Gii php nh tuyn m bo cht lng dch v trong NGN Trong NGN, c nhiu k thut, gii php c xut

t nhm mc ch ny nh quy hoch mng, k thut lu lng,..; v mt trong nhng gii php c quan tm l nh tuyn m bo cht lng dch v (nh tuyn QoS - QoSR). QoSR khng nhng c vai tr lm tng cht lng dch v m cn c ngha quan trng trong vic gim chi ph vn hnh mng. ThS. Nguyn Mnh Cng Trong nhng nm gn y, mng vin thng c nhng bc thay i ln vi s ra i ca nhiu cng ngh mi, dch v mi. Mng NGN c h tng duy nht da trn cng ngh chuyn mch gi, khai thc cc dch v mt cch a dng v nhanh chng, p ng s hi t gia thoi v d liu, gia c nh v di ng. Trong NGN, c nhiu k thut, gii php c xut nhm mc ch ny nh quy hoch mng, k thut lu lng,..; v mt trong nhng gii php c quan tm l nh tuyn m bo cht lng dch v (nh tuyn QoS - QoSR). QoSR khng nhng c vai tr lm tng cht lng dch v m cn c ngha quan trng trong vic gim chi ph vn hnh mng. 1. Gii thiu Cc nh khai thc mng v cung cp dch v xem NGN nh l mt cch tip cn mi m rng v nng cao cht lng cc loi dch v. Cc gii php trong NGN cho php kin to cc dch v mt cch d dng v linh hot cho c nh cung cp dch v v nh pht trin ng dng th ba. Cui nm 2004, ITU a ra cu trc chc nng mng NGN nh Hnh 1. Trong cu trc ny, ITU phn r phn chuyn ti v phn dch v ca mng NGN; trong mi phn li c chia thnh b phn qun l v b phn iu khin.

Hnh 1 Cu trc chc nng mng NGN ca ITU Mng NGN c dng to ra mt lp dch v mi: cc dch v truyn thng rng khp, cc dch v a phng tin v dch v hi ngh nh Audio/Video Conferencing Cc ng dng trong NGN i hi QoS cao hn. Cng ngh IP c chn l cng ngh gi vai tr quan trng trong mng v mng IP tch hp cc lp lu lng lung - Stream (lu lng thi gian thc) v lu lng n hi - Elastic (lu lng phi thi gian thc). Lu lng lung l loi lu lng m QoS ph thuc cc c im truyn dn ca cc gi tin ring bit. Lu lng n hi l loi lu lng m QoS ca n lin quan ti tng thi gian truyn mt khi d liu c kch thc xc nh. Khi nim cht lng dch v QoS l mt khi nim rng v c nhiu cch tip cn. C th khi qut nh sau: - i vi lp ng dng (Application Layer): Cht lng dch v QoS c s dng l mc dch v - Grade of Service. Khi nim ny rt kh c nh lng chnh xc, ch yu da vo nh gi ca con ngi mc hi lng i vi dch v . - i vi lp truyn ti (Transport Layer): Cht lng dch v c thc hin hnh thi nh tuyn QoS- QoS routing, tm ng thng trn mng ty thuc vo cc yu cu v cht lng dch v - i vi lp mng (Network layer): c th hin bng hnh thi QoS, tng i d hiu v ging vi khi nim QoS ta vn thng gp, c biu din thng qua cc i lng ton hc nh: t s, gi tr trung bnh, gi tr ln nht. ca cc tham s nh tr, mt gi tin, gi ca lung gi/t bo Khi nim QoS trong mng truyn dn xut hin nhm a ra mt cch x l thch hp hn cho mt s dng lu lng khi mng b nghn, da trn mc cn thit v QoS ca chng. 2. nh tuyn QoS 2.1 Khi nim Cht lng dch v (QoS) trong phm vi nh tuyn l khi nim th hin mc p ng nhng tho thun gia nh cung cp dch v v ngi s dng v s lng ln cht lng kt ni. Yu cu cht lng ca mt kt ni l mt tp cc rng buc v lin kt, tuyn, v cy. Trong , Lin kt (link) l mt kt ni gia hai nt bt k, tuyn (path) l tp hp mt vi knh lin kt gia mt nt ngun v mt nt ch. Cy (tree) bao gm mt vi tuyn lin kt gia mt nt ngun v mt s nt ch. Kt ni (connection) l ng truyn dn c thit lp gia mt nt ngun v mt nt ch.

