IUF Dairy Division

IndianDairyIndustry

Abstract
Indiaistheworldslargestproducerofdairyproductsbyvolume,accountingformorethan13%of worldstotalmilkproduction,anditalsohastheworldslargestdairyherd.Asthecountryconsumes almostallofitsownmilkproduction,Indiawasneitheranactiveimporternoranexporterofdairy productspriortoyear2000.However,sincetheimplementationofOperationFloodProgramme,the situationchangedsignificantlyandimportsofdairyproductsreducedtoverysmallquantities.From 2001, India has become a net exporter of dairy products and after 2003 Indias dairy import has dippedwhileexportshaveincreasedatafastrate.Yetthecountrysshareinglobaldairytradestill remainsatminorlevelsof0.3and0.4percentforexportsandimportsrespectively.Thisisduetothe directconsumptionofliquidmilkbytheproducerhouseholdsaswellasthedemandforprocessed dairy products that has increased with the growth of income levels, which have left little dairy surpluses for export. Nevertheless, India consistently exports specialty products such as casein for food processing or pharmaceuticals. The Indian dairy sector is also different from other dairy producing countries as India places its emphasis on both cattle and buffalo milk. In 2010, the governmentandtheNationalDairyDevelopmentBoardhavedrawnupaNationalDairyPlan(NDP) thatproposestonearlydoubleIndiasmilkproductionby2020.Thisplanwillendeavourtoincrease the countrys milk productivity, improve access to quality feeds and improve farmer access to the organised market. These goals will be achieved through activities that focus on increasing cooperativemembershipandgrowingthenetworkofmilkcollectionfacilitiesthroughoutIndia. Despite its huge production volume, India nevertheless faces a milk supply gap due to increasing demandfromagrowingmiddleclasspopulation.EstimationsuggeststhatIndiandairyproductionis growingatarateofaboutfourpercentperyear,yetconsumerdemandisgrowingatapproximately double that rate. Apart from the rapidly increasing demand for milk and dairy products, other reasonssuchastheincreasedcattlefeedcostandlowavailabilityofdairyfarmlabourintherural areas have also resulted in increase in the cost of production. On the other hand, the strong pressurefromEUtoopenupitsmarketaswellastheproposedfreetradeagreementwithAustralia and New Zealand may also put Indias dairy sector in the risk of being jeopardised. In order to maintainthedevelopmentofitsdairyindustry,focusneedstobeplacedonseveralareas.First,cost ofproductionhastobereducedthroughincreasingproductivityofanimals,improveanimalhealth careandbreedingfacilitiesandmanagementofdairyanimals.Second,Indiandairyindustryneedsto furtherdevelopproperdairyproduction,processingandmarketinginfrastructure,whichiscapable ofmeetinginternationalqualityrequirements.Third,Indiacanfocusonbuffalomilkbasedspeciality products,suchasMozzarellacheese,inordertomeettheneedsofthetargetconsumers.

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BackgroundInformation
Indiaistheworldslargestproducerofdairyproductsbyvolumeandhastheworldslargestdairy herd. The country accounts for more than 13% of worlds total milk production and is also the worlds largest consumer of dairy products, consuming almost all of its own milk production. Dairyinghasbeenregardedasoneoftheactivitiesthatcouldcontributetoalleviatingthepoverty andunemploymentespeciallyinthedroughtproneandrainfedareas.InIndia,aboutthreefourth ofthepopulationliveinruralareasandabout38%ofthemarepoor.Thereforeamongthesepeople, aswellasthelargevegetariansegmentofthecountryspopulation,dairyproductsprovideacritical sourceofnutritionandanimalproteintomillionsofpeopleinIndia. 1 2 Priortoyear2000,Indiawasnotnoticedbymostinternationaldairycompanies,asthecountrywas neitheranactiveimporternoranexporterofdairyproducts.AlthoughIndiahasimportedsomemilk powderandbutteroilsasaidbetween1970and1990,exportsfromIndiawereinsignificantlysmall and it was not until 2000 onwards, when Indian dairy products started having more presence in globalmarkets. 3 MilkproductioninIndiahasdevelopedsignificantlyinthepastfewdecadesfromalowvolumeof17 milliontonsin1951to110milliontonnesin2009.Currently,theIndiandairymarketisgrowingatan annualrateof7%.Despitetheincreaseinproduction,ademandsupplygaphasbecomeimminentin thedairyindustryduetothechangingconsumptionhabits,dynamicdemographicpatterns,andthe rapidurbanizationofruralIndia.Thismeansthatthereisanurgentneedforthegrowthrateofthe dairysectortomatchtherapidlygrowingIndianeconomy. 4 BelowaresomekeystatisticsforIndiasdairyindustry:

