«2 United States Patent Jiang 46482 (10) Patent No. 4s) Date of Patent: US 7,912,464 B2 Mar. 22, 2011 (54) PROVIDING MULTIPLE MSISDN NUMBERS INA MOBILE DEVICE WITH A SINGLE IMSI (73) Inveator: John Yue Jun dang, Danville, CA (US) (73) Assignee: Roamware Ine,, Sun Jose, CA (US) (4) Notice: Subject to any diselaimer, the tem of this pateat is extended or adjusted under 35 USC. 1S4(b) by O days. (21) Appl. Nos 124836261 (22) Filed: Aug. 5, 2009 ws) Prior Publication Data US 201010048197 At Feb. 25,2010 Related US. Application Data (63) Continuation of application No. 107782,681, filed on Feb. 18, 2004, now Pat. No. 7,577,431 6) Inc. osw yo (2009.01) (2) US.CL 455/482.1; 455/433; 455/435.1: 455/558; 455/445, ion Search 455(432.1, 455/433, 435.1, 558, 445, ‘Se application ile for complete search history. (58) Field of Cla 66) References Cited US. PATENT DOCUMENTS §85328 A 1011904 Jokinies a Sssotes A 121909 Tuan S5a910 A ‘4/490 Galante SsIsO4 A 101998 Let a S854982 A 121908 Chambers eal. Sb01359 A 'S1900 Malmesons Sp0ssi2 A $1989. Sappanen ea Sps0701 A 71999 Sig = 594049 A 811999. Foserctal £513600 4 1999 Bolwell SB89I8 A 111999 Alperovich etal s 1999. Tayoe (Continued) FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS. ca, 22s041 AL 22001, (Continued) (OTHER PUBLICATIONS Digital cesar telecommunication system (Phase 2+) Spies tion the SIM Application Toolkit forthe Subseiber Identity Mo tleMobile Equipment (IMME) Interfase (GSM 1114 version 8.30 Release 1990) STSITS 101 267 V83.0, XX, XX, Aug 200, Pp. 169 and pp. 14-115 (XP-002222021), (Continved) Primary Examiner (74) Attornes, Agent, oF Firm any W Taylor Arent Fox LLP. on ABSTRACT A SIMM System and method is provided that supports many Mobile Subscriber Inteyrated Service Digital Network (MSISDN) numbers on a mobile device. The mobile devi includes one Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) and one International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI, The SIMM system includes at Teast one signal gateway that supports the tse of numemis MSISDN numbers by the mobile device. The signal gateway couples among components ofthe pubic snobile networks ta which the MSISDN numbers correspond. The signal gateway connects alls tween the mobile device and a'frst public mobile neiwork using « fit MSISDN ‘whore, forexample the frst public mobile networkisina first county. Likewise the signal gateway conneets calls between the mobile device anda second public mobile network using 1 sevond MSISDN where, for example, the second public ‘mobile netsork isin 2 second county 2018 1:67 Drawing Sheets "DSI SLSDN FASS A] ak inane) Gee Cece | ecient | ee Sea Ontina TEEN Pence EE Oa] a a] [Rmowsacnaee] 7 een] tienen ced eteUS 7,912,464 B2 Page 2 so1eser S0s260 058 109 unsass Sossosd 6.138005, 8138009 ea8197 163701, USS. PATENT DOCUMENTS Gusss6 ose sana 8356786 oases sisvatst S08 761 ‘03 96 Soitsie Senso earns soseors S698 $86 onsen 638.636 sio4008 682264 oases SsI6860 Spens43 908385, sonst sorsnse Tissot 7231.51 2002005109 a020012381 aoo20n3r08 aog0ne763t amn20101858 ao20101859 aon20160763 an020187780 a0020191575 20020197991 aonvonrreat 20030080017 anoso0siost aon0n64724 2ons0069922 aooso179991 aooso13it aons0139180 aoosonna7es aons0n29791 aonwoowra0s aoov0120889 aoovorsi023 soowor3249 DOodO1968s8 aoovon2s60t 2now0r36836 donsoorist anosonaT 78 200s 006488 20030186939 12000 42000 S000 2000 53000 10.2000 ro2000 hua 122000 2001 2001 22001 200 3001 4001 $2002 5002 92002 yo2002 roann2 13003 62003 2003 2003, 2003 9003 2003 ano 5 anoa $2004 F004 ‘soa 2s 400s 2005 00s 11 2008 12005 1005 batos 1 200s 52006 11200 2007 13002 1002 32002 700 $3002 52002 102002 e200: 12002 1200 13003 $2003 32003 4003 42003 72003 T3003 12003 12003 S04 2008 04 7004 ro2dod 200 12004 10s 305 ‘e205 Molns assai9 Bishop eal ang ta ‘Chrsancen ea ‘Chieras Pak Biggeson Bridges et Silehet Freeney a Mu Lewis eta smirk tl gral tal. ile assats Koster Drm sal Desblanes ta Sorenson ea Wallen Budos eta Rathnaspathy ea. Wang es Anvekare a. 45033 koa eta. Rosenberg etal Ncpe dome al Assan Wales Salman al Clie Martschitach ea. Amero Fond Derget a 458499 Soler et tach ta Yoetal ote ta Papapontos eal Martschisch karat ta Reveal Sof eta ‘lols etal Sof eta Moca ta Shana Ste Maclean Mita etal Sousa Kalneade ta ‘Amvekar Nabins ‘aL assint2 Krlnvae sl ‘Thaker Arinachala Als eta Sundar tal. Melatosh eta. Wilts oa DeJong Siang Bomgraber eal ‘serine Rowarch Tavera Zao tal ‘appelman Coulombe Woschke et a Hecke a armen al 20090215250 AL 92005 Chava tal goostrn2e Al 10005 Sher sta gnostrsoay AL 11/2008 Flat ea 2ova00%795 A ‘1/006. Bale a 2o0e0000204 AL 1/2006 Ophir Sonwon2siog AL 22006 Whine a. 2ov60082113 AL 32006 Ophir etal Souwooek778 AL 3006 Dellatoare Sonwnakas AL 2006 Hoveace 20060079225 AL 42006 Wollman al aonwg7—.%6 AL 42006 Del Pin eal donwbrasaso AL 7/2006 Wollman ctl. Inveornsior AL 9.2006 Gonen eta yous0r11490 AL 9/3006 Ophir etal 2ouv 0021118 AL 12007 Ophir cal aoinnoso2e AL M007 Ophir etal 20070084665 AL $2007 lhart eta aoongrase) AL 32007 Dellaoere tal SDUNITARES AL 82007 Level. FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS. EP. owoors a2 1999 WO WODRAT A? GIDE WO WOd836826 AP GIR WO WOODISIS6 AL 32000, WO WonusiNs A) 2000 WO WOODTITEL A 122000 WO Woon7es A 12000 wo Wonveseea * "5 901 WO —_WOUDEIGIE Az 5 2002 WO — wOOSDI9960 AT 32003 WO Woospaney a! $2003 WO WODSORSHO A 2003 (OTHER PUBLICATIONS “Digial Cellular Telocommunictions system (Phase 2+): Universal ‘Mobile Telecommuniatons sem (UMTS): General Poker Rao Service (GPRS) Service description; Stage 2 GPP TS 23.060 Ver sion $4.0 Release 9) ETSITS 123060VS.40, De. 2002, pp. 1-207 (xP-014007573), Digital Celular Telecommunications system (Phase 2+): Universal ‘Mobile Telecommuniations system (UMTS), General Pocket Rao ‘Service (GPRS); GPRS Tunnelling Protocol (IP }acrossthe Grand (Gp Interice (SGPP TS 29.050 version $4.0 Release 5)" FISITS 129 060 V5.40, Dee. 2002 pp 1-102 (XP-002298277} ‘Ala-Lausila et al, “Wireless LAN Access Netw Aschite te for ‘Mobile Operator.” IEEE Communicaions Magazin, Nov. 2001, pp. 8289 (XP-001107810, Bruen, M. “Roaming im Zugangsnetz Mit OWLAN ball nue vein, “NetZetsehrif Pact Komminikatonsmangement, ‘this ero, Helderberg, 2002, pp. 39-89 (XP-001 122438) ‘GSM Association Permaneat Refrence Document: IR33, PRD 1-33 “GPRS Roaming Guidelines" version 32.0, Ape. 3.2003, 1-20 (XP-002298278). Ostrowski F, "Roaming und Handover zvischon UMTS und Funk LAP NIZ (Nachrihtentechnische zits). 2002, pp. 24-26(XP- 001152263) Telenor (origin GSMA), “InerPLMN Backbone Guidlines” 'S32000005 3GPP TSG SA.WGS Security S3s1Sbis, Ad-Hoc ‘Mecting Nov. 8, 2000, pp. 1-30 (XP-002298276), “Uaiversal Mobile Telecomaunicatons stern (UMS) NAS Func tions Relat to Mobile Staton Min Idle Mods” ETSUTS 13 122 V3.0, Jan 2000, pp. 1-33, “Digital Cafe Telecommunicaions Sytem (Phase 24) GSM: Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), Mobile ‘Radio Interface Layer 3 Specification, Cote Nawork Protocols, ‘Stage 3 ETSI TS 124 008 V32 1 Jan. 20, pp 62-69 and 376 Salman A. Baset otal "AR analysis ofthe Skype Peero-Peor Internet Telephony Protocol”, Depart of Computer Science, Sop. 15,2008, 12 pages Saints, et aly “WLAN-GPRS fntetation for Next-Generation ‘Mobile Daa Networks [EEE Wireless Communicaions, Ox. 2002, pp. 112-123 (XP-201132263),US 7,912,464 B2 Page 3 Michael Mouly, “The GSM System for Mobile Communications 1p. 103-108 Cell and Sy, 1992 ‘GSM 378 on CAMEL Digital Collar flecommuniations sytem (Phase 24, Customized Applications for Mobile netork Fahanced [Logi (CAMEL Phase ; lage 2(GSMO3 78 version 6.7.0 Release 7, ‘GSMO78 on CAMEL Applicaton protoeo Digi calla tekeom- ‘munications system Phase 2+), Customized Applications for Maile negwork Enhance Logic (CAMEL), CAMEL Application Pat (CAP) specfcntion (GSM 09 78 version 7.1.0 Release 1998). ‘GSM 902 on MAP Specification Digital Cellular Telecommunicn- Yions (Phase 2+}: Mobile Application Part (MAP) Speciation {GGPP T3090? ersion 79.0 Release 195). {768 (1995), Signaling Syston No. ISDN User Pat signaling rocednes 1017501999), ISND User Pat supplementary services {Q711 (1996), Functional description of signaling conaecton cont pat ‘0 712 (1996), Definition and function of signaling conection eon: ol put messages (031 (1006), Signaling conncction contol pt fons and codes {Q 714 (1996, Signal comnetion contol pat proces {Q Tio (1993), Sianaling Connection Contol Part (SCCP) perfor. ‘GSM 40 on SMS Digital clllartlecommuniatons system (hase 20): Technical realization of the Short Message Sense {SMS} (GSM 0340 version 7.4.0 Release 198). SMPP Fonam: SMPP Protocol Document Vrsion:—Oxt, 12, 1999 Taso 12 ‘GSM 379 on CAMEL Digital cellular elecommniatons stem (Phase 2+), Custozed Applications for Mobile ntwork Fahanced Logic (CAMEL), CAMEL Application Part (CAP) speciation (GS94 09 78 version 7.0 Release 1998). Technical Speciation” Generation Partnership Proje Techical Specification Group Services and System Asp; Service neces Dit Release 199) Signaling procedure and the Mobile Application Pat (MAP) {Release 199) ‘GOS 408 on radio itriace layer 3; Digital cellular telesommuni- ‘ations system (Phase 2+); Mobile radi interface ayer 3 specifica tion (GSM 0408 version 74.2 Relewe 1998), ‘GSM 322 network sclstion Digital cellu tlecommunications system (Phase 2+: functions elated to Mebile Station (MS) nile ‘mode and group fcieve mode (GSM 03.2 version 830 Release 09), GSM 22011 service accessibility, 3 GPP TS 220911 V3.0 (Sep 2002) "Technical Specie: 3” Generation Partnership Projees “Technical Specification Group Servies and System Aspects; Service access (Release 1999), S.GPP 29010, 3 GPP TS 29.010 V3.10.0 (Dee. 2002; Technical Speefction:3™ Generation Parinenhip Projet Technieal Speci ‘ation Grup Core Network; Information clement mapning Dewees Mobile Station Base Siation System (MS-BSS) and Base Staion System-—Molaleserices Switching Cent (BSS “MSC). ‘GSM 3180n CAMEL Basi Cal Handing; Distal llr ieleom- ‘munications sjtem (Phase 2+) Basie call handing; Technical eal Eention (GSM 03 18 version 860 Release 1997) ITU-T Recommenlation Q. 76 (1993), Performance objextives in theater services digital network application ITU-T Revommendation Q. 765 (1998), Signaling sytem No ‘application transport mechanism. ITU-T Recommendation Q. 7691 (1990), Signaling system No. 7 ~ SDN usr pat cahancements forthe support of Number Porat. 3GTS 22098 version 1.20 Release 1989 UMTS CAMEL. (Q 761 (Fuetinal dessiption of the ISDN User Pat of CCITT Signaling Stem No.7) (Dee. 1999) {0362 (General Functions of CCTTT Signaling System No.7 ISDN User Part Messages and parameters). 1999 {Q 763 (Formats and eos of CCTTT Signaling System No.7 ISDN User Part Message and parameters) 1999, (0368 (Application Transport Mechanism, CCITT Signaling System No. ISDN User Past) (May 199). (9766 (Performance Objectives inthe Integrated Services Digital ‘Network Application, CCTIT Signaling System No.7 ISDN User Par) (Mar 1993), (Q1767 (TU-T— Application ofthe ISDN User Past of CCITT Six aaliag System No.7 for Interitional ISDN Interconnection’) (9b. (9768 TU-TSignling nerface Betveen an Intemational Swick ing Centre (SC) and an ISDN Satelite Subnet work) (Oct 1995) (GFe9 (ITUT— ISDN User Part Enhancements forthe Support of Namber Poi) (Dee: 199). Universal Mobile Tlecommunications System (UMTS); Mltime- dia Messaging Service (MMS), Functional description Stage 2 {GGPP TS 28.190 version 4.20 Releae 4) (Mar 22,20) (01214, ITU-T ftlignt Network Distributed Functional Plane for Inteligent Necwork C51, 1995, Q1215. 110-1 Physical Pline fr Intelligent Network CS 1995, (Q1218 ITU-T laerface Recomnendation fr Inlligent Network C51 1995, '3GPP 29010;3GPP 1829 010V3.10 0; Tecnica! Spciiation: 7% {Goncraton Partnership Project Technica Speciation Group Core ‘Network: Information elemeat napping betveca Mobile Station — Bae lation Sytem (MS-BSS) al Base Staton System Mobile Services Switching Cente (BSS —MSC); (Dev, 200) ITU-T 9771 Sees Switching and Signaling Specifications of Signalling System No, -—Traneacton capabilities aplication pst Functional description of wansction capiites Qin 1997) ITU-T.972 Series Q: Switching and Signaling Specifications of Signalling System No, 7 Transaction epabliis application pat Transaction capes information clement definitions (i, 1997), ITU-10.773 Series Switching and Signalling Specieationsof| Signalling Spsiem No.7 Transaction eaabiiis aplication pa. “Tansocton capabilities Formats and encoding un. 1997) T1U-1Q.774 Serie Q: Switching and Signaling Specifications of Signalling System No.7 Transaction capabilites application pa. Transaction capabilities procedres. un 197). 1ITU-1.Q775 Series: Switching and Signalling —Speciicationsof Signaling Syste No.7 Transaction cpubltis application pa. (Guidelines fr using uansaction capabilites. Jun 197) (GSM ITLL Digits Celsar Telecommunications System (Phase 20}, Speciation of the Suber entity Mode Motile "Equipmeat(SIM-ME) Interface Dee. 1995, version 500 GSMI114SIM Toolkit (Dee. 1996), 17300 Stering of Roaming Implementation Guidelines 0.1. May 13, 2005, {GSM 03.48 version 83.0 Release 1999; ETSUTS 10] 181 V83.0; Digital cellular telecommunicaions sysem (Phase 2+); Security ‘Mechanisms for the SIM application toolkit, Ste 25 pp 134 (2000-08) {GSM 31048 Security and OTA (Oat. 2008) {GSM 23.119 3" Generation Patesship Projet; Techical Speci ‘ation Group Core Network; Gateway Location Register (GURY Stage ?(3G'T8 25119 version 30) 1999. (GSM 408 Mobile Rai Interface Network ayer (May 19). (GSM 23122 NAS Functions Related fo Mobile Station (MS) in Te Mods 199, (GSM 24.008 Digital Cellule Telcommnications Systems (Phase 28) (GSM Unser Mofile Telecommuncations System (UMTS); Mobile Radio Interface Network Layer 3 Speciation, (Cope Necwork Protocols Stage 3 3G TS 24008 vesion 321 Release 19) 2000-1, {GSM 25304 3" Generation Partnership Project: Techical Spi ‘ation Group Rado Access Network; UE Procedures in ile Mode GGTS28 404 version 3.0.0) 199, BGPP TS 9.002 version 490 Release 4; BSUS 129 002 V4 9.0; Digital ecloar tleommunicaions sytem (Phase 24): Univers ‘Mobile Telcommunications System (UMTS); Mebile Application Part (MAP) speciation: pp. 11286; (Sep, 2002). 3G'TS 25.278 version 600. Relese 6, 1" Generation Partnership Project; Technical Spciiction Group Core Network Customized Aprlieation for Mobse Network Enbanced Logie (CAMEL) Phase 4: Sage 2 IM CN Inerworking. 2004 ‘GSM 360 GPRS Roaning Guidelines PRD IR.33.Vesion3 2.0, peUS 7,912,464 B2 Page 4 {SM 0960 version 7.4.1 Release 1998, ETSI EN 301 47 V7 Digital calla telcommunicaions system (phase 2; General Packet Radio Service (GPRS). GPRS Tunnelling Protocol (GT?) across the Ga and Gp Interac: pp 1-67; No: 2000), ‘GSM 71060" Ganertion Putmrbip Projects Techies Speci ‘ation Greup Services and System Aspects General Packt Radio Service (GPS), Service desertion, Stage ? (Release 5). 2002 ‘GSM 29060 3° Ganeration Putnsrhip Project. Technical Spot ‘sion Group Cove Network: Goneal Packet Ratio Service (GPRS) ‘GPRS Tunneling Protocol (GTP) across the Gr and Gp interace (teense 1999), ‘GSM 23.012 3 Generation Partnership Projet; Technieal Spesit ‘sion Group Core Network, Location Managemen! Procedares ‘Release 4) 2001 Q7O1, Specifications of Signalling. System No. 7—Funetional Description ofthe Message Iransfer Pat (MTP) of Signaling Sy temN0.7- 1995, (9702 ITU-T Specifications of Signalling Sytem No. 7, Signaling Data Link. 1995 (0703 ITU-T Speciation of Signaling System No. 7 Message ‘Transfer Pare Signalling link 1956. (0704, Sinaling network fantions and messages, Specifications of Signalling System No. 7~-Messge Tanser Par ly 196). (9705, Signalling Network Siete. Specitctions of Signaling Sytem No-7 (Mar 1993), * cited by examinerU.S. Patent Mar. 22,2011 Sheet 1 of 67 US 7,912,464 B2 HPMN FPMN Signal Gateway (SG) Figure 1US 7,912,464 B2 Sheet 2 of 67 Mar. 22, 2011 US. Patent ‘Buel (gy) siyp Bululequoa y7H au) 0} fuepuoses -femayes Suyeutig 0} 31 48 KJELL © ‘nou yuns) ayloeds 0} sisquinu pexyeid= © SFNASISHI 40} Aema}e9 Buyeubig o} LYS & saBuey9 uojein6yuoy Bugnoy dns} sebueyo uoyeinGyuor Suynoy goSe NNd4 8d Bulddew 19 « eS Uojediquieweoing. © CANBY NOSIS = H-NGISH © ‘i CE uogesnqueo waists ‘aseqeieq “o160| 242s 4 syocey (66607 ‘dIWNS) dw¥O ‘20e}:2]u) Bulucisinolg Aeneye5 Buyeubig 0} paynou LOW p=Seq ISI Taniag | 1aag Juojewiojsven uojewojsuen os nS Nee gH ensi| yi fabesseH di 19 yoo}g feuanbas mau Uo siaquosans Aq pauleyal aq Bien Buposen cbeseaul ued H-NOSIGW feUlGuo ‘euanbas si J-NOSISHN © ENsy 7 = so ee F Aiud (H-agin9 uo Bupnos (98) Aemeyes Buyjeubis 1 feveds uo peseg)| : 1 fi HOSA oan sabessau sg pue| Ps \_— Suyeubis gnsi yin} CD) 1 bs {i3) yur Buneusig OSS ! _ Hosis Sean a 1 I peq-do0 2OSHNM +089 1g H-OSWO H-OSHM sue, HH ueUeA dnl nH ‘uowe|sued| 2p02 JUlog 8 98 0} Hl USS PalesI68q = La: igour) peseay fevoljewequ) = 7 's7; C2 Amazes jeuonel si)US 7,912,464 B2 Sheet 3 of 67 Mar. 22, 2011 US. Patent ¢ oins1y uoneinByuod 119 dds devo ae 1x90 IID °Z Bulddew uonoesuell "| eyep Sue! qe yao" 00d # NL 9 Jood # NWd-H °S 100d # NNd-4 "v ad Suynoy jewndg *¢ ju) Bulweoy °Z yep Jequosans *|, b1eq JWUalsisieg Bog yore sourjsuj ddy dilW dd0s 133) eee 4d + dlW souejsu| ddy Zss dns Glee mo [eubis Way WarU.S. Patent Mar. 22,2011 Sheet 4 of 67 US 7,912,464 B2 IMSLMSISDN -F,MSISDN -H, te i info history FIN omg fg DISIMSISEN FISD, | CysialspNEMSIEDN R CSE SE, cdg] VSG VER FIRGEIN cane, | | MSIDSISDN MSI ROM flag ete GPRS, dateltime, GT of SG ete GPRS, date/time, GT of 8G ete Optimal Rowton ~ au Cnctet MSSDN-A Denotes ISG Orgies GusC] [MBL AIC, cain we HP pe Femt#PooL- rape pov mane | [Fevnicrenws] marca earn one eon |IMSIMSISDN -H.MSISDN-F, Calling namiber, called numbec, Duration, datetime, Oringating GMSC, ‘Temminating VMSC, MSRN,, | ool type, pool numbers ec Tidin, Tid-out Tid-in essociated info Tid-out associated info Figure 4U.S. Patent Mar. 22,2011 Sheet 5 of 67 US 7,912,464 B2 Transaction 7172 - Transaction ™ 1518 Se Transaction Transaction 76,19 ie) _ Ve ‘Transaction ‘Transaction T7179 TLT4 Figure 5U.S. Patent Mar. 22,2011 Sheet 6 of 67 US 7,912,464 B2 ‘SS7 linksets (ISUP and MAP) oo IS 6@ seco on Figure 6U.S. Patent Mar. 22,2011 Sheet 7 of 67 US 7,912,464 B2 SS7 linksets GT Figure 7US 7,912,464 B2 Sheet 8 of 67 Mar. 22, 2011 US. Patent g amsry wop 61 198 Fe —-———— — tomes aulp dS uaym 119 eq few TSafessau Zags y98 910d Z9dS ING Se: “ LO=1Y 'ZOd8 id <~ZL9 dis }OSND sabessow 00dS 198 81901 19d ‘LO=18 "Z0ES 28S “LO=1Y‘VOdS Ud “119 dis LOSIND 2 - LO=1H UTH 98S: NGSISW/LOW §$ gis cod | F 19=IY ‘00dS d<-NOSISN / LOW SOT eas ZOSW zods s0}38894uN ry | i = dis 0SN9 6 OSS ee ' 128 2)901 720d8 118 10d ay 219 24 dou ETE LO=14 '20d8 Ud <-ZL9) Hp | seBessau Lods ys syn TD=Y ZOdS 98S sebessow 0odS SIS a it Nasismiuon # —= oS ENO S| sf ida HHS Saas Sano oyag TE L_LO=IY '00dS Hele NOSISN / LOW e i 1OsWD LOdS 20) }9894U17, x weUS. Patent Mar. 22, 2011 Sheet 9 of 67 US 7,912,464 B2 Routing Indicator Each HLR 1 MGT range=> Primary: SPCO, RISSPC/SSN 2ndary: HLR1 SPC, RIESPC/SSN Each HLR 2 MGT range=> Primary: SPCO, RISSPC/SSN. 2ndary: HLR2 SPC, RIESPCISSN GTi => Primary: SPC1, RISSPC/SSN 2ndry: SPC2, RIFSPC/SSN GT2=> Primary: SPC2, RISSPC/SSN Andry: SPCH, IF-cTt => Primary: SPC%, RI=SPCISSN 2ndky: SPC2, RI=SPCISSN I-GT2=> Primary: SPC2, 2ndry: SPC1, Each MSISDN-F range > SPCO, RIFSPCISSN GMSC-H Signal Gateway au) GITTT-0 |CdPA GT => SPC/CdPA-GT, CdPA G ‘SPCICAPA=GT, Routing Indicator Each HLR1 MGT range => HLRi GT, RIsGT Primary: GMSC1 SPC Secondary: GMSC2 SPC Each HLR2 MGT range => HLR2 GT, RIsGT Primary: GMSC2 SPC Secondary: GMSC1 SPC Figure 9US 7,912,464 B2 Sheet 10 of 67 Mar. 22, 2011 US. Patent OL amsty H-OSW9 $9 DdS H-OSWO. e6ue! 4-NASISW Yoe3 sojeoipuy Buynoy “LofOdS <= 9 WsPO | | | i Joyeo1puy Bugnoy [ LO=IY ‘29 10 dds <= @Bued J-NOSISW 42e3 soyeotpu) BuRnoy ‘LOIOdS <= 19 vdPO O=LL 119 | O=LLLLO 29 Kemayea Lo Aemayeg 4098 OSI 4998 OSI LN ——_} ods zods Nl —n gL wa-yL 19=14 1910 boas <= | Buel $-NOSISW Wey Lods NIdS Wave { ‘Lolods <= 19 ¥dPO | OF LL LO. I JU.S. Patent Mar. 22,2011 Sheet 11 of 67 US 7,912,464 B2 Trunk routing table ¥MSISDN-P => ISUP-loopback circuits ISUP trunk “SEES $87 links ‘Trunk routing table ang $§7 Tinks links #MSISDN-F => ISC trank ‘Trunk routing table MSISDN-F => GMSC-H trunk Figure 11U.S. Patent Mar. 22,2011 Sheet 12 of 67 US 7,912,464 B2 ISUP Loop Circuits Signaling links Circuit out 1 E11 Signaling link+30 circuitstreserved Signaling include SCCP+ISUP Figure 12U.S. Patent Mar. 22,2011 Sheet 13 of 67 US 7,912,464 B2 CON/CUE El Signaling include SCCP-+INAP Figure 13U.S. Patent Mar. 22,2011 Sheet 14 of 67 US 7,912,464 B2 ‘Dual Ethernet Figure 14U.S. Patent Mar. 22,2011 Sheet 15 of 67 US 7,912,464 B2 primary DB connections replication 4 standby Figure 15U.S. Patent Mar. 22,2011 Sheet 16 of 67 US 7,912,464 B2 ISUP Loop Circuits Signaling links Circuit out 1 E1=1 Signaling link+30 circuitstreserved Signaling include SCCP-+ISUP Figure 16U.S. Patent Mar. 22,2011 Sheet 17 of 67 US 7,912,464 B2 VLR-F > )70.