Chng 13 Phi ghp vi th gii kiu II ng c bc, bn phm v cc b DAC

13.1 Phi ghp vi mt ng c bc. Phn ny bt u vi vic gii thiu tng quan v hot ng ca cc ng c bc. Sau chng ta m t cch phi ghp mt ng c bc vi b vi iu khin 8051. Cui cng ta s dng cc chng trnh hp ng trnh din iu khin gc v hng quay ca ng c bc. 13.1.1 Cc ng c bc. ng c bc l mt thit b s dng rng ri chuyn cc xung in thnh chuyn ng c hc. Trong cc ng dng chng hnnh cc b iu khin a, cc my in kim ma trn v cc my r-bt th ng c bc c dng iu khin chuyn ng. Mi ng c bc u c phn quay rto l nam chm vnh cu (cng cn c gi l trc dn - shaft) c bao bc xung quanh l mt ng yn gi stato (xem hnh 131.1). Hu ht cc ng c bc u c chung c 4 stato m cc cun dy ca chng c b tr theo cp i xng vi im gia chung (xem hnh 13.2), Kiu ng c bc ny nhn chung cn c coi nh ng c bc 4 pha. im gia cho php mt s thay i ca hng dng ca mt trong hai li khi mt cun dy c ni t to ra s thay i cc ca stato. Lu rng, trc ca mt ng c truyn thng th quay t do, cn trc ca ng c bc th chuyn ng theo mt tng c nh lp li cho php ta chuyn dch n n mt v tr chnh xc. Chuyn ng c nh lp li ny c c l nh kt qu ca l thuyn t trng c s l cc cc cng du th y nhau v cc cc khc du th ht nhau. Hng quay c xc nh bi t trng ca stato. T trng ca stato c xc nh bi dng chyt quan li cun dy. khi hng ca dng thay i th cc t trng cng thay i gy ra chuyn ng ngc li ca ng c (o chiu). ng c bc c ni y c 6 u dy: 4 u ca cun dy stato v hai u dy chung im gia ca cc cp dy. Khi chui xung ngun c cp n mi cun dy stato th ng c s quay. C mt s chui xung c s dng rng ri vi cp chnh xc khc nhau. Bng 13.1 trnh by chui 4 bc thng thng.

N C O S D N S

A Average North N

N C O S Average South D N S

Hnh 13.1: Cn chnh rto. Bng 13.1: Chui ngun nui 4 bc thng thng.

Chiu kim ng h

Bc 1 2 3 4

Cun dy A 1 1 0 0

Cun dy B 0 1 1 0

Cun dy C 0 0 1 1

Cun dy D 1 0 0 1

Chiu quay b m

Bng13.2: Cc gc bc ca ng c bc. Gc bc 0.72 1.8 2.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 15 S bc/ vng 500 200 180 144 72 48 24 Hnh 13.2:

Bng13.2: Cc gc bc ca ng c bc. Hnh 13.2: B tr cc cun dy ca stato.

Hnh 13.3: Phi ghp 8051 vi mt ng c bc. Cn phi nh rng mc d ta c th bt u vi cc chui bt k trong bng 13.1. Nhng khi bt u th ta phi tip tc vi cc chui theo ng th t. V d ta bt u bc th ba l chui (0110) th ta phi tip tc vi chui ca bc 4 ri sau 1, 2, 3 v.v... V d 13.1: Hy m t kt ni 8051 vi ng c bc ca hnh 13.3 v vit mt chng trnh quay n lin tc. Li gii:

Cc bc di dy trnh by vic kt ni 8051 vi ng c bc v lp trnh ca n. 1. S dng mt m k o tr khng ca cc u dy. iu ny xc nh u chung (COM) no c ni ti cun dy no? 2. Cc dy chung c ni ti u dng ca ngun cp cho ng c. Trong nhiu ng c th + 5V l . 3. Bn u c cun dy stato c iu khin bi 4 bt ca cng P1 trong 8051 (P1.0 - P1.3). Tuy nhin, v 8051 khng dng iu khin cc cun dy ng c bc nn ta phi s dng mt b iu khin chng hn nh ULN2003 cp nng lng cho stato. Thay cho ULN2003 ta c th s dng cc bng bn dn lm cc b iu khin nh ch ra trn hnh 13.4. Tuy nhin ta rng, nu cc bng bn dn c s dng nh cc b iu khin chng ta cng phi s dng cc i t ngn dng cm ng c to ra khi tt cun dy. Mt l do m ULN2003 c u chung hn cc bng bn dn nh cc b iu khin l n c i t bn trong ngn cm ng in t ngc.
BACK: MOV MOV RR ACALL SJMP -------MOV MOV DJNZ DJNZ RET A, # 66H P1, A A DELAY BACK R2, # 100 R3, # 255 R3, H2 R2, H1 ; Np chui xung bc ; Xut chui xung n ng c ; Quay theo chiu kim ng h ; Ch ; Tip tc chy

