMdG JH jdG CG e ,FSh e ```d J ,dN Qf c ,dG
CG c ,YGPEG Le J j e ,gJ j IOe EG S
G J fhdEG FSH d jW d QdG RhJ S ```dG
CG YEG jRh e f ```f AKCG J h .HbdGh Gh ```dGh
CG I```dG J Lg c ch ,dP j j h ,f c ``` gG
d HdG SDGh ```JQGRh C ,AU eL YEd b SCJ ```
gj ch .bJ bG jG aO YJ CG -jCGQ M- J
,YEG SGQO e e jW Y Ybh b eYEG dH CG jj fCH
.GAdH SDG jJh eYEG eG jW Y dh

d ,MdG Y ge GQJ KM IQGRdG Sc RdG QOZ CG H
```FdG "IjG" Ib a M ,```c HdG G H a ```dG
dG ffEG Yk jCG NOh ,HdG eYEG dG SCG Y IQK
H hCG j ,WGe EG dSQ Uj CG Ze e CG a j
hCG R```dG Z j CG hOh ,fe e j CG hO ,G```Y hCG
.M WdG hCG gT
```H OY ,RdG IQGRd IG IO```YEG Qb eY f FdG CG h```j dh
```jCG EG j FdG c GPE``à ,dGh AdG jCG ,VG ```jCG EG G
.fhH h RdH OJ d jCG fC a VG RdG
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m e
mp m j Y OdG CG RdG ```jCG G A```dG
m
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H IO``è L e GhYhk JGhQ Vj c dG MdG fEG PEG kG```L
CG j dG ```MdG gh ,ac eYEG SDG GQGOEG d ```SFQ
c fEG j Gh .SDG e SDe c ```JGhdG c SG Qj
```fL EG ch .hDhdGh OG dH ,e ``àN ZQ ,jCG J R```
ZQh ,SEG Yh GMO h IG dU Y eCG e AaT jQGOEG
j c ```d ,OG YEG jN YJ f Lh d fc R```dG CG
EG Oj BG g gh .Ich IU c jh ,e h c H ADg e
FQ d eYEG SDG e SDe c a UCG bh G JQGRh
HdG dG YEG jRh e dG LdG j ,JGH e IQGOEG ```
dSGh SDG J dSG j CG jRdG j a ,```SFdG QGO
e cCG MdGY H UG c dG LdH S CG ,```FSDhQ
!?b
98
99
.YH j S G dG dG
M j ```gh 1A``Ù G A```bUCG ```MCG H N e G```g
Ye ```d dG dG ```dG H ,```SG ```Y QGM A```KCG ,```jT
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,Yd ```G ```SEG ```W cB```J ```H ```G ```X ```bh O```G
GY k ```L Gh ,```G H G```fc ``` SEG ```W Q```fG ```M
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dG HG OGG e jdG MGh Y N T b OdG UY fch
dG he J ITdG eM C ,a M SdG e OY ```d
dG eCG ,dG d bCG hH WG e Ic ceCG GJ eh dG
.SdG IM Y kGN J FGY H GQH M EG cdG aj
c fCG ,V MU c aCG e ```M e YaCG dG ,jU i```jh
Gg c Y hDG dG j Sh ,O```dGh VdG IQH S

.G OdG IQH
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k MU Hjh
dh IG QOZ ,kGc Gg AdG dG Y jM fCG" Fb
."gEGh OdG Z Z e d
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ej H fed j c ```dG dG Gg .OdGh dGh ```gEG
e k jCG CG cjh ,OhCG EG j CG WGe c Yh .IQdG HG eY
.dG dG Gg e j CG
:Aj CG M e LGg QJh dWCG EG j WGe CG EG
?j gOhCGh YdG fOhCG j GP
,Zd ,d VY fOCGh eCG jh SGH gOhCG
jf a J bh IQGdG DhHCG Wh fCG fEG .YdH dh
EG AfCG c dG dG jQe AHh ,```G BG TE dG b
.a gMh UdG dh e
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?Yd ZCG SFdG b
dM dG GREH IOTEG Y bfh fCG f GP bCG Y hCG
aQCH G ``à Cajh ,IQGdGh OdG ``à j ,Ic YH EG ```WdG
?UG
100
101
GY Y FdG CH dG NGO Ke e Qe e ee Uh
J b ,c OdG e Y H QJ kGL S f dH dU
.gY j bM JQGh gQM e HdG GNE
FdG Ge Q```c FQ SCG ```KK g Ea QG ``` ```Mh
FdG Ljh fGYCG "j" CGH fC ,IW j e GbG Lh
:g SCGh ,SGH gjh ,d YPdG
k G
NCG JdG HN IYdG J YR gQUCG dG IG idG hC
QfC YEG fCH eCH G a eCG gh ,ceCG Y dG FdG CH
k aGSG j ,dG FdG e eG fdG AfH dG I```YdG J
FdG IM Y kGc kGN jh ,eSh dG QGS IQG e
.hCG LQdH dG eSh
G dG e LN dG ```T Y SdG eYEG dG :k ```fK
dG d G QGb H ,```SGdG hdGh bEG bdG EG ```dG
jdG iS j a ,GdG L dGh dG j CG H hM

.SGh
..T d G GMCG QNG :k dK
jN J e ``` e GPEG IYdG J ```j dG IQG ```ZQh
Cd SS ```Heh e cCG id Qj kG```je k jCGQ g CG EG ```dG
VM Y IQN cCG LdG g dU GY Y FdG CG gh ,```dG
H ,a FNQh OdG O```bG eJ SS e ,OH ``èh
LGJ H UG Lh Yh ,LQNh HdG G dG S eO
k SCGQ j dG fEG L
N
m H Y MCG j QGb ```Y
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G dG ``àGhdG Y GDS Y kGOQ ```dG Y ```jh
LGJ d ,jQdG A```dG e NS c QG```b YEG ```Fd
gh H G j be T H j CG hM fEG ,INCG dG
,GMG Gg K aO Y ```LGj JGP bdG h ,c dG GMG R```j CG
k YGU d q S eCG Gg j bh .Jje H dG H G dG gh
f NOCG fCH k jJ SdG cCG a Uh dG dG OhOQ AfCG J H k ```f
.GHCG ShCG e ```jQdG Nj CG eeCG UdG fc CG ```H ,jQdG ```He
HdG jYQh d Hf IF f Td gDj Y SCG QG```b ch
b jh dhdGh bEG YGdG M cQ aVEG ,OH WGdG
.JT jfe f af
c Ge N hCG ```HQCG JGP dG ```dG SG ```FdG CG ```ZQh
k fdG "QG" jM 1980 Y ```dhCG
H dSG bCS" Fb
dSCGh FdG H aQdG cCG Y J Oc JGP HdG CG EG ,"eY
.SdG
QM dG e Z L ``èCG 2005 JGP MG QJ ```d
Tj d fCH FdG d cCG ,AH LCGh HdG SeHdG dG
102
103
kGQ HM ``èCG MG e ```NCG dG ALh ,2006 ```SFd ```f

d a HQBe EG jSdG Uj ILCG IQd k FS j j d fCH ```gjEG
.IQGH hSdG
TT Y kG```H S Y ```c C MG ``è dG G```g ```gTCG
dSCG YCG C ```d ,YhG V e c d ,cQG ```Fa
Id ,Y cCG be ```Y TGh Y gT c C dh ,```FdG
FdG S eY 2004 S (GjM) fj e edG ```j EG Oj ,hCG
b ,hH dc ceCG LQG jRH L Ad e jS H Y k e
e EG QdG Y FdG SEG iLh ,e jGQ IjRdG J CG
.Ve Y AT CG BG M j h fe jh ceCG jdG
Xh ,LQL jh dG hO De M QT FdG CG ZQh
TdG Y Xh ,jQ FdG IRL J QTh ,dG dGMCG ```MCG
iNCG Se dP H AZEG dM QGJ CG EG ,ae k S dG H
Y j dG dG dM ```M Y jb DhJ J d JOY ```H
.Y AT CG j CG MC j h ,IH
104
Jc H gVGMh dG jQCG AGYCG AGdG TCG CG ```jCGQ

MdG d CG```b e aCG e fCG ```ZQ ,g e G ```YCG ```jb
dG G ie U dG H jG ```Jc j fCG M ,dG
."J "g Qe SG
FdG SC L VGSG fhdG dG Y J c e RHCG eh
cJhH" GY ,VG S 28`dG GW G dU GY ```Y
:j c dG M FdG dSCG a "ddG FdG
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k JTCG J H ,```jObGh YLGh SdG GQdGh idG ``àc e
a dP ```S h .Mh ```H IdGh I```dG Jh ,```beh ```V
H bdGh ``àdG hQ H j h ,bdGh ```SdG dSCG c G```SG
105
.d KCJ h b IU k ebQCG d GWCG g c H AGdGh gGdGh

:dG cJhdG
g Y bj K ,GdH GT C e J SS ```gh "GdG q g""
G SS h .e hGh GdG Vd Ua Gd j M GdG
EG ,eRCG e Lj SdG O```j a ,eRCH OdG IQGOEG N e dP ```j
e c fjh H dG d Ua h```j a ,iNCG GNd
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FdG Zd fG aQ M ,(WGh dG) YLGh SdG
k
kGN e ```M hCG ,```dU
eGH ```XMG H ``èYR Y ```
fCT e bCG R``èQ YO N e dGh AbEG jh .```FO gRGYGh
LCG e ```SdG dG Lj .```jH kGReQ J ```M UGh ```H ```feh
!dhdG aeh de Y G
:HGdG cJhdG
dG...WGbdGh ```dGh IMdGh IQdGh H "WdGh ```dG eJ""
jh .G g e e d edG g j H ,dU FdG ```T
Jh Meh Fd dGh dG e ``` eYEG SS N e dP
H AjEG N eh.UGh G EG ``Ùd k S jdG M EG
Lh EG CGh dGh ,e c GdGh ```G CGh ,CGh VdG Y ```FdG
!!!dG k He d
:eG cJhdG
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GaEG G```ch ,"hc dH" SFdG QGO ``è jh JQGOEG ```j cg
O J H ,gG ``è HfGh jOdH G SdG ```dG
DG" H jG ZCGh ,dU Fd SdG eO X Ieh J
"dG dG
:SOdG cJhdG
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bKG TM OGaCG K ,Q``ÙCGh b AHCGh LQdG e ```jNBG
be hO h``èDj e jh ```geCj a fj ``` d d ``èh
dG e ahCG ```G FdG e Hbh HGb H AD```g dh .```LGe hCG
.IAdGh IG gCG Jh AbEGh OSG j Gg He h .dGh
:HdG cJhdG
Jh JGASEG Jh e J j a "G OHEGh AG ICae""
e e f hCG e FHEH ,```Y OYG j dG da ,Oa ```FGQ
fC dPh OdG ```Y N EG Wgh Oa OGR ```c ,k GOU ```NBG EG
dP e dG Yh .O``à jdG N e LJh RGHG ```j
ah Y ```JEGh MEG EG ``è j K J ``è Ca ``è
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k ae a Th SS fe d j CG hCG ,dG LdGh
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106
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cCG aJ kGQ dP H G J jh ,j h d ```dG

,edG jdH gGh SdG Y kGH ,iPCG h GdG jMh dGh
.ITG G QWEG e c e EG
:SdG cJdG
aeh ,ae hO IOTh ,c hO c O j H dG O``àEG
g dG dG aCG e NCG CG ```T h .bGdG VQCG Ua d ```
HJ jeh dGh HdG IQGRh ```dc G fCG EG ```gOSEG
bM HCG e ```He dG e GeCG jL g Qa ,```SQGeh
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eG ILCG GQG```b Nd SGh GQbh MU R```G Gg
.XdG LhOe UTCG N e dPh ,dhdG SDeh
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e gOQGeh JGhKh dSGh OdG deh LQG SdG XJ
e N FdG dG CH dhdGh bEG id FGdG cCdGh .SdG eO
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cCJ EG ODJ ```NGdG MdG Fbhh GMCG JJ ```j ,dP ```S h
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jQ L dh d O```jh ,AGdG dGh dG Y YRj ```jQ
k H AGbG EG jdG GOdG k YGO
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iNCG e bGeh k HGU cCG dG Lh iMCG CH KCG dGh
***
:hCG dG f Lh fc bh
b J dG M GS N dGh dG aG ```dU FdG CH
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.VQGh d Jh AbEG e SQ eh ,GAdGh d
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dG ```j e g YLGh ```SdG ```gGbh dG ``èYR EG
e He gAhh P Gj CH e h```dG b M dPh ,dAGh
108
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J jH H J Mh ,dG e e ```f hCG e hCG jOe

Z H dP dU FdG j CG b hCG ,Jh FbE jQdG ```Fd
.k Le g Hh
dN S dG YdG AgR dG H IXG hCG QGG SG bh
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QdG g Jc ```bEG aCG fCG EG ,```f LH NBG dG ```bEG
.H gdG jdG ZQ gf LH
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J Y jY e j e e Hh ,G JdG f Ld k ahh
dG dG dU FdG dG hCG dG ```LH NCG a ,IXG
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110
FKdG GdG EG dU G Y Y dG dG DG Te ```b

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e fC jUdG Meh ,fG f k aO aOh HGh cGTG
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HQ NBG hCG ,gQEGh dGh dG e WdG Y G :k ```dK
gQEd eCG EGh ,dGh d k aO YGbh JGOb aOh UEG M
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111
dG idG O```G gh ,G AdG GMCG ```H eG jdG G```SG

jPh IU a GOGeG FdG gP dh ,OG eeEG ```dG
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k V FdG ```J bh ,jhdG ```bdH AHdG ```dJ e gh ,```gCG
a ,dG jhdG ```bdG LdJ Y d kGgL j CG ```fH
,eT IOHEG G AdG GMCG IOHE jhf SCG U dP jW Y j
.k j j dG dH jJh H gAGT C
IQdG GgCG e dG dG jJ SG ```S ,dG fG h
g dGh ,Je SGMh IQdG j b Wh L AH j dG
TMh FdG j b UN SM AHh ,aVEGh G J SG
OG dG e hCG ,iNCG G GdG GMh H J b N CG e
k M dG j CG k V FdG j QWEG G```g h .eCG ILCG
CG H ,eCG EG ``è dG hCG ,Jh Qe hCG ```bdG VEG ```Y
e Y kGN J UCGh ,KG O Y AdG bdG QhO fG
.HdG Gbh QG SG
jdG jG dhCG e ```dG SG FdG efH V JCj ```c
j dG HdG ddG G Fb ```SCGQ Yh ,MCG dd ```j
jh ,Gh dG GOGeG dh ,dG AfCG FdGh jG GMH
eCG Gg dh ,Jb OGOJ c ,dGh SdG HGhQh dG JfeEG J
G dG e Se dGRe LG C ,HfG H EG j CG j
,MCG ddG SFH j CG LdG Gg a ,HfG H eCG .HfG AKCG
MCG dGh YSEG FdG eCG e jQdG VQ M e cj hCG
.a
cGe IN ```jdh FGdG SdG dG ``à dG dG DG ``èCG
ICae QGSG j Sh ,dG G QGgEGh bS Ic Qh ,OdG
dhdG H Y k Me kGN j dG OGaCG C ,gOa Y jSdG

,H Sj CG ```Y dG CG ```j M ,dG ``èh
OdG QhL bG dh hCG OdG SCGQ Y hdG EG eCG H j bh
.dG b ZG
,SdG dG UCG g e kGT 11 N cG b FdG CG ```h
dGGefdG VejCG ja,jQdGVQegeh
OM HJ EG dG ```VG d M ,gOY OGR e ,```YG dhCG ``è
OH dG e YG H ```j ,YG SGYCG QGZ Y ```YL
.d IjDG GUCG e
jOG EG LNCG dG T gL c fH ```FdG nq j kGNCGh
Y ddGh ,aj dh ,AT CG d aj dG CG FdG cCG dGh ,``èdG
f Y J dj BG M G```dGRe aG FS CG ec ``Ù
k a DG d aj a FdG Ld kGJh ,dG Ge EG ```gG
.kGMGh
,edG jOGh G UGY QGdG EG LN dG gG e jG
jJ HfCH J k TMhh ```N Sbf g CH S eY gG ```g
LN ,IQNh k SL g CG Sh CGQ eYh ,dG ```Y J CG
jGh WGdG ```g TMdG g ,TdH TMdG ```H FdG dJ
dG Y k ```XM e gdG KdG G```g VLEG e ```H h ,```gGdGh
.YLG
112
113
Gj CG dG f dG hOj jdG G AdG GMCG ReQ e CG

.dG S Y jQG Fd HdG FdG a bh dG dG CG
dG EG dG dG e MW S j CG ```dG J d
Ce c G CG M ,ISN b N a ,dG e AL M Y
k k Sc T ```jCJ Sh IjGh Jh AU Y Pf ```d
QGdG e H
.H eh Gh Y GN jdG h ,Gh Y EG
MS H ```fG Mh eRCG e 1994h 1993 ``èY M ``è Gg
e cCH jGdG j j ,NBG W dd kGU MW L ```d
Y -dG c- dG j ```H GPEa ,dG HdG jQG Y ``àQ IOYEG
L dG dG ```gh ,IMd SdG dG jCdG ```H ,a e ```W
.dG c dM
T jCJ eeCGh ,OG```SG e G Y ```gh 2006 Y BG ```f
dG H h ,```fGh IMdG ```H J NBG f e ```ce ```Sc
ShCG ce dh ,MCGh HCG H hCG ,DGh cGTG H hCG ,Gh

dG H ,Gh ```dG H ,dGh jG H jb ```LGeh ,H dP ``è
H ,VGh G H ,dGh ```dG H ,OdGh gGdG H ,```VdGh
IG IYO H ,dGh ``èSG H ,dGh dGdG H ,jOdGh ```YG
H ,AdGh ```dG H ,SCdGh eCG ```H ,dGh G H ,A``èdG ``Ùeh
CG j Ic ce fEG ,ddGh WdG H ,fGh feCG H ,RdGh ANdG
.OGSG SE d G ejdG iS HfG J
IdGh ha ,LGMEG hCG OG```SG jOCJ g dG j CG ```jh
hj e kGH Gdh ,j h j h Lj jQdG e Y
Y YCG AM hCG N fOCG G id c dh ,b CG YOJ h A```H
dGh dG S L dg Me H LGJ K ,f ```TJ Y
eh e hjh Y hQj fGL Lh ,dGh CG H ```G
k fGh FQ CGH dG YR
.k YQH
cGTG M Y dG AdG g G id G CG f CG G e
Hj hCG U hCG jeCG ,e hCG Q```L H hCG Uf hCG ``èSEG hCG
dGh cG dG Y dGh ```dG FGdG AdG g a G ..```j
e j dG c d M ddG dh ,jdGh YGPEG h SFdG
.eGh RdG IT
%99 hCG %51 Y GbG jOU j CG j G QJjdG Gg
ib ac JJ CG ```j Gdh ,dG DhH gh IMGh ```dG CG GO``è
g dG j CG j H ,LGMEH AcG Yh ,Ye MEG Y ```G
H WS j j k jhe k Me kGjhJ a jhd C d M WSEG
.G Gh ,f jJ
114
115
e c OY IYH ``` Uf Y SCG dG ```FdG k U ```MCG

,HdG SGQdG ce f dG dG IhdG EG dG MdGh SdG
HdGh ObGh ```SdG UEG ```b ,IG CG e h```dH
g CG EG ,IhdG cQG NGe e dG dG gCG ZQh .dG
T H L dG fG GQGG gh ,NGG e gCG cCG g e
.Gh VQGh dG ,SdG dG GdCG e
QG YG M dU GY Y FdG IhdG jVG R```HCG ch
e dG QGSG dSH dG fYEG ``è IhdG eGJ H ,FdG
MCG b YCG b c dH J Y ej H LGJ K ,jSdG e ```
Y YCG dG JJ CH G Gg k aGYG SCG CG g OhCGh .kGT Y
dG Y dG YH dU GY Y FdG Aah MG M QdG
jGQOh IN cCG SS bJ bU JbJ ```Y Yh ,dH AH
kGQGbEG e dG ASCG cP MSG LQCG ,dG HSCHh ```LdH
.Ff CNh Ff H e
d FdG C```H be Y kGQGUEG HdG ```SdG ADg ```cCG c bh
QGdG Y PSCG g ,hdG fc e ,k e dG Y ```j
,k aM JbJ bU M ,```dG cGTG d SdG G ```Y
dG dG DG M OdG ```LdG U PSCG bJ bU ```c
j d FdG FdG CG ```MJ IQH jCGQ Y YCG LdG CG dh ```cG
.hdG fc e T eCG G dhDe Y
Y k M k jCGQ GdG Y P```SCG UEG M OdG i```HCGh
gh HdG jCGdG QWEG Y j d ,SeHdG Y YCG ,dCG
QGdGh LdGh GdG CGQ gCG Jh ,iNCG Ie f TS FdG CG
.YS jYh HQCH LGdG N bh MG j IhQP db fCG
Y jG a ,Ih```d k e a Uf ```Y FdG ``èCG
dH dU FdG a Uh U jH OCG d fG ```FG
eG Uf Y FdG d ,```f TJ Y Y J H ,A```Gh
SdG e c Qj c hj e Y fC Q k Te f YEG Y k Y
e k jf adG ```j dh ,TdH S dU ```FdG CG I```G hP
ZQ Uf Y FdG Sh .```HfG h dGh IhdG H ```T
k dG Y j dh ,d k JGSG kGQN dP
hdG k HLh T
.aCG gOGS j dG G
M dG gh ,j jH j e g c ```MG IhQP h
dU FdG CG a UCG gQ Y ceCG QhO 1500 ```c dG VGdG
jdG TQ jdG edG gh .dG ```cJ CG EG dG j CG ```
jGdG e jCGd d jCGQ c dG e jh dG dG DG ```Y
.JJ e k bU cCG JGAf fch
IMdG g dG ITQ FGdG ```SFdG Teh dG edG ```fch
N H ```d ,Me ``è FdG jj ``à JM cQT ```dG
116
117
CG M ,fCG a dG f eCG gh ,dG iS a VJ ```dG

Y k fH k fY LGdG YCG CG EG fG H ,dH LdG JG ```JCG
IQcdG fc c .a U d YEG Y j c dG ,MdG QGb
dG iCGQ e V e ```d L NBG IhdG M dG M ``àDhQ
L ADg bh .``è Me hCG jQS CG OLh ``àf FdG ```c
Y YCG AU (jG) edG ``èCG RL j jU ```g c
e NCG "dH bh VG jHCG e L Jg KO N ```jS
e IjL GQH ce GQS SG H kGNDe eCG LdG CG ```J CG
."!?b QT H SFdG J jj dH j e a "jSe "cT
c dG dG f e cCG C AGQBG OGjEG SSCG CG g ```jQCG h
EG d j dh ,OYH AadG Y JOY Y j d FdG CG Qj
Cj L J b dG SCG ```HCG CG hMCS d ,hNBG d ```j CG
L dG UG ```HSCG AGd bCG CG H dP ```bh ,MG g ```
:iNCG Ie f Tj dh YH S fCG YG
JSfGh LGdG Y S dG dG cGQOEG g dG j
CG e j dH G CG k e YCG fCa ,k dhOh k bEGh k dG
dhdGh HdG adG OOj ```SG j AT CG CG Y Qj h ,A```T
.k S dh M
dh ,SFdG Y S FdG CG C```N XCG L dG dG ```dh
Y cCG be Y TGh Y gT c CG g ,dG Y IQhdH
FdG S eY 2004 S GjM fj e edG j EG Oj hCG Id
b) hH dc ceCG LQG jRH L Ad e jS H Y e
EG QdG Y FdG SEG i```Lh ,(e hH jGQ IjRdG ```J CG
Y AT CG BG ```M j h fe jh ceCG ```jdG ``è
.f Y dG Yh MGQ EG LH fCH AWCG d db e iS Ve
Xh LQL jh dG hO De M QT FdG CG ZQh
TdG Y Xh ,jQ FdG IRL J QTh ,dG dGMCG ```MCG

iNCG Se dP H AZEG dM QGJ CG EG ,ae k S dG H
Y j dG dG dM ```M Y jb DhJ J d JOY ```H
b aGdG CG cT e OGR h .k T Y j CG ```MC j h ,I```H
d fCG "HM W AKCG db g SFdG Y dG QGb AGQh U j
c ,G Y j e dZ fCG LdG Y heh "kGLY dh k je
LdG JGQjR i```MEG AKCG H G e S IT de ```d CG
JCG h ```MCG c EG SCG ```fCG "gh IG ```jdG c ```je
AWCG MCG e W eY dP b ."dG J iS MCG e ```J
fCH dM J CG H ,U Y k XM NdG Y eG ```ceCG
.dG G Y FGR Y JJ e j
dM Y jd ``` CG g j LGJ Y FdG ```LGJ ```Hh
H hGj e IOY T C dG VdGh G H QYCG dh ,```dG
.dGh OdG
VGaH ,LGd aGdG g j b dG dG dG EG dG h
gh ,GTDG g HCG a L iNCG GTDG dh ,FdG U
Y fYEG GO```L j FdG CG cDJ ,SFdG GQ```dG SCG ```J
dG H N dG MG g ``` kGPEG aGhO g a ,jGdG e ```TdG
.jQJ eh S e
CG g ,G IQKEG FGdG ZQ EG aVEG ,J f Lh e HLEG
,a ZGdG g eh ,d OG dG g e jdG Lh Y j
Gfc AGS ,eeCG e dG MGREGh ,```MCG d jdG d j ```c
?dG Gg FdG M a ,LQN CG cG G NGO
AcdG e GUCG HM AYCG C dG j FdG CG h```j e Y
Oa CG pj a ,k eY 28 jY CG H bH J SCG ae Y IQ```dGh
,j e j fCG ``àj a ,YCG e J Y d ```ZQ fOCG ``à
118
119
dH GhQOd dG Y j CG jj FdG CH T fOCG jd c dh

FdG GhN jdG dLH ,cQOCG dG VQG CG c .bYCG e QGd
G MJEG EG j h Qhj fCH ,cG G AYCG e cCG e GeJh
.k M GOe jj dG AHE j H ,d dG hGd
,dG Y G iS d g LdG CG L H ``àY b eO eh
a CG dG J g :```g eOdG MG N hG GDdG ``à
dG ?OGSG YQe W Y GHYCG jdG ```dhCH S GPeh !?Y
?QG jT Gfj CG Y
120
d ,dG MUEGh VQG ``è kGOY kGNDe TGh ``àSG

ceCG" e f Ihf N e ,HdG dG UEGh VQG e
ad dG ```Gh ,dG jQG IQGOEG ``è G "jGHfG
c jY ceCG ``è a j dG hCG I```G g g fc .O```G
aSG a j dG hCG I```G g g fc c e fCG V ```VQG
j S aSG efH CG EG IQ```TEGh ,M hO e k Y ```VQe
k d Sjh f GG Y
.IG g j hO
Y PSCG ```g UEG IYO ``è T IhdG ```dG e ```dh
Hf Y eCG QdG aM edGh ,SdG dG ie FQ M ```S
.dG CGdG YS ce hCG SDeh dG dG
c jdG cQG ```H Tf e iL e ```VGSG OH g ```dh
k ```gGHEG jdG S QcdG ```gRHCG
d dh ,e hN HG c
QdG GTEG b M dG VQG H f dG CGdG G gfG
121
GNCG iMEG VYG ```M ,jQG SdG UEG ```Y ``èSEG

gGHEG jdG S QcdG MW CGQ Y ,jdG e eOb gh ,dGdG
.eSEG QdG a ``` jdG GQdG L GTEG gCG ```M kGjS GQCGh
IcJ J CG WGdG e jj eSEG QdG CG jdG MUEG i```Jh
GNEG EG gGHEG Q```cdG b M ,IOY hO k HgP ,```dG EG ``Ùh
k dG hjh ,HfG cQG j jdG Lh Y G
:Fe
dG jdH WGdG J k ``àGQh ?cQG M GMG e fG ``è
.JGH IO L dd Ff f
k ,dG eSEG QdG c H j CGdG Gg
,UEG M
QN bS c c ,WGO HfG CG cQG Y k e dG
C TGh GdHh ,HdG dG FGhO kGc ej fCG MG ``è SG
SdGh Md ZdG dG UCG Reform LJh UEG ```c
.c GMH UEd J dG GMCG h ,G hDH G
P QX d ```jh ,GdG HU ``è fj ```ceCG
SCGQ Y dG JCJh ,GWCG hO e fc d M ,iNCG hO WGO
.dG Gg jQJ aJ SFQ HfG hCG S fCG H ,FdG
,WGO M HfG CG ,e Y SG J CG HfG g
,dG JT HS HfG d M c ,fe e ZGaEG j CG h
Y hCG dG ```ZQ Y bj d eCG CG I```G g G A```dG ```dh
MGh M IOGQEG Y ```SSCG H j S EGh ,UEG ```ZQ
.UEG M gh Z dG
e EG dG OOJCG ```d dh MWCS a dH dG ```j b
UCG SdG UEG ``èh ,SdG UEH k Je UCG c ```dG
GhOCG GPEG jQdG ```MUEG Nj Qh ,``ÙEG M j jQJ ```feCG
b e GS S QRh jh ,JGOb Y gYGb J hCG ,feCG
.G Gg Qj e gh , dG j
,OdG Y S fCG dU GY Y FdG IOGQEG Y gGj dG

dP j GPa ,k U dG Gg c GPEG ```dh ,UEG j ```Sh
?f Qj CG FdG e f CG gh ,k eY 28 GW
,WGdG CG FdG e ffG e GPEGh ,NDJ EGh gJ WGdG
ILCG CG ZQ hdG GFY ```Y PSG e , CG e j ``à
k Y
e MU g FdG j CG .G MU fCH kGQfh d
q eYEG
GPh ?dG G```FY e Ghj CG dG ```bj GP GPEG ?dG G```SG
dG g dG c d ?dG b k Y ZQCG c dG CG e dG j
,H d WGdG dG M GPEGh ,e IOSG S dG ```SG
.ISa IQhe WGO EG jh fe e ZGaEG e MCG j a
,SFdG HfG g dG b dh ,M c Y b d g
j GRe Hh f ```Y YCG H Fd ae Te ```gh
M Ge EG S Te c ``è dh ,k dhOh k bEG SG ```bdG
g UEG C ?..GP ..j hCG eeCG jdG UEG j CG eEa ,``ÙEG
a Td f dj k fH kG```Y 31 j CG dG MdG ```G
.NBG Td h
dG AYCG GUCG e %10 ``àJ j -HCG CG T- G Q```SdG
HG dG aJ G AdG GMCG J h 301 gOY ddG
Te CG j h ,UEG e ```dG j e T CG TJ ```Yd
.UEG e j e ```TG H SG ij CG ,Jb fc e ,``è
e UEG j CG e Y O``è OdG e EG dG g ``èh
.GQGb
GQOEG Y ``àGG J ``ÙEG Y j CG ``` dG ```DG
j d jdG dG ```TJ dh ,DG Te a ```dg Te
.UEG Ib J g eh ,UEG aGe hO
.jb GAh Y GQN eeCG UEG
122
123
k G
Te cH HdG HfG M e Qj CG UEG j hC
SdG QfGhCG ,```HCd YGdG Y fEG ``è Gg C ,ae ```M
.d jBG S MCG JGOb AQH
dG e ,dG ```SdG G ```MCG J M ,UEG :k ```fK
MUEG T TH G FdG e Y c LGe ```NdG Y
.M FdG OJ b jb eSEG
Y S WG C ,HfG We Y dG e UEG :k ```dK
dG dhdG GWCG H ```VJ Qh ,FdG dG e M YEG ```fCG
f gH d ,e eSEG Qc SdG IG Qj CG UEd ```jJ
.UEG
(fG dh TJ bCGh) TJ ```YO g UEG eCG fCG Q```G
UEG QN e jb T CG a ,ASG H Td eG L
UEG j M G e dG g fc d GM jh ,NGO ``è hCG
.dT S e k de k dT k HM
bEG i```dG CG Qj CGh ,I```G g IAGdG j CG ``ÙEG ```Yh
j O```Y M ebEGh ,dG ```FdG OGSG ```T Qb ```dhdGh
Oj CG dG ``èdG QfG hM h ,OdG I```Mh Y ``àj CG
.c bEG QGSG
,k jQJ k Wh k be d j S eG L Td UEG YO EG
UEG GOb j CG ``` JGP bdG h ,gAKh ```dG M ```jh
k Te Yj fCch hj d UEG CG ```M ,dG e LGGh G ``è
UEG jh .```SdG GOdG hCG YGdG ```jDhd he eCa ,```JGH
S dP C ,aG Y QOdG TG YH be j CG SG ```YdG
k M j dG dG e LGG e jh hdG G GMG j
EG gP IcJ d j UEG CG hdG d S c ,dG
SdG idG L e jdG ```Y QOb M fEG H ,IOY hO ```dG
.jdG SdG SQGG L e dG cQG Y QObh ,MdG