- updateLoc es (704 - insertSubData 179% ~ insertSubDataAck HLR-H — 1708- updateLocAck Figure 17U.S. Patent Mar. 22,2011 Sheet 18 of 67 US 7,912,464 B2 Ethernet buses Figure 18U.S. Patent Mar. 22, 2011 Sheet 19 of 67 US 7,912,464 B2 SG SRI wl SRI j-————----—-— PRN PRN ———__——- <_ PRN resp. S| PRN >_> le SRI resp _ SRI resp Pe Figure 19U.S. Patent Mar. 22, 2011 Sheet 20 of 67 US 7,912,464 B2 SG Up Loc Up Log ISD1 IsD1 me — 4 | —ISD1Lconf_. —— ,| ~ [ISD cgnt 2 ISD2 | ISD2 <¢——_—_—— ——_ ISD2 conf. ISD2 conf. eon ce Up Loc conf. eon Figure 20U.S. Patent Mar. 22,2011 Sheet 21 of 67 US 7,912,464 B2 ‘Memory data ‘Memory data Dual Ethernet Figure 21U.S. Patent Mar. 22, 2011 Sheet 22 of 67 US 7,912,464 B2 oe 208-| updateLoc ~ 7202 | ; dy —— 20 = insertSubData - 7.204 v insertSubDataA ok ~ 2206 | HLR-H ——= updateLocAck ~ 22.09 Figure 22U.S. Patent Mar. 22,2011 Sheet 23 of 67 US 7,912,464 B2 8G GMSCH [mea Dg i! Change FTW Figure 23U.S. Patent Mar. 22,2011 Sheet 24 of 67 US 7,912,464 B2 vee] [esr] [eps |fescr] ae] Mod.UP.LOC. , Mod. UP.LOC 1, Mod. ISD Cf Mod spot UL CONF, Figure 24U.S. Patent Mar. 22,2011 Sheet 25 of 67 US 7,912,464 B2 — fawscr S01 GMSC-F | 2502 [ 2504 | GTT a ———> 7 2304 SRI(MSISDN-F) ~ 2502 ae [| we r 2504 SRI-SM-ACK ~ 2504 ! [HLR-H Lf Figure 25U.S. Patent Mar. 22,2011 Sheet 26 of 67 US 7,912,464 B2 ISUPIAM eset aaa To MSC LISUPIAM _ SRN Figure 26U.S. Patent Mar. 22,2011 Sheet 27 of 67 US 7,912,464 B2 < SG1 ~ yea | GMSC-H]_A L- GMsCF | —— _| ™ Jerr | fe SG2 — SRI(MSISDN-F) ~ 2702 | { oo ae sa aro 2 eel SRI-SM-ACK ~ 2704 Saal HLR-H Figure 27U.S. Patent Mar. 22,2011 Sheet 28 of 67 US 7,912,464 B2 [emer] Pewmcar] [sor [oo ] axes asi ISUP IAM LSP aM A ssn Bee _ISUPIAM, | asec | | | Cain To VMSC-H : |_ISUP TAM : usenet Figure 28U.S. Patent Mar. 22,2011 Sheet 29 of 67 US 7,912,464 B2 IsuP T wasenn | RN ISUP TAM TAM SRN PO wap mesic USUPIAM. we MSRIIT a To VMSCH ISUP IAM sR. Figure 29U.S. Patent Mar. 22,2011 Sheet 30 of 67 US 7,912,464 B2 GMSC-H 3G ViRF | MSC 1SUP 1AM ——*__ spr ASISDNH, > IMS, GT=5G ISUP TAM ISUP TAM MSRNE Figure 30U.S. Patent Mar. 22, 2011 Sheet 31 of 67 US 7,912,464 B2 2 +56} | — lamsc-n GMSC_F -2% | Bie | a 310% — es GTT Les | | SRIQMSISDNF) - Bye ia ee maeeare VLR | _BRN = 3104 PRN-ACK- 3/08 peace SRI-ACK = 30% Figure 31U.S. Patent Mar. 22,2011 Sheet 32 of 67 US 7,912,464 B2 SRI SRT. GT=MSISDNEE Gr-MsISDN eosenee | msispw-r Pa PRN oy PRN Msi, vysisoxrt, Grevike ! MS OIP-SC * PRNReso. 7 MSRMF SRN MAP MSRN-F 0 MAP WESRE Wo MSRN-P and | ISUPIAM | Voice oop back | Figure 32U.S. Patent Mar. 22,2011 Sheet 33 of 67 US 7,912,464 B2 GMSCF MSC i sci VLR. Se 1 | Aura Fw | | anise L ISUPIAM _—o i | ISUPIAM | ese | 1 MSRNE i ___ISUPIAM scr, SRN Figure 33U.S. Patent Mar. 22,2011 Sheet 34 of 67 US 7,912,464 B2 ————> ISUP into GMSC-H ~ 3402 ISUP loop out GMSC-H into SG1 ~ 3404 —_— ISUP loop out GMSC-H failover to SG2 ~ 3410 ISUP loopack to GMSC-H from SG1- S40@ ~@______ —_ ISUP loop back to GMSC-H failover to SG2- 3412 ISUP loop out GMSC-H ~ HOF Figure 34U.S. Patent Mar. 22,2011 Sheet 35 of 67 US 7,912,464 B2 [aeer] Paw] [ IsuP j a eee a GT-MSISDNE | RE _ SRIAK 1. SRIRem. SUP TAM. fenmatiat 7 ISUP [AM foe | Too Pas Coisuriawe | macnn seve ISUP TAM ae 5 wiser. | saee IsUPACM - ISUPACM IsUP ACM Figure 35Sheet 36 of 67 US. Patent Mar. 22, 2011 US 7,912,464 B2 auscr | | GMscH 1sUP TAM ser GreMsispy | Oye AUP MSRN-F a masenr ISUP TAM DP SEN MSR i ISUPTAM see Loum a 1SUP ACM ISuR ACM ISP ACM Figure 36 vse,U.S. Patent Mar. 22,2011 Sheet 37 of 67 US 7,912,464 B2 _SRIAcK __ SRIResn ARNE gg ser, MsRNF Figure 37US. Patent Mar. 22,2011 Sheet 38 of 67 US 7,912,464 B2 VIRV ] SS easy MAP aMSRNY worm | Sey SRM 7 Figure 38 To VMSC-VU.S. Patent Mar. 22,2011 Sheet 39 of 67 US 7,912,464 B2 ~ a Gresipnr | JSUP TAM, werw | ISUPTAMFTN | 1SUP TAM FTN MAP APTN FIN Figure 39U.S. Patent Mar. 22,2011 Sheet 40 of 67 US 7,912,464 B2 #MSRNP 1AM. TAM. entity Alen from #PTN TAM Forward to (Original FTN Figure 40US. Patent Mar. 22,2011 Sheet 41 of 67 = Le YMSRNF | #MSRNF MSRP TAM. oo ‘acles WMSRNF 7 1AM me lamp Bi [MsRNF me TAM MSRN-F 14M FTN = s E | isop REL. Extract ODN, | |_ISUPREL Ae got | LCE eause (based on #ETN) and identify A-leg JSUP RELC. — —~ + Figure 41 US 7,912,464 B2 [ vse-r A VIRE 4 __~ er triggered Release C tallU.S. Patent Mar. 22,2011 Sheet 42 of 67 US 7,912,464 B2 Figure 42U.S. Patent Mar. 22,2011 Sheet 43 of 67 US 7,912,464 B2 SRI Rem. | ace age 0 pg aaSRMY sR IsuP TAM IsUPTAM ‘assanr =F scerauseasy ISUPIAM —_, @AGINP ond SN nn er ht preg ISUP IAM SER To VMSCV Figure 43U.S. Patent Mar. 22,2011 Sheet 44 of 67 US 7,912,464 B2 remy Signa Gateway (80) 2. SRIMSISDN | sRiagsisDN 7) [Scat A Suber DB sR “73, PRNCMSI e wc or Po" | vex | SRI-issuing, i vMsc-F Figure 44U.S. Patent Mar. 22,2011 Sheet 45 of 67 US 7,912,464 B2 FPMN ae Signal Gateway (SG) VE MSRN/ETN ————>| HLR GMS 2. 50a(KssWN-Hi) j ing] <>) WA J) subscriber DB Mise 3. fas Gyse-) siey VMSCFi LVLREX 6 IAMOMSRNAT) j Figure 45U.S. Patent Mar. 22,2011 Sheet 46 of 67 US 7,912,464 B2 1, SRI(MSISDN-F) subscriber DB MSRN- MSRN GMsc-H |} icc Hic ' 4, IAM(MSRN) X/VLR-X t j Figure 46U.S. Patent Mar. 22,2011 Sheet 47 of 67 US 7,912,464 B2 Signal Gateway (SG) 2., SRI(MSISDN-H) R HLRH subscriber DB | | | «em i 1.. SRI(MSISDN-F) | 5. [AM(FTN) GMSGH = -}-> ee ! i Figure 47U.S. Patent Mar. 22,2011 Sheet 48 of 67 US 7,912,464 B2 Signal Gateway (SG) 2., SRU(MSISDN-H) p—————}, HLR-H ee 3. PRNUMSI-H, MSISDN-H) ~ subscriber DB ae 6.9MSRN 4, PRN(MSLH, MSISDN-F) 1. SRIQMSISDN-F) 7 AMG@MSRN) SS | 8, LAM(MSRN) — 5. MSRN SS HK 9, [AM(MSRN) Figure 48U.S. Patent Mar. 22,2011 Sheet 49 of 67 US 7,912,464 B2 Signal Gateway (SG) 2.. SRUMSISDN-H) subscriber DB 1.. SRI(MSISDN-F) S.TAM(#FTN) 6. IAM(FTN) GMSC -H Tl VMSC- HK 7.IAMETN) FIVLR-E t CHAN Figure 49U.S. Patent Mar. 22,2011 Sheet 50 of 67 US 7,912,464 B2 DATIMSLB OA-SMSC-X Figure 50U.S. Patent Mar. 22,2011 Sheet 51 of 67 US 7,912,464 B2 S102 SMSC-X __, S108 seiesMeMsIsDNE) 5!4 <—— Ts 9104] SRI-SM-ACK(VMSC=SG1) | oar SHo $10 ~ FSMS(SG1) §10G- FSMSCOMSC-F) VMSC-F — Si10- PSMS-ACK(CaPA=SG2) —— suo 51\2.~ PSMS-ACK(CgPASG1) Figure 51U.S. Patent Mar. 22,2011 Sheet 52 of 67 US 7,912,464 B2 SMSC | wiser | SRI-SM Resn oo YMSOSG 8 MT-FSM (CaPA=SG1) MT ESM DA IMSL OA-SMSCX CaPA~SG2 FSM Resn(CaPA~* FSM ResniCePA=SGN) Figure 52U.S. Patent Mar. 22,2011 Sheet $3 of 67 US 7,912,464 B2 — ey | 5302. | SMSC | L (SMSC) — ie R ——, eae ‘SRI-SM(MSISDN-F) ~ 5302 | S206 r 530% SRI-SM(MSISDN-H) ~ 5510 SRESM-ACK ~ 5304 ee SRI-SM-ACK - $312 Fas S206 VMSC-F — — FSMS-ACK - 530€ = Figure 53U.S. Patent Mar. 22,2011 Sheet $4 of 67 US 7,912,464 B2 | SMSC-X Eee 8G } HLR-H VMSC-F } | MSISON-T | SRE-SM Resn MSC-SG, IMSL Figure 54U.S. Patent Mar. 22,2011 Sheet 55 of 67 US 7,912,464 B2 Ss | eee | | | vase-x SRI-SM SRI-SM Figure 55U.S. Patent Mar. 22,2011 Sheet 56 of 67 US 7,912,464 B2 Pass _ [sex | [ci] so | [Rae] [se] _MO-SMS__,__MO-SMS | SMERP-UIMSISDN-F SM-RP-DA-SMSCS-H SMRP-O, ‘MO-SMS Res Figure 56U.S. Patent Mar. 22,2011 Sheet $7 of 67 US 7,912,464 B2 GMSC-F RenortSM. RevortSM_ = OT MSISDN-F RenortSM Resp MSISDN-H alert a Joel | MSISDN-F alert Figure 57U.S. Patent Mar. 22,2011 Sheet 58 of 67 US 7,912,464 B2 lg wAlertSC__ | Alerts MSISDN-F MSISDN-H AlertSC Resp AlertSC Resp Figure 58U.S. Patent Mar. 22,2011 Sheet 59 of 67 US 7,912,464 B2 HPMN1 ISUP logpback and MAP HPMN2 Figure 59U.S. Patent Mar. 22,2011 Sheet 60 of 67 US 7,912,464 B2 7} sa ino external MAP_RESED daterfaca} aprcartow Uf Beceivad troy SG) Figure 60U.S. Patent Mar. 22,2011 Sheet 61 of 67 US 7,912,464 B2 ewscar | HLRAT Mod. Mod. UPGPRSLOC | UPGPRS.LOC Figure 61U.S. Patent Mar. 22,2011 Sheet 62 of 67 US 7,912,464 B2 new od wscivLR | [ HLR_] | MSCIVLR us _][_8ss_] [new sesu] [oid sasn ] [66sn 1. Attach Request 2 eran Request ion Response 3. I 5: deny Response, | 5 el Check Location ancl Location Ack ig ener susuber De Subscriber Data ck le Location Ack attach Acc [eer _ Figure 62U.S. Patent Mar. 22,2011 Sheet 63 of 67 US 7,912,464 B2 From SRI. saaeiae (CAPAPMSISDN AE SRISM Resn SGSN-8G Figure 63U.S. Patent Mar. 22,2011 Sheet 64 of 67 US 7,912,464 B2 [ms | [oscar | SG MSC [AIR Registers. — >) __Revistonss | Resisterss | Figure 64U.S. Patent Mar. 22,2011 Sheet 65 of 67 US 7,912,464 B2 [vee | GMSC-H ] L 8G ALR ProcessUSSDRequest. _ProcesslSSDRequest_ ProcesstSSDRequest CRPAVIRE fo MSISDN-H. MSISDN-E CaP AHLEH | ProcessUSSD Resp Figure 65U.S. Patent Mar. 22,2011 Sheet 66 of 67 US 7,912,464 B2 VERE feser] [so] [ar] USSDRewt | ‘USSDReques Figure 66U.S. Patent Mar. 22,2011 Sheet 67 of 67 US 7,912,464 B2 S BrokerfRelay A third party or sponsoring eperatc Figure 67US 7,912,464 B2 1 PROVIDING MULTIPLE MSISDN NUMBERS INA MOBILE DEVICE WITH A SINGLE IMSI RELATED APPLICATION “This application claims priovty from U.S, Patent Appi tion No. 60/447,998, fled Feb 18, 2008. TECHNICAL FIELD “The disclosed embodiments relate o portable commun tion networks andl devices. BACKGROUND Operators and service providers of mobile and cellu telephone services face tremendous challenges in growing their eevenue streams in the Lace of increasing competition ‘and pricing pressures. Roaming user/subseribers/devices, referred to as roamers, remain an attractive source of revenue Tor operators, and contribute heavily to the bottom-line bocatse ofthe additional surcharges placed on roaming calls bby many operators. In some cases roamers contribute as much as 40% of the total revenues, while in most eases roamers ‘contribute approximately 8% to 20% of the total revenues. I jsthusextremely importantto beable o control and influence the roaming network choiees that roamers have, in order 0 ‘maximize the benefits and profits both to the operator as well ‘a the subscriber ‘A particularly attractive segment ofthe roaming market is users who roam frequently between two or more networks in tho.ar more countries and have a need fora local numer ia ‘each country. local umber in each country in whieh a user roan both enables local eallers in the visited county to call the roamers under eheaper local telephone rates without wor ‘ying about intemational IDD calls, and presents a mul national appearance. Such intemational roamees typically buy local pre-paid subscriptions to local cellular telephone services in visited counties, Apart from having to change the SIM card inthe celular telephone or handsct every time @ oamer uses the loeal cellular services in a visited county, thisalso results in erosion ofthe operator's roaming revenues ‘nthe roamer’s home country (home operator). Atypical method of supporting two different cellular tele- phone numbers for use in different countries has service providers using Dual IMSI SIM eards that contain an IMSI/ MSISDNeniy foreach ofthe parinring operatorsor service providers. Whea in first or home calling area, the home IMSIs selected manually or automatically. When inapartnee ‘country outside of the home country of calling area, the partner IMSI is solected manually or automatically. The dual IMSTapproach requresuse of a SIM having multiple SMSCs and muliple authentication keys (Ki), among other things, thereby resting ina numberof logistical problems. The dual IMSL approach also reuiresa new typeof SIM card, one that ‘includes an STK application. This ew SIM card causes the PMN textendexistingorcreatenew SIM agreements with SIM manufacturers, furler increasing costs and complicate Ing the logistics process. Inadditon, each time the location of the device hosting the SIM card changes, the STK must determine whether itis in a network that requires another home IMSI; this typically results in a significant drain of battery power in te host mobile handset. ‘Consequently, there is need for operators in one country (home) to join forces with operators in another county (vis- ited country) in order to offer local MSISDN in the visited 0 o BRIPP DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES FIG. 1 isa block diggram of a single Intemational Mobile Suibseriber Identity (IMSI) Multiple MSISDN serviee, under ‘an embodimeat, FIG.2 isa system block diagram of asingle IMSI Multiple MSISDN service, under an embodiment. PIG. Bisa block diagram of a Signal Gateway (SG), under an embodiment FIG. 4s block diagram ofthe persistent and transit dat, ‘under an embodiment FIG. 5 isa block diagram of transactional mappings at Signal Gateway (SG), under an embodiment. FIG, 6 isa block diagram ofa cross-connect deployment ‘opology, under an embodiment. FIG, 7s. block diagram of a non-eros-conneet deploy- meat topology, under an embodiment FIG. 8is another block diagram of «cross-connect deploy seat topology. under an embodiment FIG. 9 isa block diagram of a Global Title Translation (GFT) routing configuration at a Gateway Mobile Switching Center (GMSC) ina Home Publie Mobile Network (HPN) (GMSC-H), under an embostimest. FIG. 10 isa block diagram of a Global Title Translation (GTT) routing configuration at Gateway Mobile Switehing Center (GMSC) in a Foreign Public Mobile Network (€PMN) (GMSC-F), under an embodiment PIG. 11 isablock disgram of trunk routing configuration of the GMSC-F. FIG, I2iea block disgram of an Integrated Service Digital ‘Network (ISDN) User Part (ISUP) message loopback circuit configuration at a GMSC ina Home Publie Mobile Network (PMN) (GMSC-1), under an embodiment, FIG. 13 isa block diagram of an interface between a Signal Gateway (SG) and an Intelligent Network (IN), under an embodiment FIG. 14 isa block diagram of «system including at least, ‘one Signal Gateway (SG) and a database, under an embodi- FIG. 18 is a block diagram of couplings between Signsl Gateways (SCs) and databases in a system, under an embod sea, FIG, 16 is block diagram of an ISDN User Part (SUP) message loopback circuit configuration fr call fail-over han- sling, under an embodiment. FIG. 17 isa block diagram of updated location transaction ‘low following Signal Gateway (SG) failure, under an ‘embodiment. FIG. 18 is a block diagram of system redundancy in a system having Signal Gateways (SGs) coupled toan theret, ‘under an embodiment FIG. 19 is a signal fow diagram of @ voice call traffic ‘model, under an embodiment FIG. 20is another signal low diagramofa voice call attic ‘model, under an embodiment FIG. 21 isablock diggramofa system including two Signal Gateways (SGs) and two databases, under an embodiment FIG, 22 is a signal flow diagram of an update location transaction, under an embodiment. FIG. 23'is a signal low diagram of an update location transaction when the SIMM subscriber isin the FPMIN, underUS 7,912,464 B2 3 FIG. 24 is a signal flow diggram of an update locatio teansoetion following failure ofa Signal Gateway (SG), under ‘an embodiment IG, 28 is signal low diagram of mobile terminated calls when the Single IMSI Multiple MSISDN (SIMM) subseriber js ina HPMN, under an embodiment FIG. 26 i another signal flow diagram of mobile term nated alls when the SIMM subscriber isin a HPMN, under ‘an embodiment IG, 27 sa signal flow diagram of mobile teminated calls when the SIMM subscriber is ina HPMN and a Signal Gate- way (SG) fails, under an embodiment IG. 28 is soother signal low diagram of mobile termi nated calls when the SIMIM subscriber isin a HPMN ad @ Signal Gateway (SG) fils, uncer an embodiment FIG. 29s yet another signal flow diagram of mobile ter- ‘inated calls when the SIMM subseriber sina HPMN and 3 Signal Gateway (SG) fils, under an embodiment FIG, 30 sa signal flow diagram of mobi terminated calls ‘on a MSISDN-H when the SIMM subscriber isin a FPMN, under an embodiment TIG. 31 isa signal low diagram of mobile teminate calls ‘on a MSISDN-E when the SIMM subscriber isin a FPMN, under an embodiment. FIG. 32 is another signal flow diagram of mobile tem nated calls on a MSISDN-F when the SIMM subscriber is in a FPMN, under an embodiment. FIG. 38 is yet another signal low diagram of mobile ter- ‘inated calls on a MSISDN-F when the SIMM bribor is in & FPMN, under an embodiment. FIG. 34s a signal flow diagram of mobile terminate calls ‘on MSISDN-F when the SIMM subscribers in FP and 3 Signal Gateway (SG) fails, under an embodiment TIG, 35 is another signal ow diagram of mobile term nate calls n'a MSISDN-F when the SIMM subscriber is ia a FPMN and a Signal Gateway (SG) fils, under an embos ment, TG. 36 is yet another signal low diagram of mobile ter- rminated calls on a MSISDN-F when the SIMM subscriber is ina FPMN and a Signal Gateway (SG) fails, under an ‘embodiment. FIG. 37 is yet another signal low diagram of mobile ter- ‘minated calls ona MSISDN-F when the SIMM subscriber is jn a FPMN and Signal Gateway (SG) fails, under ua ‘embostiment. FIG, 38isa signal flow diagram of mobile terminated calls ‘on a MSISDN-F when the SIMM subscriber is ina Visited Public Mobile Network (VPMN), under an embodiment FIG. 39 is a signal flow diagram of unconditional call forwarding to a SIMM subscriber including calls to aa MSISDN-F, under an embodiment. FIG, 40 isa signal Now diagram of conditional call for- ‘warding toa SIMM subscriber in an FPMN including ealls to ‘an MSISDN-H, under an embodiment FIG. 41 is another signal flow diagram of conditional eal, orwarding toa SIMM subscriber in an FPMN including ells ‘o an MSISDN-H, under an embodiment. FIG. 42 is another signal flow diapram of conditional call, Jorwarding toa SIMM subseriberinan FPMN including calls to an MSISDN-F, under an embodiment, FIG. 43 isa signal flow diagram of conditional