KeyStatistics: AnnualMilkProduction(20089) 5 AnnualExportVolume(20089) 6 Shareofworlddairyproduction(2010) 7 Shareofworldtradeindairyproducts(2003) 8 Milkingherdsize 9 Numberofmilkproducerscooperativeunions Numberoflocaldairycooperatives Numberofstatecooperatives 10 Percapitaconsumption(Drinkingmilk) 11 Estimatedpercentageofdairyfarmersinorganisedsector 12 %ofdairyproduceconsumedbyunorganisedsector 13 Dairyindustryworkforce 14 108.5MillionTonnes 70,790Tonnes 15% 0.3% 115.5million 170 96,000 15 250g/day 4050% 65% 75millionwomen/15millionmen

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Trade 15 16 17
Despitehavingtheworldslargestmilkproduction,Indiaisaveryminorplayerintheinternational market.Priortothe1970s,Indiawasprimarilyanimportdependentcountryandanhydrousmilkfat, butteranddrymilkpowderswereimportedtomeettheneedsofurbanconsumers.However,with the implementation of Operation Flood Programme in 1971 (see Key Players and Ownership section), the situation changed significantly and imports of dairy products reduced to very small quantities.Inthe1990simportsandexportskeptedgingeachotherout,andfrom2001,Indiahas becomeanetexporterofdairyproducts.After2003,Indiasdairyimporthasdippedwhileexports haveincreasedatafastrate,yetthecountrysshareinglobaldairytradestillremainsatminorlevels of0.3and0.4percentforexportsandimportsrespectively.Thisisduetothedirectconsumptionof liquidmilkbytheproducerhouseholdsaswellasthedemandforprocesseddairyproductsthathas increased with the growth of income levels, which have left little dairy surpluses for export. Nevertheless, India consistently exports specialty products such as casein for food processing or pharmaceuticals. In2009,aroundhalfofIndiastotaldairyimportbyvolumeconsistofbutterandotherdairyderived fats, followed by lactose (33 percent), and milk powder (eight percent). Import of milk and milk products is permitted without any quantitative limitations, although tariff rate quotas apply and importpermitsarerequired.Ontheotherhand,intermsofexports,milkpowdersandbabyfood constitutedmorethan40percentofIndiastotaldairyexportsbyvolume,followedbycasein,milk and cream, butter and other fats, and other processed dairy products in 2009 (See Figure 1 for Indiandairy exports byproducttypes).AlmostallofIndias dairyexportsaremeantforAsianand African countries. In Asia, neighbouring countries in South Asia and the Middle East are the main buyers.AroundhalfofIndiasexporteddairyproductsareshippedtoBangladesh,theUnitedStates, U.A.E,andSingapore(seeFigures2and3forIndiandairyexportvolumeandvaluebydestination). Despitemanyefforts,IndiahasnotbeenabletobreachtheEuropeanmarkets,whilethemarketin SouthAmericaremainsuntapped.ExportfiguresclearlyillustratethattheIndiandairyexportisstill developing and the surpluses are not systemic nor consistent. However, there future outlook for export of Indian dairyt products is rather positive, as indigenous milk products and desserts are becoming popular with the ethnic population spread all over the world and there is a strong likelihoodthattheexportdemandfortheseproductswillgrow. Figure1.IndianDairyExportsbyProductTypes(2008/9) 18

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Figure2.ExportsofIndianDairyProductsbyCountry 19