h ,G HfG dG e Qj S GMCG c UEG
Y ,JHc T HfG O j hCG ,M HfG EG ```dj CG
Y Wh ```dG eM jQGRh ```FM e Y Vj ``è b ```jW
AGQRh TCG OLhh SFdG ``` ge MU X h ,```WGdG
j QeCG CGJ Qh ,jH J S G QdG .hNDj h ej
FdG QGSG He ,S I dG SFH MCG M H GY ```dG
J CG DG ZQ M b a dH dG b GPEGh .i```NCG GS d
jRGe J H MCG AH j dh ,dG SFQ d S NBG g g
EG dG SFQ QNG ```Y QGUEG Gg GP :Af CG M ``èh ,idG
!?S 35 EG SFdG jh S
124
125
dU GY Y ```FdG CG Y dG hDd ```HG e c ```j

jh ef ANCG ```J j N OLh hO j CG ```j
.JbNE YT
gP k Ua ```d GcJ k eN VG ```LGh fCG FdG ```M M ``èh
SGh ,YdGh IMdG H e dG dG J jM jb AGQh d
c ,Wd dG dd O```G dG EG eN jj CG ```FgH LdG
.M EG dh dH a e gh OdG GH Oj
dfGh Hh jUf e ``èN e e FdG fG CG ```Hh
AM iS j ``à OL N Y k MH L EG ```dG ,FdG ```NBG EG
OG G CG FdG M AS eh .YT J hYS jdG ``èCG
.gGf h Wh h jhMh Y jGj CG j
dG OdG dG UEG YGbh IOb g OG G ADg
.SFdG QGO Y Fd MdG YdG aG ,G AdG d
f jdG J a QhH iNCG G```MCG e hdH UEG ```jh

gP e MCH Qh```dG Gg GMCG d ```j Sh ,dG ```V
PfEG jW hCG ```dG g G QhO j CG eDG ``èh ,OdG ```jQJ
.gQGSG dG dG j d dG jOG VhCG e dG
"LCe" FQTH 1999JGSG CNUEGMJQG bh
e FQ TH dG Gg J iL CG dh ,NBG M ``è
.Yf e k jH k k aFG
Gdh .UEG YGb IQRGDeh YO hH j CG G T ``` h
UEG h dG PfEG SSCG QhdG d S UEG EG f CG f
.UEG Y k MU g j dh ,dG
bdG CG e kGL hCG kGS ```MUEG jJ EG cG dG Cj ```bh
b AL G GMCGh UEG GO``è dh ,dG d H ```j
,GMCG ```g Te d ```bdG S ```N GHCG j ``à ,```dRG
.aG c TG H j dG SdG jCdG X k UN
dh ,Y jdG hCG ```HfG Ff jhJ cG G ```j bh
hdG G h dG G Vj dh ,jM OM d S M
.c QdG j Sh ,edG Y Y dG dSCG g
126
127
IKDG HdG ``ÙGdG iMEG Q``` QfG dU ```cCG QdG ```g

b jCG i```S sj h ,d IQh``` UY EG ```jW fCGh ,k ```bEG
H hO HQCG ```H BG M dN J HdG ```G dL e A```fd
g WGe e c OY He J dG g ```Nh .N dhO
Je dG Hh ,jQdG GSCGh QGdG e KO GdG
AdG d , ```je Y fGH dhDe ```dj fC I```Kh
jQG Y WCG dG jG SG g ADg c a j dG MdG
GDH QOj ```dG e Y HY WGe CG ```j CG Qa ,```dG
!?GdG FdG dhO e fCG g g :Mhh MGh
QKCGh ,f GDdH SG ````JQR dG hdG iMEG GRGG HV ````M
HLEG aQCG ````fCG :k VZ d a ,S RG````H d eCG CG b ````jdG ````Y
FQ AYSG e Wh ,````cH FGd GMG Yh OCG b j GDS ````Y
fEGh , fCG kGcDe IQGH Q````YG CG EG e c a ,iT d ````dG
H QGb Y dG FdG LGJ e jdG OGQCG H T EG IASEG j

k f ````TJ
.GdH j CG j h k bOU ````j FdG CG j fEG Fb
d a e YCG C d dCG J hMCG h ,eCG SJ fL eh
f IQGb dh ,HY dhO GRGL HV e -G S - QdG TG
,IHd e g j h ,OU Z FQ dhO EG dH fCG CG YCG
fch .dG J dhM e ,Y bWEG NBG Uh e g ````dh
AKCG "IjG" IH QNCG Yb S dG g jSh WS dG cCG
e e YCG HdG IOLG jadG CG c ,IdG AedG d ````JQjR
M gOOQ dG FdG e INdG ````dH J ej e cC X I````dG
h ,"dhdG IjG " d b dhO eSG jdG fLCG dG
We j c ````H UTCG e ````g S e jOJ IO````YEG e ````bNCG
cCG db e g ,g cP dG MdG ````dGh ,aj gcCGh ```ÙCG
f c "dH G Uh dG gh SeHOh k jJ IdG QNCG ```è
jG jQG QSdG QGbEG EG IQTEG ,"fjQe e JAa dG IC````LG
.TdG e G FdG h JH SFdG Oj dG
dhdG g e GJ CG EG dG ```jCG eeCG d :NBG U ```bh
CLa !?FQ CGh dhO CG d ``à .FdG Gg e dhdG g ```J hCG
."GdG FdG dhO "dH
Y Fd kGRGSG bCG j G Gd GY QNG MG b ch
Y dG f CG EG ,NBG ``` CG d j FdG dh ,dU G```Y
eSG Gdh ,dG IASEd ```f n f h f EG ASCG dG a ,h```G
Y YaO CG d cDhCG c G e f d Hh ,gjEG dG edG IQ```Y
.UdG Gg YGhO k e JCG CGh ,IHG e k Yf EG j bh H
f IQdG CG ,Y f Y ,dH kGQe UCG FQ CG cDj ```h
UCG W dG JOY Y dG a CG LQd gP jCG Hb
HdG G dG q S dG LCG RGH AMG d FfG ANEGh
128
129
, H dG dG NO e HdG hdG e a Qb bh jH
jdG J e kGce ,dG jH ```dG Y U dP e d
dG GMCG e M CH j ceCG G Y G CG e IG
dG dG JCa ,fhBG g jOQ fH S fc eh .UCG jdG Y
dG fdG e fH J Y Sh ,```S EG ASCG a ```J
.H S dG IWGh FG fc e a f f dh ,H
e f EG HGc -ASG H c- dG ASDhdG CG cGQOEG ZQh
GY Y (cdG Z G edG MU) ```FQ CG EG ,dG ```SdG
iG EG G ```dG dG JT J ,```SCG H dbCGh ,```dU
a j ```ceCG UCGh ,```MCG a aj ```H hdGh ```bEG
e Y EG j fCG k ``è aj Gh ,dGbCG j ```jGh
Qe adG ``èY Mh ,ed QYG CG ```j fdGh ,```j
GDdH QOH ```He UCG e fa WGe ```gh jQH jO Q```J
k ,f G
!?FQ bJ dRe g Fb
ffCG faeFQYaGOCGhIHGSCG g?aCG GPeh?bCG GPe
.GMQ jCG Gh dG e fj Wb dG dG AHCG Lh ,ShDhQ
dVjjdGa ,dGe %5fFdGccGPEG
TJ Y Qb fEG ,2005 S dj e Y HdG FdG gh ,TdG
FdG Gg EG CG . hCG dhO V C k NVQ dh Yb Y f
d VdG OOj dh ,dG ```Y dG d Vj
!Y bQe e d j ?V Y V j a ?H dG
Ie c h ,Ge HQCG e cCG JGP HdG SG FdG CG Y cCGh
,e bj SfCG k ehO ```g c UCH hCG ,bj e dG ```Lh
iNCG GS S dG dG ```j g :g k dM hG GDdG ```dh
JCJ bh ,TCG KK Z JCJ b GDdG Gg Y HLEG !?dG ``è
.GS S J d cCJ H dh ,GS K Z
130
H ALh ,GS HQCG dG eCG JQc L SCG ceCG FdG

Hh GS HQCG CG TH QL K ,GS K a bh jQ dfhQ
.GS S HG TH SFQ Y e k dMh ,GS K c H
,j Sc Hb gh dU GY YFdGgUY ADgc
TH ceCG Le CG j eYh .H Mj CG jj fCG hj h
dG jd EG" ```j CG j WGd ```YGdG G G ``è
a Qh ,GdG e aj CG jjh ,```ceCG ASDhQ N UY k cM
Y fh ,kGc k WJ LG Gg Sh "dG FH Ie hSc
hCG GdGh dG HT J jQJjO fCG e eJ dG ```ceCG IQGOEG
.dG FGdG dG iS J WGO
ch ,de OY KK cG a dG Gg d S O```J CG
dG AHh gjd QSdG ```jH Qj jQSdG Ja AfG ```Ye b
.jL e
131
k GS N d ```SFdG Ia jJ j ddG FdG g ```g

H
SFdG Ia fc bh GbG Gg e LdG G```g j CG .GS S ``è
J CG VhG e ch ,JH IOh GS N ```HdG QSdG
dG CGd ,2006 EG d a Oe ```dG jdG d ,2004 k Ff ```SFQ
.2013 M OdG j CG eCG Y jL e
,GS N EG SFQ Ia d d QSdG jJ jj BG g ```g
S HfG fH G QSdG C ,G```S Y gjd dh
IdG H e ```d SFQ Ja OdG SCGa ,```jL e dG AH ```Y
.2006 e H 2023 dH SFQ Jh dG
,G d dG dG jQJ b d G FdG jj e g Gg
d kGO HCG d jh ,```ceCG ASDhQ IY H Uj CG ```H
.eOdG ASDhd YdGh dG
ebE j ,GdGh hSc J Y GhY CG H fCG ceCG
e Gah GdG e G ```fCG hjh ,NGdG e e ```bY
d gj dG dU GY Y e H G hj d ,hSc
fCGh .e T e cCG e Ge bh ,dSCH jGQO G cCG gh d YH
IMGh eO GaQj d fCG K Y ,a jCGd FGdG YS N e ,k T
dG T cCG HPdG OYh e GT fC ,MQ YS eY Y
,dG Gh dG ```dG OGaCG g J Y jQOdG d ,```YVCGh
ALh ,ANdG Y dG d L dG LdG M ICWh j ``è ch
beh ,dhdG VQCG ```WH e G d SGh ,IdG Y RdH ```d
Y GS S f CG a ,IdG g c Y FQ d dUhCG
!?iNCG
132
fc ,dG Se e fhdG dSQ QdG Jg EG ``Ùh

Yh ,dG ```Y dH eGdG Xf dj ```Fd Le eGR Y IQ```Y
e j dG ```SdG Y J Y CG e ```jEG kGQh ,aG ```jJ
.QdG fCG e H e j f SdG j b k eY KK
:eGdG HCG J
:d Ua Jh jT Nh MU j
L GQh e UdG Le G
:KfCG ge Th KGQdG G fG b
j Sj e KdG V Y j
:RGQ SdG b Y KL Y KK d
Mh d cM G UG g
:j P H P g aCd b Tj
Y KK e Gh NDG g
133
:jh dG hGj Sj b T BGh

ghCG j G b j
dG CG VJh ,dG Qd G dG J HCG g CG YCG

EG g e VG edG ea "gQfG h IMdG fU "H j ```dG
Y Qf d d aG VG EGh ,d SSCG YGeh ,MCG VCG
.HfG CGJ CG b fhjj dG jdH HfG dG e SQ
d G G e bh GaY bCG Y ``ÙTCG S gh
GUCG Ra ```Y TCG dG dG ```M MG ```dhCG ,```FdG
CG FeR e Od MQ b ch ,SFdG 1999 HfG jJh
b QKCG H ```FGhdG e OY FQh ``àe Y J ```dG ```b
k
J h
,MGh ```j Ge IY dH ```JJG Qj Lh ,```FdG
dG C ,Gg ej M FdG Y M dG dG YEG j h .``èCG
b FdG f G G QOCG d ,dG jhdG aQ (G MQ)
J dG k fBG dG QG eGdG HCG Fb a dG dG eCG .dG dG
edG a HGdGh ddG eCG .HCG g M dG G N e ```jDhQ
Yf e hCG g CGd SG Y aTCG GdG IT Mh QdG aM
EG GMCG e M CH J k ```dM FdG T CG Ff q H ,```dG
.1999 HfG Y M fCG VG eYG GUCG f
,f FdG a d ```G G j dG eG dG ``èCG
LH C LH d dj ``è J :k ej G AHCG MCG d b ```dG
."dP YCG" FdG a G Fd f dG S
fL EG bCG CG k f d C SOdG dG f YCG CG ```h
dP C fe e Mj CG jj h ,OY KK HGb dG b T
jh d dG O```dG gh WGdG Oe e CGe hCG e ```VQj
MGh c c GPEGh ,G Gd jdG Q```dG gh HdG dG dP ``è
a ,bCG Y dG T e f Lh ``` dG UTCG e

c d "MdG bh M "Fd Gdj CG OBG H je S CG dP
.G e k Ze dh k bOU hd MG
k KL AdG Y FdG ```j S H ,QG G Gg j ```d
Tj hCG iNCG I``è f Tj Sh ,aGdG ```dG AHCG QhU ``à
CG jj h ,dH k ``è FdG c GPEG :```g gCG GDdG ```dh ,HM
j CG d j ```dG eh ?cJ d dG CH d j ```dG a ,```cj
j eh !?dGh OGSG V k e QdG g GPEG HGdG SFQ I``à
k T d j CG e bf CG a ,S 28 N k S a jdG ``` CG
k
.fJ Y GS S N L
134
135
M Y dG H eYG ```JdG d J EG SG CG ```H

e dSCG g e CG SGQ Yb EG UJ ,MCG M dGh WdG
Ch ,k bNCG S CG H ,dG dG e j f SaE TDe EG g
k aCG ```NQCG EG
EG G GdG SH Wf ```fc dG dG
.jGh OdG SH Wf U
jOJ -dH JU dG c EG- k VGh MCG M dG c d
dG k e jG ```dG hCG dG c cj h ,fdGh Q```Sd
Y fdG fG aQh LdG AGjEG EG ```dG j dP eh ,dG G
YS jH EG j d aCG g dG dh ,OdG e d kG
IQdGh ,LdGh AGaGh dGh ddG Y Fb ```g f fC ,WS
.IPdGh IdGh
iS Wd fP h ,WdG dG e d j fCG hj dG Gg
,dG MCG MGdG Fd kGJS Y CG d Sh ,Ic kGQGSCG j fCG
dG ASDhQ QGSCG e dG jh ,dU GY Y kGje Y ```c

CG WdG BG j dG Gg g :Af CG d jh ```MdGh HdG
?e KG CG MCG
s dG MCG M dG ``è G edG f CG EG g ```j
Ggh ,cCG fCG ```j Ld Ib fh ,"S 26" U ```Y
cCG Il q M SdG ```dGh FdG OfG CG ```M ,aU ```jM ```WdG CGQ
OGQCG GPEG HQ e jh ```cS e j CG d GhCG BG ``à ,RdG ``è
Wd fh .hj AG C S XCG ?JM e Gj CG jNBd
.kGje kGY
136
137
Y dG WeEH k ``Ù "dG" U ```Tf e a ``èdG ```MCG

SG j dG ,"```WdG IMdG jM fb "`H G ```fdG h``è
dh ,FdG ```S j CG ```dG hG gh ,```FdG ```H
fC ,WdG QGSG Yjh gCG k ```HM j CG -de H- JGP ```bdG
Gj CG jSd YGe Y dG ```jh ,CGdG Y dG ae c ```j
G Y dG Y kGHh ,adG HbQ Y kGH hDhj c ,OdGh O```dH
.dGh dH k YT LGdG
,k SQ Y YEG hO AG fb he eG J CG jdG ``èh
bjCG GeJbh ,HGeZ GdG EG Qh
CG EG ,Y bOd Fd QdG Y dSQEGh FQW e L ```fdG
.fdG OGe Y J dG HdG J AdG CGj CG H H f
HYVjh,IOe 14 j hG Ea "dG"UJfahh
Je J M GYEG ```HYh ,S 15 Y jJ h S Y ```J
hCG Yj e H HY Va EG aVEH ,fEG b gOj dG FGG

e SJ HH fdG Y UG FGG e CG JQG Y Vj
fdG dJ LJ QJ dG GMCG GOb dP ,G Ff
e c H S I``` G HY Y IY jOG JOe ```j ```c
Yj hCG j h ,TCG ``è T CH jQG FQ d ```Vj
,dhdG FQ g FdG CG QYG Y ,jdG hCG dG hCG jdG hCG d
Rj h ,QGh NGdG jQG h dG IOGQEG ``` Y jh
.d VdG k e
,OH J iL GPEG dh ,jQG FQ j gX fdG G```g
hDdG jRhh ```YEG jRhh AGQR```dG FQh jQG ```FQ Vj ```fEa
:ddG SCd d dhDG Qc e gZh ,ffdG
k G
dGh NGdG G hCG WdG IMdH NEG j fdG he :hC
YLG dG ``èJ SS SQ ```dG e f fh ,```YLG
.hGh GQCdG TEGh
j Gh ,WGd ```MG jGh H SG q ```j :k fK
.G g j dG e kGL
14h S 26 JQK G```gCG hCG WdG HGdG ```Y hG q j :k ```dK
,FHC G jQd j dG e ```j Gh ,QSdG N hCG HcCG
SCG OdG G f IOYEH jQGh IQdG Oe Y N dG eh
.V IQdG eb dG G
dG IMh hCG QG dG Y h```G q j dG QG fdG :```HGQ
UG QUCGh QbCG j dG e j Gh ,k Th k VQCG
VGQCG Rjh YdG EG WdG L AHCG e BG ```jh ,dhd dG
.T b K k VQCG OdG Mjh ,jdG IOdG Y
J hCG gG hCG ```ddG hCG WG EG I```YdG q j ```fdG :k ``èN
fG U Rj dG e j Gh ,WGdG Y LGdG hCG jNCG
138
139
SQ dG eh ,fe ``è WGdG jh ,dG AaT ```Y ddGh

.JGQTh JHN gf e ,a SQ ddGh WG
,SdGh AfCd IASEGh jhdG jOCG GMG Y q j fdG :k ```SOS
,OfG Rj CG e k ee FdG j CG hj dG e f fh
c ,SGh AfCd VGh IASEG SGh AfCG de EG dH ``àjh
,h j ,jb AT c Y fCc FdG Y j dG e kGL f
,cGTG jh ``ÙEG Hjh G ```j ,dG jh G ```j
G U e ```f h ,dEG f U ```gh ,OdG h WdG ```Mjh
.H PdGh ,edG
Rj dG WdG HGdG e d dG hGdG j fdG :k ```HS
g e f fh ,Y ``àdG j dG WdG SG eh ,H ```SG
e OdG VGh dG SDj CG ```jj h ,k eY 29 e SdH ```G
Y M c Q```SdG j dG ``è j Gh ,MQ ```H ```dG
.M HCG EG dG FH Ia e c ,LGe
h ,edG ```Y Y We GQ```Yh k XdCG ```j fdG :k ``èK
b e ,bO Zh IO``` Z GQY fC ,jNBG ```dG O```SG
,gG hCG ddG hCG ```dGh FdG GdG IQKEGh WdG ```HGdH SG
hCG edG eCH NEG hCG ,```J hCG J hCG WdG ```F EG I```YdG hCG
cdG fBG ```WG GQdG Lh ,O```bG hCG YLG hCG ```NGdG
e hCG ,TM H ```j e hCG ,adG ``èEG ge j e ```
,FG jObG VhCG j e hCG ,aG fGh G d Yj
fEa IG LCG jd a OH VQCG j e eCG .OdG Q```jh
.dG Y eCe
jdG hCG jdGh ```dG YCH dG j ```G fdG :k ```SJ
e Ea dHh ,HdG hCG dH JUe hCG Je Y dG hCG ,Y
b Id dG NH ej QSCG AZ V jgG de kG```jDe j
.k eY 15 EG J
SdG e L eCG gO hCG WdG dG M j fdG he :kGTY
U Y WG ``èe J jdH IO```G gh ,YEG ```FSh ``èCG hCG
J GP Qf h ,```bH G a fC FGSEGh ```ceCG ```YCG
,bM S dG dG CG G bdG Gg fdG he U e gP
CG d jh .k ``è Je d ```FbdG g j ``è g ```gh
M EG dG e ah We aj CG hj e g g :Af
YCG bj e g gh !?```dG LH G CGj c ,IMdG ```Y
?bSG HdG jW Y jgG LG fGb j c T
G GYEG g HdG ```J CG fdG he j :Y O```M
,GhQCG gREG EG fdG Y UG G dG JQG a ODj dG
SCG GPEG j CG QSCG AZ V gd Yj U CG Ea dHh
.cG eCG LQ jCH jgG MCG e Y IgG
hCG M b e fdG ```Y UG FGG JQG GPEG :```Y K
gh ,dG JQH QGdG ``è dG dG g bj SS ```J
d ja Lh SdG GMCG IOb V dG S aQ J IO```G
.WdG U EG RfG hCG QGb CG PJG e
,jQSO Z GAGLEG PJG GMCG d fdG he j :Y dK
JQhO hCG IQhO cQG e feM hCG G G f ```bh H e
.HfG
dh ,dG hQ TEG H U CG G fdG bj :Y HGQ
.dG J GPEG jdG IOdG hCG FdG bj
edG LCG cdG jj e c G fdG bj :```Y eN
chh ,a ``èdG fLCG ```jYdGh ,jQSG ```jQGh ,```dG
a edGh YLGh jG LCG ```gCG Gh SDGh dG
FYCG H eG NOEG EG ODS ```fdG Ea dHh ,gSCG OGaCGh
140
141
Ga EG ODS dG eCG gh ,dG EG OdG je Qch Xe dZh

.gYj YdG eM EGh ,eT eM
H ,Te ```Z hCG Te H ,j ``è bj fdG :Y ```SOS
e Y g T hCG ```jJ fCG j H GeCG J hCG ```HJ hCG
d Ie hCG Y f GP aGe hCG Be hCG SdH gBG ceCG hCG fe
EG Ghj CG KG QfCGh IU S Ea dG Gg Lh ,edG
,G AdG Lj eY ,```dG jdG IOdG QH d IOG ```g
gQGUEG H N fj S jdGh jG GdG IOb CG ```c
.IU a jje H WGG Re H eGhCG
IM jJ fCT e IQ```V hCG eS OGe Vh j fdG :Y ```HS
dP AGS ,dG hCG edG ```dH QGVEG EG ODj eSh ```SdG
NBG AT CG hCG eY fGN hCG H hCG bEG G hCG VQCG hCG AGdG Y
Yh dG FH Y kGc kG```N J IOG gh ,QG S ``è
e k jCG Oj Sh ,VQG d Cj dG UG dG R```L
.VQe H e H j Y e OL d j k fMCG cG C dG
j dG dhdG FQ g jQG FQ CG Y fdG j :Y eK
k e Rj h ,QGh NGdG jQG ```h ,dG IOGQEG Y
hCG d Yj hCG j ,```TCG e T CH FdG d ```VdG
H IOG g MCG dj e c bjh ,jdG hCG dG hCG ```jdG
jQG FQ Y HY CG Vj ```fdG dh ,S Y J I``è
SdG i```dH j hCG eY hCG ```jNBG e hCG f ``è CGj ``èY
EG f jh G ```g j eY bj h ,h```c EG ```djh
eY jQG FQ Y HY CG Y fdG j h ,eCG gh e
.SQG g Y je bj dh ,OYh j hCG dG Y j
FGG e CG ```JQG hdG Y bj ```G fdG :Y ```SJ
d QG bCG G f Y jj ,fdG Gg Y ``ÙG
j ea Jf Y SdG eG S CG IOG g Lh ,edG

k fG GPEG eCG ,HdG H Sj ```fEa ,jQG FQ OfG dG
a
.S 15h S G H GhJ HH Sj fEa
IadG fGdG ```Y Ue M c ```G fdG j :h```Y
M hCG HS NBG fb CG hCG adG fb Ea dHh ,eMCG e VQj
.GYEG e d e
S eS fEa ,jG jQEG ZCG JbCG d a KQdG OGG ```g EG
hDdG jRh YEG jRhh AGQRdG Fd k ```M S dh ,k Ff FdG
cT Y eh Sb ah Qh```G S e Gj d jdG ```ffdG
dh ,WdG Gg dG ch ,e W fh e a k jCG H ,a
fC ,AH WCGh ,S G Sqb ,RdG M i```S eYEG CG dG ```j
.Qj CG hO ge VQd jh NGdG e G dG ej
142
143
EG ,jhdG bdH dG AHdG dd jdG SG S YCG cCG

H dG QjhT OQgL HdG CG QG Gce CGb CG
hdG e gZh ,fCG ``è J dG G Y ```SEH dG ``Ù
Gd jhdG bdG GSG cGJ H jQdG jdG e dG ,eG
.jW
d e EG dG j ```feEG EG CG QG j k ```W
AH Y ```bJ OH CG EG QTCG ```H ,HhQhCG jhdG ```jdG ``è
,dG U ```Yh dG Y kGN ```J iNCG FGH EG C```h ```jhf
Y IH ```ceCG jdG ``àd ShQ e hdG IQh```V EG ```J c
BG M dG SG OhQh ```Y ZQh .(e jS e) fdG ```dG
IcCG ae CG EG ,jhdG jNBG jd ac SdG FKdG
NQCH OdGh OdG d gOGSG ieh dhDG H dG edG ```fh
OLh X jhdG SG SCG d G Sbf f j ,KCG
QL H dG HdG bdG f e CG Ic eBG FGH

.eG id jG aJ GPEG WG Y kGH
EG dG a ,"dG H dG ```Y GPEG" QGdG G j ```ch
bdH hCG RdH edG dG e k M cCGh kGKJ SCG jhdG dG
cdG ```jf SG e bG ```dGh IdG CG ```c ,```dG
k GQhdG GQ``è QJ S jhdG ```jdGh ceCGh ```HhQhCG
e H
Ye Y G AZ gOH H ddG ```Y GQhdG je
e dG cdG ```H jJ MU fG Ge hCG ,```de hf
.QdG Vh dG VQCG aH
WGe d dG ``èCGh edG eCG h ,kG```L IN g ```dCG
,VQG hCG dG c AGS ,V IQP jd e c e a Gdh ,
HUEG f C ,``èdG jhdG IdG jQe ```V Y H ```j CG
a ,YG YG AH b H QJ UCG dG gdGh WdH
OdG j dhDeh ,aT Z eM jJ Ye VQCG UCG d dH
.bhY H KG AedG jc gOLCG
IOSG jW Y HdG bdG fEG Y cJ CG AHdG IQGRh ``èEH
,eBG iNCG FGdG EG aVEG ,dG H J dG FdG RdG WMG ``è
eCG Gg Ea ,jhdG ```bdG e AHdG dJ EG ICa fdhDe ```j CG ``èCG
EG dP jh ,G Gg IdG FGY e ``è Y DhdG j
G AaTh G G eh ,G AdG GMCG b e IOL bh
hdG Y j c .MGhQCG f EG dGeCG bS Rhj b eCG C ,```cG
aO G dG G C ,dG j e bGJh J CG IQh```G
G e jh ,WGe EG T fOCG hO S dG VQCG jdG
.Ybh b
,IG g Nd dG GdG EG k ZH g LhCG Ea dG Gdh
Y k XM jdG FSdH NCG Y eG QLEG jW Y dG bhh
144
145
H ,HfG Me O``` J jhdG bdG ```dCa ,eOdG LCG ``èS

Jjf e dG J c```T e Yh jS Vhe EG ```d
jEG He ,jhdG jd kGH j CG dG e jf h ,ddG dG GH
.AHdG fG dG G g Gg CG dG WGG
GTG Ea,bGdGG JYILYG ZQaCGJeh
dG FdG CG g cPCGh .G M J d IPdG ```fYEGh jdG
IQdG TQh UCG eG a ```TJ Yf e k jZ k fYEG eQ ```J
bRQ H j dG JGe J Y bdH IdG ```fGh dGh
,AHdG Y OG dG J ```Y ILY AHdG Gde CG H ,```dG
jCG N jGj S HdG QdG fG CG e WGG eG QsMh
.AHdG SG ObG e dW ,G
k G Le Fa TT Y YEG H d g HGdG
jLd UC
ITG LJ Y J dh ,AHdG fG e fj jdG Q```G
e FHc I```LCG gQbh ce ```jd jdG ```dG ```dhDd
kGQb H j NS Heh ,jQhdG Zh jQhdG UCG
k Gaj CG hO ```bdG e kG```c
g Qf dG AHdG JGa e kGMGh jQ
k G g EG SJ
M MGh jRh Lj fCG g af e ch , CG UC
H CGH d eG CG YCGh .AHc e j e dJ aj HS h
:jY e ``` gJGa aO Y G dhDG ```Y AHdG
LdG dG ```jGdG e k fKh ,AHd ```G fG e ```dhCG
jGdG e M EG ``ÙCG J eG fc GPEG EG ,A```HdG fG ```Y
hCG ,G dH J jhf YTE LdG jJ ```jW Y ,dG
jW Y ddG e e d jhdG jd c ae EG OdG j
.dG Y AdG
JGa aj Mh ```WGG CG g eG dG A```HdG SDe ``è
eh ,jdG IO```dGh dhDG Qc G ```g e j H ,A```HdG
J SDG Ea dHh ,dEG dG jJ GQGfEG SQEG Y SDG Dh```

GdG SdGh dG ```jGdG cGe H J Fg ```jS FN
k dh .bdG Y dG ```dGh
H G M dG dG e H
k j e ```fLh ,hDGh WGG H IGhG ```Y
e Z M
dG eCG gh ,jhdG bdH AHdG dJ ```H e ,YVhCG e SJ
WGG IOSG d ,WdG ```HGdG e jdG AHdG fG ```S
.dG fEd k J jG bdG e
GdG VCG ```H f CG f ```dG RdG e ```FdG hG ```ZQh
bdGh ,QdGh ,jdG bW H e ,iNCG FGH OLh Y IhY ,```HdG
NCG e ```KO CGHh ,dP c ```J A```HdG IQGRh CG EG ,```dG
.hdG dG NS fCG ZHE YOGdG
146
147
GdG dG AYCG INCG OdG ae FQ CG