call for: ‘warding to SIMM subscriber in a VPMN including calls t0 fn MSISDN-F, under an embodiment. FIG, 44 is signal flow diagram of call outing whe an MSISDN-P is called and the subscribe is ast in the IPMN, under a embodiment 0 o 4 FIG. 48is mothersignal low diagramofeall routing when ‘an MSISDN-F is called and the subseribee is not in the HPMN, under an embodiment. FIG. 46 is signal low diagram of cll outing when aa LHPMIN user (ocal or roamer calls an MSISDN-F ofa SIMM subscriber and the subseriber isnot in the FPMN, under an embodiment FIG.47 is anothersignal Now diagramofeall routing when ‘an HPMN user (local or roamer) calls an MSISDN-F of a SIMM subseriber and the subseriber isnot in the FPMN, ‘under an embodiment FIG. 48is yet another signal Now diagram of call routing ‘when an HPMN user (local oroamer) calls an MSISDN-F of 4a SIMM sulbseriber and the subseriber is not ia the FPMN, ‘under an embodiment FIG. 4s sill another signal flow diagram of eal routing ‘when an HPMN user (local oroamer calls an MSISDN-F of ‘a SIMM subseriber and the subseriber isnot ia the FPMN, ‘under an embodiment FIG. 80 is signal flow diagram for a mobile terminated Short Message Service (SMS) message to an MSISDN-H1 ‘when the sabscrier sin an FPMIN, ander an embodiment FIG. 81 isa signal How diagram for a mobile terminated S message to an MSISDN-H when the subscriber i in an [FPMN and the targeted Siunal Gateway (SG) fails, under an embodiment FIG, $2 is another signa low diagram fora mobile termi nated SMS message to an MSISDN-(1 wien the subscriber is in an FPMN and the targeted Signal Gateway (SG) fils, ‘under an embodiment FIG. 83 isa signal How diagram for a mobile terminated 'SMS message to an MSISDN-F when the subseriberis in an FPMN, under an embodiment. PIG. 34 is another signal flow diagram fora mobile termi- ‘ated SMS message tan MSISDN-F when te subserber is ‘nan FPMN, under an embodiment. FIG. 88 is a signal fow diagram for a mobile terminated 'SMS message to an MSISDN-F when the subscribers in an ‘PMN, under an embodiment FIG, $6 i a signal fowe diagram for a mobile originated 'SMS message, under an embodiment. FIG. $7 is a signal low diagram for SMS message re- delivery management, under an embodiment FIG. 88 is another signal flow digpram for SMS message recelivery management, under an embodiment. FIG. 59 isa signal flow diogram for multiple HPMN sup- port, under an embostimeat. FIG. 60s a signal flow diagram for Signal Gateway (SG) recovery, under an embodiment. FIG. 61 isa signal How diagram for use of a Signal Gate- way (SG) with General Packet Radio Service, under an ‘embodiment. FIG. 62 is another signal flow diagram for use of a Signal Gateway (SG) with General Pucket Radio Servee, under an embodiment FIG. 63 is yet another signal Now diagram for use of a Signal Gateway (SG) with # General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), under an embodiment FIG. 64 isa signal iow diagram for use of 8 Signal Gate- way (SG) in the transfer of Messaye Application Part (MAP) ‘messageson Send-Authenticaton, Unstractured Supplemen- ‘ary Service Data (USSD) and supplementary MAP services, ‘under an embodiment FIG. 65 is another signal flow diagram for use of a Signal Gateway (SG) inthe tmnsler of Message Application Part (MAP) messages on ‘Send-Authentication, “UnstructuredUS 7,912,464 B2 5 Supplementary Service Data (USSD) and supplementary MAP services, under an embodiment. IG. 66 is yet another signal low diagram for use of a Signal Gateway (SG) in the transfer of Message Application Part (MAP) messages on Send-Authentiation, Unstructured Supplementary Service Data (USSD) and supplementary MAP services, under an embodiment FIG. 67 is another signal flow diagram for use of a Signal ‘Gateway (SG) with Multimedia Messaging Service, underan ‘embodiment. ACRONYMS Following area list of seronyms used herein International Mobile Subseriber Identity (of HPMN) (ISD: Mobile Subscriber ISDN Number (phone number) (MSISDN): Single IMS] Multiple MSISDN Service (SIMM); Subscriber Identity Module (SIM): Home Public Mobile Nework who intends 10 provide 'MSISDN Service (IPMN); Foreign Public Mobile Network who intends to partner with IPMN for Multiple MSISDN Service (FPMN): Mobile Switching Center (MSC): Signal Gateway (SG) oF Signal Gateway (SC): Gateway MSC (GMSC), (GSC in HPMN (GMSC-4D; ‘GMSC in FPMN (GMSC-F), (GMSC in VPMN (GMSCV, MSISDN of the Multiple MSISDN Service allocated by PMN in HPMN numbering plan (MSISDN-I) MSISDN of the Multiple MSISDN Service subseriberin the TFPMN (Co-operating VPMN) aumbering plan (MSISDN- P) Signaling System 7 ($87), Visited Mobile Switching Center (VMSC) Serving VMSC in HPMIN (VMSC-1); Serving VMSC in FPMN (VMSC-F); Serving VMSC in VPMN (VPMN is not HPMNIFPMN) (WMSC-V); Associated Public Mobile Networks for SMS lnter-working (APMN), Call Detail Record (CDR): (Call Forwarding in Busy (CFB), ‘Call Forwarding o2 Not Reschable (CPNR): Call Forwarding on No Reply (CFNRy); Call Forwarding Uneonditional (CFU}: Gireuit Switch Data (CSD) Digital Distribution Frame (ODP); Forwanded-To-Number typically used in Call Forwarding €TN): ‘Goperal Packet Radio Service (GPRS) ‘Gateway GPRS Service Node (GGSN); ‘GPRS Roaming Frchange (GRX}, Serving GPRS Service Node (SGSN}: ‘Global Title ($87 parlance) (GT): Home Location Register (HLR): Intelligent Network (IN): Intelligent Neowork Applicaton Part (INAP); Inver Operator SMS within HPMN (OSM). International Roaming Expert Group (REG); ISDN User Part message from S87 sack (ISUP); Interactive Voice Response (IVR): Late Call Forwarding (LCF); Message Application Part (from GSM 09,02GSM Standants) (MAP), Mobile Global Tite (derived fr IMS1) (MGT); 0 o 6 Mobile Station Roaming Number (MSRN); Originally Called Number (OCN) (same as ODN): Originally Dialed Number (ODN) (same as OCN), (Outreach Messaging (Financed version of legacy SMS Wel- come) (OM): (Optimized Routing (OR): Packet Data Protocol (PDP); Provide Roaming Number MAP message (PRN): Service Control Point (SCP), ‘Signal Control Connection Part (SCP); Send Routing Information MAP message (SRI; Short Message Service (SMS) Short Message Servieo Center (SMSC); SMSC in HPMN (SMSC-H); MSC in APMN (Where APM is not HPMN or PMN) SMSC-A); SMSC in FPMN (SMSC-1); Transfer Accounting Procedure (TAP); Transfer Accounting Data Interchange Group (TADIG), ‘Transaction Capability Part (TCAD): ‘Translation Type (S87 parlance) (TT); Viral Home Environment (VIP) Visited Location Register (VER): Serving VLR in PMN (VILR-IT) ing VER in FPMN (VLR-P); Serving VLR ia VPMN (VPMN is not HPMN/EPMN)(VLR- Vy Visited Public Mobile Network (other than HPMN or FPMN) (PMN) Wireless Fidelity (WiF?): [asic Call State Model (CSM), Customized Applications for Mobile network Enhanced Logic (CAMEL): Camel related message from SCF to SSF (Connect, Con- tinue), Detection Point (DP); DDefleeted To Number (OTN): Subscription Information (D-CS1); GPRS Service Switching Function (gprsSSP); GPRS CAMEL Subscription Information (GPRS-CSI}; GSM Service Control Function (gsmSCP), GSM Specialised Resource Function (gsmSRF); GSM Service Switching Punetion (gsmSSF} Home PLMN (HPLMN); InitisID (IDP); Information Element (IE); Information Flow (IF) Intelligent Peripheral (IP), Interrgating PLMN (IPLMN}: [IP Multimosia Subsystem Service Conteol Interface (ISC), Location Services (LCS): [Localised Service Area (LSA); ‘Mobility Management event Noifeation CAMEL Subserip- tion Information (M-CSI}; Mobile Forwarding (MP); ‘Mobile Location Center (MLC); Mobile Originating (MO), ‘Mobile Terminating in GMSC (MT Network CAMEL Service Information (N-CSI}; ‘North American (NA); ‘Network Node Interface (NNT): Originating Basic Call State Model (O-BCSM); Originating CAMEL Subscription Information (O-CSI); (Operator Determined Barring (ODB) Operator Specific Service (OSS),US 7,912,464 B2 7 Packet Data Protocol (PDP): Point In Call (PIC); Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN); Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN): Service Logie Program Instance (SLPD): Service Management Function (SMF): Serving MLC (SMLO} Short Message Service CAMEL Subscription Information (SMS-CS); Supplementary Service Notifeation CAMEL, Subseription Information (SS-CS), “Terminating Basie Call State Model (1-BCSM) ‘Terminating CAMEL Subscription Information (in the GMSC) (ECS), Trigger Detection Point (TDP): Transfer Protocol Data Unit (TPDU}, Translation Information Flag (TIF-CS1}: USSD CAMEL Subscription Information (UCSD USSD General CAMEL Service information (UG-CSI; User Network Interface (UND); Visited PLMN (VPLMN): Mobile Terminating in VMSC (VT), \VMSC Terminating CAMEL Subscription Information (VI= cs); (Charging data collection interface between a CDR transmit- ‘ing unit (¢. aa SGSN or a GGSN) and a CDR receiving functionality (a CGF) (Ga); Inerface between an SGSN and a BSS (Gb); Inerfaee hetween a GGSN and aa FIER (Ge) Interface between an SMS-GMSC and an SGSN, and ‘between an SMS-IWMSC snd aa SGSN (Gd), Interface between an SGSN and an EIR (GI): Reference point between GPRS and a packst data network Gi Interface between two GSN¢ within the same PLMN (Gn; Interface between to GSNS in different PLMINS (Gp) (the Gp interface allows support of GPRS network services across areas served by the co-operating GPRS PLMNS); Inerfaee between an SGSN snd sa HLR (Ge), Interface between an SGSN and an MSC/VLR (Gs); Interface between the RNS and the eore network (Tu) (also considered as reference point); Kilobils per sevond (kbs), Mogabits per second (Mbits) (1 Mt second): Reference point between a non-ISDN compatible TE and MT (ypically this reference point supports a standard serial interlace) (R): The service area for which the location of an MS is reported (Reporting Area): “The location accuracy level needed for service management purposes inthe 3G-SGSN, e.g. a muting area ora cel (the 3G-SGSN can request the SRNC to report i) the MS's current Service area i) wihen the MS maves into a given serve area; of ii) when the MS moves out of given service area) (Service Area) Interface between the mobile station (MS) and the A/G ‘mode network. The Um interlace is the MS to newark interface for providing GPRS services over tbe ao tothe MS (Um); and Interface between the mobile station (MS) and the Tu mode ‘network. The Un interface isthe Tu mode network interface {or providing GPRS services over the radioto the MS (Un). Us-1 milion bits per DETAILED DESCRIPTION ‘A Single IMSI Mukiple MSISDN (SIMM) System and Service is provide that supports providing mobile commu- 0 o 8 jeation devices ith multiple Mobile Subscriber ISND_ ‘Numbers (MSISDN) using one International Mobile Sub- soriber Idemity (IMSI), The SIMM System/Service does not require a new typeof SIM card in a mobile device o hans. ‘The SIMM Sysiem/Service allows operators in one country (home) to join forees with operators in another county (i ited country) inorder to ofler a focal MSISDN in the visited country on the same SIM card, thereby creating» monetarily ‘beneficial relationship to both operatorsand he reaming use, The SIM for use under the SIMM Systen/Service includes 3 single IMSI (and ihe associated parameters, e.., Ki) from the THPMN: the SIM does not have the FPMN MSISDN, The subscriber is allocated a FPMN MSISDN ia adition to the HPMN MSISDN. The subscriber risters with the IPMN IMSI. This simplifies the user experience asthe user need not be concerned with whether they are in the local country orare roaming. when registered with the EPMN network. The SIMM System/Service described below does not require an intellgeat SIM application to automatically detect the FPMIN network, resulting in reduced power usage. Itzlso makes i simple Tor subseribers to use home services despite having a local number. This makes it easier to transparently support GPRS aad USSD services, ‘The following description provides specie deals for a thorough understanding of, and enabling. description for, embodiments of the SIMM SystemService. However, one stalled in the art will understand that the SIMM. System! Service may be practiced without these details. In other instances, well-known structures and funetions have not been shown or deseribed in detail o avid unnecessarily obscuring the description of the embodiments of the SIMM System service. The headings provided hercin are for convenience only and do not affect the scope or meaning ofthe elaimed ‘The mobile devices described herein include, for example, collar telephones, personal computers, onable computing devices, portable’ telephones, portable communication devices, subscriber devices oF units, and persona! digital assistants. The mobile devices, which also may be referred to as “mobile communication devices” “portable communica- tion devices” and “communication devices” can include all sueh devies and equivalents, and are not Timited 0 commu- ication device that are wireless. The communication net works described herein support the transfer of information including voice and data signals between the mobile devices and the operator or service provider systems viaat leastone of Wireless couplings, wired couplings, and a combination of wireless/wired couplings using one oF more communication protocols known inthe art. Thenetworks described hereincaa ‘use at least one of Global System for Mobile Communiea- ‘ions (GSM), General Puckel Radio Service (GPRS), Code Division Muitipe Access (CDMA), and Time Division Mul- tiple Access (TDMA) communication protocols, for ‘example, bt ane not so limited "The SIMM System Service for roaming i a subseripion- ‘based service provided by a service provide, also referred 10 as an operator, but is not so limited. The SIMM servi provides # local number at exch partner network fora ub- Scriber, also refered 1038 @ user, The local number can be ‘assigned 0 subscriber permanently or temporarily depend- ing upon operator requirements, The SIMM service foroam- ‘ng is nomally applied by an HPMN operator for (interna- tional and national) outbound roamers at a pariner FPMN involving some logistical arangements at the FPMNs. The SSIMM serviee forroaming ean also be applied to (oational orUS 7,912,464 B2 9 ternational inbound roamers without involving any HPMN logistics. In particular, itean be deployed fora Mobile Virtual Network Operator (MVNO). TIG. 1 is a block diagram of a Single IMSI Multiple MSISDN (SIMM) service, under anembodimeat. The SIMM service uses atleast one Signal Gateway (SG) to support ‘ntemational roaming for outbound roamees having perms- rent local sumbers as well as providing temporary local numbers, national roaming and inbound roaming (nationally ‘or internationally). The Signal Gateway (SG) isalso referred ‘o asa Signaling Gateway (SG). The SIMM solution is built ‘on a Signal Relay Gateway Pramework (SRGF) which also supports Multiple IMSI Multiple MSISDN_(MIMM) and Multiple IMSI Single MSISDN (MISM) within the same ‘operator or between different operators (across different ‘counires) and within a single SIM or multiple SIMs, buts, ot so limited. The Signal Gateway Relay Framework (SORP) of aa ‘embodiment is for workdwide deployment by cellular tele phone operators or service providers. The different spplica- fionson the SGRF share many fundamental features although they apply different logics and procedures. The SGRF of un ‘embovliment stores SIMM service subscription information and roaming information of SIMIM subseribers atthe FPMN, The SGRF also extends across GSM and CDMA technolo= ies, The SGRF platform has the capability’ to impersonate ‘various GSM network entities in orert provide many addi- tional services, The platform of an embodiment is a pure SSS7-based solution that functions as virtual HLR, virtual VLR, vital GMSC, virmal VMSC, virtual SMSC and vit- tual service node depending on interactions with varius SS7 network elements, The SGRF is virwal in the sense that it docs not sore subscription data as in FIER, does not have ‘Witching support as in GMSC, ancl does not have trigger rechanisms, ct ‘As described above, cellular telephone operators face tre rmendouis challenges in growing their revenie streams, in the face of ineressing competition and pricing pressures, Ream- ‘ers remain an attractive source of revenve or operators, and ‘contribute heavily to revenues. “The SIMM System/Service tagets users wha roam fro= ‘quently between two countries and have a need for a Tocal ‘umber in each network, ether to enable local users to call them at a cheap rate without worrying about international IDD calls or to presenta mul-national appearance. Conse- ‘quently, the SIMM System/Service allows the operators to Be ‘able to contro and influence the roaming network choices that mamers have, in order to maximize the benefits and profits both fo the operator as well as the subscriber. In so ‘doing, operators in one country (home) can join forces with ‘operatorsinanother county (visited country) in order to offer local MSISDN in the visited country on a singe SIM cand, thereby creating a monetarily beneficial relationship. “The operators in different counties can offer local MSISDN via single SIM card under multiple approaches. first approach requires the two operators to cooperate in the building ofa dual IMSISIM card which automaticaly detects the country the use is in and uses the IMS of that country (Multiple IMSI with Multiple MSISDN, or Multiple IMSI with Single MSISDN-H).A second approach requires the wo ‘operators to cooperate and map the HPMN MSISDN on the network side toa local MSISDN in the partner foreign net- ‘work. "The SGRF of an embodiment supports both approaches by ‘unetioning asa vial HLR for the subscribers. Under the first approach the SGRE will host forthe FPMN IMSI and MSISDN allocated to the HPMN and use HPMN Aue for 0 o 10 authenticating subscribers, In this way, the Mult-IMSI SIM fnly need to have the HPMIN keys and algorithms, elimin ing the logistical complexity of security management. This first approach also makes it easier for billing asa local sub- scriber at EPMN since there is loeal MSI involved. How: ever LISSD service which is IMSI-based, will always have to a through the SGRE, making i ess transparent. For GPRS ‘which i also IMSI-based the EPMN IMSIis chosen as the home IMSI, this could introduce problems to APN (unless it Js the absolute network operator path) and PDP contexts (unless GGSN grants permission tothe FPMN IMSI) se up. Inthe rare event of fulure ofthe SGRF, subscribers under the firstanpeoaeh will not however be abe io repister at FPMN as ‘local subscriber To avoid confusion in billing at a third party operator, both the SGRF and the SIM application will need to disable and reject EPMN IMSI at VPMN. a tis ease, the SIM applica- tion will aod to switeh back to HPMN IMSI. This might «eause some confusion to the user since the SIM application will not be able o distinguish a oss of coverage in FPMN or reed to swap in another home IMSI for registration unless there is a registration of a network. When the subscriber registers (eg. briefly) as a roamer at a home network (non LHPMIN home operators canbe rejected) when the home IMSI in the SIM has the