Figure3.IndiasDairyExportDestinationsbyValueandDairyExportsinAsiabyValue(2005/6) 20

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KeyPlayersandOwnership
ProductionPolicyandRegulationofDairyProducts 21 Dairy production in India runs on a low inputlow output system, in which individual producers typicallyownlessthanfivecattleorbuffaloanduselocallyavailablefeeds.Thishasresultedinyield levelsthatarebelowinternationalaveragesbutalsotheworldslowestproductioncosts.Asdairy product prices and income from milk collection continue to increase, farmers are slowly growing herd sizes and increasing their specialisation. In addition, interests from private sector investors havealsofacilitatedconstructionoflargerdairiesthroughpartneringwithdairyprocessors. Through implementing various incentive schemes, Indian policy makers are aiming to increase the countrys dairy output. Examples of these schemes include the Ministry of Agricultures research programs, imports of bovine semen and embryos, the National Project for Cattle and Buffalo Breeding, which focuses on improving Indian indigenous breeds with an allocation of USD 255 million. On theotherhand,supportis alsoofferedbytheprivatesector throughactivitiessuchas artificialinseminationservices,trainingforveterinarycareandotherlivestockmanagementskills. In2010,thegovernmentandtheNationalDairyDevelopmentBoardhavedrawnupaNationalDairy Plan (NDP) that proposed an expenditure of around USD 378 million to nearly double Indias milk production by 2020. This plan will endeavour to increase the countrys milk productivity, improve access to quality feeds and improve farmer access to the organised market. These goals will be achieved through activities that focus on increasing cooperative membership and growing the networkofmilkcollectionfacilitiesthroughoutIndia. Inaddition,thenewFoodSafetyandStandardsAuthorityofIndiahasconsolidatedvariousprevious policies that set the sanitary requirements for food safety, machinery, premises, quality control, certification,packing,markingandlabellingstandardsforallfoodproducts,includingmilkandmilk products and aims to regulating food safety in India through one overarching regulation. The forthcomingregulation,namedTheFoodSafetyandStandardsRegulation,isimplementedin2011. Although the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India sets the safety standards for both domestically produced and imported milk and dairy products, the Ministry of Agricultures DepartmentofAnimalHusbandry,DairyingandFisheriesistheentitythatisresponsibleforissuing sanitarypermitsfortheimportoflivestockanddairyproductsintoIndia. CooperativeMovementinDairying 22 Immediately after India gained independence in 1947, the Milk Control Board was established to control the dairy supply and distribution chains. However, a number of issues emerged. First, the middlemengotholdofthesalesprofitandtheshareofproducersinthesalesdeclined.Second,as processingunitsweresetupincities,itbecamedifficultforthemilktobeprocuredandtransported the production centres in the rural areas. Consequently, the yield of milk declined and imports of milkpowderwentup.

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While the government was trying to deal with these problems, a cooperative was set up in the villageofKairainGujarattocollect,processandmarketmilk.Subsequently,theKairaCooperative UnionestablishedamarketingagencynamedGujaratCooperativeMilkMarketingFederation,which followsathreelayerstructurethatcollects,processesandmarketsdairyproductsatvillage,district andstatelevels.Thedistrictunitsalsoprovidetechnicalsupporttothemilkproducersandarange ofservicessuchasfeed,veterinarycare,artificialinsemination,educationandtraining.Thesemilk cooperativesofGujarattodayowntheGCMMF,thelargestfoodproductsbusinessinIndia.GCMMF isalsothelargestexporterofdairyproductsfromIndiaandownsthebrandAmul.Thefoundationof Indiandairyindustryscooperativemovementwasthussetandfederalandegalitarianstructureof these cooperativesensuredsocialand economicequity. The government thenset up the National DairyDevelopmentBoard(NDDB)in1965,whichpreparedablueprintforadairyrevolutionacross thecountry.TherevolutionwasknownasOperationFlood, OperationFloodEra 23 24 25 Indiasdairysectorwitnessedaspectaculargrowthbetween1971and1996;theperiodwasknown as the Operation Flood era. An integrated cooperative programme aimed at developing the dairy industrywasimplementedinthreephases,withTheNationalDairyDevelopmentBoarddesignated by the Government of India as the implementing agency. The major objective was to provide an assured market round the year to the rural milk producers and to establish linkage between rural milkproductionandurbanmarketthroughmoderntechnologyandprofessionalmanagement.The Operation Flood was one of the worlds largest rural development programmes which ran for 26 years and eventually helped India to emerge as the worlds largest milk producer. As part of the programme,aroundtenmillionfarmerswereenrolledasmembersofabout73000milkcooperative societies. Since the implementation of this programme, milk production increased from 21 million tonnesin1970tonearly69milliontonnesin1996,atthecompoundgrowthrateof4.5percent.By 1996, milk cooperatives attained a dominating share of the Indian dairy market butter 96%, pasteurizedliquidmilkover90%,milkpowder59%andprocessedcheese85%.Indiawasreckoned asamajorthreatinthedairyingworld.Inretrospect,itwasbynomeansaneasytask.