J Kd IQU h```dEG jdG Y J CH k Y ```WMEG OhCG
SDG iMEG GS K e cCG ``è Ie Oa Fbd k bO k ``Ùh
eBG H HCG CG ```WGG LGh ```Y j ,dG dG ```Dd ```HdG
Jh .dG GQ``` QSG Jh ,```dG G jf bd ```NJ
jQEG dG Y QcdG HdG dG DG Y eCG jQJ fCG EG KdG
Qe b RhJ ,e IQs UQ h```H Th fV Y bdG
.dG dG dG GeCG e jQ QG HQh
d UdG MJEGh aG KdG J e U dG e ```LQCG
,KdG IOQGdG FbdG e MS FJh ,fCG Y adH a ```G hCG
:f k J dEGh
dGh Yd G SDe Y je Y / VG
QdG ```jG H jQG ```FQ EG ``ÙCG LG ```KdG ```J
:SDG
S C ec Z X ,```G MdGh MG dG ```dM EG"
dG eGdGh jdG e K cH SDG GZEG EG OCG ,aGTEG hCG HbQ
AYCG jQEG dG ```Y QcdG h ,jQ e 850 e Rh```J dG
Qe 1,25 b Rh```J e IQ UQ hH Th ```jQYG fV
."Y hCG e Yj eCG gh ,jQ
SG SG c ,dP c SDG Y je SG d "KdG Jc jh
AGKEGh dG dGh ```SG YCG dG dG DG ```feh
"iL e c e MdG G gh ,MdG
dG dGh SDH QGOEGh ```G OdG QU ``è q H j ah
:KdH aG dOCH YG SDG Y je H j
,VGh jDhQ CG hCG ,```j hCG de ```SGQO CG OLh hHh ```dG -1
V H J SDG e Y dG QdG dG e ```bdH
bHh jQEG dG Y /QcdG e T fH (QhO ``è 5 .3)
dG g e GSG hUQ hO e T Y ,G Y hO
TCG S e bCG Ie
e T) jQEG ```dG Y QcdG e T ```fHh ```G -2
,dG QdG ```dG e (jQ ``è 240) Vb ```Y (``ÙQ hO
e 140 UQ hH) NBG T b J g Vd G VdG
dG J bh gZh hdG dG H e SDG Y e (```jQ
Y G W e IQhe Ice aQEH OGdG Y SDG IQH QdG
DH dG IFGdG FQ EG cdG S dG e LJ) J ```VdG
.(SDd jQ e 198 e H
SQe (UQ hH T) jQEG QcdG e T fHh dG -3
SH dG QdG dG ``è QhO e e OYG ```H 2006
YCG d bGd GQOEG hH ge Y ."hH G He"
148
149
.QhO dCG 150 e dG b RhJ ,SDd gh GbJh

jW CH QH H ```jh dG e dG g S ```dh
Y e j dP EG e d SDH G jG j Hh fG EG ,```
egGhH OYGIajdhIH QdGYb GeCGZ
Ye e AL aVEG EG EG dG ..d GMCGh YCG g SG NCJ
VGh QdG EG EG OYG Gg EG HfG AKCG SDG J dG DG
FKd GOe d ae) YEG g SG jQJh OYG jQJ ```H q e
.(OYG a VGZCG h SGG QdG J dUCH dG j
e T) jQEG ```dG Y QcdG e T ```fHh ```G -4
Vd ,dG QdG dG e (jQ je 104) Vb Y(UQ hO
d edG dG e ,(Qhe) Y d eR dhCG OGeh Qh AGTh ```j
OYG EG ZdG Y (dG d X dG IQU) jQ e 280
g OYh YCG J j G H QhO e G ```HdG
Gg b e %70 ```f Y jj e SNG ```H a fCG dG ``è ,```dG
.jdG Gg Ga V dhJ S dGh ,VdG
dG H e (QhO ``è 28 .1) e O```YG H ```dG -5
LdG e SDd ee H fH ,"hH G He" SH h```dG
OGdG e SQG dG ```YWh ,dG Y e AGd G ```L
b ,GdG GH AadGh ,OYG Ia jH SDG a Hh ,2007 je
SDG e NO e eh edG H dGh dH SDG Y je
.IASEH G OQh
dG H e (```jQ e 117) ```H J Y ```G -6
dG YW b h```H G He EG dG ```j ) jdGh
id dG jObG ```SDG e H fH (dG ```Y eh SQG
SDG jQeh GbJ Y U Z ee dG jG J H ,dG
VEG jdGh dG Ie AfG H dG b bh ,jObG SDG IQGOE
HM e G ```H dG j hCG OGdG Y ```G SDe ```Jh

SDG ebh ,SDG H ```bdG AS dP Hh ,jObG ```SDG
e JOSGh jhOCd dG cdG He LCH UG dG AfEH jObG
IQGOEG SDG Y je ```jJ AL e H dh ,G ```SDe
CGh ,SDG Y kGc k ```Y QU G VdG HG Vh QGSG C```H"
k Fb GR ```SDG H Gh ,"```jhOCG cd J O```j CH CG```dG
aQh ,IQcG G HQEGh HH G SDe Y je YJ H
gGh cQG aQ dG dG jObG SDd M CH GYG
Yeh aQh dUCG JIOYEG H) dGYeAGTb e %20H
G Gd kGfh ,YCG dG QG dG b g dG g QYGh ,(```b
SDG ge e AL g dG Gg e CG G SDe Y je ```YG
.(jhOCG cT) e FN jObG
b dG 2005 ```d ```SDG H ``èdG ```fGG ```jhH ```dG -7
jQdG A```NEGh ,jdG R```L /PSCG HdG ```fdG SG ```gOGYEH
fdG SG ```dH b bh ,H aG ```MGh GRhdH ``ÙG
SDG e dN e SdG BG j IQhG fGG gh ,SDd ```jG
.jhOCG cT e JQN J dGh jObG
QZ d gh je b qGf Yae QhO dCG 20 e SNG -8
HM OLh CG d ```d ,hH G He e jhOCG cT ```H
dG IQGOEG bEG e SDG ```Y je j M ,HG g R``` hCG
.gJaO JKEH
Ia AKCG Qh AG```d ge Y ```jQ e 59 ``è ```SNG -9
.fJG cT e Gh SFdG HfG
HG I cT e gh ```je jQ e 2,2 e ```SNG -10
cdG H UG IQJdGh ```dG jhJ bh ,dG Y QZ ```b
.dH UG FKdG Lh
150
151
UG dG d k YJ SDG e G jQ e e ```SNG -11

dG e jQ ``è S) SFdG ```HfH FdG TJ ```Yd
,G G OH SDG ``èb H dG de Yh ,T IQ```H
.(FdG TJ Yd e c SDG S q HM eh
:eg aVEG
,DG Y eC e HS jJ ae H SDG Y je b
G e YGh ,H UG ```SG dG H ,G Gg Ve h```J
jG b bh ,dG OLe Z gMCG Xe Kd ICae he ```jQ
EG YGh ,H jG SG dG Yh ,```g jhdG H jG G
eb J j H FKh ``ÙCG eG CH BG j ```dG ```jG CG
.d G G g jQdG adG IOaEG EG aVEH ,G Gg SNH
ea QU e IQU je KK b jQ ``è 92 e SNG -12
dGh ,SFdG HfG HfG jYd ```G jQG FQ CG
,HfG AKCG aH DG h```d gjQJh gH SDG J
e gj dGh ,QdG g SH UG GdG ``ÙCG jhJ M
.eSG g e fdG dG hdG J j h a MGh UCG
dG Y O SGH jQG FQ Cd kGjJ 2007 dj ``àQ -13
Y U Z e fHh ee j IQGOEG FQ jQEG
.G fCGh SDG
eh dG Y be b e AGH d QS SGHh dG -14
180000 ,hH G H cGh ,(dG Y e) ```SaEG
e RhJ dG G b VCG KH (jQ e 35 e Oj ``è)
Jh ,dGh VQCGh G j AGdG Y CG dG e ,jQ e 11
aVEH ,fdG YCG jdG gEG f OdG e dM ```G BG
e J C ```JJ h ,dG Y WY eh ,qG```L b ```fc EG
.SDG G H S VY jhJ bh ,dG dG DG
He e (hH) ```jOe (ShDhQ N) qG```L b YW dBG AG```T -15

(jeCG QhO dCG 450) ``` G b VCG ```KH hH ```G
jOe Gh ,dhO e cCG gCGh eSG b fCG cJ H JCG ```bh
eh ,dG VY AL e H 2000 ```jOe dh 1979 g ```G
RhJ G b CG dG ``è ,QdG bh fdG EG LH dBG G```J
Y je EG G je e ae jH g fh ,(QhO dCG 130) e
aVEH ,SDG H aGbG e MGah dBd qGL dG dG j SDG
G cdGh ,dBG g e MCG dBG N e cC S VY EG
.BG g e H
QOZ dG ,gh G) SDH edG fdG MCG IYh dG -16
e OH UG NCGh ,QSCG VhYh ```SdG GQhCG jhH (d EG
dGh HfG YG e OY jQJ OY ASQEG Vd fdG HG
eG HdG G Y (IOh be) gZh dG dG DH UG
.e
OGG e dG ```LMGh dG hGL jdGh ```YdG -17
SDG c dG dG dG Dd HfG G Ye ```d G
ch QSCG ```YdGh jQ e 650 ```b RhJ dGh ,```gH
.QH IG YCG Yfh
(jQ e 55 e O```j e) QhO dCG 280 e ```jH ```dG -18
a fEG ```j gG ```H (fjH) ```SG j H QH ```
jJ fOCG O```Lh hO dPh ,(AU ```j) VYh LfEG ```S ```FS
jd hCG ,```d fje OGd ```G Gd SG LMh ```SDG ```Vd
aVEH ,SQG dG YW UG Lh Yh ,JGbJh dYCG ```J
aCG fEG h ,dGh YdG SDG f ```H bY CG OLh d
Y M Vb e AL g G Gg CG EG aVEH ,Gh FdG
.SDG
152
153
,SDd M CG fV CG a d jdG Y CG Y Ih```Y

e kGQOU S RGL j kGL OY e T O a dG ```da
Y je jJ AL e Hh ,jQYG hCG SQ L CG h ,```fjH
bCGh fOCG jM G G Y FdG M Qb) Jdeh SDG
.QhO e 1,12 EG QhO dCG 560 e CG ,%400 EG %200 He
g jCG :dG Gg jQJ e S Y Hj e Qhe Hh ,g Af CG dh
SDe M g jCGh ??QJ c J dG eYG ```HQCGh GFdG g
?!fLG FGL e G
dG DG Yb Yd SDG e c jQ e 47 e b -19
Fd aG jdGh ,IQGOEG ``` aG jdG AL ``è H ,dG
Y aVEG ,a k de QSCG QGa J UCH g dG gh ,jQG
aVEGh Y h ,```DG INCG e aQ h ,Dd ``èG QSCG
d dh DG Yd k YO gQYGh ,SDG S gh Hc
.dG e SSCG
CG hH SDG h``Ù e Ic ```de de H ``èb QG```J -20
LJ CG hHh ,```SDG H bY d VGZCG C hCG ```ffb GQ``è
JHe H bh ,SDG hU eCG Y gbh ,H N ``èSG hCG
jQ je 8 IQbh e dG Gg e M J j dG ```dG
hU e jQ e 2 eh ,SDG hU e jQ je 6 e :``è
23 e HdG dG N dG JHe Rh c ,dG Y ``è
.gh jeh JGH J bh ,jQ e
UTCGeOYSHUGHdeJh deHeb -21
:e Gh
DG)dG dG Dd jdG dG SH J jQ je 1 -1
.(S GY SGH HdG dG
e) dG OG```dG/ AMEd cG RG ```SH jQ ```je 10 -2
.(WdH IG YCG
ICae IQH) (QhO dCG 12) SQG dG H jQ e 2,4 -3
.(HG X Me
HQCG OY) gh IQ```H dGh HdG IQGRh ```SH jQ ```je 7 -4
.(Y gdGY h jQEG M O e c SH T
.(Ge IY aU) d edG dG SH jQ e 5 .1 -5
GY SGH HfG AKCG) ```gdG j SH jQ ``è 5 .1 -6
.(S
GY SGH HfG A```KCG) VGdG Sj SH jQ ``è 5 .1 -7
.(S
OY SGH HfG A```KCG) WdG Y SH jQ ``è 2 -8
.(Fb
d S ```cGJh ,LQN S ```H He ```jdG j ``àU -22
e c !!SDG ```YCG He H ,IQeh a de IQ```H aGh
EG QG SDd YCG CG g d fCG dG e ,IgdGh ```HOh hH
dG jCG e j jdG g e CG ```MG eh ,a h```H
EG dG jh SQEG ```Y Hh AKCG hCG SdG SGh GR```LEGh
.hH G He
,UG jQe e OY jh Yd JGQbh SDG OQG OSG -23
dG U AfE ``èdG jdG eh ,SDH ```bY CG d d ```dGh
H ,k jJ ```jQ e 35 (dM) O```bG dGh (k HS) ```dG
e ch (dG deh ReG MU) jQdG d dG Od ```de
.gZh dG fEd dGh jRd WdG
d ,FdG ea QU e IQU e 4,35 ```YH SDG b -24
YH c ,IQU je 10 c UCG e YG YdG cT He
aH DG dJ SDG M ,jQ je 10 HfG AKCG SDG
154
155
.(IQU e 4,35) b a jQ je 103 e

,dG UTCG MC gh IY jQ e e H dG -25
UHSDGedGGgJGH,SDH bYCG dd jdG
J Sh !JG G```H G YCG H SG ```Vdh !VQCG
.q M IdG
dG VQCG g Ve Y ee hCG UJ CG SDG jd dh
CG ,SDG X gDhGT S VQCG g g ,jQ G e LC U
gGTGh ,jQ e 100 e b Rh dG SDG Y je VQCG g
DG FQ Cd eJ CGh S SDG CG dG e ,HG SDG GeCG e
d 80`H Me QJ dG Y e bGdG DG VQC J ```H
.Y SDH UN e Ad
H (2006 jGH) dG dG DG IOb e bY JJ Hh b -26
XG e c AL H bh ,SDG Y jQGOEGh k de "dG Y e"
FbEH QGb CG Qhd k JQGOEG e SDe gYGh ,dEG UCGh
bZEG hCG SDG SaEG QTEG e aJ EG aVEH ,G SDe IQGOEG Y
.Y cGG dG fjG H
N e NBG f EG jh SDG H kGNDe YhTh eb -27
JBG J
.dG Y e EG SDG Xe H f FGdG QGUEGh ,``ÙN eLh jQJ ``è EG SDG ``è j jd QOe Y dGh ```XG Jh ,dG hdGh ,```H UG
.jG dG
.YEd WdG SDe SH iNCG SDe EG SDG fCG H j JeJh dYCG Lh SDG GbJh YCG e J QMG -28
d cG hH - G He) a IMGh L Y QG ```jQdG
M ,ae CG OLh hO (jR M/ dGh RM MCG / dG ``è
CG g dh ,jeCG QhO je 3 ``è jd IG YCG b Rh```J

CG dG e ,Ie M ac M hCG ,SDG M SQ OY
IOLG HGh NCG fdG HG e fQe ```Je G g QSCG
IOY j fCH JGh QSCG VhY J CG EG ``àVEH ,IQhG hdG
YCG g d ``èc feEG aJ ZH d Th ```YCG J ```H
EG aVEH .H bCG ```Hh ,iNCG He CG hCG ,SDG ```He
dG bdG ,YCG g jQJ ```NCJ eGZ L J ```SDG CG
SDG J dc ,SDd H J NCJ eGZ CG G g J
.hH e dh AU e dG eCJ SQ ac
ad ,jdG RL PSCG fdG ```SG e e dG a -29
dG aQ e ```dGh ,dG GRhdGh ```dG e OY jh ```bOG
ZQ H ,G He ``è IGG dG Y e UCG J IO```YEH
J dG dG jdG QH SG e e bdGh ,SDG Y ```je
.SDG Y je ZQh GRhh d ac cQeh OYH
JHe ```H SDH ``èdG ```JGhQ U ```NCJh ```J -30
UG jQGOEGh dG FGdH J Yh ,G g e IQG dG
,SDH jjG aH UG dGh MdG ad QMGh ,SDH
fdGh jdG JLH AcGh SQ MU CG d FYEG ```Yh
LJ CG QGUEG ```h ,SDG bCG ASDhQh ```je e JeJ e
e dGh SDH jQGOEGh dG ``èGh jdG gCG e OY N
dG YGdGh aG Nh ,ANCG bdGh LGGh SG Y
hDT NdGh ,e d ```bGh LhOG JLJ H edG ```H
edG fh Yh Jh ,G jjG EG LdG hO XG YCGh
JMUedVQG jhfbeCG hOLGeIQHSDH
.Jdeh
HdG jQGOEGh dG JGRhh Jd ac AYEH -f AHh- eb -31
156
157
aGe NCG N e ,```ffb dAe CG e J dG ``èRdG ffdG ```dG

MG IdG d dSG QWEG e c Y IQGOEG FQ Jh
.jQEG dGY QcdG e e d
FQ CG Vh Jh dGh HdG JY L ``èb -32
g jd bGdG eCG SS eCG k FGO Vhh ,L bGe SDG IQGOEG
.YCGh GbdG e AfG H EG dG Cj M dG
e J N e ,HdG GRhdGh FG L ANEG ```dh -33
ah ,QdG jG bJh fdG SG ```J e ,SDH edG
ASGh ,SG e OY ah ,dGh G je ah ,```G jG
SCG CG hH SDH XG e c OY Y ASGh ,G je Y
dG ..ffb GQe hCG
aEG ,DG IO```b ,SDG IQGOEG ```FQ c ```dSG -34
DH G dGh dG HbdG g e G d IQG hG
ASH ,VG GdG dG W dG JfHh SDG HM LG
e Kh bH Jj gMCG T e dCJ dG Gg e ```b IMGh
Qhe jd FdG GNEGh INCG dG VH b dG SDG Y je
k k c j dG d jgh
dG Yh ,GRhdGh dG e Fg
b k Je g dG Y j CG Y qGQb dh .SDG GeC ```dGh
.GQhO M He DG fNh G aTh V H
g dh ,dG g M ,SDG Y je Oa e QG```SG -35
je T eCG ``àG H Hd S DG IO```b e UY cQ I```G
JY M dG IdG dG Gh SG H ``àeh 2007
RhJ dG dGh ```ch ,dG Y EG e Gj dGh ```HdG
da SQ jh ,(jQ e fKh FSh Qe) QhO ```je 8 b
f g jGh ,SDG f g SDa ,HdG dG c KGMCGh
jdGh ,hH G He f g IG Gh ,j SdG jG
Rhj dG e G jdGh ,IG g cCG Qh ,fCG g N j

jQ e 900 `dG e
/7/1 jQJ M q jJ dGh Yd G ```SDe fje LEG -36
:JCG dG Yh k jJ jQ e KKh fKh FK IQbh e 2007
GdG f G
H OYG a b) ```dG QdG dG jQ ``è 400 1
(jQ e 240 Vb b + QhO hH - G
jObG SDG fH jdGh dG H jQ ``è 120 2
.dG
.(iNCG ahe + hH - G H d de b)
e OYG ```b H hdG ```dG H ```jQ ``è 100 3
G L fH
.(G YdG dBG AGd hH - G H OYG a b)
.OYd ae (hH) G He e H jQ e 98 4
SDG ```HM bEG) ```Gh dG ```H ```jQ ``è 20 5
.(GQS AGT fVh
.gZh jOQd eGdGh d be fje jQ e 50 6
.FGdG fje jQ e 50 7
.LEG jQ e 838
158
159
! ..
TGh Y aU ```S H e c VG ```jO e ```SdG

edG eCG ```ShCG dG hD Add HCG ```dG gYO
jQS g A```KCG J ```NdG dG ```fch ,gGHEG ```dEG ```ceCG
.GdGh d QdG dG d ceCG GYdGh
LJ QhO AL eYh ,ceCG hDG ```f Ld eEH SG
De EG GfdG GY d dG FdG UG b e KCG GDS
k ,eG e eSEG ```dG
jQdG H j e c hJ GP``` "d Fb
S Y Jh ,GdG gQEG ```YO fN jh ,k Vae k c```S
c Gg dCG ,d M ```fCG J CG Ve ,G iNCG ```fCG
!?jG LGhOREGh d
CH bCG d ,```jQSh dG H fQG aGQ GD```dG Y gGHEG ```LCa
IQOdG gQEd YGdG Fb h ,IG CG Fb Qe LQ UG
IOGQEG Y jh H ,e ```Vae S ceCG fGG IQGRh ```Y
G hDH j e d jH ```HG e gGHEG dEG CG ZQh .```dhdG

,AKCG J ,Uh b J Qh ,GDdH La fCG T CG EG ,HdG
OOj a ```dP eh ,GfdG S ```Y AU ceCG IQ```dG ```jQJ
.IQjdG T
Y M ```bh MG b HCG ```dG j CG ```G ``è ```dh
dh ,dG FdG e SQ ah V LQN IQjR GfdG ``ÙG
LMG Sj c IQjdG H TCG HQCG ```HCG dG j CG G ``è
.Y
k jLCG dH ```dG dh
k dW ,TH Fd dG G e JG
Y dG -JOY Z Y- dhDG ``àa ,f hCG cCJ Y G
e AOEG ZdG Y EG FY dG cCJ Y dG CG Qh ,eCG
b ceCG dG ```Lh e G jJ Ea JGP bdG h ,```G ```dJ
.d LM k f k J GfdG j
jdG CG VH GcCG ceCG LQG bKe jQe CG ```Z
e j dG ``èCG gh ,GfdG ```YG dG e k SQ ```J I```G
KCG k T ```fCGh ,HdG H HCG Q```cdG dG LQG ```jRh H OCG ``è
dG QOG U KCG h ,ceCG LQG U KCGh ,HdG ``Ù
.GfdG H j a iNCG ceCGh
Y k jCG QObh ,``è M EG dG Cd He CG ```YRCG CG g ```SCGh
Cf IG jdG CG k e YCGh ,IG jdG QGdG U c ``à
,fGG IQGRh Fb LGQOEG ```N e ,GfdG b GMEG Y ```H
cCJ M ,H dJ fCG c ,gQEd LQG IQGRh Fb dh
.QOG KhCG
eh ,a LQG G``èCG a J ceCG fGG IQGRh ```Fb
jd J IQhdH J dh ,GdG H jH dGh dG ``è
CG ,e e d aJ ,cCdG SCGh .YG b Vh hCG ,I```G
160
161
CG jJ h ,GfdG dG fhBG g f CG TGh

eG dJ dh .HCG CG T c gh dG QfCG e LGe NJ
eG H J e gh , H iNCG IUQCGh JUQCG k ehO dG
.gQEG j V YG fhJ bOU Z fC ,BG M dG
f YCG H ,```jje h YJCG e ```dh ,GfdG Y aGOCG ```g ```fCG
,dOdG jdH I```LG eCG ```d ,k fGLhh k ```SSh k ja eN ``è
fCG e dG d k Hc H MJ CG dG SFdG SDe h e eCGh
dG jQdG Hc cCG Ja ,WGe Y aGJ fCG hCG ,gQEG Q```
.UG
W Y "S 26" U H G```fdG WGG b O ```d
j c dH ```G Qeh ,G e TCG ```HQCG H YG ```YG
YREdGGfdGdGH GALh.SFdGbgdGG
U Sd G jQJjQdG SdG Y LMG GgG ```b
k G gJ dG GgG gh ,```Sh Y G
SGh ,dG dG ```DG UC
jgG k SM k HN ```jh ,DG e dG j CG G```fdG
T M CG e J dG dG SGh ,```WGY gh SM dCG
.SFdG HfG b
G aGhh ,GfdG Y k J ceCG QOe g CG g fCG h
JGh dG Y kGOYG ,ASG Y cCJ EG gYO ,gGg ```dG
GgC kGO dG J dG eG CG J h ,GfdG CH HdG
,GfdG J d fCG dH jH dG dG J c ,j ```f
.d LG dG Y ac dOCG hH J dh
jdG ceCG ```Sh ,ISG IQ```dG g gh ,RGHG g G```g
ObdGh gQEd FdG ```dG g jSdG dhDGh ```HPdG ```fCG CG
QJ CG ```Y Yj d ISdG fCG ``è edG CGh .d ```SSCG
GdGfc ceCG SeHdG FQ kGL cQJ e Ggh ,IQG dG ``è
AKCG dU G```Y Y FdG eCG hG ``à dG Vh dG ,```jGQ

,GfdH ceCG id TGh e FdG OYh .TGh EG INCG ```JQjR
.ceCH GfdG ij BG ggh
j b d ceCG CG -SCd dU FdG cQj dG ``èCG
IQG eh ,b h ,Ia GfdG CG c ,G```fdG b H
aS e C ,G```fdG Y ceCG j hCG ,c``èCG Y GfdG ```j
.dG dG g dG
162
163
FGdG dG ```FdG HCG dG ```j QG af ``è ```TdG

IQjR N ,TH Q```L ceCG FdG e dU GY ```Y TGd
bj Y jG CG M ,ic gCG d j dG fG CG h```j
SdG dG YEd HG H jh .jT e cCG e dG adG
QU aJ Qh ,dG ```FdG S b H jJ CG```H TGh CG
ceCG SQGG o W ```jh ,ebEG e EG QG e jdG W ```Y
.OdG FGd dGh d
iS ,IQjdG ```Y BG M AT CG Y Q```j TGh CG ```Gh
Lh Y hCG ,dG fh jS e dCj HCG dG e e jJ
.G G Y J c 42 jdG
M ,ceCG fd IQjdG J GPe VGh H dG g O```h
KOd e jQ EG HCG dG Y QOdG G jdG QTCG
."gQEG ae hdGh ,jd TH ILCG "g
YS e bCG i```S j d ddG dG hO ``è dhO FQ ```SG

CG EG aVEG ,```KOGh GAdG e dH ```MOG TGh hL ```H
bQdG ,dG ceCG IQGOEd Se Z bh JCJ dG FdG IQ```jR
b e hG Y cd ```h NGdG HdGh FdG e ```S
.IjL LQN jH gG
FdG Y MS a kGOh k jU c HCG ```dG Ea dP eh
fd adG eh .(gQEGh ,jG ) k fBG GQcG YVG ```gh dG
d G d k ah TH FdG ILCG S AL jG Ve ```W CG
jG LGJ Ve ```S ceCG IQGOEG CG j Ggh HCG ```dG
CH YdG e Tj h ,```TH ILCG e Tj dG LGdG gh ```dG
.Tf WGO J dG
g a ,k dM k Fb h```dG c GPEa gQEG hdG ```Ve eCG
d ceCG ```fG c GPEG EG ,```FdG i``è Y MW IO```YE ```LG
.hdG Gg UJ Y Me
dG aG HG Ve J CG H ceCG fG ```Meh
FGb LQe Lh UTC O```J dGh g dG eG ``àJ
M hCG gQEG ae ```VdG Ve S c .dhdG ```gQEG
e b "G ```dG SdG M dh "```fV hCG e eEG "TH ```J
."ae e iNCGh gQEG
jdG jJ jdG effGZ e Ve ceCG fG S c
M ,IQjdG b e EG dG eG e H Hbh ,d J IG
J aJ dG b eM H e fCH dG eG ceCG j
b CG Qh ,VGQCG S Y effGZ ```gAHEG Jh WGe
eG dh G ```b aJ dG g eM CG ``àj dG
.J aJ dG ceCG
H e j CG OGQCG ```d jb GQhCG ```HG jd ```dG fG ```dh
164
165
.jG jb EG HCG dG ```H j dG LhOG jG Y ```MG

CGJ CG Y dG ``è H jd jhdG IG jdG ```J ``à
dG j R```MG e effGZ ```j a ,effGZ ```jG ```H
OG k e Yj h ffEG dG d k c```fG cd dMEG hO
CG c .IH OG g Vj EG ,dG jG Y jG ceCG
dG fG OGQCG d JQKEG IG ```jdG G jDG dG ```b
Xe eb q e ee H ,FL EG d SS b fC ,dP
,k eY jY ``è cC dG eCG ```S e Y ,```LdG Y ``èe
k VaG d Mh .h Hc ie gZ e cCG ```dG g Jh
L
,ceCG fGd k ah a fe ceCG e G aQh ```jDG dG CG
ceCG edG ```SeHdG ```j CG SS QG```H Y GaEG E``à
Y dG h HdG G ceC gGdG Ye e c M EG jh
k
CG a e
H eJ CG IG jdG OGQCG GPEGh .UG ```Lh
dh IdG SCG J YG jW Y gQEG Od IdG SCG QJ
Y G jRJ OL ba dG jDG dG eCG YH d IASEG
.dG fdG IQG Z iNCG GRhdG c AGdG
kGTDe j Y ceCG ```fG cJ Ea ,k jCG jH j ``àh
,dG d dG hGdG ```Ve W J ceCG IQGOEG CG ```Y
EG G SFdG HfG ```f TJ H dG FdG ZQ ```jh
Hf dG SFdG I```dG e d J e N ```q H ,bGh ```M
-AT d- g j CG Y FfG H EG ``à FdG e MCG j ```M
dG EG bCG GjEG C NBG eN EG d hCG IddG WGd SQM EG
.SdG Qh YLG cJ
HCG d JCj dG fG Ea ,kGL UN ee Mh ..```dh
dh ,TdH ```Zj FdG ```T CG gGa I```jL IH kG``è
H J IjL aVEG Id SFdG j CG e J Od dG ```G
.d dG OdGh WGdG f dfG Ia

dfG IdG I```H kGS S HCG dG CG ```dG fG ```jh
WGdG f dfG IdG J CG j ceCG fG CG M ,IjG
CG ,ec SFQ Ia dh ,dU ```Fd G dG QdG ```g
Fd S J jW Y jL HY H WGdG If e TH
N Y ceCG QOe Jh .b HQ e cCG dG Y e HY
IdG J GN A```d Y EG TGh e dU ```FdG Oj CG ``è
KK GNEH CGS fCH iG aQ QOe gcDJ dG jdG ```dfG
De Y e k eGJ ,G dU FdG AH dGh ,```gd je
g jW H FdG TJ IOYEG Y j CG QG e dG cG G
SFdG Y j CG Rj h ,dG dG e g H d k e j fCG
.WdG g
Gg ,IjL dfG Ia CG ``è dG CdG ceCG AGN Q```jh
S J CG k Ff eCG Ga J fC OdG QGSG YJ b G```NEG
.OdG e IN LQO EG Uh dG gGdG YVhCG e OdG j
EG ODJ b HGVG e OdG PfE MdG dG CG AGG ADg ijh
G Y ad ,dG dG QN e AjbCG T dG g ```J
H e HG Lh JSCGh G Fd fV J e ,OdG hCG
,IjL Id dU GY Y TJ Y M , hCG ```d VdG
aGj fCG hj CGdG Gg dh .e Me CG SdG QCd AdG Yh
dH e dG AYdG Y OYG e ``è Tj h dG bGdG ``è
.G dG NBG EG UdG M
cQG LQGh NGdG idG C ,kGJ cCG dG G h```Jh
QGb CG M dG Y ``ÙCG ,AGS M Y ,VQGh ```dG
ObG bGdG J Y ```Y dG dG SCGQ H GRe dG ```dG
eh .dG IhdG GSG ZQ ,VG OdG G```W dG d OG
166
167
b fhfG iL e Ea ,kGAS GMCG bJh ,dG de ```YJ

dG QfG CG Me ``è ,dG Qj CG JQgH ```MWEG
jdG Y gCG H Q```Jh OdG IMh OJ Nh bGY EG OD```j CG
Y d MdG dG CG dU FdG Qj a .H OS H dedG
b dfG IH dG Yh ,k HS e c Y g SdG jQJ
d IjL VfG j Q LQNh NGO aGH efG Ia EG J
S GDdG Gg Y HLEG .d MCG j e gh ,HdGh NCG cCJ
.cG G De d jG YG G jO e edG b J
168
dG ,bfG e hCG Q```dG ,ceCG "IG" I```b e W