value of the FPMN IMSI, this could introduce further confusion, Its possible to control the STK application from the HPMN network side for which home IMST to use, bt this would further complicate the logisties and add costs (eg. SMS). Furtermore, under the fist approach, the service wll use ‘new type of SIM that includes an STK application, This ‘ould reuite HPMN to extend existing or create new SIM fagroements with SIM manufacturers, further adding costs and ‘complicating the logistics process. When multiple IMSI is {troduced or extended, the HPMN will need to update the Jocal IMSI ist inthe SIM (ether via OTA or change of SIM), ‘which again adds logistic complexity, In addition, each time ‘anew lation changes, the STK will ned to perform a check to soe fit is in a nebwork that requires another home IMSI This could drain battery power significantly (On the billing side, under the fist approach, when re ‘ering with the FPMN IMSIata FPMN network (eg, Beijing Mobile, the network will se the subscriber as a domestic subseriber (eg. from Guang Dong Mobile) which it would bill in a standard way. I his is desired, then there is no rablem, However ifthe FPMIN still wants to view this sub- Seriberasaroamer while applying centralized discounts (ep by CMCC in China Mobile, then this would presenta prob- Jem, as thecal networks will setileamong themselves ther ‘than going through the central body. This problem usually doesnot arise in small networks or small countries, Turning tthe second approach, the SGRF of sn embodi- seat hosis the EPMN MSISDN allocated to HPMN. The sibseriber therefore alvays registers with PMN IMSI. This simplifies the user experience asthe user need not be eon- ‘cemed with whether they are regarded asa roamer ora focal subseriber when registered with the FPMN network. This approach does not require an intelligent SIM application t9 fulonsatcally detect the FPMN network, thereby reducing {device batory consumption and reducing costs. Tis sevond approach aso simplifies the use by subscribers of home ser vices despite having a local number, However since the sub- scror's IMST is still HPMIN IMSI, while ithelps HPMN in ining more roaming revenuc, it will require slightly more ‘complex billing solution than the fist approach iT FPMIN ad TPM want to place suibseriber calls am par with local calls rather than roaming calls when roaming ia FPMN, Neverhe-US 7,912,464 B2 ul less, its easier under the second approseh to transparently fallback as a normal roamer in the rare situation where the SGRF ils. “Therelore, service under the second approach generally involves fewer logistical challenges when compared to ser view inder the fist approach. Service under the second approach also allows the home operator 10 offer a service ‘whereby the frequent roamer ean get MSISDN in more than ‘one country without a requirement for a new SIM or OTA. process to change the SIM values. The roamer is always an HPMN subscriber which means tht calls (including intern tional and roaming cals) made by the subscriber coaribute revenue towards heliome operatorropardless of thesubserib- location 1. Service Deseripion The SIMM service is offered in collaboration with 2 par- ticjpaing operator in foreign country (refered to as the PMN). Consaquently, the HPMN of an embodiment has bilateral roaming agreements with the FPMN operator for Voice ad SMS services, "The target marke forthe SIMM service is subseribers who frequently roam between HHPMN and FPMN and who have & need for local numbers in both networks, Traditionally, these roamers buy pre-paid subscriptions in FPMIN and vse that number o make outgoing alls. However, ithe roamers have 8 single phone and have swapped out the HPMN SIM can they’ will not be able o receive MN calls and SMS messages Aso, when the roamers are back in HPMIN, they may not be able io rceive calls on their FPM number “The SIMM service ofan embodiment solves this problem by allowing subscribers or users 10 receive calls on both numbers (HPMN and FPMN) without swapping the SIM ‘ear, Subscribers also receive SMS messiges addressed 10 both numbers. ‘Users do not have to do saying special in onder to use the SIMM service other than getting # new SIM card. They ean retain their HPMN numbers but will get a new FPMIN aun- ber Its possible fr the PMN to enter into agreements with rmitiple FPMNs in various countries and offer a "sot of ‘mers on a single IMSI, There are no additonal changes Jorthe subserbers once they eceivea new SIM card. Hence, subseribers can choose to ald local MSISDN numbers for ‘countries that they visit most frequently. In a country where Mobile Number Portability (MNP) is supported, is possible forthe service provider or operator 0 ‘acquire subseribers from other operators and offer thes the SIMM service. Its also possible for subseribers to port-out the existing HPMN numbers: however they canaot port out the FPMN number. As 2 result, the SIMIM service provides 2 lock-in of services with the HPMIN, The SIMM service does not impact the subscriber SGPRS, USSD and SMS services. I is jst ransparcat as a normal subseriber for most cases of thse services. he MMS, IN, ‘Camel, and 3G services should not involve the SGRF and so should not beimpacted from anormal subseriber perspective. ‘The SIMM Service charges ean be combined with rezulae ‘charges of shown as separate charges forthe service. The Particular presentation option is lft to the operator The SIMIM service can also be used for privacy manage ment, The subscriber can choose to route calls from one ‘number directly to voicemail, for example, while letting calls ‘on other numbers ring through to dhe mobile deviee. The subseriber chooses eall routing vis preference setting wing USSD of MO-SMS, but isnot 50 limited. “The SIMM service can also be used for subscribers who do not want to recive rerouted calls when maming, but rather ‘vant the calling pasty t pay forthe international portien of the call by asking the caller to call using the FPMN number 0 o 12 {In this way, when the calling party calls the HPMN number, the call will be immediately forwarded to a voicemail dat says, for example, “I am in China, o reach me you must call sy China number which is 123456789", 111. Comparison wilh Additional Numbers by HLR Some HLR vendors offer modification af an additonal ‘number feature to mimie SIMM service because in the HLR approach, the subscriber can have multiple MSISDNs. Depending on the registered network, LR ean select the right MSISDN to send to the VER. However, this approach involves modifications ofthe existing HR and an introduce serious problems when the HLR is upgraded. The SIMM System/Service provided hercin has numerous advantages when compared to the HLR approach, including the Follow ing: supports CDR thm at least one of ISUP loopback, IN, and ‘map interfice; conteols optimal routing: contols trunk rout ing over special lines to reduce rerouted costs; oflers special ial service numbers (e g., customer care number) and routes these calls; allows HPMN to control whethera subscriberean roam to non-FPMN networks in an FPMN country perfoets ‘optimal outing foe late call forwarding when the subscribers in an FPMN network: controls SMS relay to guarantee SMS Gelivery on MSISDN-F for outbound roamers: allows sub- seriers to change CLI on demand via USSD; aloes sub- scribers to disable MSISDN-IVE rerouting on demand via USSD; andallows subseribers to disable MSISDN-H/F iner- national recouting but allows local rerouting (eg. calls on MSISDN-F when the subscriber is in FPMIN countey) on demand via USSD, 2. Technology and Implementation Architecture ‘The SIMM System Service of an embodiment relies logi- cally on the presence of a Signal Gateway function, also referred to herein as a Signal Gateway function or Signal Gateway (SG). The Signal Gateway function ie acombination ofan SCCP node and a Service Node, but i not so limited. 2.1, Physical Location of the Signal Gateway’ The physical location of the Signal Gateway can be at LPM or FPMN based on operator requirements, For those partner that do not hos the Signal Gateway, outing coatigu- ‘ations will end ISUP cals over dedicated Teated lines and to rect MAP and ICAP signaling to the Signal Gateway across counties. Forthe purpose ofthe description herein, the ‘Signal Gateway is assumed to be hosted at the HPMIN, but is ‘not so limited. The signaling and architecture associated with the Signal Gateway is similar regardless ofthe loeation ofthe Signal Gateway, 22. Basic Netivork Architecture FIG. 2isasystem block diagram ofa Single IMSI Multiple MSISDN (SIMM) system, under an embodiment. Note that the Signal Gateway function is only atthe HPMN and nood ‘ot be installed at FPMN or any other VPMN. Hence, it ‘imposes minimam operations load on an FPMN. ‘The SIMM System supports many Mobile Subscriber Inte- arated Service Digital Network (MSISDN) numbers on a ‘mobile deve, The mobile device includes one Subscriber Mentty Module (SIM) and one Intemational Mobile Sub- seriber Wleatity (MSD. The SIMM system ineludes atleast fone signal gateway that supports the use of numerous -MSISDN numbers by the mobile device, The signal steway couples among components ofthe pubic mobile networks to ‘whieh the MSISDN numbers correspond. The signal ateway connects calls between the mobile device and first public mobile network using a fst MSISDN where, for example the fist public mobile network isin a fist enuntry. Likewise, the signal pateway connects calls between the mobile deviceUS 7,912,464 B2 13 ‘and second public mobile network using a second MSISDN ‘where, for example, the second public mobile network isin a second county, "A Signal Gateway function couples to the GMSC-41 for Signaling with Voice loop-back at the GMSC-H. The [GMSC-II is also coupled tothe FPMN through a leased ine that is provided by aa TSC, but isnot so limited. This leased line is tne to carry SS7 signaling as well as voice affiefor Multiple MSISDN subscribers. The Signal Gateway’ i also responsible for generating Call Detail Records that are used ‘© enable special billing of ealls and SMS for the Multiple MSISDN subscribers Due to the SS7 version differences on the leased fin, PMN arranges witha vendorandioran SC providea SS7 ‘converter. lease line will be used to route calls and thee associated ISUP signaling that wil involve call path betwee PMN and HPMN. The leased line also provides the signal- jing pth for SCCP routing on any MSISDN- global ie 23. Signal Gateway Intemal Architecture “The Signal Gateway function of anembodient includes a Jeast one Signal Gateway. FIG. 3 is @ block diagram of @ Signal Gateway (SG), under an embodiment. Each Signal ‘Gateway ean be implemented on a Sun Solaris platform, foe ‘example, but isnot so limited. It ean ost upto Fou DatoKi netics Septel Boards with each having four EI interfaces. Bach board processes SS7 messages up to MTP 23. Higher level messages are distributed 1 2 pools of User Part Appli ‘cation Instances. One pool (called MAP server) i for pro- ‘essing SCCP messages. The other (called ISUP server is for processing ISUP loophack messiges “There is a watchdog process which oversces the state of ‘each app instances. Whenever an app instance is topped for ome reson, the watch dog kills the instance and starts a now ‘one. If all instances of a particular application protocol stopped for some reason, the watch dog kis the $87 stack on ‘each DK fist before it kills all instances of any application protocol It will then restart the application instances of all application protocols followed by stating the SS7 stack on, ‘each DK car, There are many types of persistent information in the mana Thememoy lo cntansmany ypesoftenporary ‘The Signal Gateway alsohas SNMP agent and MIB. Italso allows SCCP GTT configuration and MTP3 routing table. ‘TheOA&MP interface isa web interface to allow operators to provision new customers and other maintenance functions, 23.1, Persistent snd Transit Data FIG. 4 is block diagram of the persistent and transit dat, under anembodiment.Therearemany types Of persistent data ‘whic are maintained inthe memory before they ane writen to an Oracle DB. For high-aailabilty, redundancy support and best performance, the Oracle DB best resides ina Sepa Fate physical bos, “The memory data also acts as a cache forthe database, The “datahase server aso has snother level of eache which hosts 3 ‘copy of the memory data in the Signal Gateway jon and ats Tike a shared memory to the Signal Gateways, The Subseriber Data is provisioned by the operator via 2 web interface or stored procedures. I contains the HPMN MSISDN-H number, IMSI, any FPMN MSISDN-F number. also contains several ays. The MSISDN-F forward call flagisto enable’ disable of eall-re-tonting when the subscriber Js called on MSISDN-F but not registered in FPMN network. ‘The MSISDN-P # CF fag is t0 enableldsable of eall-ro- routing to any call forwarding value (e.g. voicemail) when the subscriber is called on MSISDN-P but not registered in EPMN network and not reachable for whatever reason (ea o 14 ECF or CFU or LCF). The idea isto set redirection eounter-6 (orset call diversion indicator CDI-O) inthe [AM message to allow callsforwaeding. The MSISDN-F # forward default ‘number lg isto enable'disablofcall-re-routing tosn opera- ‘or controlled default number (eg. FPMN announcement or ceustomer care) when the subscriber is called on MSISDN-F ‘but not registered in FPMIN network Inall 3 eases, the objec- tiveis to provide the flexibility to SIMM subscribers o avoid paying ID callreroting. Also in all 3 cases, CFU for [MSISDN-P willbe disabled when any of the 3 lags is st. ‘The FIN-no-change fig allows a subseriber to have the ‘option drecly route the latecall forwarding ell othe FTN ‘without being replaced by a virtual FTN 10 cause the call ‘outed through the Signal Gateway. ‘Sometimes, a operator has is own service nde platform that need be integrated with the Signal Gateway. CSL is such fn operator, The RCM (Roaming Call Management) flag Jndicates whether the ISUP loophck call should go trough the CSL service node platonn. itis set, the Signal Gateway will produce a special prefixed number so that the GMSC-I1 ‘ill route the call the CSL service node and it sets the generic ‘number field MSISDN-I1 where the number qualifier indi- ator is sett action called number in the IAM message The service node can offer HK ringback tone service to SIMM subseribers. There is also an operator-evel controled CF default sum ber, 0-2. viral voicemail number: Ifthe RCM flag is etal condition FTN will be replaced by this defult number for ‘muting fom VMS C-P to the Signal Gateway. The Signal Gateway can then replace the virtal number to real number (ea. voicemail number such as 19-MSISDN-HI where 19 is SL's internal outing number for voicemail. “There may be other fags related to RCM service which is CSL specific service where customization will be done at implementation stage “The roamer information for a subscriber is created when the SIMM subscriber successfully episters with a FP net- ‘work. Itcontains the VMISC, VLR and other information (eg {orwarding values) that are collected from both VLR ding update. ocation and HER (eg Camel and GPRS info) during inserSubscriherData In particular, it contains the ass ment ofa FINE pool #to each conditionally forwarded FTN value. The rosie information data is initially maintained in the memory and/or disk below its sent to the Oraele DB only aller a successful registration ‘The roamer information will be removed upon receiving a cancellation rom HER. However before thi is earied out, a copy is sent 10 the roamer information history DB, This is ‘used to examine SIMM subscriber maming behavior ete Tor reporting purpose. The Optimal Routing DB contains the network informa ‘ion on whether calls on MSISDN-F number ranges can be ‘optimally routed based on the interogating MSCIGMSC fares, the destination VMSC address. This information is ‘maintained by the HPMN operator via a web interface or stored procedures. “The Call Context DB maintains the current ISUP loopback. call (neluding forwarding) context of a SIM subscriber The context is maintained in the memory and is eleared as soonasa calls releasod/aborted. There isalsoa lag when set to indicate the current call context has beva established oF forwarded. This flag is used to contol whether a second call toa subscriber rogistered in FPMIN network will go straight ‘nto forwarding mode or no. There are no simultaneous call contexts fora subscriber registered at EPMN. "The HPMN # pool contains the pool of dedicated [IPMN bers used by the Signal gateway function to ensureUS 7,912,464 B2 15, ‘GMSC-H will lopback the call dough the Signal Gateway when the subscriber is epstered in FPMN but called by the MSISDN-1 number. It also contains the mapping of dedi- ‘cated HPMN auumber tothe current assigned MSRN-F aun ber oblained by the Signal Gateway from VLR-F to establish the call. The GMSC-H{will set upthe call to MSRN-P aver the Jeaved line through GMSC- ‘The EPMN # pool contains the pool of dedicated FPMN numbers assigned by the Signal gateway funtion to ensure the call from the FPMN will be routed over the leased line 0 ‘GMSC-H which then loops-back the call though the Signal ‘Gateway when the subscriber is called by the MSISDN-P umber. I also contains the mapping of a dedicated FPMN number tothe current assigned MSRN number obtained by the Signal Gateway from IILR/VLR-F to establish the eal The FPMN FIN # pool contains the pool of dedicated EPMN numbers assigned by the Signal yateway function for a conditionally forvanting value for a SIMM subseriber in the F PMN tocasure the ate forwarded call willbe rutedover the leased line to GMSC-H which then Toops-back the call through the Signal Gateway when the subseriberis registered in FPMN and called hy the MSISDN-F/MSISDN-I umber The FPMN®: pool and the FTN pool ean share the same ‘dedicated FPMN numbers. The FTN number pool can be ‘eliminated if FPMN supports OCN capability ‘The CDR contains the cll dotiled records forall the ISUP ‘alls that have been looped through a Signal Gateway. Other than the standard parameters, a CDR record will cont ‘which VMSC/GMSC the call originated from, whieh dest nation VMSC/VLR/MSRN of the call, what pool type and rmber has been used for the se up of the call TIG, 5 isa block disgram of transactional mappings at Signal Gateway (SG), under an embodiment. The ransactio ‘mapping contsins the mapping of the TCAP transactional ‘dialog o the Signal Gateway function with the alling GT on ‘one side and the TCAP transactional dialog of the Signal, ‘Gateway function with the called GT on the other side, The Signal Gateway function can dstingvish transactions iit- ated by the calling GT using the calling GT and itsassociated ‘originating transaction identifier However this transaction ‘cannot be relayed to the called GT side since the Signal ‘Gateway function (wia single GT that does not correspond, ‘o ayy calling GT) cannot determine the corresponding orgi- nal calling GT from the response from the called GT to relay back the response. The Signal Gateway will ned to create 3 ew unigue