Rng buc knh qui nh cc gii hn s dng knh. Rng buc v bng thng ca kt ni n hng yu cu cc knh ca tuyn phi d tr mt lng bng thng ri nht nh. Rng buc tuyn ch ra yu cu v cht lng ca mt tuyn n, cn rng buc cy quy nh yu cu v cht lng cho ton b cc tuyn trong nh tuyn a hng. Rng buc tr ca mt kt ni a hng yu cu tr ln nht t nt ngun n bt k nt ch no trong cy u phi nh hn mt gii hn nht nh. Tuyn kh dng l tuyn c cc ti nguyn ri tho mn cc rng buc QoS ca mt kt ni. 2.2 Chc nng Chc nng c bn ca nh tuyn QoS l tm mt tuyn kh dng thit lp mt kt ni gia nt ngun v nt ch p ng c cc yu cu v QoS. Ngoi ra, hu ht cc thut ton nh tuyn QoS u xem xt n hiu qu s dng ti nguyn c o bng chi ph. Chi ph cho mt tuyn/ cy l tng chi ph ca tt c cc knh trn tuyn . Ti u ho l tm mt tuyn c chi ph thp nht trong s cc tuyn kh dng. Bi ton nh tuyn c hai chc nng chnh: - Thu thp thng tin trng thi v m bo thng tin lun cp nht - Tm kim mt tuyn kh dng cho kt ni mi da trn thng tin thu thp c. Kt qu ca thu thp thng tin trng thi c nh hng trc tip n hiu qa ca bt k thut ton nh tuyn no. Thng tin trng thi c cc dng: + Trng thi ni b (local state): Mi nt u phi m bo lun cp nht trng thi ni b (gm tr ng truyn v tr b m; bng thng ri ca cc knh u ra v mc kh dng ca cc ti nguyn khc). + Trng thi ton mng (global state): L kt hp trng thi ni b ca tt c cc nt. Mi nt u c kh nng duy tr trng thi ton mng bng giao thc trng thi knh hay giao thc Vect khong cch. Cc giao thc ny trao i trng thi ni b gia cc nt theo chu k. Cc giao thc trng thi knh pht qung b trng thi ni b ca tt c cc nt n cc nt trong mng sao cho mi nt u bit c cu trc hnh hc ca mng v trng thi ca cc knh. Mt vect khong cch cha thng tin v bt k nt ch no bao gm c im ca tuyn tt nht n nt ch v trng thi ca nt tip theo trn tuyn tt nht. Trng thi ton mng trong mt nt l gi tr xp x ca trng thi mng hin ti do khng th b qua tr ng truyn ca thng tin trng thi ni b. Khi kch c mng tng ln th tnh chnh xc thng tin trng thi gim. + Trng thi mng phn cp (Parial global state): Mt phng php chung tng chnh xc ca thng tin trng thi ton mng l thu thp n theo cu trc phn cp. Trong mt nhm c mt nt vt l hot ng i din cho nt logic v lu tr thng tin trng thi cp cao hn. Cc knh kt ni cc nt logic vi nhau gi l cc knh logic.