DELAY H1: H2:

Hy thay i gi tr ca DELAY t tc quay. Ta c th s dng lnh n bt SETB v CLR thay cho lnh RRA to ra chui xung. 13.1.2 Gc bc (Step Angle). Vy mi bc c dch chuyn l bao nhiu? iu ny ph thuc vo cu trc bn trong ca ng c, c bit l s rng ca stato v r to. Gc bc l quay nh nht ca mt bc. Cc ng c khc nhau c cc gc bc khc nhau. Bng 13.2 trnh by mt s gc bc i vi cc ng c khc nhau. Bng 13.2 c s dng thut ng s bc trong mt vng (Steps per revolution). y l tng s bc cn quay ht mt vng 3600 (chng hn 180 bc 20 = 3600). Cn phi ni rng dng nh tri ngc vi n tng ban u. Mt ng c bc khng cn nhiu u dy cho stato hn c cc bc nh hn. Tt c mi ng c bc c ni y ch c 4 u dy cho cun dy stato v 2 u dy chung cho nt gia. Mc d nhiu hng sn xut ch dnh mt u chung thay cho hai th h cng vn phi c 4 u cun dy stato. 13.1.3 Quan h s bc trong giy v s vng quay trong pht RPM. Quan h gia s vng quay trong pht RPM (revolutions per minute), s bc trong vng quay v s bc trong vng giy l quan h thuc v trc gic v n c biu din nh sau:

So buoc trong giay =

RPM So buoc trong vong quay 60

13.1.4 Chui xung bn bc v s rng trn r to. Chui xung chuyn mch c trnh by trong bng 13.1 c gi l chui chuyn mch 4 bc bi v sau 4 bc th hai cun dy ging nhau s c bt ON. Vy dch chuyn ca 4 bc ny s l bao nhiu? Sau mi khi thc hin 4 bc ny th r to ch dch c mt bc rng. Do vy, trong ng c bc vi 200 bc/ vng th r to ca n c 50 rng v 50 4 = 200 bc cn quay ht mt vng. iu ny dn n mt kt lun l gc bc ti thiu lun l hm ca s rng trn r to. Hay ni cch khc gc bc cng nh th r to quay c cng nhiu rng. Hy xt v d 13.2. V d 13.2: Hy tnh s ln ca chui 4 bc trong bng 13.1 phi cp cho mt ng c bc to ra mt dch chuyn 800 nu ng c gc bc l 20. Li gii: Mt ng c c gc bc l 20 th phi c nhng c tnh sau: gc bc 20, s bc/ vng l 1800, s rng ca r to l 45, dch chuyn sau mi chui 4 bc l 80. Vy dch chuyn 800 th cn 40 chui 4 bc v 10 4 2 = 80. Nhn vo v d 13.2 th c ngi s hi vy mun dch chuyn i 450 th lm th no khi gc bc l 20. Mun c phn gii nh hn th tt c mi ng c bc u cho php chui chuyn mch 8 bc, chui 8 bc cng cn c gi chui na bc (half - stepping), v trong chui 8 bc di y th mi bc l mt na ca gc bc bnh thng. V d, mt ng c c gc bc l 20 c th s dng gc bc 10 nu p dng chui bng 13.3. Bng 13.3: Chui xung 8 bc. Bc 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Cun A 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Cun B 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 Cun C 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 Cun D 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

Chiu kim ng h

Chiu quay b m

13.1.5 Tc ng c. Tc ng c c o bng s bc trong mt giy (bc/giy) l mt hm ca tc chuyn mch. trong v d 13.1 ta thy rng bng vic thay i thi gian tr ta c th t c cc tc quay khc nhau. 13.1.6 M mem gi. Di y l mt nh ngha v m men gi: M men gi l lng m men ngoi cn thit lm quay trc ng c t v tr gi ca n vi iu kin trc ng c ang ng yn hoc ang quay vi tc

RPM = 0. i lng ny c o bng t l in p v dng cp n ng c. n v ca m men gi l kilgam - centimet (hay ounce - inch). 13.1.7 Chui 4 bc iu khin dng sng. Ngoi cc chui 4 bc v 8 bc n trn y cn c mt chui khc c gi l chui 4 bc dng sng. N c trnh by trong bng 13.4. 8 bc trong bng 13.3 l mt s kt hp n gin ca cc chui 4 bc thng v chui 4 bc iu khin dng sng c cho bng 13.1 v 13.4. Chiu kim ng h Bc 1 2 3 4 Cun dy A 1 0 0 0 Cun dy B 0 1 0 0 Cun dy C 0 0 1 0 Cun dy D 0 0 0 1 Chiu quay b m

