CHNG 6

CC NGUYN TC IU KHIN T NG TRUYN NG IN (3 tit)

6.1 Khi nim chung Theo yu cu cng ngh ca my, c cu sn xut, cc h thng truyn ng in t ng u c thit k tnh ton lm vic nhng trng thi (hay ch ) xc nh. Nhng trng thi s c hay h hng khc thng thng c d on khi thit k tnh ton chng p dng nhng thit b v bin php bo v cn thit. Nhng trng thi lm vic ca h thng truyn ng in t ng c th c c trng bng cc thng s nh: tc lm vic ca cc ng c truyn ng hay ca c cu chp hnh my sn xut, dng in phn ng ca ng c hay dng kch thch ca ng c in mt chiu, mmen ph ti trn trc ca ng c truyn ng... Tu theo qu trnh cng ngh yu cu m cc thng s trn c th ly cc gi tr khc nhau. Vic chuyn t gi tr ny n gi tr khc c thc hin t ng nh h thng iu khin. Kt qu hot ng ca phn iu khin s a h thng ng lc ca truyn ng in n mt trng thi lm vic mi, trong c t nht mt thng s c trng cho mch ng lc ly gi tr mi. Nh vy v thc cht iu khin h thng l a vo hoc a ra khi h thng nhng phn t, thit b no (chng hn in tr, in khng, in dung, khu hiu chnh...) thay i mt hoc nhiu thng s c trng hoc gi mt thng s no (chng hn tc quay) khng thay i khi c s thay i ngu nhin ca thng s khc. t ng iu khin hot ng ca truyn ng in, h thng iu khin phi c nhng c cu, thit b th cm c gi tr cc thng s c trng cho ch cng tc ca truyn ng in (c th l mun, cng c th l c v du ca thng s). Trong h thng iu khin gin on cc phn t th cm ny phi lm vic theo cc ngng chnh nh c. Ngha l khi thng s c th cm n tr s ngng t, phn t th cm theo thng s ny s bt u lm vic pht ra mt tn hiu a n phn t chp hnh. Kt qu l s a vo hoc a ra khi mch ng lc nhng phn t cn thit. Nu h thng iu khin c tn hiu pht ra t phn t th cm c dng in, ta ni rng h iu khin theo nguyn tc dng in. Nu phn t thc cm c tc , ta ni rng h iu khin theo nguyn tc tc , nu c phn t th cm c thi gian ca qu trnh (t mt mc thi gian no ) ta ni rng h iu khin theo nguyn tc thi gian. Tng t c h iu khin theo nguyn tc nhit , theo mmen, theo chiu cng sut... 6.2 iu khin t ng theo nguyn tc thi gian. a) Ni dung nguyn tc iu khin theo thi gian: iu khin theo nguyn tc thi gian da trn c s l thng s lm vic ca mch ng lc bin i theo thi gian. Nhng tn hiu iu khin pht ra theo mt quy lut thi gian cn thit lm thay i trng thi ca h thng.

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Nhng phn t th cm c thi gian pht tn hiu cn c chnh nh da theo ngng chuyn i ca i tng. V d nh tc , dng in, mmen ca mi ng c c tnh ton chn ngng cho thch hp vi tng h thng truyn ng in c th. Nhng phn t th cm c thi gian c th gi chung l rle thi gian. N to nn c mt thi gian tr (duy tr) k t lc c tn hiu a vo (mc 0) u vo ca n n khi n pht c tn hiu ra a vo phn t chp hnh. C cu duy tr thi gian c th l: c cu con lc, c cu in t, kh nn, c cu in t, tng ng l rle thi gian kiu con lc, rle thi gian in t, rle thi gian kh nn v rle thi gian in t... b) Mch iu khin truyn ng in in hnh theo nguyn tc thi gian: Xt mch iu khin khi ng ng c in mt chiu kch t c lp c hai cp in tr ph trong mch phn ng hn ch dng in khi ng trn theo nguyn tc thi gian. S mch iu khin nh hnh 6.1.
+
1