Cc nt logic li tip tc c kt hp li hnh thnh cc nhm cp cao hn, cc nhm cp cao hn c i din bi cc nt logic cp cao. Trong mi mc phn cp, tt c cc nt trong nhm l nt con ca nt logic v nt logic c gi l nt cha. 2.3 Mc tiu ca nh tuyn QoS nh tuyn QoS l qu trnh nh tuyn nhm chn ra cc tuyn c ti nguyn p ng cc yu cu v cht lng dch v v ti u ha vic s dng ti nguyn mng 2.4 Phn lp bi ton nh tuyn QoS C th chia bi ton nh tuyn thnh 2 lp ln: nh tuyn n hng v nh tuyn a hng. Mi lp nh tuyn li bao gm 3 kiu nh tuyn : nh tuyn ngun, nh tuyn phn tn v nh tuyn phn cp. - nh tuyn n hng gii bi ton sau: Cho trc mt nt ngun s, mt nt ch t v tp cc rng buc C, tm mt tuyn kh dng tt nht t s ti t tho mn C. Vi cc tiu ch QoS l: bng thng ri, b m ri; trng thi ca tuyn c xc nh bi trng thi ca on nt c chai trn tuyn ; c hai bi ton nh tuyn c bn l: nh tuyn ti u ha knh v nh tuyn rng buc knh. Vi cc tiu ch QoS khc nh tr, rung pha v chi ph th trng thi tuyn c xc nh bng tng trng thi ca tt c cc knh trn tuyn . C hai bi ton nh tuyn da trn cc tiu ch cht lng dch v ny l nh tuyn ti u tuyn v nh tuyn rng buc tuyn. - nh tuyn a hng gii bi ton sau: Cho trc mt nt ngun s, mt tp cc nt ch, cc rng buc C v mt tiu ch ti u, tm mt cy ng dn kh dng ph ht t nt ngun s n cc nt ch thuc tp R v tho mn iu kin C. Cc bi ton nh tuyn ca hai lp nh tuyn trn c lin quan mt thit vi nhau. nh tuyn a hng trong nhiu trng hp l s tng qut ho ca nh tuyn n hng. S khc bit vi nh tuyn n hng l phi c mt tiu ch ti u ho hay mt rng buc p dng cho ton b cy thay v cho mt tuyn n l. C mt s bi ton nh tuyn a hng nh: Bi ton nh tuyn ti u ho cy, bi ton nh tuyn rng buc cy. 2.5 nh tuyn QoS v nh tuyn c gng ti a BE QoSR khc vi nh tuyn BE truyn thng. Cc thut ton QoSR thng hng ti la chn ra cc tuyn tng ng vi cc yu cu cht lng dch v. Mt phng php m bo lu lng BE khng lm cn kit ti nguyn mng l: cho php chia s ti nguyn kt ni ng gia cc lp lu lng khc nhau. c bit, cho php tch cc lung QoS ra khi cc kt ni c nhiu lu lng BE. Mun vy, cn s dng mt hm chi ph kt ni tnh ton mc nghn ca lu lng BE, gi l bng thng cn d

o. Trong mng NGN, lu lng QoS v lu lng BE cng tn ti. S dng hiu qu ti nguyn mng nhm: Ti a s kt ni c chp nhn, iu ny rt quan trng ti thiu t l nghn cuc gi; v ti u ho thng lng v thi gian p ng ca lu lng BE. Hai mc ch trn c th s mu thun nhau v: Mc ch th nht ch quan tm n lu lng QoS cn mc ch th hai ch quan tm n lu lng BE, v hai loi lu lng ny c th c phn b khc nhau. 2.6 Kt hp vi k thut lu lng K thut lu lng l mt phn quan trng ca iu khin cht lng mng. C 3 mc: quy hoch mng, qun l dung lng v qun l lu lng. Quy hoch mng lin quan n cc vn nh quy hoch nt v quy hoch truyn ti c th phc v c lu lng pht trin trong tng lai. Hot ng ny c thc hin hng thng hoc hng nm. Qun l dung lng nhm m bo mng c th t c mc tiu hot ng trong khi vn m bo chi ph cng thp cng tt. Qun l lu lng nhm m bo cht lng mng tt nht trong tt c iu kin lm vic bao gm cc iu kin ca ti v cc hng hc. Qun l lu lng thc hin trong thi gian ngn t vi giy n vi pht. nh tuyn da trn rng buc l mt cng c hu hiu cho k thut lu lng mc qun l lu lng v cc tuyn c la chn theo mc kh dng ca ti nguyn mng; s dng cc giao thc nh tuyn QoS vi cc chnh sch rng buc nh v gi chng hn. Mt kha cnh ca nh tuyn QoS lin quan n k thut lu lng l kh nng chia s ti nguyn hiu qu gia cc lp. 2.7 u v nhc im ca nh tuyn QoS QoSR xc nh tuyn da trn ti nguyn mng hin c v yu cu ca lung lu lng. Kt qu l cht lng ca ng dng c m bo v ci tin so vi nh tuyn BE truyn thng. N c cc u im sau: - QoSR la chn tuyn ng i kh thi bng cch trnh cc Nt v kt ni b nghn. - Nu ti lu lng vt qu gii hn ca tuyn ng ang c th QoSR a ra nhiu tuyn khc truyn lu lng d . - Nu xy ra li mng hoc li nt th QoSR s la chn mt tuyn ng i thay th nhanh chng khi phc li vic truyn d liu m khng lm gim nhiu QoS. - Cc loi lu lng khc nhau c yu cu QoS khc nhau, cc t hp lu lng c ngun v ch ging nhau c th i cc tuyn ng khc nhau. Tuy nhin, cc u im ny ca nh tuyn QoS cng phi chu chi ph pht trin cc giao thc nh tuyn mi hay m rng cc giao thc hin ti. Mt s kh khn ch yu