Hnh 13.4: S dng cc bng bn dn iu khin ng c bc. 13.2 Phi ghp 8051 vi bn phm. Cc bn phm v LCD l nhng thit b vo/ ra c s dng rng ri nht ca 8051 v cn phi thu hiu mt cch c bn v chng. phn ny trc ht ta gii thiu cc kin thc c bn v bn phm vi c cu n phm v tch phm, sau gii thiu v giao tip 8051 vi bn phm. 13.2.1 Phi ghp bn phm vi 8051. mc thp nht cc bn phm c t chc di dng mt ma trn cc hng v cc ct. CPU truy cp c hng ln ct thng qua cc cng. Do vy, vi hai cng 8 bt th c th ni ti mt bn phm 8 8 ti b vi x l. Khi mt phm c n th mt hng v mt ct c tip xc, ngoi ra khng c s tip xc no gia cc hng v cc ct. Trong cc bn phm my tnh IBM PC c mt b vi iu khin (bao gm mt b vi x l, b nh RAM v EPROM v mt s cng tt c c b tr trn mt chp) chu trch nhim phi ghp phn cng v phn mm ca bn phm. Trong nhng h thng nh vy, n l chc nng ca cc chng trnh c lu trong EPROM ca b vi iu khin qut lin tc cc phm, xc nh xem phm no c kch hot v gi n n bo mch chnh. Trong phn ny nghin cu v c cu 8051 qut v xc nh phm. 13.2.2 Qut v xc nh phm. Hnh 13.5 trnh by mt ma trn 4 4 c ni ti hai cng. Cc hng c ni ti mt u ra v cc ct c ni ti mt cng vo. Nu khng c phm no c n th vic ng cng vo s hon ton l 1 cho tt c cc ct v tt c c ni ti dng ngun VCC. Nu tt c cc hng c ni t v mt phm c n th mt trong cc ct s c gi tr 0 v phm c n to ng xung t. Chc nng ca b vi iu khin l qut lin tc pht hin v xc nh phm c n. Hnh 13.5 Hnh 13.5: Ni ghp bn phm ma trn ti cc cng. 13.2.3 Ni t cc hng v c cc ct. pht hin mt phm c n th b vi iu khin ni t tt c cc hng bng cch cp 0 to cht u ra, sau n c cc hng. Nu d c c t cc

ct l D3 - D0 = 1101 th khng c phm no c n v qu trnh tip tc cho n khi pht hin mt phm c n. Tuy nhin, nu mt trong cc bt ct c s 0 th iu c ngha l vic n phm xy ra. V d, nu D3 - D0 = 1101 c ngha l mt phm ct 1 c n. Sau khi mt n phm c pht hin, b vi iu khin s chy qu trnh xc nh phm. Bt u vi hng trn cng, b vi iu khin ni t n bng cch ch cp mc thp ti chn D0, sau n c cc ct. Nu d liu c c l ton s 1 th khng c phm no ca hng ny c n v qu trnh ny chuyn sang hng k tip. N ni t hng k tip, c cc ct v kim tra xem c s 0 no khng? Qa trnh ny tip tc cho n khi xc nh c hng no c phm n. Sau khi xc nh c hng c phm c n th cng vic tip theo l tm ra phm n thuc ct no. iu ny tht l d dng v b vi iu khin bit ti thi im bt k hng no v ct no c truy cp. Hy xt v d 13.3. V d 13.3: T hnh 13.5 hy xc nh hng v ct ca phm c n cho cc trng hp sau y: a) D3 - D0 = 1110 cho hng v D3 - D0 = 1011 cho ct. b) D3 - D0 = 1101 cho hng v D3 - D0 = 0111 cho ct. Li gii: T hnhf 13.5 ct v hng c th c s dng xc nh phm. a) Hng thuc D0 v ct thuc D2, do vy phm s 2 c n. b) Hng thuc D1 v ct thuc D3, do vy phm s 7 c n. Chng trnh 13.1 l chng trnh hp ng ca 8051 pht hin v xc nh s kch hot phm. Trong chng trnh ny P1 v P2 c gi thit l cng ra v cng vo tng ng. Chng trnh 13.1 i qua 4 giai on chnh sau y. 1. Khng nh phm trc c nh, cc s khng l u ra ti tt c cc hng cng mt lc v cc ct c c v c kim tra chng no tt c mi ct u cao. Khi tt c cc ct c pht hin l u cao th chng trnh ch mt thi gian ngn trc khi n chuyn sang giai on k tip ch mt phm c n. 2. bit c mt phm no c n cc ct c qut i qut li trong vng v tn cho n khi c mt ct c s 0. Hy nh rng cc cht u ra c ni ti cc hng vn c cc s 0 ban u (c cp giai on 1) lm cho chng c ni t. Sau khi pht hin n phm, n i 20ms ch cho phm nh ra v sau qut li cc ct. iu ny phc v hai chc nng: a) n m bo rng vic pht hin n phm u tin khng b sai do nhiu v b) thi gian gi chm l 20ms ngn nga vic n cng mt phm nh l nhiu ln n. Nu sau 20ms gi chm m phm vn c n n chuyn sang giai on k tip pht hin phm n thuc hng no, nu khng n quay tr vng lp pht hin c mt phm n tht. 3. pht hin n phm thuc hng, n ni t mi hng ti mt thi im, c cc ct mi ln. Nu n pht hin tt c mi ct u cao, iu ny c ngha l n phm khng thuc hng , do vy n ni t hng k tip v tip tc cho n khi pht hin ra hng c phm n. Khi tm hng c phm n, n thit lp a ch bt u cho bng trnh by gi cc m qut (hoc gi tr ASCII) cho hng v chuyn sang giai on k tip xc nh phm. 4. xc nh phm n, n quay cc bt ct, mi ln mt bt vo c nh v kim tra xem n c gi tr thp khng? Khi tm ra s 0, n ko m ASCII dnh cho phm ra t bng trnh by. Nu khng tm c s 0 th n tng con tr ch n

