HOFSTEDES MODEL

It is a tool used to study cross-cultural behaviour Based on a survey of 1,16,000 respondents from 70 countries working in IBM subsidiaries

Power distance
It is extent to which less powerful members of an institution accept that the power is distributed unequally In Malaysia it is highest and in Austria it is lowest In India it is on higher side

Individualism vs Collectivism
Individualism

Collectivism High value on group

Family,

High value on autonomy Individual achievement Privacy

clan, organization

Loyalty Devotion Conformity

Contd..
UK, USA, France have high individualistic societies Pakistan, Malaysia, Singapore adhere to collectivism

Masculinity vs Femininity
Masculinity Earning Success Advancement Material belonging Eg Japan, Femininity Care for others Quality of life Friendly atmosphere Eg Sweden, Norway, Denmark

Uncertainty Avoidance Reaction to ambiguous events

Low Uncertainty Avoidance Embrace unpredictable Less adherence to rules, procedures, or hierarchies Risk taking desirable Eg. Singapore, Denmark, India High Uncertainty Avoidance Threatened by ambiguity Need stable & predictable workplace Reliance on rules Eg. Poland, Japan, Greece

Cultural Context
Low context Relies heavily on words Relationship is temporary Commitments are written High context Non verbal and subtle cues Relationship is long lasting Commitments are verbal