SdGh HG IGh WGdG Y ``èfH OGYEG cQd dG EG
.fh EG AS eYEG edG Y GTEGh LGNEG dJ ,OdG
S jdG CG SM Y e ch ,CG h ,gG ``àQCG
GUCd ```G j d dG eCG ```gh ,eG dG ```jdG ```NGO
IcCG ae EG ``àVEG ,ec ```jH f Y J CG ``èd ```dG
.TGh dG IQdH IG Ib IQGOEG HJ dG IWdG bdH
S ,dG eG I```S Y kGH efdG jJ CH jCGQ ```jHCGh
a cQG Y hY ZQh .dG QG id cCG k bhh ```bGe
dG eG ZdG L c e JGdG gHh ,IQGH eYEG ``èdG
AGQBG UCG GTEG e h ,eG CGdG g MGh CGH efdG L
.Ie hC dG jdG e H NO be iNCG
f LJ Y VGQ J IG I```d HdG IQGOEG CG dP H ```La
169
eh WGdG LGdGh ,fEG ```M e HY e a

jW Y dG eG IG IH ```M bY HJ dG eG ```H
.TGh gS
OfG HSCG ceCG LQG hDe e UN Ad AKCG ```MTh
jG Y ``àd IQe IdG ```J CG WCG c EG ```d b ,IG I```d
G g e HdG eG bGNG e j CGh fEG ```Mh
dh ,HdG dG ```g S jdG jGdG EG d ```bh .IjG I```b
.H a GH q d M ,e Y S gdG dG jGdG
IG IH j f dG dG CH LMh jEG hDG e ```j
fCG e IdG a Y dO cCG JGP H IOTEG g CG OQ a
.TGh dG AGdG c e d Lf fc dh ,LCG e
J dG eYEG dH J CGH ceCG IQGOEG CG dP H Y
J M ,jQdH ```dG GMEG jjj dhDG Q```c dh ,IdG ``è
eCG IQGOEG e J dG FdG S EG J a LG G```dG
jd Ic f j ceCG jdG aGO CG k UN ,ceCG dG
e dh ,QG ceCG IQU jJ Y bCG Y a Vj dG I```dG
ceCG IQdG jj k Yhe UCG ceCG dG CG QGbCG ```bQe
."LDq J dh J " HY mOjCH k jJ
fdG C ,IG Ib Ige H fCa TGh OLh Hh
d ,a QG EG LJ jh ,```NGdG LG YEG ceCG
J gT eY kG```NDe a bh ,HdG d S Y ```ggTCG
,jg Me Hfd f TJ Y Y dG FdG LGd I```G
dG FdG "IQY j JGf ```FQ GH jgG ZH ```M
k ."```f TJ jh ```gG Zd ```Vj
HV LGdG ```J CG e H
d Yh Y LGj dG FdG "g c OQJ bCG Y hCG ,WGd
."f TJ H
e EG YS bJCG cCG dG IOGQEd VdG Y FdG GdG G```g

WGd jhdH G dG dhdG e ```dh ,AU jJ
."IG" SG Ib h jGh
ZQ ,"IjG" Ib Gf e If GdG Gg e CG G e
IjG H ,```dG eG e IL bY e ```b eM Hj ``è
AU e d J eh ec jOH G Zh ,```dhDe
,JGf fCG e fOe ``à IG Ib eCG .Tg OGe edG jj ```dG
dG eYEG ejh j CG```H Mh efH iS dP Y ```j h
Z j h ,jG Y adH j efdG CG S M ```FM EG
.IOTEG J jGH gh ,J hCG eG g
dG Qc ```MCG IOHh ,```bfG id dP ```J IjG Ib ```fch
EG ,dhdGh HdG ``èYEG MdG M dG I```G fG Ea ,```dG
WGdG jb AGREG hCG JGS H edG dG LJ SSCH ```gOe
G hJ IdG J ```N JCGLh ,HdG dG fEG ```Mh
HT dG aGfGh cfG ``è d ah ,HdG SdG ```Y
.cG HdG fCG S
gG gP hCG fG Ea H a IjG ie LGJ d ```Mh
a ,H J CG "IG" Y c e Ggh ,fL EG J fCG k SGQ GRe
e WY bY ebEGh HdG fCGh HdG eG fO J CG ```d
h .HdG QdG GMG J JGP bdG h ,```TGh HdG GQdG
dG TH FdG HN d GH J gh ,gG ej CG ```
.dH dG AYdG j c
fH Y J fC gjh eG ```J j HdG WGG
,eCG Gg IQGH dG J I```G Ibh ,G YdG N d ```G
EG LH ceCa ,```ceCG dh HY fEG ```Y f ```ddh
J e GG ``` fCG J ,HdH Wf jb "R```f ca"
170
171
.ceCG IQGOEH "J Qjf"h "SH TGh"

Gh G e dh ,HdG VQd kGe IG J CG jh
d J e NBG dH J a ,HdG eG d e EG J CG
WGdGh ceCG jG jDhd j dG ,HdG gG id bGe ``è
.ceCG Ib HdG fCd k jhJ gj CG jh ,ceCG
172
dG aq ,TGh EG dU GY Y dG FdG IQjR e HSCG b

U QGM ,dG RdG e ICLe LGc SeJ AU ```ceCG
Gg hDe Qe fGh .bJ b dG WGdG Ie EG a ```b
.NGdG fhDT NdG Y jh WGO dhO dG CG k YGR jdG
dG EG Fb ,GdG ceCG WGdG e dc S dG Q```G
RjEH AL hDG dG QG jJ CG LG eh .GdG e ```j d
g j CG j dG ```MCG C ,dU GY Y FdG ``è
Uh e M j dG eCG gh ,aGeh FdG Y hO jdG
fCH gjJ dG eG YEG hj dG ceCG dG bdG ```dEG
U H aQdG CG M ,HY UY CH J ITe jb bY
aJ e ceCG fG Z i``è kGL aj TGh QGdG
dc Jh QGG hO h dG dG IO SQ J IjY
.gQEG Y IFGdG dG H
173
d j M EG e gdG ``à ,dG LQH j ```ceCG

d j M EG NGdG IQGRh ``è gjh ,"FdG H eCG" ```dP H
EG eh ,f eCG d j IQGOEGh IQGRh c h ,"FdG H eCG" dP ```H
MJC TGh EG IQjR G```WCG :dH gQOj M FdG EG G```j
e TGh ```FdG Ad S ```j eCG Ggh .g ```FSDhQ ``è
M Fd b ceCG GQSG ```dch h dGQdG dG ``è
a QhJ dG HCG dG cJhdG AdG bh LQG hDe e
UdG UJ d bh jd d ceCG FdG C IOL ```Me CG
.dG ASDhdG id e
IQjR Y k ehO ```dU GY Y FdG j GP``` ceCG ```jh
EH ce CG```Jh EG ,Ie c ```d JQjR j O```j M ,```TGh
M fhJ iHCG b j CG hO ,Fd iNCG IQjR Y dGh QGUEGh
dG VQGh dG dG jEG g a VdG Cch de QWEG e
CG QGG hO jEG ```Y IhY ,HCG dG e Yeh ```ceCG ```fCG
H Uh b j JdG CG M IKDeh jb UCG TGH AU bY
.Ge bCG EG fG
,dG QgORG j e QH ,fCG QG```SG j j ceCG
OGSGh dGh dG CG ```TGh e k cGQOEG EGh dG ```g k M d
LQO EG ,dG eh ,IjY GH dG e kGc UhCG dGh dGh
H dGh gQEG i```b MCG AQGh ,IG ```Y QfG J
.e c ceCG dG jJ CG Oj
C ,H ceCG fG gj TGh EG G FdG IQ```jR dh
c Wh ,hG Y dG ```Vh IG g Qb ,hj e Y ,```TGh
JCJ c .BG e d ceCG dG CGH VGh H dhdG Y ```NBG
SFd f TJ ```Y eH ga dG dG H dG FdG IQ```jR
.G S gDhGLEG QG G HfG
,JOY Z Y adH GAdG j CGH dU FdG CG Md ```bh

W aQ FdG EG AU SFdG QGH eYEG e QOe Jh
hG MdG GD```dG Y HLEd k ```jOJ IjY YEG FShh ``Ù
k OL g g :```MdG
cJ H Od SG jQdG g eh ?YCG a a
.?G
Y d MGh T iS Fd nj a ,JGP QOG d k ``àhh
CGJ CG QG TGh ```ceCG Ud eOdG JQjR C ,```YdG GDS
,SCG Y Od adG LGe ```d Y S G af e ```SdG
,f DhdG jd CG T jdG ceCG IQGOEG cQCH AdG k jCG dh
k FdG jj g gh
Y dG WGdG H H jQdG Nj CG a
,OH Sj CG ```jj e Z k kGQ```J jd CG CG ,```YGe
dGh jdG ```Jee aH jj BG ```M dGRe dG CG ```H
.SdGh
IG jdG EG dU GY Y Fd ````G IQjdG CG jJ
Tj hCG HfG f ````TQ AGS ,SdG JM INCG ````S
C ,dG e ````jd SG IQjdG g JGP bdG ````Sh ,````f
SCG ````H LGj VGh Q````J gP h EG ````TGh EG ````j d ````FdG
k f Tj d ````fCG ceCG IQGOEd j CG FdG ```èEHh .MhG
,a
,VG dG e ````d FQ NBc YOJh IhH IQGOEG ````HS ````dHh
ShCG dG e WGdG f Ye d S dG eCG gh
k dG d
k jL QH FdG AL EGh .H ij e
TQCG d fCG :d Fb
k S k jCG Gg a TJ Y UCG dG g Th HM dh ,f
S ceCG ILCG C ,````TGh EG d IQjR ````NBG g g d k ```àc
,%100 U FdG Y dG ````VQG MJ e CG ec Yb EG ````J
fhJ Yh ,j a bU ````Yh ,OYH FjEG H j a k ```ÙN
YCG SdG jQJ fCG M ,gQEG aeh WGdG ````f OL
174
175
QGdG Y LGj Ie c h ,Ge ````HQCG iNCG Ie f TJ f ````Y

j M ,gQEG ```àe hdG Y ````f eCG jh . ````NBG
CG H EG LQ j ```èYh .ZJ c e hJCS G````dJ :````FdG
eY a j Yh bGY eeCG j d CG CG dGh
dH FdG IQjR Y G g eh .Y LQ e QJ
Oj e CG cQj jdG ceCG Y J d IjL M CG C ,k ```è
EGh ,dH Kh U Y gQEG C ````gQEG d dG FdG ````dG
e j fC ,dG SCGH bCG Y hCG dH J CG dG WGdG
27 e a d hGJ CG OLh hO WGO fCH H CG Yj CG ````G
.k eY
Y J ,HgQEG ``è fg dG QGdG U j CG ```j
GgCG Le Y jW ```Y QG e ce CG FdG dG ```
,SCG jH ADd j HG h ,MdG hCG ,AU ```ceCG
ceCG de GS dG hCG ,```jOdGh ,GdG EG ```LdGh
k fhJ GMCG e M CH j CG Ga ,dG e iNCG ```ceCG
GQSG ILCG Hh S ,gQEG e cGT H ,gQEG V
.dG
bJh ,dG Y IQb e d J J CG g e aJ
fCG EG J dG dG FdG HN e WSG e e f ```bdG
H ,NBG k HY k FQ CG QOCG fCG Qh H ,M Gd M e jeQ QOCG b
M ,dYCG H AGL dhO c cjh j CG ,FQ e cCGh
Z dG eG dGRe dP eh ,Y C ```LG hO
SdG eYEG ```G dP Y gT Nh ,dG ```dG e V
dG jCa jdG bGdG ``èhH GdG ehG Y j ```dG
,IYdG J dG LdG gGdG CG UCG gh !?AjHCGh WCG b
?SdG dG jdG e GdG AjHCH aCGQ cCG
Fa J M ```TGh EG dG FdG H ```j CG CG ```c

Y kGc J jdG jQNEG Gh SdG G C ,``Ò
Y Ib e ``èJ M cCG ```g dG VQG U CG```f ``è
kGO aS fCG H G```dG H T H eh ,IG jdG ```H
.fL EG bh eh e j c e cjh
hMh dS AeOh k eY 27 G```W GMCG e dG bh e c ```Hh
S g a ,d Hf IF dG FdG Tj e g ,QJ
?Gg e cCG
176
177
IG jdG (CS) ```SdG dG AfCG dcd SdG h```G C

YEG jRh ``` g (a JGhdG ```c h ,a SdG Q```dG ```Y)
iS G bGh e ```dG QNCH aGj e ```dcd Lj a ```dG
,eh WN fCG hQj dG WG QNCG f G e ```Ye
be CG CG ```HGZ h .H hCG jb ``è QNCG HH ```d ```bY C
jQG FQ IQjR QNCG J j ffEG Y cG dG ```G
FGO H e adG Y Y jL U Y dUh b e e dG
bG Ea dP eh ,IG jdG Y jdG bCG j h , nLo je
H j fCch SG b IG jdG c Vh Y sj dEG QG
.G be e a
OY k jS Vf ``è GdJ edH hCG dH ```MCG j ```Mh
,IG jdG EG dU GY Y FdG Uh N MdG A```NCG
:f DG be f c
O jdG Cch ```jdG cM Y jQdc a ``Ù WEG .1