l: + Th nht, do cc rng buc v cht lng (tr, rung pha, t l mt gi, bng thng..) ca cc ng dng phn tn thng thay i. Nhiu rng buc ng thi thng lm cho vic nh tuyn tr nn phc tp v rt kh cng mt lc tho mn c tt c cc rng buc. Hn na, phc tp ca giao thc nh tuyn QoS cng ph thuc vo s phn nh ca n s dng trong cc quyt nh nh tuyn + Th hai, bt k mt mng tch hp dch v no trong tng lai cng s truyn ti c lu lng QoS v lu lng BE, iu lm cho vn ti u ho tr nn phc tp hn v rt kh c th xc nh c iu kin tho mn tt nht c hai loi lu lng trn nu chng phn b c lp. + Th ba, trng thi mng thay i thng xuyn do ti khng n nh, cc kt ni c to ra v gii phng lin tc; kch thc mng ngy cng ln lm cho vic thu thp thng tin v trng thi mng tr nn kh khn hn, c bit khi bao gm c mng v tuyn. Hot ng ca cc thut ton nh tuyn QoS c th b nh hng nghim trng nu khng cp nht thng tin trng thi mng kp thi. 3. nh gi tin cy ca nh tuyn QoS 3.1 Khi nim Mt s trng hp trong nh tuyn, im (station) phc p khng phi l im m ta yu cu. Nhng trng hp ny c th l do nh tuyn sai (misroutes). C th pht hin nh tuyn sai theo hai cch: thc t v bng l thuyt. Th cuc gi CA (call attempt): trong vin thng, l yu cu kt ni ca ngi dng ti mt ngi dng khc. Trong phn tch lu lng thoi, CA c m trong mt khong thi gian no . N bao gm cc loi cuc gi: cuc gi hon thnh, cuc gi trong trng hp trn (overflowed), b loi b, v tht lc 3.2 Phng php nh lng Phng php nh gi tin cy ca nh tuyn l da vo xc sut c iu kin Pr/c , m kt ni s hon thnh vi thng tin nhn c nh mong i hoc c s thay i nhng chp nhn c, vi iu kin hon thnh vic nhn. nh lng vi QoS nhn bit c: Vi phn on ca ngi dng, khng th tm ra c nh tuyn sai tr khi cuc gi CA c tr li. Do , nh lng thch hp tin cy ca nh tuyn cho trng hp QoS nhn bit c l nh gi trc tip Pr/c bng cng thc: Pr/c =(Nr)/(Na)

Vi Na l s cuc gi c tr li Nr l s cuc gi c tr li n ng ch hoc l thay i c chp nhn. Pr/c cng c th c nh gi gin tip theo cng thc: Pr/c =1- (Nm)/[(Nt)(ASR)] Nm: biu th s cuc nh tuyn sai quan st c trong tng s Nt cuc gi. ASR: t l chim pha tr li T l chim pha tr li ASR (answer-seizure ratio) c tnh theo cng thc: ASR = Completion / Seizure x 100% Hon thnh (Completions): S cuc gi c thi gian gi ln hn 0 giy Chim (Seizure): Tng s cuc gi, bao gm cc cuc gi hon thnh v cc cuc gi c thi gian gi bng 0 nh lng vi QoS thc s: Mc d xp x tin cy nh tuyn ca ngi s dng biu hin thu nhn c thng tin sai khi thit lp cc kt ni u cui-u cui cho vic truyn ti thng tin . Kh nng xy ra s kin do ch dn sai xut hin mt ni no trong tin trnh ca thit lp kt ni u cui-u cui c yu cu. Cch nh gi ph hp nht kh nng l xc xut nh tuyn sai khng iu kin, Pm, c nh gi bng t s CM/CA; trong CA biu th s lng cuc gi quan st trong mu v CM biu th s lng nh tuyn sai xut hin bt chp s sp xp cui cng ca cuc gi Trong trng hp bit c Pr/c, Pm c th c tnh mt cch gin tip thng qua cng thc: Pm = 1 - Pr/c 3.3 nh gi Mt trong nhng l do quan trng c trng ha v phn tch tin cy nh tuyn ring r vi tin cy ca kt ni l ngi s dng khng chp nhn vic nh tuyn sai. Ngi s dng c th chp nhn kh nng khng hon thnh cuc gi hoc tc hon thnh cuc gi thp vi nhng im ch c bit, khi m nh cung cp dch v khng c nn tng thc hin. Tuy nhin, nu ngi s dng nhn thy sai do li ca h thng nh tuyn th c l s l ln cui cng dch v c gi l "tha mn yu cu ngi s dng" v p lc vi nh cung cp dch v l phi m bo khng bao gi xy ra li ny mt ln na. V l do ny, bt k mt gi tr nh khng ng k ca