transaction with the called sided relates this teansaetion with the tansaction generated from the calling side, Note that the transaction identification (ID) (destination ‘or origination) need only be unique forthe Signal Gateway function. However if there is 2 unigue SG GFT for each calling GT ‘rom the initiating operation of wansaction, the transaction ‘ean then be relayed acoss the called side. Therefore the transaction 1D mapping most be understood as. logieal map- ping. Depending on the actual implementation choice, the physical mapping might involve the same transaction ID ince the calling GT could be made unique witha unique SG ‘GT that corresponds to the initiating entity of the operation of transaction) ‘T simplify the description, a logieal SG GT is wed uni oral inthe call flaws to representa Signal Gateway’ global title, The acta physical SG GT used varies according 1 the ‘implementation choices. When using a unigue physical SG ‘GT to correspond to each network element (eg. HER, VLR, \VMSC ete) the comet notation should be SG-network- ‘cedures (eg. SS such s cll barringand ODB services) based ‘ona SIMM subscriber's network, the Signal Gateway hastwo typesof Gis. Onetypeis the HPMIN GT which s what FPMN VLR will know. The other type isthe FPMN GT which is hat HPMN HR will know when the SIMM subseriber is registered at a FPMN, ‘there are multiple FPMNs involved, each Signal Gate ‘way will have its own corresponding FPMN GT for each PMN, Ifthe procedures at the TR only depends on whether the subscribers outside HPMN or not, a pseudo non HPMN ‘GT might be used by a Signal Gateway forall PMNs as long, as the HLR procedures will reard such pseudo GT as & roaming GT, the HL R procedures can be configuredbased on VLRGT. ranges, thea there wll not he a need o assign Wo types oF ‘Gs: HPMN and FPMN, to Signal Gateway. The HPMN (GT ofthe Signal Gateways ae simply regarded as reaming GTs by the HILR procedure configuration. As a result, for 3 Signal Gateway. its FPMN GT will be the same a its HPMN GI. For exampie, to support national reaming, an HLR is ‘configuredto indicate which adress roaming GT. The SG ‘GT ean be configured like a roaming GT as ifit isa roaming ‘GT in national roaming, Altemativel, if the HPMN network wants to regard an EPMN network as iT i is an extended home network, thea again theres no need forthe FPMN typeof GT forthe Signal ‘Gateway function forthe FPMN network 0 o 26 To support the general ease, an embodiment supports a configuration to enable EPMN GT support for the Signal Gateway funetion per FPMN, ‘When the Signal Gateway function imitates an FPMN ‘VLR. it will present the FPMN GT that corresponds to the PMN to the HDMI HLR. When the Signal Gateway finc- ‘ion imitates @ HPMN HER, it will preseat its HPMN GT 19 the VER-F or SGSN-F.Inthis way, he PMN HLR ean then decide the right procedure to apply. When the HPMN HER responds or initiates a dialog with the FPMN GT associated witha Signal Gateway, the GMSC routes itt the comrespond- ing Signal Gateway. ‘Note however that since the SMS will be forwarded to wherever the HER indicates when it receives SRI-SM (MSISDN-H), then when the SIMM subscriber registers ata FPMN, the Signal Gateway ofan embodiment presentsoneof the following: (1) an HPMN GTT toa HPMN LR for MSC ‘and SGSN imitations; an FPMN GT to a HPMN HER for ‘MSC and SGSN imitations in which eas, the FPMIN SIP is configured to transite the FPMN GT in CaPA to the HPMIN GT of the Signal Gateway; and the GT of VMSC-F and 'SGSN-P ae passed transparently to HIPMN TLR without any change Unlike the SCCP routing of messages based on MGT and MSISDN-F as CAPA, the SCCP routing of messaues (e 2 inser SubData from HLR orack from VLR or forwariSMS from a SMSC) towards a GT of a Signal gateway at the GMSC-H is configured in an active-standby mode inthe case ‘of fll fai-over support. The primary DPC ofthe translation fin this case is the distinguishing SPC comesponding to the PMN Gf towards VLR-F) or FPMN (towards the Signal Gateway) GT of the Signal Gateway: while the soeondary DPC is the SPC corresponding to the HPMN (if towards VLR-F) or FPMN (if towards the Signal Gateway) GT ofthe other gateway. athe event ofthe targeted gateway Fling, the second gateway will eomminicate with the originating global tile using the global tle ofthe fist gateway. FIG. 17 isa block diagram of updated location transaction flow following Signal Gateway (SG) faire, under an ‘embodiment. Asan example, on receiving the VLI-F'sackto jnsertSubData from HPMN GTI of the SPCI Signal Gate- ‘way, GMSC-H will switch over to the SPC? of the Signal Gateway when SPCI fils, SPC2 will ssume HPMN GT as thecalling GT whensending Ack w updateloc VLR-F since VLRF will only accep the updateL oe Ack ifthe calling GT is the same one as before in the transaction, ‘The reason thatthe routing of messages on GT of Signal Gateway is not based on activelaetive set up but a active! standby setup is because the current transaction context was fintestablishedat the chosca Signal Gateway when messages are routed through the gateway based on MGT and MSISDN- Even each gateway copies the trnsaetion context as fast as ican over 100 Mops Ftherme,it might not be as fasta the messages outed on GT ofa Signal Gateway, which could be ‘nmilliscconds. This could ereatea racing eonditon similar ‘o the ISUP signaling). When the original gateway was not chosen on the cunent transaction context, thestillalive gate- ‘way will tke Tonger time to load the dats fom the shared mem. “Therefore even ia the case of fll ful-over support, the transaction stil aves back with the originally chosen gateway alongs its possible to avoid shared DB server access. This ‘makes it particularly efficient for some signaling low (e.2 SRI messaging) For cases where the switebver cannot be avoided, the extra overhead introduced is still eficent ‘enough for fail-over handling,US 7,912,464 B2 27 Inthe event of failure ofthe targeted pateway, the second aleway will tke over in a fll fil-over support, The second ateway will ned to lod the latest data fom the shared DB server. Inthe partial fil-over support, the transation will be “dropped, and a now transaction issued by the orginal calling SCCP entity. In general, stand-alone transactions (eg. PurgeMS, non= ‘ramed inseetSubdDataete)on the GT ofa Signal Gateway as CAPA will not need to-go back to the gateway since the ‘context from the gsteway will hvealready been copied tothe shied DB server. However since the chosen GT in CAPA oF and-along ransetionsisusually the result of load-sbaring teansoetion based on MGT and MSISDN-F as CaPA (e.g. updatel.cc), the stand-alone transactions towants a particular Signal Gateway’ will effetively be load-balanced Ttis possible to always set the GT ofthe Signal Gateway the MAP content asa common GT between two Signal Gate- ‘ways in the cate of Full filer support. This would require ‘each gateway'to be associated with both a distinguishing GT ‘and ¢ common GT. While ether gateway will have the same {GT inthe MAP context, the calling ary orealled party will, be the distinguishing GT ofthe gateway for the new trans: tion initiated by the Signal Gateway. For example, when the ‘chosen Signal Gateway, say GT, relays the updateloc mes- sages ta HLR-H, the calling GT will be GTI but the VLR ‘content inthe message will be replaced by the common GT ‘GTO. This approach should achieve load-balancing slightly better than the case ofa distinguishing GTin the MAP content for stand-alone MAP transactions. However as mentioned before, since the set of GTs of stand-alone transactions in ‘CAPA is usualy the result of evenly distributed transactions ‘on MGT and MSISDN-F, the final distribution is still fairly ‘even, The common GT is thus not necessary [Note that the GIT configuration at GMSC-H does not rexjire translation from global ile into another global ile. ‘The tanslation capability from a global ttle to a SPC is sufficient. The GT configuration also does not assume any new translation type. Only translation type 0 is used. Tn reviewing the definitions of fill failover and patil failover support described above, fll fail-over suppor fora service type (€.2, MAP of ISUP) is defined asthe ctrent servis ofthe service type not being interrupted as long. as ‘oncof the two (orN) physical gateways is functioning. Partial {allover support fora service type is defined to include pos- sible partial interruptions of the current services whea the gateway initially chosen to handle the service fails but new Services ofthe service type can be handled by a functioning gateways), Por example, if ocation-update fils asa result ofa Signal Gateway failure, the MS/VER can do a retry whieh will be handled correctly by th stl-alive Signal Gateway. Similarly Jor SMS, ifthe MI-SMS fails as a result of a Signal Gateway failure, the SMSC-X can initiate other transaction (SRI- SM followed by MT-SMS) which can then be taken over by the functioning gateway. For ISUP loopback calls, when a Signal Gateway fails with partial failover support, the call simply gets dropped. New ISUP loopback calls an he handled by he functioning gate- way ‘When the IN architecture is used, and a Signal Gateway fails with partial failover support, the call simply pets dropped. New Initial] requests can be handled by the func tioning gateway. ‘By using the shared memory and shared DB architecture between load-balancing gateways, the Signal Gateway fune- tion is also able to support fll failsover depending on the racing conditions. However die to racing conditions, the 0 o 28 following configuration is recommended: partial fal-over support for ISUP loopback call; partial fl-over support for MAP transactions; primary and standby DB servers with replication, "This means that copying of memory data record from the Signal Gateway function tothe database server will not be ‘necessary inthe case pana all-over support. For purposes of the description herein, this copying as an eption used 10 illustrate the ease of fll failover support is noted that even inthe case of partial fal-over support, atte end completion of transection involving data of per sistent nature (eg., roaming information, CDR, ete.) in a Signal Gateway, the datas saved into the shared DB server ‘This means that at aller stage where a transaction initiated byaVLR-E (eg. SS registration, Send Authentication etc) or by a HPMN HLR (eg. PRN query, FSMS ete), even the Signal Gateway stored in these registers failed, basod on the standby confignration of GTT, the funetioning gateway can still handle the transaction by using the shared DB server(s}. For example, if'a SIMM subseriber MSISDN-H is called ‘when the subscriber is registered at FPMN, the HPMN HER will query the stared Signal Gateway sinceit is the VLR-F ta the HR). [the gateway filed for any reason, the fanction- ‘ng gateway can sill access the shared DB server(s) 0 locate the real VER+F to get the MSRN information, For SMS 10 MSISDN-H of a SIMM subseriber at FPMN, the HPMN FIR will return the stored Signal Gateway as VMSC/SGSN ‘where it will receive the forwarded SMS from the SMSC. If the stored gateway failed for any reason, the functioning gateway ca fill use the shared DB server(s) to handle SMS Torwarding. As another example, if a SIMM subscriber per {forms an SS operation when the subscriber is registered at an FPMN, the FPMN VLR-F will query the stored Signal Gate- ‘way (since it isthe HR tothe VER-F). I the gateway failed {or any reason, the funetioning gateway can sill acess the shared DB server(s) o handle the transaction. Therefore parial failover really means ongoing trnsae~ tions will aot he handled when the Signal Gateway tht was sracessing the tansaction filed. However for completed {ransactions, full failover is supported. Data server redan- ddancy is assumed hee. ‘Referring spain to FIG, 3 in addition to the signal board redundaney across both gateways, there can also be board ‘undancy within each gateway. Fach gateway can host one Doan per PCT stot, Use of upto sx boars is possible withthe Sun Fire V-480 family. ach board ean distribute messages 10 ‘apo of user part app instances ina round robin load-sharing ‘and fail-safe mode. Whenever an instance fil, the watch dog will restart the instance agsin, There is also a unix eron that ‘verses the watch dog and restarts the watch dag when it halls. The watch dog periodically monitors app instances. ‘When an app instance fils itis automatically removed from the configuration, and further traffic is processed by other app instances. After the app instance is automaticaly restate the app instance can be reintegrated in the platform, without interipting traflic. Similarly, new app instances, CPU, ‘memory, S87 board ean be akled as capacity requirement ‘When all app instances for any $87 application protocol {athe watch dog will erminate the S87 stack on each DK card before i terminates all app instances of any SST appl cation protocol. This will force the GSMC-H t0 apply SS7 based sitch-over. The watch dog then restarts all app instances ofall SS7 application protocols before restarting the SS7 stack on cach DK cand. Ian instance didnot fil, but Ialed to properly handle the SS7 messes intended frit theUS 7,912,464 B2 ‘eave the other Signal Gateway will automatically switched ‘over by the GMSC-H, TIG. 18 is a block diagram of system roundaney in a system having Signal Gateways (SOs) coupled toan theme, tinder an embodiment. To deal theret buses can be configured. Fach machine ean have two addresses connects to the different segments othe LAN. ‘Under normal operation trafic is shared between them. [fone {ails all afi is outed to the remaining Etheret Like SS7 Tinks, the Ethemet buses should also be configured ins ex0ss- ‘eonncet manner With HPMN’s IP switches, ‘The fet that in normal operation all components of the Signal Gateway fanetion share traffic provides major advan- tages over the “standby” approsch, where spare components stand idle until primary components fail For example the spare capacity configured into a plato ean be used 10 handle peaks of taf. In addition, when all the components are functioning, their health ean be monitored: when spare ‘components sland idle, monitoring and preventive mainte nance is impossible Since each gateway is also functioning as a VLR 10 HLR-H and HILR-H to VLR-F, in the event both servers go ‘down and Signal Gateway records are corrupted, the infor- ‘ation will be rebuilt using stored information inthe Signal Gateways, HLR and VLR using GSM MAP messages. I particular, the Signal Gateways will perform a periodic tape- drive backup, Unlike @ HILR or a VLR shose comuption or loss of data “willonlytigaceeithera HR restoration oraVER restoration, but not both, the comuption or loss of Signal Gateway data will tigger restoration thot dretions Iwill fis require @ restart. Alterrestoring from bockwp, all affected IMS records will ned tose the purged flag and initiate rexet-VLR MAP message t0 the list of VLR-Fs recorded by the back up. Normal updatel.ocation proceduze will be tiggeredl by the VLR¢F to automatically establish roaming data in the gate- ‘ways fom the seratch, However peoviding roaming number fom HLR-H toa Signal Gateway, forward SMS to the Signal ‘Gateway, SRIISRE-SM on MSISDN-F will ot tigger MAP= Restore-Data by the Signal Gateway to the HLR-H or MAP- reset fo a VERGE. These messages will be mapped by the Signal Gateway fonction to the real destinations VLR-F/ \VMSC-FISGSN-F which ean then initiate restore data pro- ‘ess, Signal Gateway recovery procedures are desribed ia more detail below. The requirements of optimal routing of Late-Call-For- ‘warding also require maintenanee of state information (map= ping between FIN and temporary FTN). Hence, its neces- sary fo share the in-memory information across the dierent pplication servers by copying the data into the shared DB 23.7. Scalability and Dimension “The SIMM SystemiService of an embodiment is salable based ona least one ofthe following growth feetors: addition ‘of more FPMNs in multiple countries; addition of more Mul- tiple MSISDN subseribers; and increase in SS7 messaging trafic due to growth. ‘As an example, assume the following traffic model for 3 voice cll: incoming eal during busy hour (BCH) sone call to MSISDN-H andone call to MSISDN-F; average al dure tion s 90secondls; probability of subscriber roaming in hing js 30% (or 9 days per month); 50 k subx(1 MT-Fx100% handled regardless of customer focstion)+(1. MT-Hx30% hhandled)-65 k BHA, daily call per sub-S call © MS-H and “Monthly call per sub=140 call to MS-Hf and utes each), Note that when @ 0 o 30 [MAP transaction traverses through a Signal Gateway, the Signal Gateway will initiste another tansaction. For ‘example, FIG. 19 isa signal low diagram of a voce call, ‘under an embodiment, in which the signal low on the MSISDN-F includes four MAP transactions. FIG. 20 is nother signal flow diagram ofa voice call, under ancmbodi- ‘ment, that includes 2 MAP transactions. It can be seen from the flow diagrams of FIGS. 19 and 20 that some MAP trans- actions involve significantly more messages than others. In ur following measurements, a MAP transaction is assumed ‘0 include an average of four MSUS of 200 bytes exh, Using this example, the MAP transactions through the Signal Gateway per SIMM subscriber are calculated as fol ows: Location update transaetion-1 per hour (location ipdate and jasertsub-data ete); Send-routing- information SSRI) MSISDN-F=1 per hour, PRN for MSISDN-F and -MSISDN-H-2 per hour, Provide Roaming Number transac- tions=1 perhour:Allother transactions (Send Authentication, SS, USSD, SRI-SM, FSM, Cancel-Loe)-3 per hour, Prob- ability of subseriber roaming in China: 306-9 days per ‘month; Sine location update in HPMN and VPMN only go ‘through Signal Gateway the frst ime, ittakes about “4 ofthe ‘normal transaction: 2*(1*(03+0.7#0.25) LocUpdate+1+2 PRNO3}-4.15- MAP transactions per howe All the rest=238(0.340.740.25)-2.85 MAP per hour; MAP iransac~ ‘ion loading in peak hour~S0O kx(4.1542.85)-SOK*7-350K [MAP transactions in peak hour: Total transactions (MAPS ISUP}-GS0K+65000"2)=480K transaetions/BH, where an ISUP transaction is defined as all the ISUP messages within an ISUP loopback eal (eg, [AMin, [AM out, ACM in, ACM fut, ANS in, ANS out, REL in, REL out, REC in, RLC ont, ete) "A SIMM call is defined hercin as an ISUP loopback call ith signaling going through the Signal Gateway function. Thi could happen when the subscriber gets called on MSISDN-F or when registered in FPMN. FIG.21 isa block dingramofasystem inchiding wo Signal Gateways (SG) and two databases, underan embodiment. As described above, to example system configurations are pro- vided, including one configuration based on the Sun Netra amily. and another configuration based on Sun Fite family. ln ‘oth configurations, four servers canbe used, but the embed ‘meat isnot so limited. In the Sun Netra configuration, two Netra 20 will run the Signal Gateway function while wo "T1405 will host the databases with replication Inthe Sua Fire configuration, four Sun Fee V480 servers are used with Wo servers hosting the database with replication ‘Two separate DB