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IndustryStructure,ProductionandConsumption
IndustryStructure 26 27 While it is estimated that around 40 to 50 percent of Indian dairy farmers are employed by the organisedsector,approximately65percentofmilkinIndiaisconsumed(influidorprocessedforms) on farm or by the unorganised sector including local milk vendors, wholesalers, retailers, and the producers themselves. Of the total milk distributed jointly by both the organised and unorganised sector,around46percentofthemilkisconsumedinfluidformandtherestisprocessedintovarious milkproductssuchasbutter,yogurtandmilkpowder. Indiasmilkprocessingindustryissmallcomparedtothelargeamountofrawmilkproducedevery year. Almost 55 percent of the milk produced is consumed by the producer household. Of the remaining, twothird is sold in informal markets and 1516 percent of the total milk produced in India is processed by the organised market, including dairy cooperatives and the private sector. During 19992000, there were around 770 dairy processing units in the organised sector. Vendors and milk dealers dominate the informal market where the former generally procures milk from producersandsellsthemtourbanhouseholds,whilethelattersuppliestoprivateprocessingunits. Ofthemilkthatenterstheformalandinformalmarket,almost45percentisconsumedintheraw formwhiletheremainingisprocessedtoproduceghee,khoa,butter,curd,milkpowders,cottage cheese,etc.Pleaseseebelow(Table1)foranoverviewofIndiasmilkproductionvolumebyState. Production 28 TheIndiandairysectorisdifferentfromotherdairyproducingcountriesasIndiaplacesitsemphasis onbothcattleandbuffalomilk.OutofallbovinepopulationinIndia,40percentareindigenouscows, 46percentarebuffaloesand14percentareimportedEuropeanorNorthAmericancattle crossbreeds.Outofthenationstotalmilkproduction,about55percentcomesfrombuffaloes,and theremainderfromdairycows(SeeTable2forIndiasdairyproductmixandTable3fordairy livestockpopulationbyspecies).Traditionally,buffalomilkhasbeenpreferredforitshighmilkfat content.However,astheorganisedsectorprocuresmoremilk,dairycattlebecomingmorepopular duetotheirincreasedyieldsandshorterdryperiods.

Table1.IndianMilkProductionbyState(inthousandtonnes) 29 Page|7

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Consumptiongrowthandindustryresponse 30 Despite its huge production volume, India nevertheless faces a milk supply gap due to increasing demandfromagrowingmiddleclasspopulation.EstimationsuggeststhatIndiandairyproductionis growingatarateofaboutfourpercentperyear,yetconsumerdemandisgrowingatapproximately double that rate. In response to increasingly strong demand for milk products, the Indian dairy industryisgrowingitsmilkproductioninseveralways.Forexample,dairyfarmershaveresponded toincreasingdairypricesbyincreasingherdsizes.Inaddition,thosefarmersworkingdirectlywith buyersfromtheorganisedsectorgenerallyhaveaccesstomodernextensionservices,whichprovide supportforthedairyfarmerstoimprovemanagement,feeding,fertilityandveterinarycare.Many of these extension service providers offer artificial insemination services that aim to further improvingmilkyieldswithnewdairycattlegenetics.Artificialinseminationservicesareexpectedto growinthefuture,asthegovernmentofIndiacontinuestodevelopprotocolsforimportedgenetics products.Finally,commercialdairiesarealsocontinuingwithstrengtheningtheirpresenceinIndia. Product Percentage FluidMilk 46.0% Ghee(clarifiedbutter) 27.5% Butter 6.5% Yogurt 7.0% Khoa(partiallydehydratedcondensedmilk) 6.5% MilkPowder 3.5% Paneer(cottagecheese) 2.0%

