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K thut trng nm rm
[ Cp nht vo ngy (19/04/2011) ] - [ S ln xem: 2009 ]

Nm rm l loi nm kh quen thuc vi nhn dn ta. Nm thng mc trn nguyn liu ph bin l rm nn c tn chung l nm rm (Straw mushrooom), tn khoa hc l Volvariella volvacea. Nm rm l loi d trng, mau thu hoch, cho kinh t cao. C mi tn rm ra trng nm ni chung tr chi ph trong thi gian 15 20 ngy c th li t 500.000 700.000 ng. B sau khi trng nm ch bin thnh phn sinh hc cao cp. Ngoi ra, b nm cn dng nui trn t, ly trn nui gia cm, gia sc v tm, c. 1. THI V TRNG: Nm rm c th trng c quanh nm, tuy nhin ty theo iu kin thi tit m chng ta p dng cc bin php khc nhau khc phc tnh trng bt li. Nu thng gip Tt, c gi lnh th phi che k, gi m v lm m to hn. Nu vo ma ma phi lm mi che cho m nm hoc rm dy hn, lm nn m cao hn trnh ngp ng. nhng ni c gi mnh, phi lm ro chn gi, ng thi b tr m nm thng gc vi hng gi. 2. CHUN B A IM: C th cht rm nhiu ni nh: t rung, trong vn cy, chung quanh nh,c th trn nn t, gch, xi mng trn k. Ngay c trong nh, trong bc nylon. Chn a im sao cho bng phng, cao ro khng b ngp ng, sch s v nht l gn ng vn chuyn rm r, gn nc ti tin vic chm sc, thu hoch v chuyn ch. Chun b t trc khi trng: nu t trng v nht l vo ma ma, ta nn x rnh c nhng lip rng 60 80cm, cao khong 10cm, dc v hai m, nm cht mt lip, mc ch sao cho thot nc khi ti, khng b ngp ng khi ti. 3. VT LIU DNG CHT NM: Ngi ta c th dng nhiu vt liu khc nhau trng nm rm nh: rm r, b ma, thn v l chui, lc bnh, bng gn. Nhng thng ta hay dng rm r. Cht nm bng rm, la ma hoc thn nng, la t hoc la np u dng c c. C th dng rm mi sut cn ti

hoc rm r kh, min ng mc nt ( bin thnh mu nu en) s cho nng sut khng cao. * Phng php rm: Phng php c p dng vi tt c cc loi rm r c th dng rm ti hoc rm kh. Rm c cht thnh ng rng khong 1,5 2m, di t nht 1,5m. Cht mt lp rm b cao khong 2 3 tc (b sung dinh dng 0,5 1% ur, 1% vi) ti nc cho tht t v dng chn dm cho d. Cht lp th hai dy khong 3 tc, ti nc v dm d nh trn. Tip tc lp th 3, th 4 cui cng ng c chiu cao khong 1,5m. Mc ch ti tng lp cho nc thm u trong rm. Vi ngy sau khi , nhit trong ng ln cao 60 70 oC, lm cho nm di cht i v phn hy mt phn cht hu c lm cho t nm rm d hp th cht dinh dng. Sau 3 - 4 ngy o mt ln, o rm r t di ln trn, trn xung di, ngoi vo trong, trong ra ngoi cho u. Khi ng xp xung (sau 10 12 ngy) ta c th ko rm ra cht m. 4. XP M NM: Cch xp rm : d b lp rm mt ngoi ng , mang rm bn trong xp m nm v c gng xp ht trong ngy. Cch cht m nm: ri vi x l nn trc khi xp m, ly rm cun trn nh ci gi v dng ng p thnh lung chiu cao khong 20cm, rng 30 - 40cm ri mt ng meo gia dc theo m. Tip tc ri rm cht lp th hai. Ring lp th hai cao khong 15cm, ti nc, d dt ri ri lp meo th hai. (c th cht 2 3 lp rm, ty theo ma: ma nng cht thp, ma lnh cht cao. C mi lp rm dy 15 20cm th ri mt lp meo). trn cng ph mt lp rm mng khong 5cm ti nc d dt, vut mt ngoi m cho lng v dng tay nht tng cng rm ri vi bn ngoi xung y m (nu mt ngoi m khng lng v khng d dt, sau ny khi thu hoch s lm h cc n nm nh, nng sut thp). Hng ngy theo di ti nc v 4 -5 ngy sau dng rm kh ri ti khp ton b mt ngoi ca m, to thnh o m dy 10 - 15cm (ma lnh, ma ma, cht xong ph rm ngay v ph rm dy hn ma nng). 5. CHN GING MEO: Vic chn ging meo rt quan trng. V meo tt, ng tui, khng nhim tp khun s cho nng sut nm cao v cht lng nm tt. Meo tt c nhng si t nm (khun ti) mu trng trong, mi tng t nh nm rm, t nm pht trin u v kn bch meo. Nu bch meo c nhng m mu xanh, en, vng cam l nhim nm di, khng nn s dng. Khng chn bch meo c y bch t, nho v c mi hi chua. Mt bch meo ging (khong 120g) c th cp c 2 2,5m m (tnh theo chiu di m). 6. CHM SC V THU HOCH: * Chm sc: Chm sc nm rm trong thi gian t quan trng nht l theo di m v nhit . Trong m l yu t hng u, v m s to nn nhit thch hp cho t nm. Nu m d th m s lnh v m thiu nhit ca m tng lm cho t chm pht trin.