phn t k tip ca bng trnh by. Hnh 13.6 trnh by lu qu trnh tm phm n ny. Bt u Ni t mi hng Ni t hng k tip Ni t mi hng c mi ct Khng C phm h hng ny C Tm phm no c n

Khng

Mi phm h C

c mi ct

Khng

C phm n C

Tm phm no c n

Tr v

Ch nh phm c mi ct

Khng

C phm n

Hnh 13.6: Lu tm phm n ca chng trnh 13.1. Trong khi vic pht hin n l chun cho tt c mi bn phm th qu trnh xc nh phm no c n li khng ging nhau. Phng pht s dng bng trnh by c a ra trong chng trnh 13.1 c th c sa i lm vic vi bt k ma trn kch thc 8 8 no. Hnh 13.6 l lu thut ton ca chng trnh 13.1 qut v xc nh phm n. C nhng chp IC chng hn nh MM74C924 ca hng National Semiconductor kt hp vic qut v gii m bn phm tt c vo mt chp. Cc chp nh vy s s kt hp cc b m v cc cng l gc (khng phi b vi iu khin) thc thi cc khi nim c trnh by trong chng trnh 13.1 di y. Chng trnh 13.1: ; Chng trnh con bn phm Keyboard ny gi m ASCII ; Cha phm c n n chn P0.1 ; Cc chn P1.0 P1.3 c ni ti cc hng cn P2.0 P2.3 ti cc ct. 13.3 Phi ghp mt DAC vi 8051. Phn ny s trnh by cch phi ghp mt b bin i s tng t DAC vi 8051. Sau minh ho to mt sng hnh sin trn my hin sng s dng b DAC. 13.3.1 B bin i s - tng t DAC. B bin i - tng t DAC l mmt thit b c s dng rng ri chuyn i cc xung s ho v cc tn hiu tng t. Trong phn ny ta gii thiu c s phi ghp mt b DAC vi 8051. Xem li cc kin thc in t s ta thy c hai cch to ra b DAC: Phng pht trng s nh phn v phng trnh thang R/2R. Nhiu b DAC da trn cc mch t hp, bao gm MC1408 (DAC808) c s dng trong phn ny u s dng phng php hnh thang R/2R v n c th t chnh xc cao hn. Tiu chun nh gi mt b DAC u tin l phn gii hm ca s u vo nh phn. Cc phn gii chng l 8, 10 v 12 bt. S cc u vo bt d liu quyt nh phn gii ca b DAC, v s mc u ra tng t bng 2n vi n l u vo bt d liu. Do vy, mt b DAC 8 bt nh DAC808 chng hn c 256 mc u ra in p (dng in) ri rc. Tng t nh vy, mt b DAC 12 bt cho 4096 mc in p ri rc. cng c cc b DAC 16 bt nhng chng rt t. 13.3.2 B bin i DAC MC1408 (hay DAC808). Trong b ADC808 cc u vo s c chuyn i thnh dng (Iout) v vic ni mt in tr ti chn Iout ta chuyn kt qu thnh in p. dng tng c cp bi chn Iout l mt hm s nh phn cc u vo D0 D7 ca DAC808 v tham chiu Iref nh sau:
I out = I ref (

Trong D0 l bt thp nht LSB v D7 l bt cao nht MSB i vi cc u vo

D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D 2 D1 D0 + + + + + + + ) 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256