Others,includingCream,IceCream

1.0%

Table2.India'sDairyProductMix(2009) 31 Species (Inmillions) Cattle AdultFemaleCattle Buffalo AdultFemaleBuffalo TotalBovines Goat 185.2 64.5 97.9 51 283.1 124.4

Table3.DairyLivestockPopulationinIndiabySpecies(2003) 32

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DevelopmentandFutureOutlook
Trade 33 34 Whilethedecadeof200010hasseenpositivelevelofdairyexportsfromIndia,thenextdecadeis predictedtobedifferentandsignsofchangearealreadyvisible.Duetolowglobaldairypricesand highdomesticcosts,Indiaisfindingitdifficulttosustainexportsofdairyproducts.Ontheother hand,factorssuchasthereintroductionofsubsidiesbyEuropeanUnion,devaluationofcurrencyof NewZealand(amajordairyexportingcountry),combinedwithcontinuingglobaleconomic downturn,havemadedairyimportsintoIndiaattractive.Itispredictedthatdairycommoditieswill bethefirstlargescaleimportsandwillbeusedbyIndiandairycooperativesandcompaniestomake reconstitutedmilkandotherbrandeddairyproducts.ThismaybefollowedbyImportsofbranded dairyproducts. Inthepast,Indiahasnotbeenpermittingfreeimportofdairyproducts.Asthecountrysdairysector employs90millionpeople,Indiahasadvocatedthatmilkandcheesebeexcludedfromthescopeof freetradeagreementundernegotiationswiththeEuropeanUnion.However,despiteIndian governmentsfearabouthowsmalldairyfarmerscouldsufferfromimportliberalization,Indiais nowfacingstrongpressuretoopenupitsmarkettodairyproductsfromEurope.Thereare argumentssuggestingthatremovingsuchtariffwouldleaveIndiasfarmersunabletowithstand competitionfromEuropeanimports.Oftentheseimportshavebeenhighlysubsidizedandcanbe soldatlowerpricesthandomesticallyproducedgoods. OtherthanthestrongpressurefromEUtoopenupitsmarket,Indiasdairysectormayalsobecome jeopardizedbytheproposedfreetradeagreementwithAustraliaandNewZealand.Indiahad enteredintoaFreeTradeAgreementwithSouthKoreaandtenothercountriesin2009.Currently theplanistoalsoreducethetariffrateforNewZealandandAustraliatoencouragetrade.Itis fearedthatenteringintoafreetradeagreementwithAustraliaandNewZealandwouldbring adverseeffectstothedairysectorinIndia,asthecostofmilkproductioninAustraliaandNew ZealandisfarlowerthaninIndiaduetotheirpastoralsystem.Incontrast,inIndiadairyanimalsare raisedbyconcentratefeedandfodder,thereforethecostofproductionismuchhigher. SupplyandDemand35 36 Arecentsurveyhasrevealedthatonaverage,anIndianfamilyallocates17percentofthe householdfoodexpenditureonmilkandmilkproducts,withruralfamiliesallocating15percentand familiesintheurbanareaallocatingover18percent.Asincomecontinuestoincrease,itis predictedthatthedemandformilkisgoingtorisefasterthanseeninthepreviousdecade. Moreover,theoveralldemandisgrowingrapidlycomparedtomilkproduction.ThehigherGDP growthrate,enhancedincomeofruralhouseholdsandthefarmdebtwaiverareinfluencingthe demandformilkbothintheruralandurbanareas. Apartfromtherapidlyincreasingdemandformilkanddairyproducts,otherreasonssuchasthe increasedcattlefeedcostandlowavailabilityofdairyfarmlabourintheruralareashavealso resultedinincreaseinthecostofproduction.Itisestimatedthatthedemandformilkwillgrowat Page|9