servers in primary/standby set up ane used instead of loading them onto the tWo Signal Gateways, ‘but nomerous alternative configurations ate possible. This configuration improves the performance ofthe Signal Gate- ‘way function as well as reduces points of failure. For ‘example, Tone DB server goes down, the wo Signal Gate- ‘ways can stil finetion ina load-sharing manner. Ifone Signal Gateway goes dowa, the DB server sill has a standby avail- able ‘The Signal Gateway MAP function is built on top ofthe SCP protocol stack. The TCAP layer improves perfor vance, DK provides TCAP stack but limited to no greater than T6K simultaneous dialogs (for both incoming and out- sing) hence the through ‘With the Netra configuration (asing 2 CPU,2 G RAM and 2936 disk forall machines in the tes), each Netra 20 Signal Gateway i able to suppor approximately 0 (MAP of ISUP) transactions per second. With the Sun Fire configuration, cach V480 Signal Gateway using 2CPU, 2G RAM and 2°36 GB disks supports approximately 50 transactions per second,US 7,912,464 B2 31 roughly the same number as Netra configuration, When sing the Sun Fie 4-CPU configuration, each V480 Signal Gate- way using 4 CPU, 4 G RAM and 2°36 GB disks supports approximately 80 (MAP or ISUP) transactions per second. ‘These figures increase to approximately 80 transactions per second and 150 transactions per second wsing 2 DK card ia ‘each Signal Gateway in the Netea and Sun Fire configura tions, respectively. Each DK card is 10-bound by 48K bytes! $-32K bytevs each direction, noting four signaling links at BK bytes per second per car, “The NetewSun-Fire-2-CPU configuration, therefore, ean handle 180K 288K with owo DX cards) transactions perbusy hour in a simulated environment. Likewise, the Sun Fire 4:CPU configuration can handle 288K (540K. for 2 DK cards) teansaetions per busy hour oF 65K BHA per peak hour in & simulated env ironmnes Ina complete load-balancing mode, the two-gateway con- figuration supports up to 360K (or 876K in 2 DK cards) transactions per peak our using the NetraSun-Fire-2-CPU ‘configuration and up to S76K (or 1080K in 2 DK canls) transactions per peak hour using the Sun Fire4-CPU eonfiga- ration “The Signal Gateway fonction also tacks the transaction loading ofthe system, Alarms are generated when memory, ‘CPU, and transseton rate exceed pre-specified thresholds, say 80%, In this case, the Signal Gateway can choose'o reject ‘ert type of SS? messages, e.g. SMS so thatthe sending 'SMSC ean queve ita its end. The Signal Gateway can also reject messages based on FPMN, The Signal Gateway ean also choose to relay for new LUP messages so the SIMM_ subseribers can be handled as normal ramers a ifthe Signal ‘Gateway function failed. This relay ean also be applied based. ‘on FPMN in times of system overloading, 2.4 Logistics ‘Deployment of the SIMM System/Service of an embod ‘ment includes the following logistics between the HPMN and PMN, The HPMIN reserves oe or more ssquental block(s) ‘ofIMSI to be used fr offering the service (multiple MSISDN service subscribers will ave to change their SIM cars). Aso, the FPMN reserves one or more soquential blocks of PMN MSISDN-P numbers to be used by HIPMN for SIMM subseribers. Further, the GMSC-F is configured to route IMST based MGT(s) (E214 Numbering Plan) and MSISDN- based Global Titles (GT based on E.164 Numbering Plan) © ‘GMSC-H through a leased line (ifa leased line is used). The ‘GMSC-F isalso configured to generate a MAP Send Routing Info (SRT) message on receiving an ISUP with MSISDN-F as the called mumberladdtess. In essence, the Signal Gateway ‘ets lke a FIER to the MSISDN-P for EPMIN, Continuing, the HPMN reserves four HPMN GTTs and one 'SPC for each Signal Gateway, The HPMN also reserves four EPMN Gils for each Signal Gateway for each EPMN sup- ported in case the FPMN GT option is selected. Fach of the four GTs is used to represent different types of network ‘elements (HLR, VLR, VMSCISGSN, GMSCISMSC). The Signal Gateway treats these four GTsas prefixes and appends ‘approximately four digits afterwards to create four pools of (GT for dynamic assignment on the actual Signal Gateway (GT. The HPMN also provides a common Signaling Point ‘Code or all Signal Gateways ane maps several Sub System Numbers (SSN) (eg, 6,7, Sete) (0 each Signal Gateway. The ‘GMSC-H defines routes far all SCCP (MAP) messages hav ing CaPA as the four reserved GTs, MSISDN-F and MGT ‘corresponding to reserved IMSI range oa Signal Gateways. ‘The FPMN provides a pool of MSISDN-F numbers 10 PMN. These numbers are used to route calls through the leased line between FPMN and HPMN a ate eal forwarding 0 o 32 and call rerouting for SIMM subseribers. The GMSC-P is ‘configured to route calls on this pool of MSISDN-F towards GMSC-H through the leased line, The GMSC-H is eonfig- ‘ured o route alls on this poo! using ISUP loopback eireits ‘or IN architecture with signaling through a Signal Gateway. ‘The GMSC-1T is configured to route calls over the lease Iine forealled numbers that belong to FPMN. It should be configured ina primary and secondary made such that ifthe eased line is doven, the all outing can sil proceed over normal ISC providers. ‘The HPMN also provides a pool of MSISDN-tl. This poo! will he used by a Signal Gateway to control call-rerouting towards FPMN, GMSC-H will route all ealls on this poo! using loopback circuits with signaling through a Signal Gate- H configures loopback circuits which willbe 12d on routing ll pools of numbers via ISUP leophack. The IN triggers are defined at the GMSC-H to send Ini- sia DP to the Sigual Gateway when the IN architecture is sed, the leased fine option is 4 be applied to all messages ‘then in the HIPMN, the GT that corresponds to FPMN of the ‘message is routed to GMSC-P through leased line. On the PMN side, ithe GT is that ofa Signal Gateway. themessage shouldbe routed via the eased ine The FPMN assigns an SPC representing GMSC-H; mes- sages routed to this SPC are transfered via the leased line HPMN also assigns an SPC representing GMSC-F; messages routed towards this SPC are transferred via the lease line. existing ISC provider to be used for MAP signaling on CAPA-MSISDN-I,GMSC-P configures GTT on CaPA-MSISDN-F in SCCP routing to set the next SCCP sstinaion node othe ISC providers. The ISC provider con- figures their GTTon CaPA-MSISDN-F to finally route tothe GMSC-H which will route the messages to a Signal Gate- ‘Altematively, GMSC-FISTP-P configures its GT in such away that for CaPA-MSSDN-F translates. it t0 (CAPA-HPMN-Common-CiT-oF-Signal-GW. The PMN network should beable to assign a common GT to both Signal Gateways. It is just sed logically in the traslation to the common SPC of both Signal Gateways. Ifthe leased line is to be used for MAP signaling on CAPA-MSISDN-F,GMSC-F configures GIT oa CAPA-MSISDN-F in SCCP routing to set the next SCCP destination node to the FPMN SPC that corresponds to the GMSCAIT over the leased lin. ‘The ISC caries signaling and voice traffic between the PMN aad EPMN, The ISC STP for each side ofthe pa paling operators ofthe Multiple MSISDN serviee is eonfig- ‘wed Io foule GT on FPMN numbers (including ported-ia numbers) towards the HPMN Signal Gateway. The SS7 var- ‘nt translation including ISUP and MAP) ean be performed by a conversion function ‘The HPMN assigns a special SMSC address (SMSC-S-1)) for use as the SMSC acess in the SIM of a SIMM sub- scriber, IPMN GMSC-I/GTT translates this global tile to the SPC of the Signal Gateway. The Signal Gateway deter fines whether to conver the sending number (ef MSISDN-F to MSISDN-H) based on the network of the IMM subscriber and the destination numberof the recipient. TFIW.MSC is not the same as GMSC-P, then IW-MSC is ‘configured to route messages (in particular MAP SRI SM) to GMSC-F that in turn routes messoges to GMSC-H via @ leased line Based on these logistics, the following GSM scenarios re described below: Uplate Location and Insert Subseriber DataUS 7,912,464 B2 33 between HPMN, FPMN and VPMN: Mobile Originated Calls fom SIMM subscriber in HPMN, FPMN au VPMN; Mobile Terminated Calls to SIM subscriber ia HPMN, EPMN and VPMN when called on MSISDN-H; Mobile Ter rinated Calls to. SIMM subseriber jn HPMN FPMIN and \VPMN when called on MSISDN-P; Early and Late Call Forwarding in above cases for voice cals; Mobile Originated ‘SMS from SIMM subscriber in HDMN, EPMN and VPMN; Mobile Terminated SMS to SIMM subscriber in HPMN, EPMN and VPMN when SMS is sent to MSISDN-H; Mobile “Teaminated SMS to SIMM subscriber in HPMN, FPMN and \VPMN when SMS is seat to MSISDN-F: ad supplementary services handling. 2.5. SIMM IMSI and MSISDN-P ‘Whilea new SIMM subseriberwillhave tochange the SIM. ‘card inhisher handset, the SIM structure remains the simeas before (n0 dual IMST ete), so that an operator ean use its ‘existing agreement withthe SIM vendor Furthermore, the MSISDN-H of the subscriber romains the same. Only the MSISDN-F is ina puricular IMSI range, not the MSISDN-H. ‘The particular IMI range allows the operator to separate SIMM subscribers from ordinary subseribersboth in terms of retwark configuration and billing. In this way, the operator has bette contol in network configuration and billing. The IMSI range also allows signaling to be redirected thr the Signal Gateway where translations aad mappings can be applied. For example, the subscriber when registered at EPMN will have MSISDNCF as caller ID, Another example, shen the subseriber is sending @ SMS to a FPMIN country ‘umber, MSISDN-F can be used as a eller ID. ‘Moreover, the IMSI range simplifies billing atthe FPMN because its usally based on the IMSI. The FPMN ean teat ‘CDR swith the HPMN special IMSI range as local CDRS irrespective of what MSISDN (MSISFN-F or MSISDN-H) is set at the EPMN; this ensures roaming changes are aol ‘applied. The billing records exchange between EPMN and HPMN can be tru specially rated TAP oF CDR (MO or MT). "Aspecial MSISDN-F range, when used suse to simplify the FPMN network GTT rmuting to the Signal Gateway. The Signal Gateway will actas the HLR of the MSISDN-F range. So SCCP outing on MSISDN-P will come to the Signal Gateway either via Global Tile Modification. There is no IMSLP associated with MSISDN-F 26. Roane Information Tased on the messages that get routed via the Signal Gate ‘way, various pieces of infomation are extracted and main- tained, Table I lists some of the key information elements cextracied TABLE] 1 Opie loscn TSI Sevag NSC Ao, 3 Update Rane ns Repose 4 Sitferdioa Meme 2.7. Location Update 27.1, SIMM Subseribee in PMN 'AVLR+H is generally configored to know the HRS that correspond tothe MGTS ofall HPMN subscribers, then loca tion update message can he issued with CAPA-GT-ofthe- HLR with Routing Indicator set on Route on Global Tite. 0 o 34 Typical OSM repistation procedures are followed, The HLR. includes the true VLR auldress and VMSC address, The Sigal Gateway function isnot involved. Ifa VLR-H isnot configured to know the FILR that eorre- sponds tothe MGT of the SIMIM subscriber, then registration low follows that ofthe ease in VPMN. This could lappen for ‘example, when the SIMM MGT is in a new range that is not covered in VLR-H. Rather than configuring each VLR-H, just configure the changes on GTT at the GMSC-H. A VLR simply routes the messaues towards a GMSC-H whieh ean thea take care ofthe next node forthe messages, 272, SIMM Subseriber ia FPMN FIG. 22 is a signal lw diagram of an update location ‘eunsoction, under an embodiment. The VMSC/VLR-P ini- tiates MAP Update Location message by deriving MGT (6.214) based on IMSH-H. Due to routing defined at FPMIN for this MGT, the message is routed to GMSC-H, which in ‘um routes ito the Signal Gateway (SGA).On receipt ofthe Update locaton, the Signal Gateway carries out the transfor mations in Table 2. TABLE 2 Megs oa Sigal Gaon pte Ltn en VERE wernt SCP a a SCP Cal Ase Tt ° ir ° = VRP oh Far Miksliee IRE ViRwlinor FSGtn Inthis table, SOL and P-SG1 represent the IPMN GT and PPMN GT of the physically chosen Signal Gateway by GMSC+H in its GIT function. ‘Thus, in HLR, the Signal Gateway GT isstoredas MSC and VLR adress instead ofthe actual addresses. This ensures that all MAP INSERT SUB- SCRIBER DATA messages passthrough the Signal Gateway ‘and hence its contents can be modilied appropriately (Tor ‘example, the MSISDN-H can he changed to MSISDN-F apart ‘rom performing routing lvel address changes). ‘Recall that wo simplify dhe description herein, a logical SG GT is used uniformly inthe call flows to representa Signal Gateway global title. The actual physical SG GIT used varies cording to the implementation choices. If unigue physical SG GT is used to correspond to each network element (©, HLR, VLR, VMSC et}, the correct notation is SG-norwor clemeat. The reason that F-SG1 i introduced is because the HPMN FHILR procedure could be based on subseriber network lo: ‘ion. For example, baring of outgoing calls while roaming will become barring forall outgoing calls the VLR in the roaming notwork. If SGL were a HPMN GT, then the HLR ‘might sill think the roamer isnot roaming. Another example js that sometimes eal forwarding and call barring services ‘istration may be not allowed while roaming. “The HILR generally reets based on Calling GT. Howeverif the HLR procedure reaets based on VLR address rater thanUS 7,912,464 B2 35 calling GT and it does not verify ifalling GT isthe same as, the VER adress then the calling GT ean just be SGI rather than FSGL However if SG1 can be configured as a roaming GT inthe HLR procedure oF HPMN will not allow such procedure 10 ‘exccute with dependency on network location, F-SGI will ‘equal to SGI. For example, to support national roaming, the HER is configuredto indicate which address isa roaming GT. The SG GT can be configured lke @ roaming GT in national, roaming. Altematively, if HPMN regards an FPMN as an extension ‘ofits network so not to treat the subscriber asa roamer when, registered at the FPMN, then again there is no need to distin- ish HPMN SG and FPMN F-SG tor this paicular FPMN. A configuration option of an embodiment enables FPMN ‘GT suppor forthe Signal Gateway funetion per FPMN, a5 showin in Tuble 3, Note tat since SMS will be forwarded 10 wherever HER-H indicates when it is quevied by SRI-SM (MSISDN-H1, then when the SIMM subscriber registers ata EPMN, the Signal Gateway cat present atleast one of the {llowing: aa HPMN GT tow HPMIN TLR for VMSC imita- tions: an FPMNGT toa HPMN HLR for VMSC imitations in ‘which case, the FPMN STP is configured to translate the > EPMN GT in CaPA tothe common HPMN GTT ofthe Signal ‘Gateway: andthe GT of VMSC-F is passod transparently 10 HPMN HLR without any change (recommended) TABLES Meme tom Sia Gana InsenStsriber Dita fom HLR-HtoVLRF va GMSC-HL SCCPCalet A OCP Cale Ades or HURL Gh sa “The message is routed the FPMN VLR, The SCP Calling Party Address is replaced with the Signal Gateway (GT. This guarantees that when the reply for this message is sent, GMSC-H ca rote itt the Signal Gateway, If Forwanl-To-Numbers present in the Insert Subsriber Data are not of the FPMN country (see below for more dois) then they are modified as per policy dofnod forthe particular FPMN. FIG, 23 is @ signal fow diagram of an ‘update location transaction when the SIMM subserber is in the FPMN, under an embextimment Referring againo FIG. 19, thesignl flow diagram depicts the flow when SGI fails aller insertSubData. In this case, GMSC-H switches over to SG2 via the GOO in the full, failover ease, as shown in Table 4 0 36 TABLE 4 CCP Cals As SCP Cals is e sar oh TLR m™ * ™ 0 SCP Galas Ano SCG Calg Aro co vieetor Sar Se Ss 7 ‘The SG2 will continue the transaction wsing the context Jaded from the shared memory data of the DB server which was copied by SGI each time its memory data eeord ‘changed, as shawn in Table 5, From the context, SG@2 will stil use SGI in communicating back with HLR-H and VLR-E UpateL.oe Ack proceeds from HLR-H to SGI and SG to \VLR-F as if nothing happened to SG although the physical agaloway to handle the transaction now is relly associated with SG2. TABLE 5 Magen 210 VIR pie LOC ak om HL WueNseH FIG. 24 is a signal ow diagram of an update location ‘runsoction following failure ofa Signal Gateway’ (SG), under nembodimeat, This sigaal flow diagram shows the message flow in the event of a failure of SG1. After a suocessful Jocation update transaction, the contexts removed from the memory alter mamer information is extract into roser DB. 2.7.3. SIMM Sobseriber in VPMN ‘The VMS C/VLRV generates MGT based on IMSI-H in ‘MAP Update Location messoge. Due to routing defined at GMSC-V for this MGT, the message is outed 10 GMSC-H, ‘whieh in turn route it t a Signal Gateway. ‘There will be a forbidden VPMN table for each group of | IMSIs. For example, if HPMN can get discount for one spe- cific IMSI range from FPMN, this range will not register with ‘any operators inthe sane country’ as FPMN, "The Signal Gateway determines ifthe user is allowed to oamiaVPMN/VLR. Ifthe users not allowed t roam this VPMNIVER (in a country with FPMN, for example), the Uplate Location request wll rejected and not forwardedor responded The Signal Gateway canalsohave exible logic to accept initially rgjected VPMNIVER. based on retry attempts and intervals between attempts. the ses llowed {o roam in this VPMN (in country with no FPMN, for example) the Signal Gateway sends the message without ‘modification and hence the HLR stores the true VLR and ‘MSC addresses in VPM, Purther interaction bypasses the Signal Gateways.US 7,912,464 B2 37 fhe Signal Gateway function fails anyway, the GMSC-H will switch over to HLR-H completely visits GT configu- ration Inthisease, nena serves (roaming voice and SMS, ‘etc.) continue to function a if the Signal Gateway function ‘docs not exist, Services on MSISDN-F (e.g. calls and SMS) however will not function in this ease. 2.74, Registration Option ‘The Signal Gateway of an embodiment can be configured 1o store the mapping of VMSC and VLR for SIMM subserib- ‘ers registering t HPMN andVPMN, This information can be used fo change caller ID when the SIMM subscriber is mak- Jing call toa FPMNN country aumber. The SIMM subseriber ‘ean use a USSD command fo toggle caller ID depending on the destination country helshe is calling. HelShe can also use this funetion to mask hisher location 2.8. Mobile Originated Calls 2.81. SIMM Subseriber in HPMN [No change in normal GSM procedures, 2.82. SIMM Subseriber in FPMN ‘The MAP INSERT SUBSCRIBER DATA message that ‘was sent from HLR to VLR-P vis the Signal Gateway is modified 10 have MSISDN-F a the caller ID, under an ‘embodiment ‘Thus, all calls and SMS messages that originate jn EPMN send MSISDN-F a8 CLL Inder to make best utilization ofthe leased in, if pose sible, GMSC-F should be configured to route ealls © HPMN via the leased line. The outing eriteria could be based on caller IMSI range and destination number in HPMN. Addi tionally, tis possible to configure the system such that f the Caller 1D is guaranteed over the leased ine and the destna= tion number is not in FPMN (eg. an HPMN number in particular), the SS7 converterof an ISC cariercanchange the (CLI from MSISDN-F to MSISDN-H diring ISUP variant ‘conversions between FPMN and HPMN. This provides the subscriber the privacy they may desire in aot letting poople now they are roaming in an FPMN. Perhaps more impor- tantly, the HPMN recipients ean recognize who called since they're more familie with the HPMN numbers, Generally. when hoth the HPMN and FPMN support ‘Camel and the subseriber has O-CSI, the gsmSCF address of the O-CS! will he the GT of the Signal Gateway. The O-CS] red only be loaded when the subseriber registered with EPMN.Inthis way, every timethe subscriber at FPMN makes ‘call the O-CSI tigger issues IniialDP tothe Signal Gate- ‘way whieh checks aginst the destination number und issues ‘Connect with a new calling party if the caller ID is 10 be ‘changed to MSISDN-H. Otherwise, if the subscriber calls a FPMN number, CONTINUE will bo issued Since Camelis not supported in many networks, changesto the caller ID hased on destination numbers rely on USSD ‘commands sent 10 the Signal Gateway. For example, "#612304" shows the curent caller ID;"**123°1"toaales the caller ID between HPMN and FPMN: “28123820 informs the Signal Gateway not io automatically change caller ID; "#12334" informs the Sigal Gateway to auto= ‘matically change the caller ID. When the toggle USSD com- ‘mandis seat othe Signal Gateway, it isues InsertSubscriber- Data with theaterativecaller ID tothe real VLR. The USSD toggle canbe applied in any VPMN and FPMN networks or ‘ean be limited to FPMIN networks. The SIMM subserbers ‘ean also use the USSD toggle (© mask their locaton with regard tothe caller ID. “The originating MSC will generate a CDR with IMST and MSISDN-F/MSISDN-H. The FPMN billing system should beable to rate these CDRsby looking at MSI or MSISDN-P shih isin a special range. In the case where a Signal Gt way outage occurs before an Update Location, the CDR will 0 o 38 contain MSISDN-H along with the IMSI. However the FPMN billing system should sll view this specially. The records are rated by FPMN and sentinspocial TAPICDR ies to HPMN, 28.3, SIMM Subseriberin VPMN "No change in normal GSM procedures. 