M
3 5

_ g

_
1G 2G

g g

1RTh

r1

r2

2g
9

1RTh

11

1G

CK + _
2RTh

2RTh

2G
13

Hnh 6.1 - iu khin khi ng ng c Ml theo nguyn tc thi gian. Trng thi ban u sau khi cp ngun ng lc v iu khin th rle thi gian 1RTh c cp in m ngay tip im thng kn ng chm RTh(9-11). khi ng ta phi n nt m my M(3-5), cngtct g ht s ng cc tip im mch ng lc, phn ng ng c in c u vo li in qua cc in tr ph khi ng r1, r2. Dng in qua cc in tr c tr s ln gy ra st p trn in tr r1. in p vt qu ngng in p ht ca rle thi gian 2RTh lm cho n hot ng s m ngay tip im thng kn ng chm 2RTh(1113), trn mch 2G cng vi s hot ng ca rle 1RTh chng m bo khng cho cc cngtct 1G v 2G c in trong giai on u ca qu trnh khi ng. Tip im ph g(3-5) ng t duy tr dng in cho cun dy cngtct g khi ta thi khng n nt M na. Tip im g(1-7) m ra ct in rle thi gian 1RTh a rle thi gian ny vo hot ng chun b pht tn hiu chuyn trng thi ca truyn ng in. Mc khng ca thi gian t c th c xem l thi im g(1-7) m ct in 1RTh.

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0 2 1

A
I1 I2

2 1
M

IC

t 0 t1 t2

MC M 2

M1

Hnh 6.2 - c tnh khi ng ng c Ml theo nguyn tc thi gian. Thi gian chnh nh mi cp in tr c tnh theo cng thc: M M C ti = Tci.ln 1 M 2 MC trong Tci - hng s thi gian in c ca ng c c tnh c in tr ph cp th i.

J i M1 M 2 Vi i l khong bin thin tc trn ng c tnh c c cp in tr th i

Tci = nhng mmen chuyn i M1, M2 tng ng. J l mmen qun tnh c ca h thng truyn ng v ng c, tnh quy i v trc ng c. Sau khi rle thi gian 1RTh nh, c cu duy tr thi gian s tnh thi gian t gc khng cho n t tr s chnh nh th ng tip im thng kn ng chm RTh(9-11). Lc ny cun dy cngtct gia tc 1G c cp in v hot ng ng tip im chnh ca n mch ng lc v cp in tr ph th nht r1 b ni ngn mch. ng c s chuyn sang khi ng trn ng c tnh c th 2. Vic ngn mch in tr r1 lm cho rle thi gian 2RTh mt in v c cu duy tr thi gian ca n cng s tnh thi gian tng t nh i vi rle 1RTh, khi t n tr s chnh nh n s ng tip im thng ng ng chm 2RTh(11-13). Cngtct gia tc 2G c in ht tip im chnh 2G, ngn mch cp in tr th hai r2, ng c s chuyn sang tip tc khi ng trn ng c tnh c t nhin cho n im lm vic n nh A. c) Nhn xt v iu khin truyn ng in theo nguyn tc thi gian: u im ca nguyn tc iu khin theo thi gian l c th chnh c thi gian theo tnh ton v c lp vi thng s ca h thng ng lc. Trong thc t nh hng ca mmen cn MC ca in p li v ca in tr cun dy hu nh khng ng k n sk lm vic ca h thng v n qu trnh gia tc ca truyn ng in, v cc tr s thc t sai khc vi tr s thit k khng nhiu. Thit b ca s n gin, lm vic tin cy cao ngay c khi ph ti thay i, rle thi gian dng ng lot cho bt k cng sut v ng c no, c tnh kinh t cao.

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Nguyn tc thi gian c dng rt rng ri trong truyn ng in mt chiu cng nh xoay chiu. 6.3 iu khin t ng theo nguyn tc tc . a) Ni dung nguyn tc: Tc quay trn trc ng c hay ca c cu chp hnh l mt thng s c trng quan trng xc nh trng thi ca h thng truyn ng in. Do vy, ngi ta da vo thng s ny iu khin s lm vic ca h thng. Lc ny mch iu khin phi c phn t th cm c chnh xc tc lm vic ca ng c - gi l rle tc . Khi tc t c n nhng tr s ngng t th rle tc s pht tn hiu n phn t chp hnh chuyn trng thi lm vic ca h thng truyn ng in n trng thi mi yu cu. Rle tc c th cu to theo nguyn tc ly tm, nguyn tc cm ng, cng c th dng my pht tc . i vi ng c in mt chiu c th gin tip kim tra tc thng qua sc in ng ca ng c. i vi ng c in xoay chiu c th thng qua sc in ng v tn s ca mch rto xc nh tc . Hnh 6.3 trnh by s lc cu to ca rle tc kiu cm ng. Rto (1) ca n l mt nam chm vnh cu c ni trc vi ng c hay c cu chp hnh. Cn stato (2) cu to nh mt lng sc v c th quay c trn b ca n. Trn cn (3) gn vo stato b tr m ng (11) ca 2 tip im c cc m tnh l (7) v (15).
7 11 15

Hnh 6.3 - Cu to rle tc kiu cm ng.