Theo di m trong m bng cch dng tay rt mt m rm gia m, nm cht trong lng bn tay, nc hi rn ra k tay l va, nu nc khng rn ra l kh, ta phi ti thm nc. Ti bn ngoi o m, c pha trn m v hai bn hng m. Nu nm cht thy nc chy ra thnh git l d nc th ngng ti ngy v d o m ra cho nc bc i. iu chnh m ca m bng cch ti nc. Ti nc phi dng thng ti vi bp sen c tia nh, v git nc mnh d lm h nhng t nm v n nm nh. Theo di nhit c th s dng nhit k c su vo lp rm th hai v ngp khong 2/3 nhit k. Sau 3 5 pht ly ra xem. Nu nhit ca m khong 33 37oC l t. iu kin nui trng nm rm c th tm tt nh sau: Yu t Nhit m pH Nui t nm Khong bin thin Ti thch 15 40 oC 35 2oC 60 70% 70 2% 67 6,5 Ra qu th Khong bin thin Ti thch 20 25 oC 32 2oC 80 90% 80 2% 67 6,5

Sau khi cht m nm, t ngy th 6 8, mi ngy o lp rm o mt ln trnh t nm n lan ra lp rm o, khng to c nm. Cch o rm o: d lp rm o ra, xc cho ti v y li. T 9 10 ngy sau khi cht cc n nm mu trng bng u inh ghim xut hin hai bn hng m, ngy sau n nm chuyn sang mu nu v bt u ln nhanh. Tu theo tng thi tit, trung bnh khong 10 15 ngy sau khi cy meo l c th hi nm c. * Thu hi nm: Khi hi la cc nm bp hi nhn u (gn nt bao) hi trc, xoay nh tay tch g ra khi m, khng nn st li chn nm b t trn m, v phn ny khi thi ra s lm h cc n nm k bn, thu hoch xong y k o m li. Thi gian thu hoch ko di khong 7 12 ngy. Trung bnh c 1m (tnh theo chiu di m nm) hi c 1 2,5 kg nm ti (ty theo cht lng rm, meo ging, chiu cao m cht). Thng nng dn c tp qun hi sm t rng sng & vo bui chiu (mi ngy thu hai ln). Sau khi thu hi t 1, ta ngng ti 01 ngy, sau chm sc tip tc nh lc u. Ngi trng c th bn thm ur hoc cc cht dinh dng. Ur ti b sung cho nm vo thi im nm bt u kt n ( t 1 & 2), nng s dng trong khong 1 3%o nn ti vo lc nm dng inh ghim hoc nt v thng phun ti vo sng sm l tt nht. V nng sut l thuyt: cao nht l 15% (s kg nm ti trn 100kg rm kh). Tuy nhin, thc t nui trng i tr nng sut trung bnh cn thp hn nhiu, dao ng trong khong 5 10%. Ngoi ra, nng sut cn tu theo cht lng rm, meo ging, chiu cao m cht, ....).