Pm t 10-5 n 10-6 hoc nh hn c xem l khng tha mn QoS vi tin cy nh tuyn. 4. Kt lun nh tuyn QoS c hai mc ch chnh l tm cc tuyn tho mn cc rng buc v QoS v ti u ho vic s dng ti nguyn mng. Ti u ha vic nh tuyn vi hai kiu lu lng lung v n hi l rt phc tp. Trong nh tuyn, vic cp nht chnh xc thng tin trng thi ca Nt mng v bng thng cc tuyn truyn dn c nh hng ln n ti u ca nh tuyn. Vic phn lp cc bi ton nh tuyn cng nhm ti u vic nh tuyn trong cu trc mng c th. Vic hon thin cc phng php v nng cp cc thut ton s dng trong QoSR vn ang tip tc c tin hnh, mt s hng pht trin l: - Pht trin cc thut ton nh tuyn mi hiu qu hn dung ho gia thi gian nh tuyn v t l cc kt ni thnh cng. - Cc thut ton nh tuyn phn tn v phn cp l gii php cho vn quy m mng. Tuy nhin, tnh chnh xc ca thng tin trng thi trong trng hp ny li cng gim, c bit khi nh tuyn vi nhiu tiu ch QoS. Cc thut ton nh tuyn cho cc mng c quy m ln phi xt n khng chnh xc ca thng tin trng thi. - Khi lu lng trong mng nh, ti nguyn mng hon ton kh dng th nh tuyn QoS khng ng vai tr quan trng nhiu trong vic tm cc tuyn kh dng m ch yu lm nhim v cn bng ti. C th s dng thut ton nh tuyn a ng hoc a ng ng thi tng xc sut chp nhn kt ni mi trong iu kin c tranh chp ti nguyn mng. Trong vic quy hoch mng, vn nh tuyn cn ht sc quan tm nh l mt yu t hng u nng cao cht lng v hiu qu ca mng. nh tuyn QoS cng ang c nghin cu p dng cho cc mng v tuyn, mng Ad- Hoc. Ti liu tham kho [1]. SHIGANG CHEN, KLARA NAHRSTEDT, An Overview of Quality-of-Service Routing for the Next Generation High-Speed Networks: Problems and Solutions, Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [2]. BIN DENG, HAO LIU, MINGHUA ZHENG, Overview of QoS Routing [3]. H. JONATHAN CHAO, XIAOLEI GUO, Quality of Service Control in High-Speed Networks, John Wiley & Sons Inc, 2002 [4]. ITU, E.360.2 QoS routing and related traffic engineering methods Call routing

and connection routing methods, May 2002 [5]. IP framework A framework for convergence of telecommunications network and IP network technologies,Y.1001, 11/2000 [6]. GERALD R. ASH, Traffic Engineering & QoS Methods for IP-, ATM-, & TDMBased Multiservice Networks,draft-ietf-tewg-qos-routing-01.txt,March, 2001 [7]. ANNIE GRAVEY, A primer on QoS Routing in Multiservice IP Networks, 12/2001. [8]. ITU, Y2001 General overview of NGN, December 2004 [9]. ITU, Y.2011 General principles and general reference model for Next Generation Networks, October 2004