2.9. Mobile Terminated Calls 2.9.1. SIMM Subseriber in HPMN Calls to an MSISDN-H are normally outed and the sub- serber is charged local MT all charges. Calls to MSISDN-F are routed via the leased lin. GMSC-Fisconfiguredto issueor transfer a MAP SRI request towards the Signal Gateway using MSISDN-P as SCCP Called Party Address. This accommodates the case Where the originating MSC (¢ g,V MSC-F night directly iste the SRI although the SRI is routed tothe GMSC-F. The Signal Gate- ‘way transforms the SRI message as shown in Table 6. TABLE 6 essa ro Saal Gemay Sead Rowing ae omGMsce __wHLRH nS [Note dat the calling address of the Signal Gateway is SG not F-8G because inthis case, tis imitating HPMIN GMSC. "The SRI message is hence rerouted to the HLR that has information on MSISDN-H. HLR issues a MAP PRN mies- sage directed to VLR-H and gets MSRN in response, HLR returns MSRN-H in the SRI response back 10 the Signal Gateway. Signal Gateway transforms the message as shown in Table 7. TABLET, Seo Rtn nf Repose fo LRH "GSC GNSC HE MAP nel pane SAP low Re "The #MSRN-H isa notation that denotes a number whose mapping to MSRN-IT is maiatsined in the Signal Gateway function, The actual sumer could just he that where the symbol “is again a logical notation that can denoteUS 7,912,464 B2 39 999" or some prefixes. The actual number could als be that ‘of the pool of FPMN MSISDN-F that corresponds to the MSISDN-F called. For example, if the MSISDN-F is a Beijing Mobile number, the pool should be filtered to present ‘8 Beijing Mobile number to establish the mapping. ‘While reducing the ese of FPMN numbers, the actual use ‘ofa prefix forthe notation #MSRN-H could be logistically ‘challenging in cases where every VMSC (eg fr calls ori nated in FPMIN network) ean issue SRI query (e.g. China Mobile) since there might be hundreds if not thousands of VMSCS that require eoatiguring to route the call via the leased line, The FPMN 1 pool choice oa the ther hand will ‘cause the SRLissuing VMSC (if not the GMSC-F itself, ‘including those with optimal routing capability) to route the calla least to the GMSC°F for the chosen number from the pool. Only the GMSC-F will be configured to ute the call ‘over te leased line “Another challenge forthe refix-based approach is that it ‘might exceed both MAP and ISUP length foe a FPMN. The pool-based approach dacs not sulle this problem, IFVMSC-F is the SRLissuing node, then VMSC-P will, route the call to GMSC-P. GMSC-F iscontigured to route the call via the lease line to GMSC-H based on #MSRN-I, ‘GMSC-H is configured to send ISUP 1AM message to the Signal Gateway based on the destination number. The voice trunks are held at GMSC-H. Signal Gateway maps the dest- nation number tothe real MSRN and routes the eal back 19 the GMSC-H. GMSC-H routes the call to the temminating VMSC-H. ‘The Signal Gateway also examines the A-party number alr receiving the ISUP loopback signaling from GMSC-E. Ifthe A party number is a national number and the SRI- fasting node isa FPMN node, thea the party national prefix isstripped before prefixing the rest ofthe A party number with the international prefic of FPMN; otherwise A is prefixed “rely with the international prefix of FPMN. For example, assuming FPMN is China Mobile, the following modifc: tions will be performed: ithe frst digit ofthe A paris 0, the first digit x stripped off and the est of Ais prefixed with #86 ie change addres indieator to intemational and prefix with ‘Gas addressing signal digits; ifthe fist digit ofthe A party is 1, Ai protxed with 486 ((e change address indicator 0 Jntermational and prefix with 86 as addressing signal digits) FIG. 28isa signal Now diapram of mobile terminated calls hen the Single IMSI Multiple MSISDN (SIMM) subscriber jsina HPMN, under an embodiment, inchuding the signaling trace fora call involving a normal flow of SRI. FIG. 26 is ‘anothor signal ows diagram of mobile terminated calls when, the SIMM subscribers in a HPMN, under an embodiment, The originating MSC will generate 2 Mobile Originated (CDR. VMSC-H will generate # MT CDR and use it to com- pute local airtime charges for the SIMM_subseriber ‘GMSC-F and GMSC-11 will enerate ditional anit CDR, Signal Gateway will generate CDR that will be used by the HPMN filling system in order to add special roaming re- routing charges tothe SIMM subscriber's ill over and above ‘charges computed using VMSC MT CDR. If there are mol- tiple FPMNS, itis possible o identify which FPMN origi- nated the eall since the CDR contains the chosen FPMN number andor the SRI-issue VMSC-F/GMSC-F adress la ‘addition, HPMN and FPMN may setle charges for eal routed via the eased line. FIG, 27 sa signal low diagram of mobile teminated eal ‘when the SIMM subscriber is ina HPMN and a Signal Gate Way (SG) fils, under an embodiment, This signal flow dia ‘anim depicts the SRI flow shen SGI breaks down alter SRIACK is ised from HLR-H. HG. 28 is ane signal 0 o 40 ‘low diagram of mobile terminated calls when the SIMM subscriber isin a HPMN and a Sigual Gateway (SG) Lil, ‘under an embodiment. The signal trace of FIG. 28 incndes the case fll fai-over support, FIG. 29s yet another signal ‘ow diagram of mobile terminated calls when the SIMM subseriber is in a HPMN and a Signal Gateway (SG) fils, ‘under an embodiment "Note that at the end of the MAP transaetion bofore the ISUP transaction, the data (eg, #MSRN, MSRN) associated with the MAP transaction is written to the shared DB server There isa grace period for thi data maintained in the transit in the gateway in case the ISUP loopback signaling indood goes ack to the gateway. However because the dais also shared in the DB server, the ISUP signafing ean also go tothe other server in which case the data will be read fro the sharod DB server, ‘Thus even in the case of partial fuil-over, when SGI filed after completing the MAP transaction but just before the ISUP loopback case, 8G2 continues to function by reading the data (eg., #MSRN, MSRN) from the DB server. "Note also that the pool of MSRN-1 is shared aot split by ‘SGI and SG2. Besides its assumed that the MSC will route all ISUP and SCCP having a called number that matches ‘numbers in a dedicated range of MSISDN-P and #MSRN-H to SGHISG2. The architecture of an embodiment does not send any ISLIP of SCCP message having a called number ia the same ringe of MSISDN-F or HMSRN-H back to MSC. ‘An example CDR algorithm for a successful call is as follows (there are aditional fields added by the Signal Gate- way, eg. the SRl-issuing MSC address, the prefixed MSRN information, ete) oan ca ROARK ROAKLEXCHANGE ID SG ROAMCNUMBEROF $8 RECORDS 00 ROAMCCATLING NUMBER CONDO! (A) ROAMCCALLED NUMBER NDC SIN NSISDNE) ROANCCALLED.MSRNNDC iat BOAACIN CIRCUIT BSC. CCTscpackn ce) ROANCOUT CIRCUIT GROUP TRUNK. CCTilsopbask owt sat ROAMLIASIC-SERVICE_CODE Tt eeton) BOAMCCALL TYPE 3 toi). BOAMCCATLING NUMBER TON 0S (itera) OAMCCATLING. NUMBER NPS i) OAMCCATTED. NUMBER NPCS i) BOAMCCATLED SRN 2-NPLOS CatUS 7,912,464 B2 4 2.92, SIMM Subscriber in FPMN 29211, Calls to a Voicemail-F ‘When the SIMM subscriber is in an FPMN couatry, the subscriber can calla FPMIN-F number to check bom voice- mal the GMSC-F routes this cll over the dedicated leased line to the GSMC-H which cart loopback the call signaling through the Signal Gateway funetion if billing by the Signal ‘Gateway is desired. The Signal Gateway will add the corre sponding voicemail number (¢g., 19xxx, CSL intemal oiee- ‘mail routing) to route back to the GSMC-H, Alternatively this ‘can beall handled by GMSC-H via switch translation to avoid Toopback circuits Caller ID willbe altered by the Signal Gateway function to be MSISDN-II If caller ID is received by the voicemail system at HPMN, only the PIN is requested (ised) otherwise the voicemail box number is also prompted. 2.9.2.2. Mobile Terminated Call on MSISDN-H. Callsio MSISDN- Hare route from GMSC-H to VMSC-F via the leased the HLR with SCCP Called Panty Address as MSISDN-H. Note that during the Update Location from FPMN, the mes- sage was routed vi the Signal Gateway and the HILR contains the addross of the Signal Gateway rather than the true VLR addres, Hence, the LR issues 4 MAP PRN request tothe > Signal Gateway. The Signal Gateway transforms the PRN as shown in Table 8, TABLE ® Message om Sigal Geng it rode Roig Nunbe om HL menisci “The message is routed to the FPMN and the Signal Gat ‘way modifies the PRN response as shown in Table 9 TABLED ‘Prove Roaning Niner Repose ‘conv Again #MSRN-P is simpy a notation that denotes a num= ber whose mapping to MSRN-F is maintained inthe Signal ‘Gateway funtion, Thesetoal number could just be that where the symbol "sis again a logical notation that ean denote"? ne, OMSC-H issues a MAP SRI command (0. 0 a 990” or some prefixes. The actual number could also be that of the pool of FIPMN MSISDN-H. ‘While reducing the use of the HPMN numbers, the actual tse of a prefix for the notation XMSRN-F could intreduce length problem wo both MAP aad ISUP messages since -MSRN-F is issued by the FPMN network. The HPMN # pool choice on the other hand does not have the problem at the ‘expensive of consuming more HPMN numbers. ‘GMSC-Is configured to sad ISUPIAM messages tothe Signal Gateway based on the #MSRN-F destination number. The voice trunks are held at GMSC-H. Signal Gateway maps the destination number tothe eal MSRN-F and routes thecal back to the GMSC-H, “The Signal Gateway also examines the Aparty number after receiving the ISUP loopback signaling from GMSC-H. Ifthe A party number isa national number and the PRN- ‘suing node isa HPMIN node, then the party has national prefix whichis stripped before prefixng the rest ofA withthe ternational prefix of HPMN; otherwise Ais prefixed inocty withthe international prefix of HPMN, "The GMSC-H is configured to ute the call via the leased Jineto GMSC-P based on MSRN-F being a umber in FPMN. GMSC-F then routes the call to the terminating VMSC-F, [Note that GMSC-H here didnot distinguish MSRN-F gener fated as result of SIMM roamers fom normal roamers ia TPMN. GMSC-I is configired to rout al calls to FPMIN bers using the leased line. Thissto increase the use ofthe leased line o cut down costs associated with ID charges paid tothe ISC providers ‘Toavoid congestion and to suppor fil-over, the GMSC-H. should configure the routing towards FPMN side using primary/secondary setting. The primary route in this case will be the leased line while the secondary standby route will be that ofthe existing ISC providers. PIG, 30;ssiunal fw diagram of mobile teminated calls ‘ona MSISDN-H when the SIMM subscriber isin a FPMN, under an embodimeat. Note that the pool of #MSRN-E is shared aot slithy SGI and SG2, Besides, itis assumed MSC ‘ill route all ISUP and SCCP with called aumber in a ded cated range of #MSRN-F to SGUSG2. The architectureof an «embodiment does not send any ISUP or SCCP message hav ing a called number in the same range of #MSRN-P back to MSC. The FPMN VMSC generates MT CDR using IMSI and MSISDN-F. Ii billed ata special presneyotiated rate and sent via TAP. The CDR generated by Signal Gateway is used Toradding roaming cll re-outing charges, The CDR has the record ofthe assigned IPMN # from the HDMIN # pool which indicates the call origination side and. the destination MSRN-F which indicates the call destination side, Aa ‘example CDR algorithm is as follows: Soaring ail ROAR BOAACCATL REFERENCE Calle WNSRN-F ROAMLCATTING NUAMMER CEINDC'A (A) ROAALIN CIRCUIT BSC CCTTscpackn ca) ROAMLOUT CIRCUIT GROUP THENK €Conpack ot cinat SOAK our cxRcUrr TRUNK. CCT tops cin)US 7,912,464 B2 43 - ponents used to host and run the SIMM Service for (wo FPMN operators and a total registered subscriber count of 50,000 assuming 30%ofthem are roaming atan FPMN at any point jn time (15,000 simultancous roaming subscribers of SIMM Service at PMN), under an embodiment. The ASN.1 is fiom Objective Systems. Hostased protocol stocks include SCCP, ISUP ee.93 ‘TARL 7 Sim Nem Va wih AC poner Cech stow sie deaRa T2GBDik pace (2s of 34GR Mino For Diener 18 6B Dik ‘pesininot ain EPCs ‘ual Bbemer NIC eek mone Te Dive CORON Drie 2, Dah Kets te usd BI PCL? town 4. Bow hase SS rts wack (SciPr MP2 aot MP3) 4 Hom nt $67 ps SUR, Sep sade on Sos 5. Objective Systems ASN unsine fora “Rane Use lee Table $6 shows example specifications for hardware co US 7,912,464 B2 of 55 (Cone 4 Dappacren +2 DB nem 4$ Ete can hae lke 2 pest app seer ete ise [FPMN operators and a total mpistered subseriber count of 20,000 assuming, under an embodiment. ponents used to host and run the SIMM Service for two TABLE 56 S.No Desition 2* 3668 Dskspce 2 Disks 0-896 6M DB eve 1 100-40 VAC poner Dit Kote del) Qu Et CLS Sep ear on Saari § 5 Objective Sten ASN mttine fulton spp ty Comes 2 hand ae EL nkUS 7,912,464 B2 95 A 'SIMM System and method is provided that supports ‘many Mobile Subserber Ineprated Service Digital Network (MSISDN) numbers on 8 mobile device, The SIMM System tnd Service is also referred to as Single IMS] Multiple MSISDN Service (SIMM). The system of an embodiment ‘comprises: a mobile device including a Subscriber Identity “Moule (SIM) and an International Mobile Subscriber lden- tity (MSI: a first Mobile Subscriber Integrated Service Digi- tal Network (MSISDN) number for use in a fist public mobile network; a second MSISDN aumber for use in a second public mobile network; nd at least one signal gate- way coupled among components of the fist public mobile network and the second public mobile network, wherein the signal gateway couples calls between the SIM and the frst Public mobile network: using the first MSISDN, wherein the ‘anal gateway'couples calls between theSIM and the second Public mobile network using the second MSISDN. ‘Atleast one ofthe frst MSISDN number sd the second MSISDN aumber is permanently assigned to the SIM in the system of an embodiment ‘At least one ofthe first MSISDN number and the second MSISDN number is temporarily assigned tothe SIM in the system of an embodiment The first MSISDN number of an embodiment is tele= phone number ofthe mobile device that is lal to the frst Public mobile network. “The second MSISDN number of an embodiment is tele phone number ofthe mobile device that is local tthe second Public mobile network, ‘Components of the signal gateway of an embodiment map the frst MSISDN number fo the second MSISDN nuraber. “The system of an embodiment includes a least one com= ponent ofthe signal gateway that provides atleast one of a hhome location register (HILR), a visited location register (VLR), gateway mobile switching center (GMSC),a visited mobile switching center (VMSC), a short message service ‘enter (SMSC), and a service node in atleast one of the fist public mobilenetwork aod the second publiemobile network. Inthe system of an embodiment the signal gateway is ‘coupled oat least one fist mobile switching centro the rst Public mobile network and is coupled to provide signal lop- back atthe first mobile switching center, wherein the signal ateway couples to at least one component of the second Public mobile network via dhe fist mobile switching center ‘The signal gateway of an embodiments coupled fat leat ‘one second mobile switching center of the second public ‘abil network and is coupled to provide signal loop-back at the seoond mobile switching center, wherein the signal gate- ‘way couples to at least one component of the frst public mobile network via the second mobile switching center. ‘The firs public mobile network of an embodiment includes firstand second mobile switching centers, wherein the at least ‘one signal gateway includes fist an second signal gateways ‘coupled among the first nd second mobile switching centers vi. couplings that support Signaling System Number 7 (S87) protocols The fist signal gateway of an embodiment couples to the first mobile switching center using & common sigaal point code. ‘The fist signal gateway also couples to the second mobile switching center using a frst signal point code. The second signal gateway of an embodiment couples to the frst mobile switehing center using a second signal point code. Fanher, the second signal gateway couples to the second mobile switching center using the common signal point code “The first signal gateway af another embodiment couples to the first mobile switehing center using a first signal point 0 o 96 ode, The second signal gateway couples © the second ‘mobile switching center using a second signal point code, The seoond public mobile network of an embodiment includes third snd fourth mobile switching centers, wherein theat least one signal gateway includes thiedand fourth signal gleways coupled among the third an fourth mobile switeh- ing centers via couplings that support Signaling System Number 7 ($87) protocol ‘The third signal gateway’ ofthe second public mobile net ‘work ofan embodiment couples othe third mobile switching ‘eater using a common signal point eode, The tht’ signal gateway also couples to the fourth mobile switching center ‘using a first signal point code, ‘The fourth signal gateway couples tothe