.a
YCG h ,FdG ea S HYh ``` OM Y G .2
TGh Qe SG A```T Lj c ,G ```Y J OM ```c CG
eYG OG H eh ,e jY I```Yb EG Uh FdG IFWh
Zh ,WdG IMdG SG QT MGh HL iS ```gf
.DhdG j HG
jhjOh ,aHh ,```fGa Sh ,ZT e ```Y G WCG .3
k EGh ,jh d gh ,jdG ``Ù
,IdG QXEG ZQ hCG dH L
.IOe jh e eOdG Ic
:j e G J .4
IQdH ````LQG bdGh ````YEG ```è ,TdG ```` cPh"
```èd ````G CG:" " ```è ````Jg ````JG ,````TGH ````dG
K EG e ````gh ,TGh EG ````dUh hj G````dGR e ````FdG
SeHdG dG A````YCGh dG AGdG e ````dDe hCG ,Y
S ,dG ````cJ eCG ````SCGjh ,````TGh ````jG ```ÙdGh
Vh IO````b e dDa ````fdG eCG ,````TGH jOdG ````HdG ````G
Y FdG ```èa IFW ```à S dG ````jeCG ````jdG I````YdG
ReQh GOb ddG ````YGh ,fQdc e eOdG dU G ````Y
RQe dG Y W h ,jeCG ````SDGh Gh G
.jeCG WdG G ````FQ ,dG Hd YCG G ````FQ
e hCG ````dG ```èfH ````V ````S ````FdG ```èa CG EG Q````TCGh
S ````c ,dG ````h ,````SfdG Q````c ````d IQ````jdG
.IG ````jdG ````dG ```è NBG O````Yh ,h````dG ````dG ````FH
kGOM CG :" "`````d dG ````dG QOe cCG ````NBG U ````Y
FQ ```èa Uh ````J dG ````g M ````dGRe ````Fg ````HYh
178
179
QGdG ````fGh ,QG U C```è bh ,TGh EG ````jQG

QG QGT ````H c bYEH dN e ````J dG eCG ,d ````HG
dG A````HCG id kGL kG````c k egG CG kG````cDe ,I````G O````G AG````L
J ,````jQG ````FQ CG IQ````jH HdG ````dGh ````dG
e TGh EG ```ÙdG CG````H e k ````LGaCG CGh ,````jeCG ````jdG
."dU G ````Y Y FdG ea ````S kGOGSG KG ````j Ae
.Gg Z d LM h jd G G e Gg
180
HhQ IdG CG ```Yh ,hH Oa MCG ```c VG fj ```T

JG OOJCG a f dG dRf AU WGdG G Ije jQe
.e AdG k dW aZ EG H
J CG hO gAd jj dG G dG GH jQe I```dG La
.egG S
.dG H J dG G eL J Qh ,J Q IdG g
,"SH TGh" U N ``è ,jL H H ae CGH ```d
U d ,```gh g I e ```H Y Y SCG ```c CG ```H
EG abh YTh ,dG ```dH ie e VhCG SH ```TGh
.dGh OGSG YQe dGh fG dG dG ib fL
fC ,hH ```dG IdG g ``è Tf ah jG e ```CG
EG OSh ,```TGh e e Jg ``è J fCG H ```H ```JqU
fCG Th ,Ad ``èeCG V bdG Ea dHh ,```dG dG U A``Ù
181
J b hH e je Qe gh ,G hCG eCG UG e k Yf J
.AU e NCG
fCG e aYh ,```dG IQO J gh aU Hb ```dG dG h
cCGh ,LGJ dG YG ZQ AU dG e cEG Y ``è
eN gh ,H eDJ dG dG eN S H J dG MdG hdG a
.JeN EG LG eCG T eNh ,G eNh jGh WGdG
HYCG fCH dG dG iMEG Y CGbCG fCGh ,YdG ICGG g cJ
k ,SFdGh G HfG Y aGJ Y YCG hM e b Y
Hh
fLh dG hDT I```N GP MH Y QOdG jdG Gg ``èCdG ``è
SQS dG g fCch ```dG YCH dH J ```d bdG ```dG
.dG
QGhOCH j ```fCH JGP aGG dH ```WGdG G dG ```JGh
.HfG dG dG IQKEG Y dGh H ,JGQSG
SDeh ceCG QG G Y JGP dG dG ```YRh c
Fd Qe ``è k T S Uh e ```Tj H ,iNCG ```ceCG
T ceCG EG b ```M ,ceCG e bdG Y jM ,```c aGj ```dU
.e H
,H J J fC T fCH ceCG EG dG ```g YCG hj G```g
je e Mh ,fG Jeh G dG ib e ITe eJ CG ```jJh
.IG JNJh eG WSh Y kGH Fb
SdG JHN iMEG dU G```Y Y FdG e S IdG ```g
jdG aGO CG FdG Qj h ,QhO dCG 300````H WGdG f jJ ```fCH
Gaj CG j h ,```S c Y dhDG ```G Sj ceCG
dG dG G``èCH H ```j dG jdH ```dG dhO ```ZCG G``èCH
.dG
jdG ADg e f CG Yh ,k e kGT dh k e kGN d ceCG
.d G hjj
IH Sh ,```Y IH dGeCG C ,dGeCG ``è d f CG ```Y
h ceCG eG fC ,FGQBG e f ``ÈGh ,FdG OdG X
.ffEG dG aQCG H jQSG JLCG
dG J jQe HhQ r Yo e ICG``èG e dG g dG ```g
IKh Je TGh AdG Y ,AUh Gh QCe AHCG e ```dG
.f Aeh f AGgh
eh ,FH Zj h ,j OdG FQ CG J YT ICGeG fEG
,G c dG gcSh ,MCGh MCG T e IeU g ```dP
.gc Y OGSG GhR Qa H ajh
182
183
hDGh ,TGh ShCG dG SGQO e FQ eQc j c

k ,FGSEG ```jdG GQSG ```HdG
be f jEG ```dH e
dG j jL bEG M J AH EG a QTCG ,ffG Y "e"
G N eh ,d G ```Mh GjEGh jQS fL EG bh GO```dGh
.Y b H IOQdG G AME J IYU dhO Ic ShQ J
V S dG CH j ``` dG FdG g e JdG ```Vj h
QG LGe ```S G Gg CH OYG ```Y YCG d ,G G```g
dG hdG gh ,OQCGh ``èh jOdG j dG dG ```bEG
.dOG NBG dG ceCG IG jdG YH
IdG N k c ```S G bEG ```dG T CG G A```Lh
.jW Id SG hCG ,```FGSEGh G M H LGG bJ AG```S ,G
jG N Y OdG dSG Y k V FGSEG eM JdG fGh
d LGe EG FGSEG IdG GQS G OM EG Fb ```FGSEG
J Gf M YR T UCG dG ,G M iS jdG J
.fGH NGO dG AYdG c Y
dh ,de eQc dG MW dG AGQBG UJ be g ```j
QOe e Jee j LdG C ,gY bdG J d IHdG JQTEG
e g CG IdG g cDJh .AGS M Y IG jdGh FGSEG Y
jVah ,JdG JKOh UG JL dG FdG dj e bGj
.g SGh g dG J LQG SS
M kGKDe kGY j CG dG CG Y j e OLh Y ```ZQh
OQ dGh dG FdG j dG jQdG jdG ASH ,GjEG OJ jL
ASDhdG jCG Y Gq M "dH k V G f ```M dG G M YR ```Y
g e CG EG IQTEG "dJ e j h ,k Ff Y q f f dG
.L e J h J dG Gh jdG jdG
HCG QcdG LQG ```jRh H j dG bdGh FOdG ```JG CG Z
dG S jL Y H SG ,dG ```fh jH HdG H
Qh ,AGSG e FdG ```dG j b ,jL bEG Q EG ```fG
CGb e EG j SC ,jOdG HdG G idG IQG ,AGjEG
kGNDe iL dG GdG e dG dGh dU G H G LG
.d FdG IQjR AKCG d
QGJ dG dG ```LQG SdG a jY ``è g J ```dh
AdGh .JK EG cdG ``è Ge gh dU FdG Ge ```M
Gg W Y dG H k ```bEG kGQhO j CG FdG ZQ g a ```HdG
g dG Gg j ```b hO hCG bEG V ```j CG ZQh .Qh```dG
AMEG hCG ,```dedG hO EG ```fG hCG ,G h```dG ```
e EG dj CG dG FdG ```j NBG CG hCG ODhG HdG h```dG
.jNBG dG WGYh T WGY jW Y Zj HN
Y AdGh ,S LQN SS QYG ```LQN QhO Y dG
184
185
k j b dGh fdG jdG

FdG Gg CG d ,dhO FQ e e
b j FdG Gg CG dh ,```T V YH cCG FGL ```Jj
.gjJh dYGh WGe Re
IOHEG J dG gh ,dG GjEG e dj CG dG Fd ```c
!?dG gd AfG hCG ,KG H IU a T AHCG e G
gj CG dG Fd c NBG fG Yh .!?GjEG bS eh
S dG YdG e be e MGh j H ,d bGH jOdG ATCG
.!?jOdG QGSG YYR
dH ,LQG bG ```H j CG dG FdG Y ```dG e
bG CG gh ,L MGh ```d ,NGdG bG H a j ```dG
eCG ,dGeCG ```FGN bh b ```Y h JS ``` c bGh ```NGdG
S jdG fC GWCG c AVQEG dh Wj a LQG bG
.bGe e d J e a CG H ,GWCG c
jJ j CG GdG dG e dG FdG ````W f CG c
j CG j ````jdG CG W k ````L ,Kd dG ````YdG H ````J
k G sSh !?dG G````g GdG aQ GP .dG eG jW ````Y
Kd GeC
k Gg dCG !?ITe
Y FdG CGj ch !?dG FdG dG Y Y dO
.!?AG a g ?gSC jJ j CG j K ,jdG b
Nj T FH VG e dh ,d QGO e c c H j
eGc j CG ,```cG H LCG dG e QhO ```je S jd C```H
.LQG dG dG je ae Y bj CGh ,T
SCd ,jQEG dG Y d hCG G SQ c dG ```LQG SdG
e iNCGh dG e Ieh HdG e Ie ,GPh Gg e dG ```Y Fb ,jdG
."cCG aj e e dG f" g a MGh CGe Y Jh ,IG jdG
dh ,M CG e hCG ,Q CG e kGKDe kGAL e d SdG g
."T e Ua J GPEG "b e Uh .QdGh G iS d
186
H AH k jJh kGOfG J f DG be f jJ ```gfG QKCG

edG jdG ```Jc gSCG ,FeR e O```Y d Y ```LG
.IYdGh dG j gW
YEG jOH ISCG ,LG jOH ,jd ``àh ,ADg e OY dWh
GdW c ,OG JG AL ``` Zh dG Gh G GdGh ```SdG
.d k jOJh IdG j LG Y gj H dhdG
G G CGb ``è c LQCG Y dG cQTh ```V d
jOG CG f fC ,dG ```Gh G GdGh SdG YEG ```jOH
bG H dh ,OGSGh OdG QGSG fL EG ```bdG g dG g
,d k jOJh IdG j LG Y dhdG j H IQY EG Uh eY
OGSGh dG V M IQK EG Qh ,a EG ODS dG Gg ``è C
.G H EG jj Zj dG
g e ```dc ZJ OdG AT c ```Y J dG ```dG EG
187
CGHh .OGSG I```YOh ,dG ```Yh Y j Le ``è J ``è EG

QTCG M ,eCG h ```YWh YdG MCG Y j IC``à dG ```DG
gh a eCG h Rj MCG dG dG e LG CG EG f DG ```jJ
NGe :VCGh "```Y FdG dJh LGh ,Ic```dGh ,fYEGh O```G"
.Sh IQdG Uh dG FdGh dG
Y d ```WGdG d CG```H fCG dG cG ```dG ``è
LN jG jQ dh ,Tf WGc QG dG jJh ,```jNBG
.QfG J hCG IdG J CG dG Y jh ,dG IW e
k ```j
IG jRgCGh TfCGh ZCH ```TG FdG j CG e
d G d gDh jNBG TG Y j ```M ,edG H
.OSGh OdGh OGSG Of AG e gQfCG Ah ,fCG Y
?LG e j GP``à JSQ k eh d k ``è ```DG c GPEG
?UEG T kGRfG OGSG OfG j GPh
k
CG h ,UEG M kGY dh ,```Ye
k bGe f YCG ```fEG
dP eh ,dG dG DG e Z Y H ,G GMCG e M
G UCG LG CG M ,LG e dG G IQdG JCJ CG bJCG
OYG h ,jSdG a OQ e N hH OGSGh OdG Of MdG
e c dG Y GZCG GPEG LG e eQY IQK HS jSdG CG
.HfG AKCG d
hCG G GdH hCG ,```jhdH G FdG a Rj b HfG ```g
hCG S dh FSdG g H hCG ,SdG YEH hCG dG H
H k ST S ```d a Vjh ,fM FdG ``à j ```HfG
c "GNEG"`H dG ```j jdG eCG AM a j ```Sh ,cCJ
.b Y faj fC ,HdG M Se
IQdG Ea SGNEG cG hM GPEGh ,LG e LQCG Y S jGdG
.d eOb
H dG LG OH dG dG Y CG cG G Y jh
,dG d k e H M c ```d k e d a ,G FdG ```Y
.dG dG DG e k HJ dh G ```Ld k HJ G e gH k ``èh
c AGT e j d cCJ H dh ,I```YdG H AGT DG j ```bh
.IYdG
,dG Q G j e LG FCG H CG GcQj CG DG e Yh
jdG IYdG jCHh ,LG GHCG e jG dG IQK J CG SCG h
.Sa S eCG G b j h ,F ed G j
188
189
Y h ,LH QO```dGY AGQR```dG FQ Y CG ```cCJ H g ```fCG

,S Sb UCd G VQG Y h ,jQEG dGY FdG Q``è
j OdG Gg IQe He "SdG"eLCG TYCG dh
.a RQH Y fC VQG GMH jh ,e aN ZQ dG GMH
CG jdG Qd S T H dh ,JAGb H j
n HG ```g
.eG LdG NBG U Y J dG g dG
TH dJ deh "```SdG" kGN C VG SCG ``èU d
Qh ,FQ Y Hf ,Yjh Qj LH fNCG L ,SFd gG ```dG
j CG J ,```Y dG e bH Lj K ,e R```jEH
.fdGh dG j dhO LQ MU
hj g !?iJ j HG H S GPa G H a e Gg c GPEG
CG H GcQj CG ?dSCG g e J CG dG g e T CG
J fdG GeCG ch ,dG H g Wh j M Wh ch dG g
.WdG Gg S
b c EG kGQe H JG M ,```g dG e k T S e G```g
QG SG ```V CG Y CG H k UN ,```L H a ```J
.Y dG dG ebG AKCG e SdG U j Gfc
k LdG i```HCG OG ```Hh
JEG bJ h ,```d e kG``Ùh J
VG e Zh fCH jCGQ Y dReh .LQNh OdG NGO e e edG
Gah dG Ga e J OdG C ,kGc kGQhO G```j CG j dG
LGe EG g CG J G adG g e CG XCG h .IOdG
.WdG QGSG OJ fL
bh ,S e d J e b GH j fCG ha LH QOdGY eCG
EG IASEG hM eh ,jNBG Y Hf ```dG QGhOCG H eb Y ```fYG
,LH YQ QKCG dG h```H Ihf H , Uf Y HdG ```FQ
G FQ e f eCG j b fEa ,```dG UEG Y S ```fC
J L H jY Ea Gdh .k HS k FQ j eY dU GY Y
e AfG iJ AGQRdG ```SFQ JgDe ch .L e ```J h
FT Uh ,G G ```gC FGG HJh jdG Y JQbh ,```G
.QGMCG WdG Y dG
gh ,AGQRh ```FQ LQH IGOCG O``` ```fCG k e j ```LH QO```dGY
hOj jdG g ```LH eCG CG OYG h .Qh```dG Gg e AGOCH ```j
M HQdG hCG ```fj Sh ,jhdG EG ```dU GY Y ```FdG
?dG Ad dU G```Y Y FdG j ``à .dG dhdG g Q```fG
h ,j CG ```j ``è d dj ```jdG LG G```bC k ``è ```S CG
.IFdH HL Y OJ ``è QH EG dG e hCG FdG e ```j
AG dG ```gGLCG dG HG ```dG g GbCG f ```fYO
Gg EG f CG EG ,dG LQ e S e c H ,j h ,``èY L
.bCG Y WdG T eG LdG NBG g
190
191
kGjJ hCG ``Ù QU Y YSCG "AG```VCG" U ```f

."VQd RHCG TG dG g dG "GY ,k jN
CG M ,"VQd ```WdG G "Y j H GPEGh jdG CG```b
CG e G A```dG GMCG EG k ```dfh k ja ```bCG dG g ```dG
.iNCG HM ee
U E``à jdG OQh ```dG eG bO i``è Y dG ```Hh
HG ,VQe Wh T Y AGVCG S fC AdG J AGVCG
QNh NGO MU H j dG IdG fG ZQ ,jW Ia AGVCG Y
.dG
dG e dG ```g dG CG e SGQ Yb Y k ```T fCG
Y G cG dG Te ``àe Y IQOdG dG VQG ```dG
Uh CG H k UN ,jfh IM HfG CG Y RdGh ,dU GY
j dU G CG hG eh .j Vh EG OdG jOG VhCG
e Jb j k ehOh ,A```V Te aj CG jh ,AjbCG ``ÙTCG

Y ad jJ ```dG JdG dG cPCG ```dReh .jNBG ```V
"EG a j iNCG jDe T e dG dGY PSCG H 1993
FdG aj CG fCG EG IQTEG "FdG SCGH SCGQ YL dG g
.IH
Y IdG ```S H j ``à ,k V d ```LQ dG g ```f
HG ie ```Yh ,dGh SdGh ```jdGh ```dG ```jG
e L e LdG Y ``è Z AK EG SG dh .dhdGh ```bEG
SCG bEGh QhdG Y JQb ie H ``` c ,b Y aY
GNh jY N hP fCG Y he ```LdGh .UCG e Y j ```b
dG YdG QTh ,dG HQV jY Ib IOb J M ,fGe
GRe dG gdG IdG J fj 13 cM IOb G gGHEG ```dG
FKh OGYEG cQG e c k SSh .```dG M Y hj ```dG
Y hNBG j G ```b ,G Y jf dG dG ```DG ```SCJ
.IOdG M WdG fe e fZjh DG
dG da ,```dG gCG dH U ```gh ,dG dG Y ``èCG
dG Fb ic H d FfG H ,H fSG b IH j
UY e M ``èe Y d jjDG ```LdG e BG G```Y O```Lhh
GL e HGhQ ```gh ,TM b Qc ``è jdG HGhQ Y IhY ,O```dG
.dG QGSG d
,bdGh HG aG ```dG SGh jCH j dG ```gh
HJh ,e MGc HG j CG dG MdG dG j Ojh
bH j c ,cGTG G ```YGbh GOb L e Kh ```bY
. Uf Y HdG FdG e I
,fCG dG g dG a IQGOEGh ```dGh jdG ie Y eCG
k INCG dG GdG ```TY ,G YWGh SGdG aK ```fL EG
e
192
193
jG dSCG ```H gTh ,jdGh ```dG Ge M G```H

e j CG dG dG Y QH seh ,```G AdGh IQGOEG
.Ad a UdG d J dG d bj NGdG LQ f ,OH
dG g dG SG W EG "AGVCG" U ```db e f Gdh
T RHCc ``àd QG G ,HdG ``ÙdG dG Y ``èCG
dOe jRGe J kGKDe kGQhO Jh ,H dG VQe bh ```Wh
.OdG HfG G
EG k eY 12 ``è cCG b dG ``Ù Jf ```cdG j ```dh
e gh ,k FQ ```j CG Sh e c S dU G```Y Y ```FdG
a Sh .FQ j CG G ,k jUf hCG k cGTG hCG k eSEG k fM ```cj CG
OdG Va e G Ve e QdG ReQh dG j CG EG FQ
c dh JGQ SGh OGSG e OdG PfEGh ,d G ```dG
.hadG
194
,jSdG e H HfG dU GY Y FdG ```jJ VCG

eQh OdG fU ```gh ,OdG e j CG ``` fC , XCG ```ch
dG G ```g e JG ```dGh dG ```H dh ,R``è ```H hCG
.FdG gj
VQe H Y ```d QUh WTCGh ,T ``è j fEG
e G H gj jdG ,FGQRhh jQeh fhe Qc Y dh ,a
.dG Y gQLEG LCG
GY Y dG dG ```DG Te jCJ dG aj G ```g
k jT FdG CG gj h ,G a j a AadG eCG ,dU
.FY e de d kGQU hCG ,LhRh a H QG
195
,dG Gg VdG PSCG g G Jc CG dG QdG j b

.Jc dh G GY fCG g G dh
jhdG e GQN IY eeCG ch ,Gg GY QNG MG d
Jh eCG J "h ,"I```cGdG SG Q HY ```d PSCG "H ``è
VG CG Lh dh ."```dG jQJ h JM gP I``à"h ,"```dG
28 e cCG e Ff QNCG Y ```HZ Y PSCG T Y j ``èH
.dGMCG Y WCG CGh g jCG YCG CG CGh ,k eY
jh k dMj,bSGQOeRe JgedG iMEG Jd
gh QNCGh dGMCG Y dCSCG CG bh ,OM Fb GY g ,ceCG ``è
?dG Gg fPSCG jCG :gh NBG GDH JQOH ,JH sJ ```dG
a f dGh dG cQj fCG iS ,OM eR ``è HLEG sJCG
J e c IcGP ``è CG GdG dGh jCG ```J PSCG Q```NCG
jQJ e ```Ja Y M gT ```LdG Cch ,jj ```Y ```ShQdG
,dG Nh ```V Ia J ,Afh Jh ```jLh Y Ia ,```dG

.REG ah dG Oah
k ```W L h ```j dG Gg ```
d e
JQbh H GYG e jh ,VdG dGh QdG HGh LdG
gh ,k dM OLh ``è Y AT CG YCG CG ZQh ```dG e ```ZQ
fC ihJ CG J b dh ,```j CG HdG dG ```SG
.jj Y k SQhO GJ e K hCG ,dG e c LEG
H OJ jNBG AeR fcGJ JdG Y OM GY eR e jM A```KCG
h dG jQJ gP eY gh ,1977h 1976 eY EG e jcdG
.UTCc jQJ
AeR e FGHG SOdGh FGHG eG dG cCG dG J
M jh ,IgR ```jT GY jT ,OM Fb G```Y H e ```Hf
MCG fh ,GdG Q``è eCG MCGh ,S GY ```Xfh ,edG
,ddG Yh ,```jhO GY dGYh ,```jhO dU GY jh ,```jhO
,G eCGh ,I```gR b Y Yh ,cT ```MCG fh ,QT ```Mh
j M jNCG eRh ,bGdG Ah ,S jdGY Wa ```NCGh
dG ch ,NG e CG OdG jQJh jQJ e jdG IdG ```J
.e CG hH dGh dG H j MGdG
k Wh ,eSEG HdGh ```HdG dG JOe jQJ J dG P```SCG
cPCG YCG ```b JSCG aY fCG CG ,``èG dG ``è jGH ```fc
c ,eG h iNCG SGQO ```MGe H IJSCG aYh ,e ```dG EG
,dG PSCG id ShQO J dG f IdG iNCG OG JSCG aY
Y e j H ASCG cP jdG dG CG LCG CG SCG ```dh
,k L JcGP kGQ SG GRe dG MdG g dG G```g CG
H J HdG jf Q```HGh dG QhH SZ dG MU ```gh
dG ddG GTEH j a k UN ,fHdGh ceCG FGf ```Y
196
197
.dGh G Y jJ b
MCG ch GdG e Ia k je Yh H a adG SQO d
VEG AT CG JCG CG cGh ,dG YGbh HdG dG YGb IOS
dZ c dG bdG h ,FGHG SOdGh eG dG J e Y
dG HSCH dG PSCG Ea ,YGdGh ```dG gj -GdGReh- dG
.jdG M e SG d jh ,HdG YGb fh ,dG f L
jd j k aj k ```HT c jQH j c eY dG G```g
k dW c d ,SjQdH hCG ```fd M h Le h ```dG IGQ```cO
aJ fc JGP MG dh ,kGc dG ```fj j h ,G ``è
.AdG EG G
IdG dG G```g ddG a ```SQj c dG G ``è
HdG S Qb bh ,G ```jdG PSCG jj ch ```MdG
EG FG IdG j ```ddh bW eH G j CG IdG ```J
,HdG SQe k dM SGh ,"FGHG G e" SCG ,FGHG SQe
.AU UdG WdG AeCG e QT Jh
MaG AL ,bdG ```dP kGe c dG SG gh ,```G e
IgR b Yh IOdG ``` FQ G gGHG e GbH SG G```H
J CG IOdG ```b e ZQ g fch ,A``Ù Qe HdG AGdG ```Fb
OcQ e a e jd ```Feh MU Ja bW eH ```SQGG
.S 26 IQK GgCG e Sj ,dG
NB mBG e dEG JCj c dG G gGHEG Y aJ SQG ```J
Y eR dGh fCG iS NCG Y YCG cCG h ,IgR b Y ```H
Ia H JQH H JCj gHCG ch ,SQG e SQJ dG Y Th
.VGJ H iNCGh
,OdG FQ jU fCG YCG cCG h ,c Y Fb fCG YCG ```cCG
Y Qf c Wh IOfCG e ```FSG iS G gGHEG Y ```YCG h
e J JCJ ICah .."q Mh d b" :eh G Y gOfEG

g g CG Yh ."Mh d b "EG IOfCG e H SG P```SCG
.dG FdG ZQ
e EG ,fGG ```MdG YCG dG dG SGQO ```MGe GWh
IdG QGO EG SQe MQ hCG fNCG dG dG Gg a He
dG fPSCG CGh ,IdG QGO fc AH HhQhCG dhDe CG cPCGh ,AH
gh jEH jG Y JQb e HSGh ,jEG dH e
aCG eY IQH c bdG dP dG ie dh ,edG jfdG j
.dG Y g H
e fCH G dG j ,dG H AT CG cCG eY Gg ej h
c H FGHG eG ```dG Gg j N EG d bCGh ,```YhdG
g dGh ,FGHG SOdG dG EG Uh eY BG ```Y g aCG
H N gh GdG eCG MCG SG dW fH dG GW L CG
GdG eCG G NCG j Y G Y Jh ,e e dG e
k WN UCGh ,TCG MCG PSCG e "IQdG" d k WN c dG
.GdG ed QhG G SL O NBG fCG
EG f EG GjO ``è G GfCG T Y dG P```SCG ```YSh
jQG ie Y dG JdG Y M GdG eR CG ```c ,bQ
N L H k jCG H ,a SGQdG Zf H d ,FGHG ```MG
.H j IOe CG LQO YCG jh ,e CG j dG
hCG aG CG ```cPCGh ,jOGYEG S SQe EG dP H ```fG
dG Tg GY dG YdG ``` ,dG Tg GY c ```G
c M ,G dG J e IG dG J ``` fCG hjh
bdG H HdG JCG c a ,j dG dH J N CG ```j
JQb d hCG ,dG Y GjdGh bd J H FM ```jhY C
.dG N dG eR ae Y
198
199
,GdGh TCG ```fL EG ,gdG IdG J ```G AGeCG ,``è h

dG Gh dG Gg Gh g G aVEG ```
.jCG H KfG CG gG e SG g YCG dG
YGOh ,k VjQh kGYTh k WN c H ,a SQe O dG j
,"dG G" H k ehO j ch ,jj Y IdG AGOCG J ,k eSEG
,IdG AGOC SEG eh M e EG Y ShQO fNCj c ```c
e dh dG a ,dG hQCG Sf SZh ,```J H k je LdG ch
k j CG G Oc dG ah d b :dG jh .adGh AadG
.SQ
N ZQ G G```g G PSCG CGj CG ```gh ,INCG eCG d ```J c
j Y Gg e :k ```Je a ,e k ```jd CN j CG e ```gQh
JCG CG g QY dh ,ANCG ``è dG Ld bq O d XCGh ,Qh``è
.k eY 28 e HdG dG OL AT CG
200
..
FKdG e Rc QX EG M GU ```HdG bGdG FdG S iOCG

IN kGQGSCG dc J H ,GdG jQJ e aO kGQGSCG a J dG
OLh X Y G``àEG G e j ,```SCH HdG dG jQJ ``è
UCG IH J b dG QGSCG e dG ASG h .eGdG dG
S bG e H ,U ```SdGh HG IG Y J Ic A```SCG
dGh ,dG G H a Y LdG FdG hO ```Y ASCG g
.bGdG IcGdG e e dG j e
FQ G ```g a e -k M IQG A```SCG UCG H ``è
,k H d CG dG LhR IOh Q hH OLh eGJ ,``` M
SCG dG LQN jRh hQ gREG a iL dG JGP SCG
bGY FKh Y WG CG YRCG fCG .1974 ```fj 28 dG MCG
dG SGG J fCG e IcCG T ae Y dh ,``ÙG GH
M MCG bGdG FdGh jQEG MdGY MGdG VdG H L
201
HfG MEG UJ M ```fCG T dG SGG gh ,```dG

k Ke jQEG SQCGh dG dG M J jQEG VdG Y Ta
NdG Y dG MG Y d ,dG SdG Qe ```g d
J AfCG JcP ah FdG dG ```Y eBdGh NGdG fhDT ```bGdG
.IdG
VdG S k H 75 GH dG IeGDG fG AV Yh
e dG ```Jh ,eH bG ```d fj 13 cM A```Lh ,```jQEG
jGH cG GcQT dG CG hG ``èh .MG J dG
d QSG H ,e J e YS G FdG d ,eCG
dG H k UN ,IQOdG dSCGh edG ga dG G
IOLe dG gj c ```dG FKdG QUh ,e dG dG ``è
.j
e bGdG j CG ```H e iS dG ZG e ``` h
Qcd JG LH a S XCG h ,dG FTCH J e
k Gh f fHc J fCH ```jQEG
dWCG bh bGdG dG b e G``èC
eb e H ```WCG JRH dG FKdG ``à ,GU Y ```jUG
Y dG c bGdG ATCG id IaG FKdG YJ bh .```jQEG
Y gZ OJ b HY GfEGh c ```Qh ,dG ZG AGQh j
.dG eh VM K FGL JQG
, Z OjCH QdG UUQ ```q Z ,FGhCG OGhdG e kGFGQ dG c ```d
j SC ```H bGY aG Qh ,```cCJ H k c HdG ```dh
H AMCG G```dGReh fCG heBG ```g GWCG KK iS ```bdG ``ÙJ
GRe dG dG GY ```SFdG Te H eh dG QbCGh ,```bRj
ZG QGSCG Y aj Y ,IO SCG Y OdG e j QdG g ```Jc
c dDe SCGj dG ```bGdG IcGdG SDe a ddG dG eCG ,```T
TGh TQDj ja e GReh ,e c QcdG "G jQL"
b bGMEG ```M GU j dG ```bGdG FKdG e BG G```d

.MQ
q e GPEGh
YGe Y S dG Ea ,dG ZG IeGDe UJ J
e Gba ,Hh dCG OG dP b L iNCG ZG UJ ``à
.QfG a
202
203
dCG e j k jS k JGQ Vj c ```H HdG ceCG FdG c

dGh G dG EG aVEG (k jT QhO dCG 16 Y jj ``è CG) QhO
CG T c FdG CG hjh .dGQdG ``èG f Y SFdG IFW
JGdG Ye Qa ,H j dG H fQe ,b Fd dG ```JGdG
Ia AfG H QGdG ``è j CG Y ,k jS QhO ```dCG 400 EG ```d
c Gdh ,T ```dG GeCH j fCH MCG j c ,```SFQ
.TH QL G FdG g FdG JGQ Ye e e hCG
k Y Q```J GQYh d GQ```d LQRh TH ```FdG
kGc NO
Ia AKCG G g IQGOEG d j dh ,Fd dG JGd ```j
FdG eCG jJ AGG e jUh g hCG UN J Y H ,SFdG
Y dG Q``èCH FdG j M ,```SFQ Ia J CG EG ,```feCH
dGQdG eG Nd FdG QG g FGdG CG h .edG ```JdhDe
CG ceCG c Y j ```fdG Ea ,Gh WGh jdG ``èMh
jHCG e Rhj Ye ,dG NO Y k jV kGQGbEG Y c ```j

QGbEG ch .QGbEG J e Ff hCG FdG fdG j h ,Y c ``è
dCG 735 EG Uh 2005 d NO CG GQd LhRh TH Fd ```jdG
dCG 187 Q```J FGV dGQdG ``èd NdG Gg ```Y ``àOh ,QhO
e 2005 d NO bG a LhRh J ```jO FdG Ff eCG .QhO
,2001 Y e f SCG GQSG ``è e AL QhO je ```J
FdG Fd dG JGdG EG aVEG ,J IdG dCG ```c NGe eh
dCG 17 J Vj M H Fd dG JGdG f Rhj ```dG
k cCG T e EG aVEG ,```dGQdG eG e ```jT QhO
cT e b
.Fd k Ff f Tj CG b JQGOEG SCGj c dG Jdg
Y dhO cCG FQ NO CG M J g eG g OGjEG e dG
CG ceCG FdG j h ,```ceCG dG AHCG ad he ```dG
gOj dG fGG OH QN H j hCG dhdG GeCG e kGMGh k S j
.SfdG
Y IQdG LQO EG ```J b SGh MU d ceCG ```FdG
,G dG g ```SfdG dh ,dd IQhV iCGQ GPEG ```G ```YEG
QGb Y SfdG ``àGe gCG ```fM j CG ```FdG a ```dHh
.G
dhDG Qch AGQRdGh AGdG J MU d ceCG FdGh
hCG dG j dG g dG dh ,dGQdG eH jdG FGhdG
,SG G Se Z k T Qj CG FdG Y dG eh ,aj
adG GQGb e jdH TH Y M bh dP j d dG C
.fG Gg
hCG k jY kGFb jb hCG jU hCG NCG j CG j ceCG FdG
k ``è
k Wb k aQ aS SfdG dh ,k eY k Ye hCG ZdG kGc hD
g HGdG U CG hCG d gDe Z G dG CG K M dG
204
205
.d MdG aGdG
,dG G ZT k Vb j CG j ceCG FdGh
j dG G I```b C e em Vb CG ```j CG j ```dh
hCG Y e N hO eMCG hQ```j fEa Gdh IG ie ``Ùe
.TG d
LY e hCG SGQO e kGMCG j CG j ceCG FdGh
Fdh ,SfdG H j GeCa ,H d bY C ,de IYe hCG
CG JMU e dh ,```gRhj CG j fdG IO```
.Gd IQS hCG Gd eCj
j H ,JSS ANCG j AGQRh FQ d d ceCG FdGh
dGh SfdG ``èCG Sjh ,SFdG dG ```SCGQ fC H ```dhDG
.Ic hCG IU fc Ak GS ,FNCG Y adGh
aGJ eYEG Sh CG ceCG FdG Ea ,GPh G```g ah
Y Vj c H j CG Yh ,jJ h YGPEG h aU h Y
,eJ hO HGdG d SdG dGh GOfG j hCG G YEG
.AGG G Rh e iT hCG ,AGG dH jJ hCG
dG f j CG ```jh ,hdG QdG H ceCG ```FdGh
L ba j CG j dh ,ceCG G Gd YCG FdG gh
jb hCG ceCG WGe b hCG WdG jh e jh Y d I```MGh
.NGd Qd Le ceCG dGh ceCG G C ,ceCG
CG jh ,cG EG ``` b JGY E``à ,FdG Gg I```b ZQh
a hCG "ZJhh" a e a fc EGh ,j a k bOU ```j
."Z fe"
K EG bh ,GS HQCG SFQ Ie CG j ceCG ```FdGh
JGce jh WGG U EG OS fCG k e Qj dh ,dG MCG GPEG
.Yeh dG gQEG d d G jh
QSdG j CG -```dG If - j ```ceCG FdGh

Y QSdG jJ C ,GS S EG GS HQCG e SFdG Ia O``` hCG
ceCG FQ CG H j e gh ,SfdG AYCG K aGe J Ie
.SDG AHBG Y e
AZ H YG bh FdG e j b ceCG ```dGh
dG dh ,ObG O```c hCG LQG JGee hCG AYdG JaJ hCG ```FdG
Ie fc dh ,NBG T Q```NH MG j c HfG Ye ```j
jeCG J EG iOCG b MG d jce dG fc hCG Me ```SFdG
.ceCG dH IOTEd G Gg e MCG c h ,jW eR e Jh
206
207
..
k d e AedG MCG H JG TGh dG Y d Fb AKCG

:Fb
k S c g ,CG```bCG d b ?dG Y PSCG ```Y c e CGb ```g
NO eYh .(```MU a Gg) hCG k S ```Y d a ?k ```HjEG CG
dG PSCG c e CG```bh ffEG T "G U" ```be EG
NG C ,S AT CG LCG h ,GMG H f eJ fCG Lh
.b Od j CGdG
e j j "```J "cM SH WdG CG ```G ```YCG ```dGh
AdG Y j Yf QJ Ggh ,dG T e T e Tf NdG
AHCG J ce SGb EG ``ÙdG EG jdG j b CGdG O```J C
dG g CG dG PSCG e JCGh .dGh dGh dGh ```G
HJ "L "c ```cP Cch aGG UdG G```SG e j ``è
,G c cP e h G e SM d d k T dh ,
G fEH k ehO OfCG H ,dG f g c "HJ " dH h
.dGh G Y XM
Y dG OOJCG L jCGQ Y dG T c jH EG CG c
CG dG G AHCG Qj CG e N d ,dG PSCG e OQh ``è
AHCG AGQBH GL G e CG M ,H e M FGQBG Y de OQh``è
dG dM CG YCGh ,``è a ,e Jh ,```G
De cT h ,gQj e d dG ```G AHCG J dG VdG ```Yh
.GhCG Ga b JGhGe j dG IMdG IUN
e e NO e CG g dG PSCG ```Y aj b dG A```dG
G Y J HK JYb Xh ,k e jCGQ HCG k eY 17 b adG
J EGh,dG IQGOEG h ,ceCG IQGOEG Y J h VQG Y J h
EG Y dG FdG VhCd O```fG j h .EG TCG H eDhCG ```Y
IQhH Yb e j IMdH EG CG e ,dG VQCG IMh ```gCH
.OMCG gQe J
k XM QG h NGdG ```VQe M CG EG fCp G CG ```ZQh
e jJ HG VQG CG ```bGc MCG CG EG ,CGdG dSG ```Y
VQG dj c ,```G SG LCG e GVj CG ```dG VQe
V Ghgjh ```G e GSj CG HG ```fGNEG e ```ddG
.hYb gh ,OGSGh OdG
c GPEa , SCG ```jdG g G J CG ```dG ```jCGQ h
GPEG dP H jG Qh k WN dG j CG H k WN ```dG
.J cM G VQG M g Ggh ,S Z AGhO WJ SG
e GT fCG f EG UJ d G j JAGb N e
jh e dG A```HCG CG k e e GUCGh ,WN ```H dG
H a RY QS ebEG Qh ,Y fG g MdG Gh ,e jdG
.hQdG QdG cT Y
HG fCG fP e "FdG JQY f dG PSCG cDj dG Gg
208
209
eOb Y Fe EG j dG JGhKh gQOGch JSD ```dhO S dG

."c ATCH j M
G HG ```j h ,dH h```Me
q dG ```fCG dG ```jCGQ
kGL IOh e gh .dG ge NG EGh ,```dG HG Y k J
eh idG Y je k UN ,jdG Q```SG OLH G
k gDhHGCG q J M ,```gQhL
EG j SH gh ,IQ```G Qb e b
gGY eh ,AGS M Y ddGh HG dG We ac ``è e N
Y MJ H hc j ```bh ,SCd QSG GN ```J
Yb Y fCa ,H IgG e NCG h Yb g dh ,jdG QSG
.QSG e MQCG QSG CG
c d dG G C ,G IMh Y J k dM FdG ```G
,efGh G d FY V dh ,jb dG IMdG fd kG```Me
CG jf f "```dH Y je AHCG ``è HL jU Gg b ```Vjh
e kGO f S - dh d dGh- fC dG MG e Qf
CG jf f "ddG AHCG e NBG jh ."ddG jje hCG jje g
,"Y HCG AHCG g e aCG dP C ,k S c e G VdG Y f
FHH d OS fC ```G j CG jf "HCG e Fb j ```bh
."H J eM e b b S fCGh
jEG g dP e VdG dh ,eCG g e OGjEH dG hMCG fCG
Gdh ,JG Yh FHCG H WG bdG e j GRe dG G C```H
k dGh ed dG dG ```Vj
b EG dHCG dh .ASG H k HLh T
fCG G AHCG H Fb k ```HM H ,HL dT J 1994 ```M EG
.1986 jj Gd kGOGeG fch
dG c Gah Y GbGh dG GbG jdG EG dG h
EG dG Fb J h ,G AHCG e FW gCG CG a ,1994 M
AdEG Y ddG GOdG W b HG GO```dG dh ,Ife ib
.dG HdG jQG YE IOdGh AdG je N HG G

We aJ g ch ,1986 Y b e EG Oj G FdG GdG
e BG K aO SBm e EG iOCG ddGh fdG ``àG H eh e
ej EG pj ```dG GdG OjEG kGc kGQhO ```ffCG dh .G A```HCG
dfG J cM iQCG eY VdH TCG ,dG AHCG ``è fCGh ,fEG .Gg
AHCG e d GNEG e L EG k L j G MCG AG```dG e k UTCG
cCG iNCG IN ```f k eb d eCG SCG ```g Ggh .ddGh ```
k
.idG IMdH bG gh ,T
G G f J g MG dG ``` eCG dG CG f h
fhDT Ghjj CG ``à hCG bEG c d J ```dG dGQdG hCG ,```SG
dG Yh ,a a dG iNCG WG S j dG dSCH
Y d eCG dG gh ,dbCG H adG e k Yf dGQdG ```S
jcedG CG M ,```dG LQO EG IMdG f b fC ,O```dG I```Mh
.fG f h dG ``è OdG Y d MdG dG ```g G
U U Y d jCJ YCG fCG PEG kGjL d dGQdG Y ech
IhQP 1993 Y dU S PSCG MW CG ```H ,eG IMdG
G Jh ,G fG b OdG H e dG SdG YG eRCG
.dG IMdG Qe J
a MdH GhCGj e d Ve IMh Va e G AHCG j dh
a ,fG g ch k ```HL c d fCGh .VG GL fh ```H
hCG k S e QJ CG ```G IMa ,IMdG jW Y g EG ``ÙCG
.k e EGh dG e j a dGh ffCG QGSG eCG ,k HjEG
,H H j be ib dh ,```JGObh GH Z dG ```G
e S k HL k YR fCG c ```dh .dG VQ J CG ``à
HdG jG dP ,ASG H OGaCG L eh ,ASG H idG c
,dG J G eR UCG jdG G VQG C ,G d
210
211
fgPCG d QJ CG M j Gfc AGS ,d jG GNG gj h

.h fCG ffCG
gh jEG EG f a ,de dG PSCG ```db e EG IOYh
SG fCch h```j SCd gh ,ceCG dhDG ```jJ Y cP ``è
dG PSCG eCG ,gQY d ``Ù gh ,dG "dG" U e ```jCGQ
TGh e je dG SGG ```Y gH j fCG XCG cCG ``à
G H eZCG CG CG WCG CG MCG ddh .b Y Y sJ
d j CG ```TGh SGe CG Lj h ,FGR SS ```VGZC
G g e Q```j e SQ L CG hCG ```ceCG LQG hCG ```HCG
k
CGJ e SDe ```gh ,k e j EG G G```g e SQ a .``à
G c jh ,GMGh hJ bY ``è bYh ,bGJh LJh
N dh .dG ```VQG hCG dG eG J CG ```b bdG g ```Y
Gdh ,VQG h JGQ dG eG aJ a ,TGh O```YG GQhCG
e cCG e c ,```dG c ,dG ``` Y UG TCG ```jM ```fCa
hCG HCG dG Hq j CG ``è g U CG Y bCG g dh ,```TGh
VQG a dG FdG dG e ceCG bG dCe eCG .LQG
e hCG ,QdG FdG e hCG GjEG FdG ``è ceCG bG e QYG
,FdG fCG ```d dEG GQb ```jdG ceCa ,HdG ```FdG
edG J a ```KCdG Y IQOb M VQe i```b Lh GPEG ```dh
dh SG e fe ```jd d dG IQGOEa G bdG eCG .``è
Y ed eYh ,SG e cCG eCG ij dh ,dU ```Fdh
eCGh QG SH dU FdG S EGh dh , d ```VQCG
.dP e AT CG fCG h fCG qd dh ,cG Hh SdG
bf CG ```Y j ,```dG NCG ,GG ```bGdG J ```LCG ``èh
fh ,dG OGeG Y f CG Y H ,dG hCG ```dG hCG ```G
GPEG edG HCJ" :```FdG dG Uh ,O```VGh dH J bW c ``è
J Jb H ceCG Sh .kGOMBG ```J baG GPEGh ,kGJ LG

.NGdG QSG e fjH dfh dEG f CG H ,fOh Jh ```dEG
Y dG C ,jNBG d VQc e HJ CG g NBG ``èCGh
j a ,dG EG pODj EG ,SGdG G Y dG ```G
dG S Y HdG FdG Ff CG dh ,```dG d Y Fe EG e
.Sh Gh Y N IjGh Jh AH dW
.ffCGh dGfG ```Y dh idG dGh ```dG Y dG
QdH OVG e Qd WCG fCa ,d d G ZJ GPEGh
e fCG CG e ,e jJ e J dh ,e Qd fCG a J dG
.e fe Qf GPa ,k jCG U dGh ,k jCG e jJ
Y VJ a ,dG e fCG O G FdG Y n```VYG GPEGh
NCG ,AT CG Vj dh .HCG ``è hCG eM e fCG O OdG ```FdG
Gg ,MGh Th MGh ```Th MGh FH dG dhO J e ,```jdG
fh fCG LGf CG f a ,f Y fH H a ```dJ EG
f CG Sh d jNBG d e Hf c ,a f a bh
Nj Lh HCG c ```dG iNCG Ie jdG QSG G MQh .k ```T
M ,H jeh Wh fc Y C ,gQ h N H X Y
YOCG Gg e eh .L Y l HCG a jOdG OLH J k dM Y UCG
,Uf Yh dGh ```SdGh UCGh Gh ```ja Hh dG I```JSCG
dGYh dGh dGh Gh dG H jjCG Gj CG ,gZh
k
,IG EG Uhh
MCG H kGQhe IU e gOH e a gZh
.HCG CG T MGh Wh AHCG a
212
213
j G PSCG
,jJh
Ca ..MWe CGdG WTCGh ..dG CG ```Y J CGb
c ..JGP d PdGh dG EG ,k T ```M EG, d dfG IYO
h Lh T H GQGSG g j a h G M d ```fCG
EG ODJ d JGOb hCG ```G AHCG IMd M IYO CG CG ```c ..``è CG
dh EG ,dG ```SQ KMCG dG YdG IO```jR EG
GgCGh LJ Y G WdG c GO```b MJ QWEG QNh QdG Gg
fG YEG cQT ```bh Gg bCG c :AJ bh .```ce eGHh
dG jNh Y g Gg EG aO e dh ..he DhJ Ggh 1994 Y
H G j H GPEGh ,```VhCG Fd Y EG LdG ```Y e JG ```dG
f jh AU EG IO```dG e jh QGG e Y ```j G
CGH YH FdG ```JQOe Hh...e JH ```Y EG MdG JQ ```jdG
VQd WdG ```dG SH je 9 Y e IQOe ```MW K ..```dG

eM Jh dG CGH e M dGh ,QdG WE Qa bH df
..V S IQO```G aj e CG YCGh ```dG ..QGG e ```Wh I```Mh
MW c dP ZQh ..kGQN d j a je 10 j FdG CG aQh
H "SdG" ) WdG Y dh dG Y g dfG CG G G```W
Gg SGh ..cQ hCG ```dG e (94 je e NCG SCG O```Y
ddG e I```NEG e bGdG VQCG ```Y JSQh H ..beh ```MW
dG e iSCG ```M H ..HG e f ```G c e eh ,```Y
hCG SQ CG CG hO I```G EG gfh ,efG ```Y CG e ```NBG
eY H ..gZh dGh OGG e dG e A``èR dH jh ..iPCG
eh ..f h hNBG cJ G YQ GZG EG LN
jOdG dG J ```Mh .gZ ch ....VGdGh I```dGh hGQ
YJ e CG Y UMh a dG AHCG L YSG ,GfBG ,Q```G
G e FYCG e f CG ```d G bGG ,d j dG ```G
.dG e FYCG c YSG G H d
..GfBG QG cM ``` hCG fG f CG pQ``` hCG ``àGf h
dP Y J JHOCG ch
,feGR jdG AedG e CG e MCG Lj J Y k YaO dP bCG
.BG Mh IdG J j k VJ EGh
H Gh YG Md jJh J
G MdGY cNCG
:ddG dSdH Y OQ Aa G PSCG Y NBG Ve Mh
G MdGY dG PSCG
GMEGh jdG Fah dG H
214
215
,TGd FdG IQjR M NCG e Y dG J Y cTCG

IQhV k e e JCGh ,``ègG Y d eG e H ```TCG EGh
e h VQG e f YCG k T fCGh ,dG ```d VQG W
jhGR e QeCd ```dG j H CG Q ,H ``è bGe H dG ```gCG
,ceCG LQ aCG d G S Y ceCG FdG CG YCGh .```SGh
Gdh ,bH IO MUh ``` f QWEG j T ```dh
M FdG e Hb c e ,FNCG Y c Sjh RGH QeCG
.Ff e je c d
dh ,ceCG ```dEG Uh e EG ITe ```f CG jf dG ```f
YCGh ,d SG ```G Vh d j c G jH CG```f bCG Y