1

4 3 2

Khi rto khng quay cc tip im (7),(11) v (15),(11) m, v cc l xo gi cn (3) chnh gia. Khi rto quay to nn t trng quay qut stato, trong lng sc c dng cm ng chy qua. Tc dng tng h gia dng ny v t trng quay to nn mmen quay lm cho stato quay i mt gc no . Lc cc l xo cn bng (4) b nn hay ko to ra mt mmen chng li, cn bng vi mmen quay in t. Tu theo chiu quay ca rto m m ng (11) c th n tip xc vi m tnh (7) hay (15). Tr s ngng ca tc c iu chnh bi b phn (5) thay i tr s ko nn ca l xo cn bng.

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Khi tc quay ca rto b hn tr s ngng t, mmen in t cn b khng thng c mmen cn ca cc l xo cn bng nn tip im khng ng c. T lc tc quay ca rto t gi tr ln hn hoc bng ngng t th mmen in t mi thng c mmen cn ca cc l xo lm cho phn tnh quay, ng tip im tng ng theo chiu quay ca rto. b) Mch iu khin truyn ng in in hnh theo nguyn tc tc : Ta cng ly trng hp iu khin m my ng c xt nhng v d c th. Nh thy v d trc, vic ngn mch cc in tr khi ng trong mch phn ng ng c c th thc hin c tc 1, 2 v 3. lm cc phn t kim tra tc , y ta dng cc cngtct gia tc 1G, 2G v 3G c cun dy mc trc tip vo 2 u phn ng ng c, n tip th c in p t l vi tc ng c vi sai lch nh.
CK + + _ 3G 2G 1G g _

3G
+ D M
3 5

g _

2G 1G

0 3 2 1

4 3 2

U U2G U 1G Uu
1

U 3G

M 0 M2 (I2 ) M 1 (I1)
0

e
t1 t2 t3

Hnh 6.4 - iu khin khi ng ng c Ml theo nguyn tc tc . Trn hnh 6.4 cc tip im chuyn i trng thi cn xy ra tc (1,I2), (2,I2) v (3,I2). cc im ny, in p trn 2 u phn ng s l: U1 = K1 + I2.r U2 = K2 + I2.r U3 = K3 + I2.r Gi s ta ct in tr theo th t r1, r2, r3 th phi chn cngtct c in p ht ln lt l: Uht1G = U1 Uht2G = U2 Uht3G = U3
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Hot ng ca s : Sau khi n nt m my M, cngtct g c in ng mch phn ng ng c vo ngun qua 3 in tr ph r1, r2 v r3. ng c gia tc trn ng c tnh c (1). Khi tc ng c t n tr s 1 in p trn 2 u cngtct 1G t tr s ht U1, do 1G ht, loi tr in tr r1, ng c s chuyn sang gia tc trn ng c tnh c (2). Khi tc ng c t n tr s 2(2 > 1) in p trn 2 u cngtct 2G t tr s ht U2, do 2G ht, loi tr tip in tr r2, ng c s chuyn sang gia tc trn ng c tnh c (3). Khi tc ng c t n tr s 3(3 > 2) in p trn 2 u cngtct 3G t tr s ht U3, do 3G ht, in tr r3 b ngn mch, ng c s chuyn sang gia tc trn ng c tnh c t nhin, cho n im lm vic n nh. c) Nhn xt v iu khin truyn ng in theo nguyn tc tc : u im l n gin v r tin, thit b c th l cngtct mc trc tip vo phn ng ng c khng cn thng qua rle. Nhc im l thi gian m my v hm my ph thuc nhiu vo mmen cn MC, qun tnh J, in p li U v in tr cun dy cngtct. Cc cngtct gia tc c th khng lm vic v in p li gim thp, v qu ti hoc v cun dy qu pht nng, s dn n qu pht nng in tr khi ng, c th lm chy cc in tr . Khi in p li tng cao c kh nng tc ng ng thi cc cngtct gia tc lm tng dng in qu tr s cho php. Trong thc t t dng nguyn tc ny khi ng cc ng c, thng ch dng nguyn tc ny iu khin qu trnh hm ng c. 6.4 iu khin t ng theo nguyn tc dng in. a) Ni dung nguyn tc: Dng in trong mch phn ng ng c cng l mt thng s lm vic rt quan trng xc nh trng thi ca h truyn ng in. N phn nh trng thi mang ti bnh thng ca h thng, trng thi mang ti, trng thi qu ti cng nh phn nh trng thi ang khi ng hay ang hm ca ng c truyn ng. Trong qu trnh khi ng, hm, dng in cn phi m bo nh hn mt tr s gii hn cho php. Trong qu trnh lm vic cng vy, dng in c th phi gi khng i mt tr s no theo yu cu ca qu trnh cng ngh. Ta c th dng cc cngtct c cun dy dng in hoc rle dng in kiu in t hoc cc kha in t hot ng theo tn hiu vo l tr s dng in iu khin h thng theo cc yu cu trn. Dng in mch phn ng ng c dng lm tn hiu vo trc tip hoc gin tip cho cc phn t th cm dng in ni trn. Khi tr s tn hiu vo t n gi tr ngng xc nh c th iu chnh c ca n th n s pht tn hiu iu khin h thng chuyn n nhng trng thi lm vic yu cu. b) Mch iu khin truyn ng in in hnh theo nguyn tc dng in: Xt mch iu khin hm ngc ng c xoay chiu 3 pha rto dy qun khi o chiu. V nhng l do tng t nh phn tch trong chng 2, khi o chiu quay ng c xoay chiu 3 pha rto dy qun cn phi a thm vo mch rto mt in tr ph ln hn tr s in tr ph cn thit a vo khi khi ng.
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Ta c th dng mch iu khin theo nguyn tc dng in sau y iu khin vic a vo v loi ra phn in tr ph mi ln o chiu quay ng c.