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7%perannumatcurrentrateofincomegrowth,whilethegrowthinmilkproductionislikelyto continueatthepresentrateof4.4%inthenearfuture. AnumberofsuggestionstothefuturedevelopmentofIndiasdairyindustryhavebeenproposedby Karmakar&Banerjee(2006): 1. ProductionCostReduction:InordertoincreasethecompetitivenessofIndiandairy industry,effortsshouldbemadetoreducecostofproduction.Thiscanbeachievedthrough increasingproductivityofanimals,improveanimalhealthcareandbreedingfacilitiesand managementofdairyanimals.TheGovernmentanddairyindustrywillneedtoplayavital roleinthisdirection. 2. StrategyandInfrastructureDevelopment:Indiandairyindustryshouldfurtherdevelop properdairyproduction,processingandmarketinginfrastructure,whichiscapableof meetinginternationalqualityrequirements.Acomprehensivestrategyforproducingquality andsafedairyproductsshouldalsobeformulatedwithsuitablelegalbackup. 3. FocusonSpecialtyProducts:DairyindustryinIndiaisuniquewithregardtotheavailability ofbuffalomilk.Inthiscase,Indiacanfocusonbuffalomilkbasedspecialityproducts,such asMozzarellacheese,inordertomeettheneedsofthetargetconsumers.

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References
1

Singh,R.(2011).IndiaDairyandProductsAnnualReport2010.USDAForeignAgriculturalService:Global AgriculturalInformationNetwork.Retrieved16June2011,from static.globaltrade.net/files/pdf/20110226231255627.pdf 2 Karmakar,K.G.,&Banerjee,G.D.(2006).OpportunitiesandchallengesintheIndiandairyindustry.Technical Digest,2006:9,2427.Retrieved17June2011,from http://www.nabard.org/fileupload/DataBank/TechnicalDigest/ContentEnglish/issue9td6.pdf 3 Chawla,A.,Chawla,N.,&Pant,Y.(2009).MilkandDairyProductsinIndiaProduction,Consumptionand Exports:Introduction.India:HindustanStudies&ServicesLtd.Retrieved17June2011, http://www.hindustanstudies.com/files/dairysept09tocintro.pdf 4 Chand,S.,Saraiya,A.,&Sridhar,V.(2010).PublicPrivatePartnershipinIndianDairyIndustry.Retrieved17 June2011,from http://www.technopak.com/resources/Food/PPP%20in%20Indian%20Dairy%20Industry_Technopak_CII_Back ground%20Paper_May08,2010%20pdf%20ver.pdf 5 NationalDairyDevelopmentBoard(2010).NationalStatistics.Retrieved16Jun2011,from http://www.nddb.org/statistics/milkproduction.html 6 Technopak.(2010).PublicPrivatePartnershipinIndianDairyIndustry2010.Retrieved17June2011,from http://www.technopak.com/resources/Food/PPP%20in%20Indian%20Dairy%20Industry_Technopak_CII_Back ground%20Paper_May08,2010%20pdf%20ver.pdf 7 Chand,S.,Saraiya,A.,&Sridhar,V.(2010).PublicPrivatePartnershipinIndianDairyIndustry.Retrieved17 June2011,from http://www.technopak.com/resources/Food/PPP%20in%20Indian%20Dairy%20Industry_Technopak_CII_Back ground%20Paper_May08,2010%20pdf%20ver.pdf 8 Goswami,B.(2007,October45).CanIndianDairyCooperativesSurviveintheNewEconomicOrder?Paper presentedattheWTOPublicForumHowCantheWTOHelpHarnessGlobalization,Geneva,Switzerland. Retrieved16June2011,from http://www.wto.org/english/forums_e/public_forum2007_e/session11_goswami_e.pdf 9 Chand,S.,Saraiya,A.,&Sridhar,V.(2010).PublicPrivatePartnershipinIndianDairyIndustry.Retrieved17 June2011,from http://www.technopak.com/resources/Food/PPP%20in%20Indian%20Dairy%20Industry_Technopak_CII_Back ground%20Paper_May08,2010%20pdf%20ver.pdf 10 IndianMirror.(2011).IndianDairyIndustry.Retrieved17June2011,from http://www.indianmirror.com/indianindustries/dairy.html 11 Chawla,A.,Chawla,N.,&Pant,Y.(2009).MilkandDairyProductsinIndiaProduction,Consumptionand Exports:Introduction.India:HindustanStudies&ServicesLtd.Retrieved17June2011, http://www.hindustanstudies.com/files/dairysept09tocintro.pdf 12 Singh,R.(2011).IndiaDairyandProductsAnnualReport2010.USDAForeignAgriculturalService:Global AgriculturalInformationNetwork.Retrieved16June2011,from static.globaltrade.net/files/pdf/20110226231255627.pdf 13 Singh,R.(2011).IndiaDairyandProductsAnnualReport2010.USDAForeignAgriculturalService:Global AgriculturalInformationNetwork.Retrieved16June2011,from static.globaltrade.net/files/pdf/20110226231255627.pdf