k
QYG H Vh dG c e J ```M
Vh QG fH CG
c H ```NCd IOe GQN ```Vhh bH G ```T ```fC
EG QSdG f CG Y "1993 Y I```dG c cPCG dReh .Lf
k LH fCG ```bGdGh ,"..```j CG
EG ASDhdG ```H f QSO EG BG ``à
CG j e gCGh ,GdG ```d W ,JSe Y QSdG j A```SDhQ
JGh dG Kh OQh IOSH FdG MU g QSdG O```j
bCG Y FdG ```df CG Y dP j CG EGh .```ZU cQT ```dG
k M d dh ,FdG T f fCGh ```fCGh ,FdG QSdG GMH
dH dh Qf CG hO ``` WdG Gg j CG ```Y jh ```Wh
.OGSGh dG IYO a NOCG dG G e Wh J
,idG ac Y J CG eCG FdG MU Y cdG CG jCGQ h
FdG OLh AKCG H dh ,f dG H ,a VQG d
Ud SdG aJ e aGe ```H eJ ie a jCG HQC ```TGh
.jfK fEG a j e bCG jb LCG e dG
bh ,a d bdG FdG j CG EG GQGdG Y J c ```h
jH dJ CG dG ```jfdG jdGh dG dG Y ```cGJ
Gg H bdGh ```dH QdG e WGG ```Jh ,G e J ```jce

IYdG HV gh ,Fd dG SQG T H jCGQ dh .GPh
kGe Xh ,g eCG ```d FdG H AL eJ ceCG ```jdG
Y j FbO He e j CG hO jCG KK e cC dG dU
CG hDT GSh kGQT hj jdG jNBH a ,``èCG
.IOhe FbO k jce
jYh ,```cPCG e ```Y JGh dG ```Kh ```MW dTEG ```g
e AT c CG GhLh ```M dG dG e eJ ```ceCG
k fMCG a d k bh FdG j CG EG ,UEGh WGdG h gQEG M
hj jdG UdG Ff Y AH iNCG k fMCGh ,dG LGe Y AH
IQH aGJ dG e CG iQCG WGc fCGh .e H kGT c jeCG
j ah ,jdGh jdGh UEH j a ceCG G e QOb
cf CG Yh .dG AdEG e Y h ,gQEGh YdG ib LG
,JGh dG Kh OH Va Y YJ dG dhdG fRGdG CG
UEG ib ```dU e UCG S e ```Y OG GMCG H ```dh
kGOYG H ,SH KdG cd LG hO ```dG G IH J CG ```dG
FdGSh.fGHjdGhOeee GbdGjeY
c Ga g NBG QG CG T e GPEG JMU H Y Rd kGe f
e dh UEd IYO CH ```db feEG TCG k T fCGh .```JMU
,e he M J CG WdG idG Y j jdG h ,dhG ``è
QKBG e e f c WdG ```L e j CG CG b Te ```Mh
.1994 M
216
217
b X HCG ```jJ gTCG fCGh JOS ```fc c UCG CG ```SCG

AGVCG d QGdG EG S QNCG Gec CH jG gq f eY ,jCG
dH G Y M NBG dG X M ,"f Gg" De ```Y
c e jh edG j ,GL e SCH DG Y j IQdGh
.ZeO Wjh SGM
EG fCG C ,jW ``èg CH dN TCG dG IQO```dG G e ```fEG
.G G dG j dG VQCGh dhdG dG
,Ad Jeg af j ,gP jCG IAVh S Wd j G G```g
eYEG fcGeh Q```G JGQS EG .gZCGh ```ShCG YCG e ```jh
G d j dG dG dG ``è kGj kGAL J CG J ```
.bEG a N a Mc eSG JH G
GLCG U QG JAGb Y ,jdG fjdG HG J cJ d
dG AHCG ```HGQ M FQ e Rf ```j FQ dG dG P```SCG
d fCG T dG ,G G dGh ```G MdGY PSCG "CGQ"
SCG Y JHLEG CG gfG dh ,Y g dG dG J Gc kGQhO
k acG cGh ,SGG Jh k jCG edG WJ cP fc dG ``èdG

.SCG GP e dG Gg CG gh ,kGjL j b
a k HJ g CG EG ,SS fdGh ,jO fc hCG HG CG ```ZQh
SEG Th ```SdG e hc dG j ```dG QGG GOBGh ```bEG
.AGS M Y fOH
hCG k T ``èCG CG MCG h ,OfG ```HW Y j JHc CG ```ZQh
Y HGh CG HYEG ANEG e CG CG EG ,k e k SS ``èLCG
.AGS M
HLCG HG dh ,```SdG Y EG HG j CG CG hM ```d
c
o dh ,..LJh ```ZQ Z Y c EGh,WCS Cc ```JeCG EG" ``è
k G d ; ```bHh H a a ```fCG e Z NG ```SdG ``è
UC
jdG Y CH OY ```SdH TG aQCGh dP EG eCG h ```jQCG
dGh adG jdG Vh EGh SdG dG e SQ CG j
h jO eN g YdG dG dW hCG jdG Y e CGh ..``àGh
Z ae ,MQh dh Mh MH,G M Jh ,SdG ``Ù
.."dG ..SdG M Y
dhMh ,bdG dP ,```f LH k e cCG G "CG ```jh
a jje Y gcoCG CG ```gch .ihL hO b CG CG Mh ```
ol ,d G QNG dG jdG S H j" :OQ
UGjh "d oN e ch
..d G `sjh QNG ```dG jdG e c j G dP e" ```Fb CG
."FdG CGdG c jCGQ CG jCG GS H Hh
jdG QNG ```M Y c HG CG ```j L CG Gg ```Y EG
.dG jW ,FdGh G jW ,d SCG
JM NBG AT CG j d G MdGY CG dG jCGQ h
c j fEa ,Y Cf dG IQ```dG Y G G Jh HJ i```S
,a dG d eCG Y Lh H GYG e jh ,YEGh jJ
218
219
.c eSEG eCG dh
dG e ```j b aQ RGW e ```SSh ,YEG ```j CG ```fEG
YH j dG ```dh ,g bGe e hNBG ```jh ,g ```bGe
CG Gg e EG FGdG HG GP eh ,```JGQGM c HOCG Sh ,bNCG ```KeOh
,G PSCG e SdG HG H GhDh```j CG G e CGh .```VdG
M CG b HGdG ```M YCG dG UEG efH dc G```j CGh
SdG VGeCG J ```jj a dG j HGdG efH EG .```NBG
kGH e bh ,e H IAGdG J CG j dh ,fOH H ```dG
.ja MCG hCG e VGaG CG Y
220
k j CG ``` fCG X EG dU G```Y Y FdG A```j

e LQ
M SG ``è ,SS bQc ```ja H hCG ```G ```MdGY
id eGSG e hCG ("IjG" I```d YR M) SS bQc ``ÙEG
.M bh Y G j CG b dH iNCG
e fc hX H FdG e d UEG M CG ```ZQh
Lh UEG CG EG ,ddG G```g YJ ,WdG e Qh ,``ÙEG
e Ggh ,OdG e ddG bh Yj bNCGh jdG LGdG CG ```jdG
.Jc bMh IH JGOb Y j Lh ,Y FdG QKCG
a ,QG HGdG ```M GObh ja Hh G jPSCG IO```Y eCG
fc EG bCG g EGh ,O``àEG hCG OdG e d S QJ fCG ```XCG
.OaEGh OdG e ,WdG c ,WdG PfE INCG dh
PSCG J ```dG dG gQe HdG I```c jYO S ```bh
fG YEG cQe M ```Y kGOYG ,dP Zh dfH ```G
221
LGh e H EG Cp ```j fG YEG CG j ```G dh ,1994 ```Y

Y dG e JG dG dG b e jNh Y e WdG QGG ```
e Y j CG H G j ```H GPEGh ,VhCG Fd Y EG ```LdG
AHCG e e ``èh G jh AU EG IO```dG e jh QG```G
.G
G W K ..dG CGH YH FdG QGG AYCG IQOe Hh
Qa bH a dW VQd WdG dG SH je 9 Y e IQOe
YCGh ,Wh IMh eM Jh dG CGH e M dGh QdG WE
dU GY Y FdG aQh ..V S IQOG aj e CG ```dG
Y dh dG Y fG iS kGQN d j a 1994 je 10 j
.(94 je e NCG SCG OY H "SdG" )WdG
AHCG e bGdG VQCG Y G PSCG SQ Ea ,fG YEG ZQh
NBG dG e iSCG jM dN sJ f SQ fc Y dG
..iPCG hCG SQ CG CG hO IG EG f Qbh ,efG Y CG ``è
GZG VQCG ```J ,LQG NBG ch ,Y e ```G N eYh
.k e HLh T H j h hNBG cJ G jYQ
FdG eMRdGjYQGQhHIOTEG SEa,jQdGh feCdh
k ,eO f Uf Y
jYQ H kGc k eGMG Ld j
q fEG Fb
.1994 Y dGh G AHCG e cGTG Zh cGTd
dG J AKCG ``Ùj c G CG QG jNBG ``è Sh
. hO dG AHCG L SG GfBG QG jOdG
SCGQ dG e ```cM e kGAL cCG dG ```dG Y CG ```ZQh
e S CG EG I```dG J Y ```dG sj h ,```G P```SCG
k kGNDe
EG ,k T M EG , d dfG IYO CG CG gh QdG ```j b
j a h G M d fCG ```c ..JGP d PdGh ```dG
eDj LdG CG ```Lah ,e CG h ```Lh T H QGSG ```g
j e AU g CG M ,```SH jjGG e c e cCG I```MdH

.QU HCG fG SQh Qf d IMdH
c CG EG ,```HGdG M QN jCG CG ```ZQh ,VQH j ``àh
GdHh G dG e g HGdG dG bG CH Gh```dG Y iQCG
AdG GMCG H HGdG O```Lh Y SCG ch ,G AdG GMCG ```H
WdG dG HGdG M j c dG dG QhdG cPCG dReh ,G
.ehDG 1994 M b e EG dG IMh YEG H VQd
MG fL EGh ,VQG d G ejdG H G PSCG ch
dGh HGdG Z Ea ddh ,dG hMdG dG M FQ hG
e a G PSCG Y eCG MWh ,JDhJ QKCG G AdG Y
fHh HGdG M GQOe H Hb dG gdG H Yh SCG If
.IH gH G AdG efH AL dG MUEG
d ,UGdG ```Y H G AdG GO```b CGQ ae s```j h
idG OG HMh ,```TGh G jRdG Sbh jRdG ```jR jPSCG
GOTCGh ,HGdG M GTE kGc k jHCG ,G AdG a AL dG
AdG GOb Y dCG W Y FG JG h ,ja Hh G bG
YQJ GMCG d ,G dG dU d HGdG J C ```G
AL CG EG ,G fG S hj e Y HfG ```G H fGh
.jc CLa IN WdG VQCG EG ja Hh G jPSCG IOY
Hh G C ,dG ```WdG dd c OhOe d ```S IOdG ```g
GY Y FdG Yj CG kGHCG e bf dh ,WdG e EG dj ja
jd dh ,VG JSS JaCG e UEG Y fS H ,WdG V dU
UEG iS ```HfG g EG G```S e d J a k ``è Q```N
.d Ob ada EGh ,VhCG
Qh ja H HQO aQh G PSCG kGL cQj OdG G Gg
dU GY Y FdG a GPEG eCG .dU GY Y FdG k ```jCG cQj
222
223
bQh EG f j EG j a ,SS bQh EG ja Hh G j

.UQ e d J e dH j Sh ,OGdG dM bQM
AfH j ```dh ,j H k ej Yj ``ÙQ Ea G AdG C```Hh
ADg SCGQ Yh ,jNBG c Y G```j CG JOb Y dh ,HfG
c b c ```G AdG eh .dGh ```HGdG HM ```jNBG
HGdG e Wh ```HM c Y k Y j d eCG E``à ,G ``è
J WdG UEG aGgCG E``à ,ja Hh G GPSCG eCG ,```dGh
cQj dh ,```VQG hCG dG ```fc AGS G A```dG GgCG ``è
d ,Fb g e UEG ,LQCG ```Y ,gS H Fb g e fEG IO```YEG
adG d f ddh jf e g G``à ,JZ e dG j CG ```Yh
.ge

"fS" Y f "f DG" be f QGWCG jZ N gfG d

S AU ceCG IQdG CG "dG QT "e HG AG Y f
eM Y NGO SGeh AGQRdG V J eg FKh dG
YzS26{fh ..1982 Y WGdG dG jQL j c e
cGTG G GOb GQ```jR Ffh GAd J FKdG CG e QO``è
QOG VhCGh ..eg SS GQGbh eGhCG EG aVEH hdG e OY EG
dG IOb bYh WJQG ```Y IjLh Ie ee J ```FKdG CG
k ,M WdG e HG
N e dG Y GdH J fGL Y a
e Y FKdG J c ..Gh dhdG GO```b NGO LCG
e OYh QG SeHdG dG VhCG Jh Gd Gd cT J
J Y edG FKdG ``è OY EG aVEH eYEG dG Nh ```bJG
.MG
hj Ja MUh Tfh Jc CH EG Mj dG G fG g EG
,dG FdG eCH CJ dG FGhdG e IFGO O AU ceCG IQdG CG
FGdG hCG Q```G e Y J fCG G```Xh eCG Y ```NG hCG
.dG cd jQhdG gjQJ J dG dG ed HdG
FKh jCG dG b ```Md J CG ceCG IQdG aj ``è Lj
d J ```FKh e g fc GPEGh .dG hCG ```fdG Y ```Y
e UJ J dG FKdG J e OJ FKh Y QU iS ```J a
gGHEG MGdG dG FdG d J e gJ eh 78h 77 eY M
SG M QGSG O M S 26 ``Ù dG ```G
.SH J JGP dG fc dG fj 13 cM gh H b dG cG
dG Sh ,jG cG e ```LH SG Z dG J bh
J eY hCG ,HS hCG ```MGQ cM EG j eY Y Jd T ```H
.FSDhQ IN MCG e dG eM dG DG IdG J QGSCG Cd
FdG e ```dG dh iS d ``è dG Ea G ```V IO```Yh
1986 Y M OH ```SFdG J dG Uf Y ```SCG HG
FQ CG H j jJh G```MG bY bEGh dhdG idH ```HJh
.M hCG HS
ceCG IQdG ```M g dG dG G f dh ```Y GHh
M e eGdH QNCG g ``è f SCG ae dh Y a ```JGP
Vj b fCH T OLh Y Lf YdG Gg ```g . Uf Y J
.?G SFdG HfG QZ
LQ ibCG j CG ```LQO EG Uf Y ```TJ e YdG Uh ```g
dG SQCG e f IQhV Y jd Y jCG H dG QT
.Qe SG Uf Y d cdH
Aj dG Ld IASEG h dG G S dP H dGJ d
IMh S WdG e LhN e VQG h ```dG ```SS C
224
225
.WdG
dMEG e H ``` Uf Y TJ ``è jQYG dhCG ```dh
H e ```j dGh INCG QdG ``è jLCG ```dG ```HG EG
hCG g c Wh IMh eM g fc GPEG EG f Tj d fCH ```T C
Vj CG GL G e fCG c .HfG Y GTEd J bG e
J CH dhO ```fV aJ e dG ```cQG O HfG Q```Z
Ga BG M I``àe Z fdG g CG ```h .jfh IM ```HfG
EG jdG ODS fMG OGO```S dG VhCG J Gdh ```SFdH
.dG QT dP Y c QGdG b
jh j Gdh jfh IM ```HfG J CG jj G ```G
CH j e Gdh . Uf Y e AjbCG Te OLh e YdH
G Y UM HY LhR CG M LCG e he Uf ```Y
Hh S NB bh e Ie GASEG h ,eY 12 e cCG e ```dG
.Se
J GN GN dG ```HdG dG CG AbUCG ```MCG ihQ ```d
hdEG RL j AU e L e HdG dH fhdG ```FSQ
GN GN AU CH La dG ```jU EG da JT a ``è
1994 M AKCG ```H OCG dG Uf ```Y jJ L ```dG ```Y
H WCG dG G```N GN CG hjh .bdG ```dP IG U ```Jfh
fRGG Z bY H IG g IRQH dhO U j g e ``è
Uf Y GbCG bJ e dG J fc e j dG eG ``è
e %1 CGj S 26 OY Hc QGSG EG eCG ```H fa ```
.dH WJQG b d j c dG IG QL
SFd Tj CG dG e e CG hj dG Z jc CG Q
LCG e d dfG ```FQ d Uf Y ``è G e ```LQ
JUh JGN e dG c dG d jCG dh a IMdG Y ```G
GQOb S fCG EG aVEG ,O```dG Y G Z QG d jNBH ```dG

dh .iNCG Ie f ```TJ H d dG hG```dG CGe SJ ```Y
Gj b QGb PJG Y j CG MCG j h LdG H g NCG QGdG
.QGb H FQ j CG d j dGh SdG jQJ C Se
HfG J c cG ```d Me dGRe UdG EG dG ```jh
GOb f CG a EGh Ff G NdG hO gGfh SH
G AL dh M G Wd ```M Y H e GPEG dG ```G
c e bOdG jhMdG H j CGH IMdG a .IMdG f Q```N
GZ fH dd RZh hH jb c dh .HhdH e j UdGY
H j T j ddG LQdG e WGe cCG CG e bCG dh
.(d)h () H h (dG)h (dG) H j CG G eY 28
226
227
LGj gh 1978 Y dG ```M dU GY Y FdG J CG ``è

eN LG ```M CGH a .iNCG EG I``à e hj eNh AG```YCG
dH Y LCG dh ,Y jGH ```Y fG GdhM jdG ```jUdG
.dGh
SdG WG WdG ```G Oe LG dP H dU ```J K
jW Y EG O```dG SEG ```j h HG ```dG T ``è ``èYG
Uf Y FdG HG jH SSh ,eSEG FH fGe ```fSG
.
Y Ff g GOh```d GhYh N dU ```FdG f LGh IMdG ```Hh
a fG dG ```fG H fG Y SS GO``` Ob dG dG ```S
.WG JGQN H dG
CG Oc ST GO O```b dG KG M dG FdG AL dG ```Hh
Y G M eM H d FdG jCG e J Q``èCG j
.HQdG Jbh MCG

X e YS dh Fd G VhCG SG KG O AfG ```Hh
IQdG jd dU G```Y Y CG aCG hj ```b Nh jL hY ```d
.LGe Y dGh
h ,IM MQ dG h ,GG JdG j OhdG G G```g
.Y hCG L hCG S dN hCG M Ff hCG Sb a FeR
,jOdG UG dG h ,ceCG dG hCG G hCG UCG ```dh
.dG fjH J hCG ,ceCG djeEG hCG
Ag c e i```bCG g dU GY ```Y FdG LGj ```dG h```dG EG
.AGdGh dGh AdG g a MCG KK e hdG Gg dCjh ,
Ic f CG LQO EG IQG e UCG ```dG e j dG ```dG EG
Mj S ```NBG dGh ,```dG dW ```H MJ CG ``` ``è
.a g PfE ehb j H LQG QSH
ASh OdG ```cGJ Y Lf H jObG ``è g dG ```G
.LG IOGQEG Zh jObG SdG
GTDe Y dP Jh G EG LGJ dG EG J dCG SDe
dG VQG e d e h dG j d NO h ,H ```jObG
.QG G hCG NGdG LG
Y QGG hO OfG hCG QG e dH LGe dG ```dG
.T e h f e j dG dG e bdG Y
jh G hY LGe Y FdG j GP j CG j ```MCG
.M Y IQN J fL jH
AVdG h ```ceCG IOTEG h ```jG WGdG ```gJ ```d ```dG
.fHdG fG h HhQhCG
LG AH Y f ```d dGh ,dG e Gj CG hjj ```dG
Le EG LH d .Qhe jQJ QEG d GQhdG je J ```dG
228
229
MS CG f CG h ,LG e j e ja IjL jN Lh
je H dG e j LfEG jQeh fe EG ```LH f EGh ,eY
.WdG
1975 Y dGY jdGY gCGH LdG I```MdG G dG G
ch dG Y FW fGe aUh ,G J jH dG bJh
.dG dG dG Ah gh gCG AdG V M J H GAdG
LGe M J dh edG QfG EG EG RdGh dG bJ ODj ```dh
SH h ,dU GY Y MCG jQGH h , Y YQ ```dG
fHh dhDG Q```b Y O```G aGj dh .QY G```H hCG ,Q```W
?dP FdG Qj a .FL
GaCGh HG ```WGdG jhS R```J d ceCG CG Qj ```gh
.RdGh G X J H e J WGda ,dG
kGgT SdG Y ```j c FL e Y
o EG "```FdG Uh
."S
230
dG d hdG hdGh ```dG IQGRh ch eb dG dG ```bQh

hO FY J dG HdG Y iQdG EG SdG ``è QcdG
QKBH ```VH CJh G ```Sbf J dG O```bG VdG ```
.IQhG hdG Yh H gMh dG Y d IG SdGh YL
SdG bQh G```h GhDhb b iQdG ``` A```YCG c EG QOCG
jh Qc Y ODj CG ICG```G JGh b gCGb ``è c EG QOCG h , CG
G b eh iQdG AYCG e SCd fYG a ?gG FdG
.j CG j e j CG j e FdG SEG Y QSG
ed JGSG ```gCG" fGY c ```dG bQdG VhCG ```SdG
QSG CG "G h```dG hOh dG H O```bG efGh
dN e ```dG SSCG R```JQG f dG ```dG G ```SCGQ
ad TGh ``èCG g SCG Gg CG EG kG``è ,dG e IfG ```J
.G Q```WEG G i```G EG dH ```VdGh ```G ```je
231
hdG hO dG IdG e OSG dG ObG CG SdG iCGQh

jObG SCG EG dP LQCG d BG ``è j h dG ```G
FdG cQj dG SdG dG G ```G Y j j h IO
.d JGYe J e G hO h
G hO VJ ObG Q dM j dG CG b EG dHCG fEG
GG e edG dG dG Y QO dG WG SdG H ```Y
e G CG jdG ```j Ggh ,f dG dG AHCG ``è edG h
dG c EGh ,dG dG dG dh FdG SdG dG g QG
.QG K aj dG g MG g
EG fd dG gCd G h```dG hO N ``è GPEGh
dG V j H edG edG ```Y gGJ hdG g CG S ```G
fGNEG Cch 2013 Y b G dG GAGLEG CGJ a ,gVh d H
hf MCH GNEG j GdJ d dd G FdG MQ hj G
.dEG fh e
be H dG FdG e dG QCdH eJ fCG hj G hO
eJ fCG GL ```VGdG e dh ,jdG j M b ```M GU ``è
j dG G dG CG VH j ```dG TG ObG bGdG e
GYe CG Ea dHh dG SCGQ ```VQh Sh Y G OdG ``à
hO Ea dHh ,b HQ G```W M e FdG OdG j b ```N
.OdG S dGeCH eJ CG OGSG jd j G
Y Gc GN ```j gdG dG jGdGh ```dG G ```dG
G Sh ,G OdG b ``è j Ma AGK X dG QG```SG
hO Ea Gdh gQEGh dG Obh g dG C IQhG hdG EG T H
OdG G e f jMh ```bG AGM jG c IOL fCG H ```G
FGhO YL G d ```J d hj e Y hdG g dh .G ``è
dHh Y e c dG j c NBG EG J Sh FH e J
hdG e J cCGh AGdH MQ cCGh GOa bCG ```f EG GYG J

.dGh gQEG N IU IQhG
GQH fG ZQ dG j G```L e G hO CG hjh
,dh GjEGh jQSh GdG MS gCG e d iNCG MS gCG cCG
e dG ObG gCd WhT G hdG Vh bh ,``àh
GQSG %60h %40 H hGJ H ```f dG dG gj CG ```H
j fC FdG dG j eCG Ggh ,OdG ObG Y j dG
hj h ,FH Ia jh GAdG AGT e GeCG Y G EG ``à
.dG AGa e ZCG GcG Y
Y UCG jNBG FGdG JSSh G ```FdG CG VGdG eh
,ObG ANQh c IM ```JMWh dG de eCG ```M
FQh eM J e dG dG AHCG j CG g MdG ``èCGh
eh OY dG SG GPEG dh .```S WGO IQH G ```HfG
IOb jEGh dG dG gh e VdG h gQhO AGOCG e ```WGdG
bj Sh GAS OGOS jObG hdG Ea h bEGh dhO ```de
bEGh hdG G ``` b LQO EG OdG QGSG ```Yh dG
MCG bf CG Yh ,```jOLh dG AGa H OG Y bdG ```Y Y
Uh Gh dG CG UN VhCd eT QfG hCG AH IQK eEG ```jQN
,dG ICWh e j fCG UG SG Ge CGHh jdG ```SDG EG
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232
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235
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236
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238
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240
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PSCG e f h FdG ```db dG Gg jQdG e UGJ g ```f

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Y e FNEG LQCG ```Y FdG S ddh dhO c ```c
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ba CG h ,QG```YCG c fG a H j e ```d j eY 28 ```H
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242
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je ShDhQ UCG HH ```dh J dY SZ UCG ```d

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244
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j T g Y Y jj ,NBG f e Y jj fCG JG dh ,fQhj
245
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.dG T jQEG dGY CG e dG T
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fCG dh ,``` e Gdb "jQEG ``à jh jEG ```dH ```dSdG
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.ddG FdG dhO d e jdG AdGh eMh
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248
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250
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251
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H Jh OdG UhCG J EG IMdG j hCG e J c ```JSQ
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dG Hjh ```jSdG j JGP bdG ```dh OdG HQ ```gjh
.d T e fCch OdG GeCH jh ,OdG QU bCG H SQh
dh MQ QZ fCG Y d AdG Y eY GY j fCG Ff eh
QXE j G dH H Y j hCG ,Y j dG bGdG
JGP bdG h gQEd ```HQ jh .H IOTEd ```jdG dG ```dP
jY cGe h OH M GU jH e bGY H dCG j
H jh HgQEG e N j H a Gg dh .e ``èCGh
.eW jh dG d ej b Gfc bh j fCG Y
e j JGP bdG h GfdG ```dG d aQ j FdG CG ```c
d cJhdG ```j fCG Y j CG ```jh .e d c``èCG IQjR
e ceCG dG ```Yjh SeHdG GYCG fG Y Q```j
.QdH d fCG H Uj e bCG J gQEG Fb Qe T
SFdG Ie ```j j fCG FdG ```T jCG ```fG FO ``èh
e Ya MQ GbH T EGh ,jL e JdG Ie e c CGj K JH
JdG d GS S EG GS N e IMGdG IdG j Y j
L dG CG FdG Gg Q```j h .a IMGh S bf Ga K ```Y
dh YS M hCG a aVEG ej EG JM QNG Y IQdG jd Yh
e M j
.jdG W
d jh LCGh HdG SeHdG dG L OOj FdG Gg
.TJ Y QGUEH HM EG Yj K SFd f Tj d fCG VH

Y fYEH ```fCG a c dG ```YEG Y Rj CG ```dH jj ```fEG
GbG jOU ```jW Y d dG hGdG ```bh SFd ```TdG
.FQ j bdG GP
IG g CG EG ```jdG H G``è HQCG dG GN ``` fCG ```ZQh
FdG Sh MG bJ EG ODS dG aG C UdG S
NCG g EG f j Qh ISCGh ```dGh Gh dGh SFdGh I```MdG
.dG W a G e ZaCG hCG YH
252
253
!MQdH dG TCG e
!j eEH dU GY Y TCG eh
Y dG ```M 1948 b e e ```dG WdG cG ```f cJ ```d
ec O```dG G Y A```dGh SdG ``ÙEG g FQ ``àg
SCG j e dh ,iNCG YLGh jObG dGh GgCG d
f Qj e 1962 QGMCG Wd IQK NBG Y CG ```SCGh
OGSG OdG G X GO Ud OdG a OY bh b
CG j CG hO f ``è 20 e cCG F MGh LQ a j ```dG
.fc L CG hCG W CG e f
j fEG H f Y j c dU GY Y FdG Y heh
e ch AWCG ``èGhCG Z MC h ```FWCG e EG ```LJ hCG ```f CG
,bDe FdG ea iNCG GKDGh NdG H f ceCG W H
IOLG JeGh jQdGh jdG ANCG M .H a deG Y LGJh
H e aN dG J EG ```fGYCG e MCG Dhj ffEG Y ```be

SFdG J ```fCG dhCG j dGh ,ANCG ```g a Y e GY ```dh
He c j ```M 1978 dj 17 ```dG Y H fG ```ZQ 1979
.dG jQd
fCH IjG Ib Y FdG Y MW bOU HCG S dG c d
EG VdG d fh Y jGH c c UdG GbC ```j j
JCj dh ,j CG EG Y jGH j CG QJcO CG W g g
.VGJ IhQP dh , b gh EG jdG WS
?dG IQdG eb GP iNCG Ie Af fYOh
e M gTh dG IQdG Ve e NBG Ve GDdG Gg Y j
gGfh bU Y ```VG c jh Y e eY 95`dG gf QG```dG ```FHBG
UN IQjR efd ```b dG IU dGY VdG ```dG fPSCG ```gh
:IjG Ib
Nh j FG Nh J ua I```Yb Y Fb c eeEG ```G "
SdG d dG g dGh YGh aGG fch j gG
.J j en Jh YNEG j en NEGh
d c Jh fS G CG dh G jY d "VG fdGh ```Hjh
EG dG Qdh jf e EG G S G dG dP e ```j CG
S CG Y ```j e dG AHCG e Lj CG G Qs```b d ```VGfG
H Lj ch e G jY fc ,dGh dG dP e dG dG PfEG
jNBG d G Y uj CG j c en h CG cQj en SG e
.GHCG Y f CG f h eGhCG g d Gdj Gfc
MQdH dG TCG e a
G jOa e ```f ch ,NBG f NOh ``è f e LN ```d
.OdG dG G jQJjO Na eeEG
MQdH dG TCG eh
254
255
HGh CG SQ e Z ```j e dG QG SG ``à

,G SG j c c e Y eGhCG j e gh ,AGS M Y
:IdG QGdG Ib OOj gh FdG VdG hQCG eh
,VQCG Od J ,S XCG e AdG N ,a eCH G jCG
eb aCG fCG ,gGhdH ```T aCG fCG ,Of b SCG hJ ```S c
d ?fCG e fCG ,FdH W fCG ,RG K dCG fCG ,```YGH
T Qbh MG ```Y AM ,KBH V e ``è EG
.Yh ah Xh Ib c MGJ
CWe J p ?```fGg VJ c ```dG jCG ..```dG Wj OY ```K
.Fg de S h q Z Y IG VJ c ,KH
e dh ,Gc GKCJ j eEG d KCJh bdG GP of IdG g
fC dh ,dG Y ```fC d dG j G KCj CG LG ```Z
,a fCG j e Y EG j a a EGh ,CGj e S f a CGb EGh CGj
.eY 28 GW FGO Y fOY e g Ggh
ua IYb Y JM H ``èEG CG IU dG Y dG PSCG Q```jh
eh SdG eh f e a ej dG CGG Gg ch j gG Nh J
dj CG Gj ``è H GdhM c QfCGh FHbCGh HUCGh A```T c
gh YS NBG EG YS hCG ``è j GHCG VQ e %1 `H dh ``ÙEH
Gfc fCG OhCG ```M j gG Nh j gG N I```H e
SdG Gj GhDhH b c SdG ,e MQGh MQG d Gdjh eeCG Gj
G c Gdj CG ```Y CGh LGhh M d CG ```j GhDhH ```c
f Y j ```HG G L h ae ```gGHEG HG L ,```MQa
.Y H dG
jf fch dG ```ZQ e Th fh OhCG ```M eEG a e G```g
AT c e T jh AT c OhC aj ```jG eeEG g gh ,```jhSCe
S a .dG Uh e d eGO dh ,j Mh G !?jf S ``à
IQd Ff S CG QJjdH J S IQd NG g HfG

YaO EGh dG M d f cG ISCG NGO e QGK gj I```jL
.H QJ j CG QJcdG Oj de Y
.QG S 20 dG dG Y S GDdG Gg
256
257
Jf e Qh```G e IG jdG ```G dG dG ```SG

Y de S ```fCG e iNCG U ```Y fh S 26 ``Ù
dG H j fEG bh .```JSCG bE jDG d dG ```VdG
ceCG dH JG dP H fCGh dG dG e EG G EG jDG
CH SQ cCJ Y M c dG f f Y j ``è hCG ch
.d Yj jDd dG VdG
e ie EG S 26 ```M U QJ CG SCG ```Y ```YCGh
fEG e .feCG H G LGh ODj CG hj d IASEG VH V
Gf OH S U j CG OGQCG dh GASEG Y O```dG Y Oj
jQJ d Hc hCG f dG dG fc f fe e d J
c b j CG ```S 26 U Jf dG G EG ```bh .```G
S 26 fch .j je hCG j FQ Y e hCG ,H bY d T
CGh ,G jJ AGQh ```dG fCG ```Lj (QhG) Yj k ``Ù CG ```YR
k e jEG kGe Qhd jH OCG ceCG hDe

.dG IQdG hD
IQS fCG Ye L CH j CG d c Qh```G AJh
U H Lj IQS Cc TGh dG IQdG EG "VCGh .e H
dG IQdG fG Y j e Lj h ,IjL dh IQ```S fC
Mj ceCG dhDG EG QhG ```bh .dhdG adG j gh
IQdG H bj H AdG e LQO EG Gdh ,GQd ``àd
.dGh
FdG SG M C```NCG eG dG adG CG EG Qh```G QTCGh
GY Ieh OG GY Ie S PEG TGH dG IQdG YCH
,c Y jDG ```b He jh ```jQEG GY fCG ```M G```jEG
dG gh ,ceCG hDe Y bO jJ J CG c ad ``à
J CG S H iMCG ch , hDe SG e J c J
WCG e UGdG e H G eG a dG IQdG YCH FdH
adG aGjh ,SeHdG dG e fOCG G hj jdG dhDG
.dG e d SSCG h jdG J jJh bNH dG
jh e f fEG QhG a jDG d ```G VdH j e ``èCG
WH e M j h ,jhQc Qf jh e EG hOGQc
fC ,SQG g e OfG jh ceCG dG HCG ```dj Ggh ,Y
.U Y WG Y IQb d ```d jdG HQbCGh dG ISCG b ```J
Lj ceCG fGd ```j ceCG WGe fc EG ```Fb QhG ```HJh
Ge QG ceCG IQU EG J WN SQ CG OfG e e e
effGZ fEG M cf ceCG adG JGOfG j fCG EG
e jDG c CG ```j fEG H ```dP H IgG e ```j h ```gZh
Gg dG adG Y e ,JOaCG cCG IG jd ASCG SSCG
adG dh ,H ```gG AGHEG Y dG eG LCG fCH ```dG
dH jJ QhG Nh .jDG H eM hDe CG cG ```
258
259
AGdG ad ```dG OdG ``` J CG j ``èG ```dG EG

VJ H FGb H eGMGh g ```J M ,OdG G
.GMG H SdG dG dj
YGPEG hCG jJ jd j CG QhG dG f NBG fL e
j fEG bh dG dG iMEG f c d H Aj e ```jh
HJ NBG T ```Y J dG J CG ```Qh TGh ``ÙdG
IOdGh VQCGh dG fCH ```WdG EG j GMCG c gh ,U CG ```H
EG Aj e C Wd IASEG ,SdGh eG OfG j e e ```j h
,WdG Gg H L FGL Jjh WG SdG SQ e g WdG
.WdG Gg SHh
260
WGO ```f X QG A```dG GP Y GQ```L MGd b ```d

AU EG Y GQL dG OYh ,CGdG jMh HG jOdG j QSOh
!?dG fc GPa
jCa ,Le Z NGdG M VQe J dh H JM MGdG a
?IjY GUC N jbh Y G QL e b fdG jCGh QSdG
f j dG CG Yf eY fCG df dd J fCG dG SCGh
QJjO Y Oa f ```g dG G f CG M ,```WGO
Gh ,gdGh ```ZdGh dH EG ```j h f EG j ``è
!?SdGh cdGh dGh
GUCG e jCG Af fYO HM G SdG VQG Y G```Hh
jCGh ? S GY g jCGh ?e S GY BG g jCG !?G
!?OHdG e c GPeh !?dG jdGY g
261
?S f ```jh ?eY L jh ?G```G dGY ```j CG

jCG ?ceCG G```Hd ddH QhG e jh ?I```M MQ ```Jh
!?SQG g c e CGdG jMh WGdG
d dG aj GQT dh I```M SCG g ff WGdG
G e Sh S M GOT Y Gh QG e GYG H
CG a YVCGh dG FGdG FdG j dG c GPEGh .dhdG
!?QhG e hCG IQT d hCG G S Y hCG dG GY j
dGh G) FQ AG```YCG KK LGJ OdG CG j f dG ```FQh
De FdG GYG H dG hD``è H e f GPa .(```WGdGh
?Y gN G RGJ WGdG CH WGdG
eCG ,dG je ``` Y G SQ Y ```J jDhdG g
ij e bh b IH ```FdG gj Qh Y M a fdGh Q```SdG
.jj ahh
VQe QG CJ CG j ``` IjY SCh SCG g ```d
dG CG ```j G C ddH ```d dG JG e J ``è ```jb
OSCG e LCG e ejh dG ```b j dG gh dG g
a f eCG ,```dG QhU Y KL ```FH Ie dWEG S ```fLCG
dGdh NGdGdGdeeLQGidGCG fOLH
.dG j c
JQN Hh ah dG jJ Y IQe e JhCG e H hf fh
dGh bEG QGSG de Yh H a dG WdG dG Y d
dG M jGJh AGdG OG```YCG jGJ EG ODj OdG ba AG```S M Y
.QGSG YYRh dGh gQEG EG ODj
e KLG jh gQEG SCG e FQ ```S ff Lh e OdGh
j e eCG .IYdG EG SCGQ ``è SdG dG H EG dP j dh Qh```L
AdGh IOdG O Y ```M QOb Z a ,NGdG e dGh IO```dH
dG eCG e c FXdG UCGh NGdG UdG bV CG H eU

j a f eCG ,aCG QUCGh aCG UCGh aCG OhC a IRh
?WGh VQH a dG H d M jd
We hjj h ```VQG hjj ```SSCG QG ```g e ``èh
hCG fH f CG ```g VGhh H a ,dOY dhO g c ```d ```dhdG
dG dCJh d aQ H PEGh fd ```Vf CG hO gQhf M
.T Y dGh
Xh e T CG j CG fEG dG Y M e fCG YCG h
CG H eGh ```NGdG dd IO```dG LCG e bRQ Q``è hCG Q```G
b hj UCGh dG jd FGdG dG M dG SS ``àCG
FdG C FdG e f f GMCG c fh .Y G Q```dG
HV UC GQYG f ```dh ,Y j e Y j CG e ```cPCG
bM JQG b j CG ```H EG FdG J JCJ ```d AU Q``è
.eOBG EG j e c gj dSCH aCd QCd Jh
Ia FdG jh a Q````SdG GMG j eY fEG dG ````SCG GNCGh
a Yd fOH EG O````S d S O````J g jh IOG ````SFdG
OdGh G Qfh dG Wf CG a dP b eCG ,HG gX dGh
dG IMdG ````h jG ````Z G WGdG ```` jJ gf ````c
WGdG "QT af dh .UhCG Jh ````jOdGh dH IG Z G
dG JCj CG fh .MGh BG IGh WGdG g ag S H "G hCG
hO dG j dG QdG e H aCd AdG QT a af CG f dG
h ceCG HHH dG ````WGdG J dh ."Jd AdG "gh ```àj CG
jW j d T GUCGh YGSh HHH ````Q H ,jJQG bH
.AT CG GGh dGh LdGh OSGh OGSG e fEG QJ eY
dh Y j e Y ```j CG e cPCG fC FdG f ```f
.hdG AU Qe Xe UC GQYG f
262
263

AGQhe) efH YS f d Nh IU ```M IjG Ib cJ kGNCG
!eCG d (G
KG jdGQH j dG e Jg JEH efdG (b H jN) jG CG```H
!!a FbO d SEG
G dGh dG SQa QcdG efdG V e QGG jG UGh K
!QhG e TGh
VdGh dG M Y k bOU kGJ Gh bG JHLEG fc dG QcdG
!?IU H dG
dP eh !Gh G UJ k bOh k MVh cCG c QhG dG H
!?WG hCG WG eG H e jM j
dG dGh ```jdGh dG Sdh G```MCG Y d ```dP Qhe ```gh
dG e Te Z hCG Te H d HdG FSdGh eG YEG FSh SQ
!!?HGh G
-:j c QhG e CG d Y JOQh f Y dH S ddh
LG HdG dGh H YJCGh KG YO dhdG CG) :db / hCG dG
e dG :a ```j a dP Sh U Z c G```gh (!?IU ```dG
V bQc jdG GQdG c ```j gh dG EGh b HQ b d ```HZEG

!!SdG JYGUh YCG
OY VCG VCG SQGH O b ```dG gge OY H jdG G```NEa
!?d G aoCGh c YO Y GM !eG SQGG
M h SdG WG hM dG eSEG CG ```dG c HG dh
!!?bGGh GMCG e dP Z h fG
HfEG JfLe eSGh HhM L dG eSEG dG dc
c hQjh fej GdGRh (!WGdGh HfEH j e c hj fCG ZQ)
Oh YO dG YO HG h (!eCG h YW) GY Seh ```FGL
e JCj dG LQG dG YdG ```d S M H dYCG c Sh ```MGh
!!?N GWCGh L
QGO YOh eM ```MCG eL d CfCGh FdG ```YO adG ```dc
eL ch IjH YdG dG c d k jCG CfCGh Oh Z YO J G
e hQOjh g EG LG bh ```dG hYj g HHh !?gZh H ```G
!!!j bh CG
eh dG Og EG ```d HQe f EG ``` fCG ZQ YSG ```dc
e dG Yh H dG EG AL M dG YH ```MGh dG YO ```dP
!!?dhdG SM Ue
a GdH ```Q gOYh dG Y ```FQW fCG ZQ jY ```KEG ```dc
!!!?dG Y
hJh c ```Jh YJ dG EG ```dGR dG G```WCG g dP ``èh
!!?J
dhdG eJ fce ch gZ e jYQ hCG YO CH Gj a gAHCGh jjdG eCG
: j d GS b
!?dG eG d LdG dGh dG aJ !QH ce eM KK AHh Y j c dG G gh eDG dG j V T e Uh !!!?e eh HLh GY IOH d GG QdG
264
265
V dhdG jJ GU CG GWQj a gZ e o Yh ```cCG g jjdG JCG ```f

!?NBG QJ CG
!?gZ YOh J He Y dGh J ddh
He e LGe ```gCG e g H jjdG Y k FQW ```d KG jdGQH ```dGh
!!?dG EGh IQdG
e jdG c e jjdG ``èh IObh AY MCG g M dG ```dhh
!?Y
d dh !a eO e GQ```L H jQ a IU jdG dG ``èCGh
!!?IU NBG LGJ CG
hGh LG dGh H YJCGh KG dG dhdG YJ C ```YGdG a
EGh YOGdG e j Y G AfEG e jjDeh ```fGYCGh dG U fCG Q```Gh
!!?dG
ADhg V FGY ```Y hCG je CG ```VG GdG N b ``è ```j h
!!?jjdG AHC RGSEG g gOLh CG ZQ dG
eCG) fL EG k ```jY G jQJ dG h```M INCG G g ```f
ej H dh (!YGh ```cd G LdG ``èj e a k ```je
jG H g G CGh IU ```M k aW Gd fCG a GhcCG k fH GhQUCG ``à
!!!?H d NO h dhdGh
dWCG e jY hCG IY SQEG jdG KG JCG g e aj g LCG
!!!?a e c GhOjh G Gd
H KG YLh Y ```H jjdG JCG CG dG fEa Se ```Y Ak ```Hh
YCG V eGSGh ```jhJ dG j dG MdG jdG Q```dG g UN
!!!?jdG GQdG H a c SdG JYGUh
dj dG Ggh (!?dG Y GU g IU GdG CG) :db / fdG dG
!FbdGh FG VQJh bGdG
!?eeEG IOH dj KG JCa
!?GQa h JGP H djh
!?IhdG SH h dG SH djh
!?jQGRh FHh eM U djh

VGYCGh ```dGeCGh Ffh dWCGh ```fCG Y G``èCj CG g ```fhjje c
!?FOeh
!?c M hCG WGc H GYG hjj g
k LQNh k NGO jj dG Gh GgCG e dG jd dG CG U
!!?G g e
aGgCGh dG SS e VQJ KG JCG ```bGeh AGQBG e dG CG Uh
!?OSCGh fGYCG h
!!aGgCG d G T e g dG dh
FGQBGh bGe ```Y Ghj c jGg hCG IY ```G GNj KG JCG ```H
!?SdG
Y adG iS NBG QN CG ```d j h dP Y gLCGh dG gVG ```H
!?dGeCGh VGYCGh dgCGh fCG
ae T hCG ae aW H Ik OY j dG Y GdG hCG SdG GdG
!!?dGh SdG dGh dG hCG jdG IdG
!?WEG Y AT CG aj aWh L H Fb IU GdG H
dhdG feEG ```f j eT IOHEG M ```G g IU G```dG
WGG e ```Y V ...LQN ```jCJh cHh IQ``è SCGh L ```jdh
dGh G jdG SCG H iS jdGh OdG T bCG ```dG
Jh JOHE ```dhdG S GLGj c fej gh ```dG AHCG c ```
!!!?dUCSEGh
aGJ EG jh Heh e j M dG Y GdG hCG ```SdG GdG
!e SS de J Y VGJh SS
CGj CH dPh dG H gh kG```L H G fEGh IU GdG M ```H
L b dG JKh JGe EG ```G jh jdG YCG L ```bH
!?GdG
!jOG e jh !?dG g eP Y G L GS j K
k k jJ jQG c Vj K
!OY
266
267
QSdG e aGj ``` gQaCG fh FGQBG ```Y dG ADhd G j ```K

!?IadG fGdGh
!k e G S M
!!?Oe hCG Je CG G j dh
!!!?aCG Qh !hG b Y fce EG VhCG OSh
QhG e SdGh d J
!hG WdG Gg mQZ m HCG M
m d Jh

f dG dG be NCG FGdG d Gc YCG ..QhG e jdG CG
G Y c fC FGQ e ```cCG (idG dG ..UCG) de c Mh ..```L
jGh adG hD```T Sj MGh LQ ```j Lh dG c ```FGdG
Y Fda (L V HQM e) ``` dG ejh ..CG b dhdG ```SdGh
je AGMG ```dP Y dO Nh IdG EG ```j jMh ```b G```MCG c
aGGh jG JH e GdGh iQdG Gh IdG hP FdG
IY jJ CG G```W d dG KG YL dch ..dG ```jdGh G```Gh
Y K ..j dGh G Sc QG```SG S aS fCG YCG QhO ``è
e QG G```jGh GeGDG ```d j GhCGH fC ```jdG M H ```Y
CG b INCG G Gge HEG b Mj ..```LCG Gh fH
jJ Gh IUh QCe je jJ L !CGh ```bG cG AGdG
d UEG M CG bCGh IdG e Z j fEG ..H H dh G ```S
fh ..FH j d ```G ICGh dG dG Y iNCG ``èY KK Xj ```X
j d dGh fh ```FOe OdG cGTG ```G Y G H f ```dG
..gNBG GfdG h dhCG jDG j d ```dGh UEG j c FHG MCG ```b