~
3

RH

~
1 5 7 H 9
H 1G 2G

11 1G 13

2G 1G H RH

r p2 rp1 rh

Hnh 6.5 - iu khin hm ngc ng c xoay chiu 3 pha rto dy qun khi o chiu theo nguyn tc dng in. Yu cu i vi rle hm RH th cm dng in rto: khi dng in rto ln hn tr s khi ng th n phi tc ng, khi dng in rto gim nh v gn tr s khi ng (I1) th n phi nh chun b cho qu trnh khi ng tip theo. Vy phi chnh nh tr s Inh ca RH ln hn I1 mt t, tt nhin tr s Iht ca n s ln hn I1 v xc nh theo h s tr v ca n. Trong mch hnh 6.5 khng v phn iu khin cc cngtct thun (T) v ngc (N). Gi s ng c ang lm vic theo chiu quay thun, ngha l b khng ch ch huy ang v tr 2 pha phi. Mun o chiu quay ng c, ta quay b khng ch KC v pha ngc. Khi b khng ch lt qua v tr 0, cc cngtct H, 1G, 2G mt in nn cc tip im ca chng nh ra a c 3 in tr vo mch rto. Khi lt n v tr 2 pha tri, dng in rto xut hin lc ny ln hn tr s chnh nh ht ca rle RH, nn RH tc ng m tip im RH(1-3), bo m cho c 3 in tr tham gia vo vic hn ch dng in, qu trnh hm ngc ng c c tin hnh. Khi tc ng c gim gn n 0 th dng in rto cng gim n tr s nh ca rle RH, rle RH nh ng tip im RH(1-3), cng tct H c in, in tr hm ngc rh c loi ra ngoi, ng c bt u qu trnh khi ng theo chiu ngc vi hai cp in tr hn ch rp1 v rp2. c) Nhn xt v iu khin truyn ng in theo nguyn tc dng in: - u im: Thit b n gin, s lm vic ca s khng chu nh hng ca nhit cun dy cngtct, rle. - Nhc im: tin cy thp, c kh nng nh ch gia tc cp trung gian nu ng c khi ng b qu ti, dng in khng gim xung n tr s nh ca rle dng in.

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Nguyn tc dng in c ng dng ch yu t ng iu khin qu trnh khi ng ng c mt chiu kch thch ni tip v ng c xoay chiu rto dy qun. 6.5 Cc nguyn tc iu khin khc Ngoi 3 nguyn tc iu khin c p dng rng ri nht m ta xt trn, cng c th tin hnh iu khin cc qu trnh hay my mc sn xut theo nhng thng s o lng khc nh: iu khin theo cng sut v chiu cng sut mmen, sc cng, nhit , nh sng... Mt trong nhng nguyn tc rt hay dng l nguyn tc iu khin theo ng i (hay nguyn tc hnh trnh). Khi qu trnh thay i trng thi lm vic ca h c quan h cht ch vi v tr ca cc b phn ng ca my (u my, bn my, mm cp...) th ta c th dng cc thit b c bit - gi l cng tc hnh trnh, t ti nhng v tr thch hp trn ng i ca cc b phn . Khi b phn ng di chuyn n nhng v tr ny s tc ng ln cc cng tc hnh trnh, cng tc hnh trnh s pht nhng tn hiu iu khin h thng n cc trng thi lm vic mi. V d nh t cc cng tc cui cng hn ch hnh trnh bn my bo, my doa, cu trc hoc l t cc cng tc hnh trnh o chiu, gim tc cho my bo ging.
N T

Hnh 6.6 - iu khin theo nguyn tc hnh trnh.

A KH B

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