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Goswami,B.(2007,October45).CanIndianDairyCooperativesSurviveintheNewEconomicOrder?Paper presentedattheWTOPublicForumHowCantheWTOHelpHarnessGlobalization,Geneva,Switzerland. Retrieved16June2011,from http://www.wto.org/english/forums_e/public_forum2007_e/session11_goswami_e.pdf 15 Karmakar,K.G.,&Banerjee,G.D.(2006).OpportunitiesandchallengesintheIndiandairyindustry. TechnicalDigest,2006:9,2427.Retrieved17June2011,from http://www.nabard.org/fileupload/DataBank/TechnicalDigest/ContentEnglish/issue9td6.pdf 16 Goswami,B.(2007,October45).CanIndianDairyCooperativesSurviveintheNewEconomicOrder?Paper presentedattheWTOPublicForumHowCantheWTOHelpHarnessGlobalization,Geneva,Switzerland. Retrieved16June2011,from http://www.wto.org/english/forums_e/public_forum2007_e/session11_goswami_e.pdf 17 Singh,R.(2011).IndiaDairyandProductsAnnualReport2010.USDAForeignAgriculturalService:Global AgriculturalInformationNetwork.Retrieved16June2011,from static.globaltrade.net/files/pdf/20110226231255627.pdf 18 Chand,S.,Saraiya,A.,&Sridhar,V.(2010).PublicPrivatePartnershipinIndianDairyIndustry.Retrieved17 June2011,from http://www.technopak.com/resources/Food/PPP%20in%20Indian%20Dairy%20Industry_Technopak_CII_Back ground%20Paper_May08,2010%20pdf%20ver.pdf 19 Singh,R.(2011).IndiaDairyandProductsAnnualReport2010.USDAForeignAgriculturalService:Global AgriculturalInformationNetwork.Retrieved16June2011,from static.globaltrade.net/files/pdf/20110226231255627.pdf 20 Goswami,B.(2007,October45).CanIndianDairyCooperativesSurviveintheNewEconomicOrder?Paper presentedattheWTOPublicForumHowCantheWTOHelpHarnessGlobalization,Geneva,Switzerland. Retrieved16June2011,from http://www.wto.org/english/forums_e/public_forum2007_e/session11_goswami_e.pdf 21 Singh,R.(2011).IndiaDairyandProductsAnnualReport2010.USDAForeignAgriculturalService:Global AgriculturalInformationNetwork.Retrieved16June2011,from static.globaltrade.net/files/pdf/20110226231255627.pdf 22 Goswami,B.(2007,October45).CanIndianDairyCooperativesSurviveintheNewEconomicOrder?Paper presentedattheWTOPublicForumHowCantheWTOHelpHarnessGlobalization,Geneva,Switzerland. Retrieved16June2011,from http://www.wto.org/english/forums_e/public_forum2007_e/session11_goswami_e.pdf 23 Tikku,D.(2003,November).IndianDairySectorandtheNationalDairyDevelopmentBoard:AnOverview. AddressmadeattheInternationalWorkshopofLivestockandLivelihoods:ChallengesandOpportunitiesfor AsiaintheEmergingMarketEnvironment,Anand,India.Retrieved16June2011,from http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/programmes/en/pplpi/docarc/LL05.pdf 24 Goswami,B.(2007,October45).CanIndianDairyCooperativesSurviveintheNewEconomicOrder?Paper presentedattheWTOPublicForumHowCantheWTOHelpHarnessGlobalization,Geneva,Switzerland. Retrieved16June2011,from http://www.wto.org/english/forums_e/public_forum2007_e/session11_goswami_e.pdf 25 Karmakar,K.G.,&Banerjee,G.D.(2006).OpportunitiesandchallengesintheIndiandairyindustry. TechnicalDigest,2006:9,2427.Retrieved17June2011,from http://www.nabard.org/fileupload/DataBank/TechnicalDigest/ContentEnglish/issue9td6.pdf