```FGdGh I```G ```Je ```fCGh ``èhO ```jj ```Y ```TCG ..```dG ```NCG
..``è ```j ``è ```M ``à ..G```HEGh ```dCdG ``è G```jeh ``èhO
G MQh Y dG h
3...............

W :QhG dG EG
e Ghj M ```H e G j d) g f ``è NCGh de ```Y ```TCG
jd Lj h jQJcO eEG c ddGh ,H j h ffCG UCG dG .(```fCH
L fch f Y e dG c dP e ZdHh ```jQe h e N
jNBG j fc G H gH jh dG j Gfc ,AGNh YhQe ```dG
g OcCGh J Y e ZdH N g e b .fd EG FXh LJ h
fc dG M SDGh IJcdGh GQGRdGh eH BG fh ,a JdG
jOGda ,ANCG J ```dh dG N iS g jd Lj h ,I```KDeh I```MGh
M SH iJ Yh e J J CG hOQCa ,aOgh GL fch ```MGh
cCG eMG Y OQ f EGh .WdG
M Wa
Gc IGQcO dW
268
269
e / dG
?a dG G dP j g dG ```g eh NdG JHH MdG dG G ```NGj
aO IMdG He GS N gQ T cG dG S G H JHc cJ
.e kGjRh J H k M K
fhdG bGH ```Je Hf f FGdG ```dGh G Hdg ```T ```NGj
e CGb g j dGh dG jM QU JYVe CG bGdGh dG dGh
adG d f NCG e
.. . J

:Hh W ..QhG e dG NCG
..G c eJ LCGh ..VQG bGe J H CGbCG CG GNDe Qb ..
..dG fCGh OdG f dG ..Whh T Y aGe Wh Ve ```Jh
ah jJ QG```SG g ..LQCG e c ..Ohe hRC``è jW EG OdG ``ÙhCGh
j ..UNGh ```bGe H ..,Th Wh ```Y aGJ CGh ..OdG ``èe
OdG dG Uh ``è fj dG RedG e G```MGh dh ..FGY CG ```dG ```jdG
Ufh fY Gh ..OdGh
J e
dh

e jdG
..QdG JdG ................fG
jch Fg Qeh G MCGh c MCG PSCG e hG ie c dG
KCG Y f jW I``è eh Fd G h```dG NCG de Y ```KMh
e IAGd jEG beh dG G Y Nd JYOh INCG JHc K dG
WGG Yh QdG Mhe UCG BG SdG dG G jY j K Y c .c
..jj Y TG ..a UGf CG G ..dG
J

e jdG
GMGh M
ah G```MGh M ```dG SQG G ``` Gg dh ``àJ fG ```
H j dG SdG dG GP d QG dh
d GT
............
270
271

QhG e jdG CG
T jb Y eCG aGeh Gbf bOU c d ,LEGh YEG
e d Ld Lh ITe f fCG ZQ jc RG```YGh jH d MG ```fEG
J UQ Hc e Qd feJ jdGh GMG j CG EG d CGj
.Gh HdG e L i e WdGh dG d a
ae ch . bGe ```Y e f e UCH) c INCG Je CG```b d
h ae c ```c jQdG ch IQLCG ```bCG UC dG ```YTh
.dG WdG dG dhJ Y e
bOdG dH ```WdGh dG ```jd Ge dG ```Y dG d ```CG
e aNe GdCGh Ic OGYCH SdG IG HGh bOdG a Y eR ```YdG
SdG dG ZCGh GMCG GO```b c SdG dG NGh aG jQdG ```c
UCG dGh VG e b b iS J h dG G```bCG Y e Sh
HG H e NBG EG bh e hj JHc J U hj jdG ```bCG
.dU GY Y WGO e J e gh fhdG dG
dGh adG d CGh jj Y TCG iNCG Ie
NCG
.................

.e NCG Qe eQ
k G
fCa M CG d b W .JHeh H ```jJ d OLCG YO hC
.PSCG
hCG- fj G dG a ,Te H KG hCG Ie EG UGf fCG ZQ k fKh

. M bH -j
CG H UHh ,d dSdG g g Y hCG j CG dG a a g ``èh
.WdG M Y Y OdG de CGb
NGdH c bCG ,```dG QN Uh ,L b c f ``è jY
.aj H T j QG GY a EGh dG UEHh
a CG Te ```H bCG .```dG Gg cGe ```LGh j OYH G```gh
IYGe Y f .aJ c SC cGdG ```b Y j Heh AGb Y
,ceCG SdG H AGbG bCG Y ,dG d Lf dG G Mh H ,Q```dG
.UCH GdG hCG
eEGh ,fOjh j eEG Of Y J ,UN dGh eY HdG Q```dG
K eh .dG CG```dG e AcdG IFGO J ```M QG IM e ajh ```Mj
OW S dG dG Ydc ,```G e FbEG ISdG d ```j
Qe EG f ehO j -e- SdG YEG CG MJ CG LQCGh .G e QGH
.JGhH J fL
ehO Hj Qc .cCG jdG be e d ,Se ec ```j b QOCG d
.efCG J e
jdG dh

cCG ...QhG e PSCG
Fd NCG IQjdG Y QdG U e NCG OdG UdG de CGb d
CG jd eCG j e gh jeCG U fG jP CGb eY Gc Sh
dG Y Jh J d jeCG ```FGhdG EG dG dG Ife j e ```
272
273
..eCG Y G dG Gg CG ```J M H jh FGOCG e d ```cG

aCG dG YdG g jd c eh SGQ Yb Y UCG d ```VdG PSCG
fC ..QG e HH EG JCj d dG CG b M dG Z QKCG UCG ```Y
dG j G WGG Xh AT CG Y Qh j NGdG CG cDG e H
VQG CG NBG AdG ,(G Y ..Y) Y Oj VdG Y dCJ ch AdG e
j T WdG ```MdG EG RH ch ```FdG c UCG ```dGh ```V
G KDa IQGh dG ```SS e GSG VdG UEH Ojh dG ```g
ef CG YG ..Ggh G Vh e jh OdG e jh SCGdG A```H
H AT c ..Ic Ie EG Sfh WdG MCG d e d Lj h fdG f CGSG
c dG Gg aG d ...h Iee NCGh dGh ee ObGh Iee IQGOEG ..ee
OaEGh OdGh LdG a YG d ..H gf CG ```j AT g j h A```T
e Qf h Xe UG M FdG e OdH Oj T c UCGh dG AG```Th
JGP FdG g YGdGh GG Gg c S CG J j Y d ..dP Y ```G
gh,Y IdGh dPEG d ```KG dG e fheh FGQRh j ```fC
G d a dP jj fG EG bGh ```SG Y IQdGh IdG e ```MdG
e j CG OGQCG d FdG VdG PSCG ..dG a d gAh He QdG Y
Mh cGTG G eOh T IMh OYCG OGQCG eY gh c ..S O```dG
e bf c IjY Ua d ALh eJ H OdG e ej fG EG jOhM b YG
SdGQGdHOJCG H 94HQfGHhCGfc,OdGaehdG
Y dMh 99 HfG Y fc fdGh j dh edG IOGQEG ``èGhh
cCJ H gh eOdG SFdG HfG f BGh ,QOj fG EG T jCJh jJ
IN CG Y j d fG LGh e K Y fCG EG MS ZCH RSh VS
FdG ?BG j CG d a S jYh N GW j GPEGh ,dG dP e
e f a dGh ObGh IQGOEG QeCG HCH j h dhO Ad jDhQ CG ```
oh dM e dGh SdG dj ```FdG (j AdG ba) jY dhO ```j CG
Y j GHh ...Gj Y fH dGh ejCG YO j dM dh ```jCG
OdG GZ jYHh dG G```g X ,VdG PSCG ...j gh J h ``èG
S J GPEa dG ```fhh JM eG AL UCGh G edG I```YdG ```g
jh QMH dG h```j gGh JSCG a fh fh Y ```MGh

..cDjh cCj e ``è SdG ..Dhd SdG jh Pe ```VCG ```jdG...dLQ
H dd ,dU G Y Y f Y gKQh dG dG g ,jdG e ..TdG ``è
W OdG...dH eJ A```JG YLG H OdG Ge Vj ```XG
:M eCG dGh Y Qj j MGh c UCGh JM AT c Y
Je Xh d LhdG M hCG IdGdG IH J CG H a ```Xh OQCG GPEG
Jh Y j fMCGh ?Gg j dhO CG ..jQ dCG 300 jQ ```dCG 15
.Xh h IH a dG
.ITQ jQ dCG 60 e aO e Ha eCG hCG H J CG OQCG GPEG
bJ c Y d ITQ aJ CG H bH hCG RGL ```J CG OQCG GPEG
"TMCG" M ,```SG e cCH bH e cCG Y ``` CG feEHh ,Y ```
.dG RGGh bdG j edGh
Y LQN ``` gDj jfdG Je e Y ```M GPEG
h G e Gj ```bh .QhO dCG 3 EG G QSCG ``Ùh ..QhdH I```TH EG
hCG TG Id de e H fdG NBG H ejh G Y bh AT Y
je CG J g .LGJh Qd dG IQGRh EG Oa SGQdG AKCG G Y j
??d TH cG G ec GNCGh IQGOEG g e Ma AGK iKCG HdG G
??j GP dG fh jdG e LQ dG c Y
hGh HMh We je ah UCG eG jQdG g ```J
dd YdG dG d eH DG FQ id Xc ```j IJSCGh
eG PSCG UCG CG ,ch hCG Y ``` Wh jQJ e aN cG ```G
,jG AVQEG j e QH dGh ddG j j h OcCG dh HM J j
jCGh e jJ Y d ```SGQd OjEG Y ITdG d j eG P```SCGh
.G Vh jd GQcdG H JOY Y
EG G J QeC SQG Je e jT fb e CG hH G
T e hCG (HS J HJ je)JQH HdG je gO T jO jd
.Hfh cG G
.dM dCG 60 Uh eG GAMEG ah XdG GhORG
274
275
Qe Oj CG e jd MGh CG eEHh H ```YdG j fGdG G

MS e CG LG e dG QdG ```J IadG SCG Hh e ah QG```dG
?dG H CG Gg j g FHG SGYCG dGh bd
e %80G SdG ```FMEG J M jG H Ta ```dG dG
dh eG gDG ```M e %20h e HO hCG eY ```jfK j ```G
OGYE dG gG ?IQdGh GOBGh jdGh dGh YGQdc jHJ Z dG e
gOYh dhdG ``è HbQ CG Y ```dh HGV H J ```jfdG H S ```G
L CG ...HdG GOT Hh jdG je jL g H J e ch Ge h```Y
G e %30 CG SdG ```Z FMEG J c,JOT iTG SQe ``è f
G e SQGGh cGG je e JG Sjh SQGG jOLe Z
e EG dG J ```SQGG h,NGdG Im M YCG j dGh ```jeCGh
H Y jdG Ge H jLG ```jCG EG Ge J H SGQdG dG ```NBG hCG
G ..fajH d dGh e QfG dG ..HdG jRh e e QeCG IY
e f dP QYH jGh GdGh eCG LQ dP d dG ```gj
?T ch HfG jYOh IFGdG AHCG eN
YVhCG jdGhdGjdGGgiSdaOcCG GahddG eCG
hCG HdG W 9815 dG fG J jOdG :HdG dG MG Jf ```c
k T (843 .152) MJh V :hO jJ IMGh jOhM e 2004 Y ``è
qj ...TCG 3 jOdG EG Fd YT Z Igh WCG jJ Y
q S 2004Ye hCGHdGa.dGWCHIQdG YV k ebQCG jdG
k 815 .9 gMh jOhG VM f e dG fd jOdG dG
3797) W
.H eEG j ``è H Gg ,(SQe 3741)h (```jGa 2277)h (```jj
hCG dj Gh pLho ```b jOdG dG WCG ``è Ic kGOGYCG EG" :jdG ```j
b RMd GhbG b e Ic kGOGYCG EGh ,NQ Z e de YH hCG ```jOq e
ebh Yhe Z IQH G ```VGQCG GNO dG FdG OY eq CG .```MdG
TCG N jOhG ```VM e e dG d H ```jOdG ```dG
.50) J 2004 jj a :BG GY EG a VG dG e hCG ```KdG
k 673
(568 .55 j dG G```g N WCG e dG G) ICGeG098 .1h (```LQ
k 045 .36) J ```jGa h

WCG e dG G H M (ICG``èG 755)h (LQ
k 738 .53) J SQe h (077 .39)
e dG G H M (ICGeG 719h LQ
YdG Z IdGh WCG jJ e dG
q G j G```Hh .(198 .58) WCG
.k T (843 .152) 2004 Y e a hCG HdG N Fd
dG e %30 iS J fCG SdG GA```MEG cDJ c AHdG
CG H d bCG GPEG J bh e edG AWEG SS dGR dP eh fdG
.c e c a QdG g cG fCGh fG QdG
H CG H dG LMG ``è H Me G J iNCG g ```G
bh ..QH G NG Y S Qh HSC G Y J UdG A```MCG
j M hG M Y d I```TdG f M fCG d b GPEG ```J
.Ie IQH G
Gh (Ge)IQMh M c UCGh IQH fG dG IgX
de Y Qj fC a f CG jd d dhdGh ..WCGh AdG dP ```j
.FGV T Ic
SQG JCj ddG ..FdG G S c H J dG I```gX
LG SGMh bH GQGR```dG j dGh ..H Y ```JCj XGh S
IQGRh e a ```dG MG b GOQCG dG XG ```Y S Qh ...```dH
Th aK e AL ```Gh dG j dhdG FQh .eY ```b dGh ```HdG
.LCG YEG FSd a H djh dG
IQGRh ITQ ``àO e H G OQCG GPEG ..G ```H IQ```jR M I```TdG
.bhCG
VdG e h ITQ aJ EG Hh dG GY cG J jdG
TdGh jGdG e
FGhdG G ``èh iCGe Y SQ ```jOY T ``ÙCG I```TdG ....
.XG hjh Sa j MGh c SdG iJh eG
ah FGZ a ..```H G OhG Rh ah ddGh ```dG IgX ``èCG
IQh HY dhO SQOG fEG ..J Y cg d Gg SdG U Gd ...Fe
M af eh T dG j GMG iQG h Zh ga G c e a
276
277
QVh df e aJ dG ..e M SG ga ZQ OdGh ddGh dedG

JQGh jVa eh IaXGh fS JGh cBJ eh ``àf ASh eJ e ..HT
fG?IQMh jQJ GP Y eG c bh e dG e ..dc L dG e ..JGUCG
.G dLQh WG JSH dG
bG YJh ```jH g gh YCG c N ``èh a e Z G```g
Cjh Qjh ej ..e ```j h gL dGh V VQGh dG GOG```jEGh
..Y j ```jf dH hdH OO```d dG hN aM ```j HfG ```Y ```dh
Sh e c ```dH bh FdG ```G H jOh ```gAGbh ```FH ``àdG
bCG h Y je ```J J d Od ```jJh GOfG G e GQ```H ```dSCGh
j dGh FdGh NCG cGh JM J OdG...AGd Fb hCG a hCG ```jRh
dG OH J dhdG GO```dGh SSCG Ke g UY e OdG ``à e
ADg Qj c QOG ..%35 EG ```JQG MdG EG I```cDe OdG ``àe
NGdG Gh jhdG ``àM Y OdG EG db OQCG ``è c eN !!JGOTh ``èMCG
gh ej TG A```dG g OdG Gh I```c SC J CG G```MEG Qh ```d
QN VCGh dG I```G UJ Y H fG ``à Y YWEG MCG e P```
dG e ```f e ch Gh ```dG b e H Me G``èCG QG e ```dG
g QGdG ``Ùh jeCG dG EG ```dG dG Y VGh IQ``Ù jG ```Y
dG Gg ..fT ``è jh JHM LGd ```dG Y jh j ```d
b ah jNBG ```Y gQS fG jh ```bdG Y dGh IdG eOCG ```dG
ShCG dG hCG ```dG LHh dG SQH Uh ```M dG Y ```gQe
GH j e Y ..eOdG HfG Tj d fG j GNCGh ..dhO GOHh
fG j Gh Gc RCe ``èYEG bWh f Nj G hCG e c ?```dG
QSh RSh TS fG J j Y jCG Gh ..dG ```j CG G e
..dG GMEG ```LQG idG Yh Y ```JfgQ dP c eh ..O```MCGh ```HG
GTh
.....HG