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Karmakar,K.G.,&Banerjee,G.D.(2006).OpportunitiesandchallengesintheIndiandairyindustry. TechnicalDigest,2006:9,2427.Retrieved17June2011,from http://www.nabard.org/fileupload/DataBank/TechnicalDigest/ContentEnglish/issue9td6.pdf 27 Goswami,B.(2007,October45).CanIndianDairyCooperativesSurviveintheNewEconomicOrder?Paper presentedattheWTOPublicForumHowCantheWTOHelpHarnessGlobalization,Geneva,Switzerland. Retrieved16June2011,from http://www.wto.org/english/forums_e/public_forum2007_e/session11_goswami_e.pdf 28 Singh,R.(2011).IndiaDairyandProductsAnnualReport2010.USDAForeignAgriculturalService:Global AgriculturalInformationNetwork.Retrieved16June2011,from static.globaltrade.net/files/pdf/20110226231255627.pdf 29 NationalDairyDevelopmentBoard(2010).NationalStatistics.Retrieved16Jun2011,from http://www.nddb.org/statistics.html 30 Singh,R.(2011).IndiaDairyandProductsAnnualReport2010.USDAForeignAgriculturalService:Global AgriculturalInformationNetwork.Retrieved16June2011,from static.globaltrade.net/files/pdf/20110226231255627.pdf 31 Singh,R.(2011).IndiaDairyandProductsAnnualReport2010.USDAForeignAgriculturalService:Global AgriculturalInformationNetwork.Retrieved16June2011,from static.globaltrade.net/files/pdf/20110226231255627.pdf 32 NationalDairyDevelopmentBoard(2010).NationalStatistics.Retrieved16Jun2011,from http://www.nddb.org/statistics.html 33 Chawla,A.,Chawla,N.,&Pant,Y.(2009).MilkandDairyProductsinIndiaProduction,Consumptionand Exports:Introduction.India:HindustanStudies&ServicesLtd.Retrieved17June2011, http://www.hindustanstudies.com/files/dairysept09tocintro.pdf 34 Thakur,S.(2010,October12).IndianDairyIndustry.IndianIndustryTracker.Retrieved17June2011,from http://industrytracker.wordpress.com/2010/10/12/indiandairyindustry/ 35 Karmakar,K.G.,&Banerjee,G.D.(2006).OpportunitiesandchallengesintheIndiandairyindustry. TechnicalDigest,2006:9,2427.Retrieved17June2011,from http://www.nabard.org/fileupload/DataBank/TechnicalDigest/ContentEnglish/issue9td6.pdf 36 Thakur,S.(2010,October12).IndianDairyIndustry.IndianIndustryTracker.Retrieved17June2011,from http://industrytracker.wordpress.com/2010/10/12/indiandairyindustry/

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