,QhG e PSCG
G
SdGh AfCG ch G Y fh fh dG G fh Y G S
Y OBG gHCG G N G e jdG jdG Ie Y dG S EG jOdG G```dG
.eSh G IU L
GG g H ``èbh eU cEG ```Y cjEGh G ```fYCG Qe eQ ```Th
.cQG
,H eCG
QU a hZ h ,Rf be Y YdG jG Je QGSHh Hf fEG
dG ,jdG bGh dG CG```dGh ,jG d QG dG QG "```Rf"
.AGdG Y G dG IdGh gG e e J
fABSh ,dG b ```H je e dG VJ e ```SH J ```d
d G e AHG a Gh jGh G jW ```Y GLGJ h Gf b ,```dP
dGh GbEGh YdH G ```J jZh UG jG Gh .M e KGh ```fh
.Y CGdGh dH jW Y G
..................h ............cNCG
278
279

e jY
jdG JHc CG```f YEHh ```dG fSh ```jQdG c j ``è gH ```Hf
Gd YQe CG d dbCG MGUh YdGh G cOhOQh UdG ```Jh
j dG WdG PdG eJ G```Gh OdG LhCG jJh G dG ```dG
dG d AadG a b eR SHdG Gg e UG jW H j QdG ```Ye
Y j ec if UCGh ```VQG LOh jdG bCG ch WdG ```bh
f f AT e Hc Qj AdGh AdG jOJ e j FGG ``Ù
.jU ch LOh aEGh
e jY
dG f d Q```G NG Qh aG YJ Y ```c Gh ```f
f e jh dG T Y ```dGh dGh dGh dG dGRG EG eGdG ```dG
d Ge fL EG S dG Gg S h jdG Gg Yh OaEGh OdG
eG Zh bGQhG fGh dG j dG fG eRG H jGe QT ```dh
dGhH S aG
G g R jG c OL aJ G ef
dG WG e d
cNG
.....
280
281
W ...QhG e / G PSCG
..a jCGQ ajh (adG deh jQdG bGh) fGY jEG d d
c
o IQGh c b M jG e fe jd j h bh jd c EG Wf g
:dG j dG EG dG SQCS :G UJ d Y Y SCG
hCG e e G CG hCG ``à WGd OLh h FGR ```G ```bGdG c GPEG `1
?..dG d kYT Gkdh G jQJ j GPa ..dj c L
d YdG ```Z ddG S ,WGO A```H EGh M jQG ```jQJ
SCHh KBG OjCH i```L dG ZG .BG M 1978 ```Y e Ie ```ZG
YdG dh ,dG M j UdG GReh ,dG MCG e ,QOZ L
jdG dG G C G gS H ,Ga e gDhHG dj dh Y FZ S
.j h
IYGe CG WGdG dG Y YaG GQdG IYGe SdG idG Y ```g 2
?..cCJ H jQdG c Lj bGdGh G bGdG
,WS GQH j G G CG g IMGh M IYGe SdG i```dG Y
.e MCG e j e J OdGh
bh fj f fEG ..WGO M b Y Yj eG ```g 3
eM idG cGe hCG ILCG ```g QU M H MG dd AT c Gh```L

Q M WGO Y jCG CG J CG ..Y f Fd IQb h eG ```NGO
M d S VdG Y G j jQdG CGh ?..I```c eGhO dG ```NJ
?..Z NBG AT
Y g j CG gh a IMGh dM QG```SG Y aj CG ```jQdG
jdG jW ```Y jQG jQJ eCG ,```KGQdG G G H ``è ```YLG
e FG j iJ Sh ,g QGSG e ```J e Yj S fEa ,```WGdG
c ,Y dH d Gj dh ,```G OdG eCG TMh EG G ```FdG
b NGO e OdG M G FdG j CG aJ ,OdG Ic ib ```g G
.HG TJ hCG ,G jQJ e
gZ EG (cG ISCG) ``è dG a J QJ eCG J CG ``` ```g 4
?..edG J CG hO
He ,FW GeCGh bhe Gh```K jd UCG cG ISCGh ,J d ``èdG
OGaCG S ddh ,FGR ```S LCG e GhdG H ,ISCG OGaCG j dh ,Q```G
.SFdG QGO e G J CG O ,QdG eEG QGa e cG ISCG
IQG bY ..Qj dG ..Qj ```jRdG ..Qj FdG ..jQJ g A```T c 5
e jQdG dG ..Gg Y Fb aKh G Yh ..Qj dG ```FQ ..Qj
?..dG HGdG
S GQGRdG jQJ CG ``è X dU GY Y gHG FQW dM ```jQdG
e S dG CG j Ga H b e GPEG IG dG g dh ,SFdG jQJ G
hCG SFd j CG c G d dh ,OMCGh dC KQj ,G GRdGY ```f
KK iS OMCGh dCG eeCG j dh ,e Xh G S M hCG IQGRdG
jOe jLe GMCG MCG hCG ,Ud hCG HgQEG EG Gdj CG g GQ```N
.jNBG GH
b WGdG dG SJ dG d VQCG f c QL L EG LH dCG
Y G G OLh N f b e Y MCG j dCG ?..dG Yf CG
?..dG YdG VGJ e f M dG dM dh VdG
e Yf f ```S M CG f c Qe ```L e fe d Y ```MCG
282
283
Yf f S M CG Y f c S dh ,G ```G EG dG G
OLh CG f ```c HL dh ,dG hCG ```d e FW Q```MG ``è
f c H dh ,```fEd YdG Sf e WG IdG ```jS dhdG ```SCGQ
j c bM Tf dh ,```HCd G d TM CH H AHCG S ```fCG
fCH AGdG ```j c jObG dh ,```HCG M Y S M C```H dGdG I```YO
f c GHCG HN d ```f h ,LdGh jdG SS hH ```fhDT jS
Ea ddh .dGh ```dG H j CG jh ,WGG ```jCG L f Y QOb ```fCG
je Sf FdG eCG ```S fC Ic IQN H ,e ```d G O```Lh
CG Yh d HCG a j dG dG EG bj ```jdG dG AHCG e Gh AG```dG
dGh OdG G MGdG ``èdG GREG Y AdG f jdG NBG T CG```j
.dGh dGh
jJh J dN d

cCG .............................................................QhG e....../G
dG WG QNEG SH QCe be jj
Jeh ```gOHCG ```dG eRCG) ```M H ```j bG G k ```Y ```fh
.WdG dG GObh ReQ f Lh AGSG Y fh ,(Jeh
:bh SCG Y OdH eJ f SCG e IY jjCG H f Gd
?e G IN eRCG gGJ g dG eRCG
? QdG geh SS G e g g G b
? Qd e k eY dG eRCG
k S e fhd dG jL e OdG dN GJh
e eY 30 OM fC IN dh ,e h ,I```jH d dG ``èRCG
,SGh T eJ G```NCG Y FdGh SdGh QGOEGh ```G OdG ```SS
WdG PfE ``` g GR a VdG IQ```N ZQh , j ah ```Lh
.dG IOdG jW Y d dh
CG bCGh ,H Mjh dSG G FdG j CG g dG eRC G ```G
d bDe QSO YEG hCG jQSO jJ AGLE GdG ```j
284
285
:dc UTCG IY e AM
,ehO EG ```h ,jQEG ```dGYh ,```MCG Mh ,```MCG ```Y
MdGYh,fSSjhSdGMh,Uf Yh ,dGYjdGYh
.b h ,aH
Ia OdG hDT IQGOE H e bDe FQ QNG AG AYCG jh
IMh eM J jh ,AG ``` QGbE JQGb J CG Y IO ```dfG
SFQh fH Hf OdG OG```YEG e J SdG idG c e bDe ```Wh
M JfeEGh ```dhdG OQGe j CG SS ```M C j CG Y I```M
.G dG e SFd TG j CGh ,HfG
IMdG CG f CG jh H ```c jcG e M Ea HG eRCG C```Hh
MGh ZG AH H eCG fGh QdG J Y eb Gh dG H
dG jQdGgh 1994 -7 -7 ```Y NOh ```G fG K HG GO```d
a d BG fh .jG IMdG Me EG fGh YdG IMdG Y a AdG
f a MCG dG 1994 M H e SS jCG H IMdG b ``è SS Ff
SS EGh e d G b CG cCdG dHh .QdG EG G T
GTEGh JGP M HG aG ``è dN e j SS QGH EG j d ```Mh
hCG fG CG Q```j CG G FdG Yh .ec ``àH JGhK IQGOEG ```HG
Jc jQdG cj ``à dSH QOj GPEGh ```JSd jdG g gCG ```G
e j CG Yh .Jb ```fCG Qj dGh ,fU fCG Nj j CG ``è H I```Md
Nh hMh Yc HGHCG ShCG e jQdG NO dG dG S Y jT e
jQdG cSh He ```S dU GY Y eh .```fG ec jQdG ``è
.dG dG G dG e OdG PfEH Qf GPG d eeh ,Od fc

jQG FQ EG G ```FQ e LG 2008 S e dG ```dSQ
bh .GGh jdG e QdG I``è N a H Sh ,Ic e ```JW
dSdG LG cG e j ```b e SCH fBG gdGY PSCG ```ZU
fd j dG ,dG AHCG e jG G cCJ H e j S dh ,```dG
b EG dHCG dh jQd Le UCG dh ,cG WJ dSdG a ,OGSG ``è
"c dG jQJ Ie hC J ``è jQJ Kh S jCG e ```fCG
.cG jCG fCG IQYh ,cd "
SS L e He ec FdG a j ```dG hCG IG g g CG ```Q
d j e Y Oj ```dG cG CG ZQh ,VdGh ```ZdGh MGdG ```g
e J dG dG T dSdG g Ea ,dG GQ J fCGh , fCG
.OdG gHj dG Gh ,OdG
h jQG FQ ea :dH dG H dSdG CGH dG MdG e Mh
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,GjEGh d H Y fc e Y bH bdGh ,``ÙJ hH d Le eJG
eCG ,HdG VGh Z fc eJG :QhG e?kGj GjEGh d eJG GP
AfCG dch e He k jUh k VGh ch H dG AGQR```dG FQ AL a BG
k SS Ck N ```JQG b GH gh ,KG ```Yd NdH dh GjEG ```JGh ,```fdG
GjEG j dh ,SdG I```G EG j jG dG AGQR```dG FQ CG hj ,k ```KQc
JCG CG eYEc fCG ,G```jEG Y G YEG Y kGQOb j CG a ,```NdH
a ,dhdG g h H AGQRh FQh hD``è g d ..JCGh d JCGh G```jEG
QcdG G LQN jRh bjh ,dOCG jd ```j CG hO k aGL eJG ```j CG
cCG ch ,gh g eJG jRJ Y OHG eEG Qb hM dG HdG H HCG
,eM e dh OGaCG eh Ye eh YL e JCj LQG G CH k ```MVh
T W :dG e ..```L jG JG Gg dh ,GjEG ```j h d ```j
Gg NBH hCG ```H b fC g j ?G```jEG GP GDdG g ?Qh``è S fCG ```jCGQ
,FW kGoH G```d j g GjEG JG ```f :QhG e ?FW GU ```fCG G```dG
e AL g HCG CG ```T ,jjdG FdGh ,jjdG FdG EG ```j KG CG ```H
mOjCG d j CGh ,k bEG ```SdG dhj fGjEGh ,dG a e bah ```dG
j CG jh ,TGh EG dG Uh dU G Y Y FdG k jCGh ,HdG G
Gh FGSE G g QT dh hO```j T jOe Qj fCGh GjE mOe ```fCG
dG AGQRdG FQ Y ``` dG G dh ,LQG dG JCj gh ,c``èC
IG jdG fc dh ,jOe jd Y M Lj fC ,bf CG ```
k UN ,M j HdG QG dh ,GdG jOG M IQO```b
c Y GhO jdG ,AGTCG Jh JQYH ``àhe dG c L ```We
314
315
j eY :dG e .JS J CG eG J CG hO MG eG
?eG e fhjj dG e ,IO SS de jd d fEG b b e dG
hjj fCH U Z g eG H J e EG dj gh VhdG j GPe Y
Z aGgCG g ``è QOCG fCG :QhG e ?``èeEG IOY hjjh G ```f ```b
jdG G eG ``àJ CG g e dG f ```dG G dG dh ,```G
dG gh ,gjJh gSCG eJh dRe ```b Y GdG bj CGh ,Y
e WGe dhdG J CG R```j ,G g SJ CG NCG fCG ,o CG ```
FGSEG EG H J Ga k fGWh k L SJ CG dh ,eCG Gb SJ CG ,G``à
g dG Z WGe j BG M HY f CG h ,dG INEG ```V
.dG
dL j ,e edG FSdG c a fCH eG iJ Q :dG e
dG dG CLJ K ,KG O Y AdG fCH eG J S c ,```dL AGQh
e eG eJ c ,hO```jh dG ej iNCG Ie GhO```Y fCH J
a bOU dhdG fc GPEG :QhG e ?e GgCG hCG VGh GgCG d ```j GPEG
eG dM d ,fLCG SGGh ad I``Ù a J CG j ,J
SCG ae Y jh ,j dG Y j e a EG IU dG
j e e eJ ``àT J CG dG ``èG Y j Gdh ,```j ``è
M e gJ Rj dG dG dh jOd YdG dG J CGh ,I``Ù
dh AU dG ,dG EG dUd UdG MJEG hCG ,jOe d JQG
dG QG SG Gb CG jdGh ,G ```g AU OLG ,IU
iNCG G GMh dh ,ShQ e dG U J ,G QJ AU
j jY IOb gh ,G QJ dG g AU Y gOHEG ```FdG jj dG
k YGU g CG hjh ,gPf J ```f bdG jh ,G GMh e ```bJ
IOdG NGO k YGU EG j dG CG M :dG e ..dG dG NGO k ```NGO
NJ CG GjEG CH dG id k ee c GPEG d ,jJ bCG Y ,dG jdG
J d GP ?d ``èJG J c ,k W bGG ```H id ADg ```YO
dG je g Mhh ```MGh g d d :QhG e?GdG G```g k jCG k ``àW
e OhM dh jOdG Y GKj k FGO jOe YH jOdG HdG G idG
c ,a GdG g g Gg ,H a idG dG Y G j Q ,jOdG

e W dG g dU G Y Y FdG CG ,kGNDe He ,IjG Ib Y YG
dG adG C ,cG NG a g ```dG dG CG hjh ,KH ```JG
k kGT :```dG e .gAGQh G SCG ae ```Y dG e
dG d jL
,e a S jL e d kGOYh ,TGh e V dG JdG QhG ``è
J CG dhd GMCG e M CH h Rj ,Qhe e dG db e EG SG
k G :e a .jdH dG AHC O U dG SCGh GFdG
CH YCG hC
g ,WGG Hh jOG H f CG j ,IU AHCG e k HM VJ dG dhdG
,OdG Gg aj ,ej H GMCG g e jf fh ,IU AHCG e ```dG
Gb Y g H jh ,bGe ```G e j e O gGdG H O```dG
j dU G Y Y FdG JG dGh ,eG JG dG HdG GQG ,G
Y Y QGb Gg ,jOYh IOh hdG fch fg g c ,aH dG O```f CG
,S Y ..Y G Yh k ```L GhOJh AdG fh SCG GS ,```G Y
M J EG KG YOh bh ,IU e gCGH HfG M M FdG ch
f k W IU j e ,gf CG j e c g ,fdG ah SS
gh ,jeJh KQc Ff G ,G J CG hjj SdG c dG c
S j c IQ :dG e ..IQ g EG M CG IN YJ k jCG
bQCG Yh BG Y ```J ,G U MG e I```c OGYCG ?e ``à
a .S d dG j QhJ dG cG M J bQCG gh j ,H
e ..e Oe W gh M g ?gfCG dG e dH M g :e
a?KG jOG Hh IU gCG H ``è ec dG Y jQOb :dG
g ,K SCG ```J hCG GFW J eY ```j :dG e?c :``è
:e a?Ve k jCG IU gCG CG CG aGSG j e g gMh hO```G
f f ,d KQdG dG g hCG FdG g gh ,jV g j CG H
,je f Lh ``à g ,jCGQ J SdG i```dG M gh ,MGH ```Y
k SdG i```dG
eG CH ,dH ```jCGQ M Ggh ,J VQG G```MCG e
g J Q ```bCG fCG ,GQN ```Y dG hCG dG ```g ```cJ ..```cJ
Gg ,OdG NCG CG ```JdhDe eh LGh CH J eG ``ÈG ,eG ANCG ``è
316
317
.dG ``àG e ``à IjY ```ceCG ceh O```Leh ``è O```dG

G g bEG NJ e N
k kGT e S :dG e
,jSG V jdG Y Y QcO ,d jL
?G g e ,bGG ``è d VGh IU BG j ``è N CG VGh ```j
dG e H :```jdG Y Y?G ```g bEG NJ j CG IQ```N g ``èh
FdG CG jJ dP jdG e jdG OQh dG SSCG GQTEG
a jdG AY GTEG ,Vhd G a UNh ,kGNDe dU G Y ```Y
,SdG VQGh SdG QG Y jG k jCGh ,G TCG e H j
G g jEG e H h ,BG bQdG g Y dG e H fCG dG ```jJ
SdG SDd H h ,M Wh QGM g j CG H ,DG YG G
a SDG NGO G ```VhCG H Y f CG H ,SH ,```G
q ```gH
g c dG ```dG QGb QU eY M ,ATCG ```FW e gh GjdH ```j
FGLEG FH G dG ```dG GQGb J Fe H FL SDe ```Y
e de SC hCG NCJ hCG CJ ```dG H G G SDG C ,```jOdG
dG g G BG .k ```V j QGdG i``` dHh ,dP ```J CG ```J
e H h ,dG MdG ```G SdG idG GTEG ``è H jdG Lh ```Y
QfGh e c h ```G dG OLh C ,c dG ```dG f Ia ```J
dP EG K ,gGdG d G SCG e MGh g ,SGdG ```dG Gg Y dG
,G ```Z GAYSG e c ```Y kGH YLG IAG```b G IAGb e ```H
GP YGU g dh ,```dG FW YGU g d ```fCG dG ```jJ
SSh CG JMh jObGh ```YLG ce K dh ,jO LdjCG ```H
dhdG b e HjEG GQTEG ```dgh ,cG g CG SS SGh ,k ```W
QhJ EG hdG j CG ```NBG bh CG b kGL e BG ,jdG GQ```H j ``à
CG dhdG Yh ,hCG LQdH dhDG g dhdG ,K CH QdG WEG bh EGh eT
Nh YGJ EG ODS dCG g QGSG C dGh IHGh dG J J
dG WGGh Gh :dG ``è ..G dd dh dG ```jJ
QNG V H a :jdG Y Y ..ej H VG Gg EG j cCG
QNG Gg ,dG eG e jYh HjEG eG e c a QNG Gg ,``è

jdG Y Y QcdG :dG e ..aK dh dG ``àK N e j CG ```H
k kGT jSG V SdG G
dG QhG e d dG QcCGh ,d jL
e c dG dG dG U j FQ e a dGh ,TGh e ``è c
.AU e JdG Y
318
319

UN f eCG
dG dG d AG```Y d Qjfh TGh ``è c dG dG ``èbCG
dG IQdG g M ,dG GdG FQ MCG M H GY dG
JRLEG j dG CG H ,QYG CG J CG hO ,SG d HdG ```dGh
.IQdG jG SH kGQGb j CG e Lj h ,ceCG GjQa jh
feCH fdG G ```FQ hY Lf eG SG Qjf ```jh h
M H G Y dG dG dG a jG L UEd dG d edG
IRL MCG U A``Ù fL T dG ,``ÙEd dG dG FQ ```MCG
.Ic
4 HGb e jeCG I```G jdG EG ,edG ``ÙEG feCG Y ,hY ```bh
Qjf G jGR h jDG dG b H SQ e V ```TCG
.GYCG HQCG e
dG Y ``è ,AGY dG ```dG J ```bCG ```TGh h
LGh d Geb jdG dG eYEG dN SG ,QhG e d ```jdG
.dG dG a jdG
NCJ TGH dG IQdG CG UN QOe e eCG Y e ```S h

dG J iL M ,SdG OG```G jCG e ddG dG M dG ```dG J
.OGG Ia e dhCG edG N dH LJ OLh Y H ,a MGh d
320
dG eG e bh dG cdG je CG QhG e ```dG JdG c

cT e HGS d ,dGY L SG Le ,jeCG QhO Qe 15 H kGY
.kGc k e a dGY L j c ,hdGh Rd fTffG jOCG YJ
Y G jM CGe L ,```Y M dG FKdG GY CG QhG ```cCGh
HY H kGQGb ```JG jOCG cT IQGOEG CG EG QTCG ,```jeCG ``èG
aVEH ,de d HJQGh ,SGQdG gDG CH c fC ,cdG IQGOEG
.cdG gG Y MH eJG EG
e deRh jQ bY HQ ```dG G GY jdG G EG :QhG ```bh
e M H FW GeCG Y SG dGY CG cCG z```jQHQc OQhH{ cT FQ
J LQEG e k Hg ,jeCG fdG L SaEG YCG dHh ,H j c cT
IMGh MQ JGP cdG e QhO dCG 165 e cCG f c ,HUCG EG G``èCG
M cCG kGQGSCG g CGh ,H cd bY ,H UN VGZC dG EG H b
cd LdG H U Y J dG dG ```JGN M Ic jPcCGh LdG
.a jY YR dG Gh
Vh e jeCG I```G jdG SCG OJ Q```M :QhG ```VCGh
CG dG WG e a ``` zjQHQc OQhH{ dGY L SCGj dG ```cdG
jQ cdG b Y V e IjY SC ,SCG AGT ZGdG d ```Vj
.fRGe dG Y IhY d HS
j e gh dGY ```L e bGU bY HJ A```HdG jRh CG Y kG```cDe
jRh hM c d IFGQ cdG C dh ,cdG d GH RfG -db ```M.JjJ Mj CG AHdG
321
eG dG ```YEG ILCG QhG e TGh ```G dG dG ```JG

d ceCG SfdG AYCG H j eYe IQjR M dG ```dG H
kGOQh .H Y CG H Lj h SfdG Xe iS Gd QGhdG EG Fb
MUEGh dG WGdH ceCG SfdG IOTEG U ie Y GDS ```Y
hCG SfdG AYCG e Qd U fc d IOTEG EG Qh```G b ```FdG
e a hFGdG XG eCG ,SH ff ,GdG ``` FQ ,SH WdG Y
.LQG bdGh SdG jdG ceCG SfdG be Y dG MU
dDG FGdG XG ad J CG dG dH iMCG c Fb QhG HJh

GdG Xe FGf ``è GAd ceCG SfdG k Jch k Xe 13 ``è
MdG eCG ,dG QGOEG ```dG ceCG GG e IOSd ,```dG
EG j a ,YCG AdG ```FQh GdG FQ Ff e SS ```jb
AGQRdG FQ e Ad eG d J CG j "k MV bh .dG e k Yf
dcJhdG GYCd ```FG VH k HV j fEa dP ```dh ,jQG ```FQ hCG
.d Qe IOTEd AGSGh

QhG e c
OGaCG eh FdG Q```bCG e e JH KG HV CG ``è QOe ```cP
j ,dG FdG T HG dGh c Y Fb gMCG ,HG JY
.gQEG YO QdG H dGh YG gQ k dM
,HdG e j edG eCGh jdG GQ```SG CG JGP QOG cDJh
HJ ceCG IQdG Y ```dG cQG JQdG CG dG cG CG ``è
kGQe dh .LG G Y Jh j NBH hCG H gS fCGh ,```d
NGO G YG gQ k dM OLe HdG MCG CG EG QTCG jdG dG I```Yb
fC dh ,aJ TG H AL dYG CGh .AU dh ,Y FdG b
.IYdG YO a gS
FdG dG dG T d dG QG HdG MCG CG EG IQTEG Q```
MG eCG fEa G```dh ,G c e AH Rd j ```fCH IjG Ib Y k Y ```Y
iS d eCG CG dGh ,gQEG YO k ``à k WQJ g j CG hCG :```dMG
Y IFGdG G ALh ,cG I```dG NGO dG Y GdG ge e ``è
.G jQJ kGjJ j ISCG NGO L e d Ua d gQEG
cG eCG M cQCG H OCG dG jdG INCG jdG dG Gg Yjh
Y dGh HQGT dG G a YO dG ,dU GY j dG
CG jdG bWEG YS k cQ``è c XCGh ,dG YO Y gY H ```dG
h ,HN dG dG ```Lg jdG dG ASDhdG e MGh g ```FdG Y
.G Y J
Ea ,j hCG ,IN Me EG Uh b cG ISCG NGO GdG c AG```Sh
jb eP Y G ASCG YEG aH ej dG dG CG g cDG AdG
eh .gQEG Y eYG HM dG eCG H k bKe j Gdh ,gQEGh dG
322
323
OG SH bQh e YR dG dG HCG YG Y H FdG j CG jdG

gjh ,FGSEG AGQR```dG FQ e e U ```HJ G CG k YGR ,``èSEG
.dG H e dG j ISCG OGaCG e HV YG N k e dG
QS dDG
d' c Ù fOzd b{ sLO w VJ b U0

wJd_ wUO qK; wHB UN VJ w WdA
t i?? F sE U?? v U?? * dOM w?? M1 q?? s??
t? WOBA tb uI tMJ fOzd l WOB b
suK Ù b s UN
WHK* b?? F* sLO qU?? A U?? UC t?? UU U?? M
r tUI U ? ?U b?? U sJ U?? ( WFOD U?? NCF s??
tKOL% `?? U fOzd d?? s b?? U?? d?? q? ?
ld w w?? UUJ s?? uM c?? `?? d WOu?? *
5 tOK jK UN Wb tU& WOLd UDK WOU
U WLN WO UNKzU w UNU UN?? d_ dH
U_ cQ t tL v QK U UO UJd_ WULFU
d U UO
WHO b?? { W?? OzUC u?? l?? v?? Q?? ' d?? R
UL?? U Ou?? U?? I U?? NO V?? J w?? WKI?? * b?? B*
WUB WLJ b?? v u?? sJ sDM?? s??
s tUIS d u?? Ou X?? UFMB UuD*
V?? WLN b{ Wud* WOCI w?? X r?? v W?? UJ
?? uMF t UI w Ù tKb wK f?? Ozd W?? U
qUA Ub
W?? HO t?? F d?? u?? W?? bI s?? ? w?? dF d?? U
dB WOdJ bbN
324

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IQG ```YVG Y ek J ```NQDGh Md

sLO w bb WOUI WKd

cdG e jBG ```J dG jdG Gbh A```U YGPEG CGH CG O```

dh ,ddG FdG dhO S a j ,H SQ H NBG Hd LQH

H OdG ```Y IdG IOYEG e YS ```e bCG N h ,```jGh

k G LM h ,M M SDe ddG FdG dhO d

J e kGch ,SH hCG ```e IQOdG dG LdG ```Y AH dhdG QG```Jh

h qJ ,J h Q```J X eM SCGj Q Y Q```cdG CG ```

Rh LdG CG -IjY QOe cCd k ah- cG dh ,AGQRh FQ Ff

MdG SQ LQH Y j k ```fMCGh ,WdG M Y dG

cQCG FQ CG ZQh ,MCG Y AGdG gh Oj EG Y I```b

IQGRh k jCG jOdG GQGRdG eh .kGMGh k ej JGhQ NCJ h ,dG dG

FQ SCG c gh ,```UTCG e Oh OY e dCJ aeh ```Hh

U j ```FQh Tf IT ```M (MG) dG ```edG iCGQ

hCG ,UdGY ```L QT dG ```Me jcP iS ```HGQ CG ```H

OdGh ,dG j LQN NJ CG Y IH ```dG EG Fb j bh

.QfGh J e OdG j SdG dG

HdG jQd FQ hCG dG GY G CG aj dG b

k Vb Yh b TYh K YJ d ,dG T bCG I```M

FHCG LM TE IOhG JGhQ ```J

dP H iL bh .HdG ddG G Fb dhDe J QG CG ```M

dG gh dG dBG OdG PfE MGh jW iS g j h ,SdG ```fCG

Y d eH f CG H dG ```H dG dG VhCG ```X

Y HG dG GNE ```G INCG H aG LCJ ```S

QDj b e gh ,g dG G ```g ddh ,k T ```FdG

YS M gOGYEG e YS Y iS ```J G EG PEG ,A```U

h ,a cQG EG aj S fCc QdG OM e ej dG CG ZQ

Y GReh ,ISCG EG dG JMQ e ahe ```G bY fch

YCG fG e KGh gh ,JU j CG jW Y WGG j jQU

L e MGh ```e GP jT ```FSQ K ```TGh EG ```Uh

FdG e ```JGSG e ```Y k UM bCG fj ```dh ,Ffh ```fH

SCG ajh ,QhL LGh gQEG L d G dG ```fC

dG iNCGh ```EG eL k eb j CG ```jj dG ```FdG CG CG

.fM b dG YS CH dG QdG g ADg c e gCGh

AGLE fCG EG ```G e ```dU Y Y Fd ```LG dG Q```KCG

J CG jG g M eh ,dG e e 22 IM Y KDJ ```LdG IM

g f eY ```H fj dG hDT ```fLCG G CG ```LQd

H VJ Y ```bCG Y hCG ,MCG ```H M AH j YT ```

S eCG .```L Me C LG hO ```SFdG ISCG IO```SG

. QNG k a j fCG cDj

fG eCG G j b ``` ,d H jQU HfG VH hCG ```

.."W b c EG Q```f ,W f ,f ,UCG ```J ```W"

.dQG GQGb hCG eYEG GjGe e fhBG g e g e MCG

UhCG fCH ,AGaGh k X ,MCG M H GY dG j dG dGh

d HfG M k ```dM aG j dU GY Y ```FdG

dG JCG d fCGh .. IM WGO H k S dG OJ j CG j G```d

jdGh gQEG LCJ gQGhOCGh ```dG ASDhdG Y eH aGj

k kGQOf k U k S "S 26" U M CG H

e c ae Y fYS ```fEG H ,cM O d dG ```jCJh c```G

e dG e ```e fhe cCG fC ```MCG Y dG ```FdG

edG hCG e ```W f jdG edG g IjG ```G MU c AG```S

.G ReQ e AadGh jdG

jQG ```a ,MCG Uf ```H M H GY ```G dG I```aH

GMCGh FbdG ```e dG Hc J ```d .IMGh O I```b ```J CGh

LQ H GU SSCG g dG dM FGdG SdG G```dG

.OdGh OdG fh gQEGh dG jEGh OGSG AdEGh dG AfEG

Z dh bh Y ceCG e jh FT SCG Gg OOJ

Y hCG dG jdG Y hCG cG j hCG QG```T HCG g hCG ```dG

e jh ,WEG Y gRHCGh FHCG gCG dG J CG jf f

bK jDhQ e ```j dh ,IQh GeCGh c```T e jd d ```d

,SdG idG ad k ```Le S QYH aCG H WGdG ```dG

Lj fC AdG SG gCG EG IQOG e IdG g J c .k jQL

g j b dh ,HGdG JQh JhH "dG jM" j d MCG