hind mobile svitehing center using a second signal point code; the fourth signal gateway also couples to the fourth mobile switching center using the common signal point code. In the second public mobile network of another embod the thd signal gateway couples tothe thind mobile switching center using first signal point code and the fourth signal gateway couples tothe fourth mobile switching center ‘sing a second signal point code. The mobile device of the system of an embodiment ‘includes at least one of celular telephones, personal eomput- ers, portable computing deviees, portable telephones, por- ‘ablecommunication devices, subscriber devices or units, and personal digital assistants “The SIMM Systemy/Service of an embodiment comprises atleastone of means for wireless communications, means for ‘associating a single subscriber identity withthe means for Wireless communications, and means for coupling calls ‘among the means for wireless communications and a first public mobile network usinga first telephone numberand for ‘coupling ells amongthe means for wireless communications ands second public network using a second telephone aum- bet ‘The system of an embodiment includes a wireless client device that includes one Subscriber Identity Mode (SIM) having one assigned International Mobile Subseriber Identity (MSI), and atleast one signal gateway that supports use of ‘wo oF miore Mobile Subscriber Integrated Service Digital ‘Network (MSISDN) numbers by the eleat devie, wherein the signal gateway couples among at least one of fist and sovond mobile itching centers, wherein the signal ateway ‘copes calls between the elient device an the fest mobile switching center using a frst MSISDN snd couples calls between the client device and a socond mobile switching eater using a second MSISDN, The SIMM Systemy/Service ofan embodiment includes a device comprising at least one signal gateway coupled among components of first public mobile network and a second public mobile network, wherein the signal gateway couples falls between a mobile device and the fist public mobile ‘network using a frst Mobile Subscriber Integrated Servi Digital Network (MSISDN) number, wherein the signal gate- ‘way couples calls etween the SIM and the second public ‘mobile network using a second MSISDN, wherein the mobile device includes a single Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) and Intemational Mobile Subseriber Ideatty(IMSI). “The first MSISDN number othe device of anembodiment isa telephone number ofthe mobile device thats let! to the fist public mobile network an the second MSISDN number isa telephone number ofthe mobile device that slot to the second public mobile network. "The signal gateway of an embodiment maps the first MSISDN number othe second MSISDN auaberUS 7,912,464 B2 97 The signal gateway ofan embodiment provides at eastone ‘ofa home locaion egister (HR) visite location register (VLR), a gateway mobile switching center (GMSC),a visited mobile switching center (VMSC), a short message service ‘center (SMSC), and a service node in at leat one of the ist 1nd second public mobile networks ‘The signal gateway of an embodiment is coupled to atleast ‘one fist mobile switching center ofthe first public mobile network and is coupled to provide signal loop-baek at the fst mobile switeing center, wherein the signal yateway couples ‘0 atleast one component of the second public mobile nel- work vi the frst mobile switching center ‘The signal gateway of an embodiment is coupled to atleast ‘one second mobile switching center of the second public ‘mobile network and is coupled to provide signal lanp-bock at the second mobile switching center, wherein the signal gate- way couples to at east one component of the first public mobile network va the second mobile switching cent. The frst public mobile network of embodiment includes firtand second mobile svitehing centers, wherein theat least ‘one signal pateway includes fst and second signal gateways, ‘coupled amtong the fist and second mobile switching centers via couplings that support Signaling System Number 7 (S87) protocols. An. embodiment includes. eross-connections between the fistand second signal ateways andthe frstand second mobile switching centers. “The second public mobile network of an embodinent ‘nchides third and fourth mobile switching centers, wherein theat least one signal gateway includes thirdand fourth signal ‘gateway’ coupled among the third and fnith mobile switch= ing centers via couplings that support Signaling System Number 7 (S87) protocals. An embodiment includes erss- ‘connections between the third and fourth signal gateways and the thin and fourth mobile witching centers “The mobile device of an embodiment includes atleast one ‘ofeelilar telephones, personal computers, portable compa ing deviees, portable telephones, portable communication devices, subscriber devices or units, and personal digital assistants, “The SIMM System Service described herein inchades at Feast one method for supporting multiple Mobile Subscriber Integrated Service Digital Network (MSISDN) numbers in @ mobile deviee, comprising at least one of: connecting calls between the mobile device anda fist public mobile network using a frst MSISDN that i associated with the first public mobile network, wherein the mobile device includes a Sub- seriber Identity Module (SIM) with an Intemational Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI): mapping the fst MSISDN num- ber ta second MSISDN number that i associated with @ second public mobile nctwork: and conaccting ells between the client device and the second publi mobile network using the second) MSISDN via a coupling through the fist public ‘mobile network. “The IMSI of an embodiment i associated with the first mobile network, Connecting calls between the mobile device and the fist public mobile network in an embodiment comprises coupling ‘alls between the fist public mobile network and the SIM via at least one signal gateway, wherein the signal gateway’ is ‘coupled among components of the frst public mobile net ‘work and the second public mobile network, “The frst MSISDN number of an embodiment is telo- phone namber ofthe mobile device that is local tothe fist public mobile network and the second MSISDN number isa telephone number of the mobile device that is local to the second public mobile network. al 0 o 98 Components of a signal gateway of an etbodimes coupled to at leest one ofthe first aad sovond public mobile networks map the first MSISDN number to the second MSISDN number Connecting calls in an embodiment between the mobile device and each of the fist and scennd public mobile net- ‘works ineludes coupling the frst and second public networks ‘using a least one signal gateway, wherein at least one com ponent of the signal gateway provides at least one of « home location register (HLR),a visited location register (VLR), a gateway mobile switching center (GMSO), visited mobile Switching center (VMSC), short message service center (SMSC), and a service node in at least one ofthe ist public mobile network and the second public mobile network. ‘Connecting call in an embodiment between the mobile device and eich of the first and second public mobile net ‘works includes coupling at least one signal gateway toat least ‘one first mobile switching center of the first public mobile network to provide signal loop-back at the first mobile switching center, wherein the signal gateway couples 1 at Teast one component ofthe second public mobile network via the first mobile switching center ‘Connecting calls in an embodiment hetween the mabile device and each of the first and second public mobile net ‘works includes coupling at least one signal gateway toat least ‘one second mobile switching center of the sevond public mobile network to provide sigs loop-back at the second ‘mobile switching center wherein the sigasl gateway couples to at least one component ofthe frst public mobile network via the second mobile switching center "The mobile devices of the methods of an embodiment include atleast one of cellular telephones, personal comput- ers, portable computing devices, portable telephones, por ‘able communication devices, subsriber devices oF units ad personal digital assistants ‘A computer readable medium is provided herein that ‘includes executable instructions which, when exceuted,pro- vide numerous Mobile Subscriber Integrated Service Digital Network (MSISDN) numbers in a mobile device. by: con- necting calls bonween the mobile device and a frst public ‘obile network using frst MSISDN that i associated i the frst public mobile network, wherein the mobile device includes # Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) with aa Inter ‘tional Mobile Subseriber Identity (IMSI) mapping the frst MSISDN aumber toa second MSISDN number tha is asso- ciated with a second public mobile network; and connecting call between the client device and the second public mobile ‘network using the second MSISDN via a coupling tough the frst public mobile network. Aspecis ofthe SIMM system service described herein may be implemented as functionality programmed into any of a variety of circuitry, including programmable logie devices (PLDs), such as field programmable gate arrays, (FPGAS) programmable array lagie (PAL) deviees, electrically pro- sgrammable logic and memory deviees and standard cell based doviees, as well as application specific integrated ci cuits (ASICs). Some other possibilities for implementing aspects of the SIMM system service include: mierocontrol Jers with memory such as electronically erasable program: ‘mable read only memory (EEPROM), embedded micropro- cessor, mare, software, ete, Fudhermore, aspects ofthe SSIMM system/service may be embodied in microprocessors ‘having software-based cireuit emulation, diserete logic (se- «quental and combinatorial), custom devices, fuzzy (neural) Togic, quantum deviees, and hybrids of any of the above vice types. Of course the underlying device technologies may be provided ina variety of component types -p, meta-US 7,912,464 B2 99 ‘oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) tech nologies like complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS), bipolar technologies like emitter-coupled logic (BCL), polymer technologies (cg. silicon-conjugated poly- mer and metal-conjugated polymer metal structures), mixed analog and digital, ec ‘Unless the context clearly requires otherwise, throughout the description an the claims, dhe words “comprise,” "com- prising" and the like are to be construed inan inclusive sense 8 opposed to an excinive or exhaustive sense: that is 0 ay, ina sense of “including, but not Timited 10.” Words using the ‘ingular or plural number also include the plural or singular number respectively. Adltionaly, the words “herein,” “here- under” “above,” “helo” and words of simile import, whea used inthis application, refer to this application as a whole ‘and not tb any particular portions of this application. Whe the word “or” is used in relerence toa list of two or more items, that word covers al ofthe following interpretations af the word: any ofthe items in thelist, al ofthe temsin the list ‘and any combination ofthe items in te Hist “The above description of illustrated embodiments of the SIMM systenvservce is not intended tobe exhaustive or 10 limit the system tothe procise form disclosed. While specific ‘embodiments of, and examples fr, the SIMM system service ae described herein for illustrative purposes, various equiva- Jet modifications are possible within the spe ofthe SIMM systemyservice, as those skilled in the relevant art will ecog- nize, The teachings of the SIMM systeavservice provided herein ean be applied o other processing systems and com- ‘munication systems, not only for the SIMM system/service described above. The elements and acts of the various embodiments described above can be combined to provide Further exabad mens, These and other changes can be made fo the SIMM systemservice in light ofthe above detailed description, All ofthe above references and United States patents and patent applications are incorporated herein by reference. Aspects of the SIMM systemiservice ean be modified, if nocestry, to empl the systems, funetions and concepts of the various patents and applications described above to pro- vide yet further embodiments of the SIMM system/service In general, inthe following elaims, the terms used should not be construed to limit the SIMM system/service to the specie embodiments disclosed in the specification and the ‘luis, bu should be construed o include all processing and ‘communication systems that operate under the aims to pro> Vide the SIM system/service. Accordingly, the SIMM sys- tem/service is not Timited by the dislosure, but instead the scope othesystem iso be determined entirely bythe claims. While certain aspects of the SIM. systemiservice are presented below in certs claim forms, the inventor conte- plates the various aspects of the system in any number of ‘luim forms. For example, while only one aspect ofthe sys- tem is recited as embodied in eomputer-readable medium, ‘ther aspects may likewise be embodied in computer read ble medium. Accordingly, the inventor reserves the right t0 ‘dd additional claims after fling the application wo pursue such addtional claim forms for other aspects ofthe SIMM systemserviee ‘What I lai is 1. communication system comprising: mobile devieeof firs public mobile network, the mobile ‘dove including a Subscriber Identity Module (SIM), the SIM having single International Mobile Subscriber Identity in the first public mobile network (MSL, ‘wherein the first public mobile network has a Home o 100 Location Register (HLR) inclu corresponding tothe IMSI-H; a first Mobile Subscriber Integrated Service Digital Net ‘work (MSISDN) number for use in the frst public robile network, the frst MSISDN coeresponding tothe single HR profile: second MSISDN number for use in 2 second public tmobile network belonging to a network operator differ- cent from that ofthe first public mobile network, the second MSISDN corresponding tothe single HL pro- file; and at least one signal gateway routing a frst communication ‘between the mobile device and the frst public mobile network using the frst MSISDN, and routing a second ‘communication between the mobile device andthe see- ‘nd public mobile network usi ‘wherein the at least one signal gateway routes the first and second communications using the single IMSI-H, and ‘wherein the first public mobile network and the second public mobile nework bave a roaming agreement, 2. "The system of elaim 1, wherein at least one ofthe first .MSISDN number andthe seoond MSISDN number i perma- ently assigned tothe SIM, 3. The system of eloim 1, wherein a east one ofthe first [MSISDN number and the second MSISDN number is tem- porary assigned tothe SIM, 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the atleast one signal gateway is coupled to at Teast one first mobile switching enter ofthe first public mobile network and is coupled t0 ravi signal oop-back atthe frst mobile switching center, ‘wherein theat least one signal gateway couplesto at leastone ‘component ofthe second public mobile network vi the frst ‘mobile switching center. ' The system of claim 1, wherein the second public mobile network includes third and fourth mobile switching centers, wherein the atleast one signal gateway’ includes thd and ourth signal gateways coupled among the third and fourth ‘mobile switching centers via eouplingsthat support Signaling System Number 7 (S87) protocols. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the mobile device includes at least one of celia telephones, personal comp ers, portable computing devices, portable telephones, por ‘able communication devices, subscriber devices or units, and personal digital assistants 7. The communication system of claim 1, wherein the frst public mobile network is a Home Public Mobile Network (HPMN) and the second public mobile network i a Foreign Public Mobile Newwork (PMN) 8. A communication system comprising: ‘means for wireless communications; ‘means for associating a single subscriber identity withthe Tans for wireless communications; and means for routing communication among the means for ‘wireless communietions and first public mobile nst- work using a fist telephone number and for muting ‘communication among the means for wireless commt= nications and a seoond public mobile network using 3 second telephone number, wherein the communication is routed using a single subserber identity: ‘wherein the single subscriber identity comprises a single Tatemational Mobile Subseriber Identity inthe fist pub lie mobile network (IMSI-H), ‘wherein the first publie mobile network has a Home Loca tion Register (HLR) including a single HILR profile cor- responding to the IMSLH, ‘wher the fist telephone number snd the second tele phone number correspond tothe single HLR profile, na single HLR profileUS 7,912,464 B2 101 ‘wherein the seeond public mobile network belongs (© 2 ‘network operator different from that of the frst public mobile network, and ‘wherein the fist public mobile network and the second ‘public mobile network have a roaming agreement 9.0 system comprising a wireless clint device that includes ‘one Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) having one ‘assigned International Mobile Subseriber Identity in 8 fist public mobile network (MSI), and at Teast one signal gateway that supports use of wo ormoee “Mobile Subscriber Integrated Service Digital Network (MSISDN) numbers by the client device, herein the atleast one signal gateway couples among at least one of frst and second mobile switching centers that correspond tothe fist public mobile network and 2 second public mobile nework, respectively, ‘wherein the at least one signal gateway routes communi cation between the client device and the frst mobile ‘Switching cemer using a first MSISDN and routes com ‘munication between the client device and a second ‘mobile stching center using a second MSISDN, ‘wherein the communication is routed using the one IMSI- u, ‘wherein the firs publi mabile network has a Home Loca tion Register (HLR) including a single HLR profile cor- responding tthe IMSI-H, ‘wherein the two or more MSISDN numbers correspond (0 the single HLR profil, ‘wherein the second public mobile network belongs t0 2 ‘network operator diferent from that of the frst public mobile network, and ‘wherein the frst public mobile network and the second public mobile network havea roaming agreement 10. A device comprising atleast one signal yateway coupled among components of ‘fist public mobile network anda second publie mobile network, ‘wherein the atleast one signal gateway routes comm cation between # mobile device and the first public ‘mobile network using a fist Mobile Subscriber Inte- fated Service Digital Network (MSISDN) number, ‘wherein the at leas one signal gateway routes communi cation berween the mobile device and the second public mobile network using a second MSISDN, wherein the mobile device includes a single Subscriber entity Module (SIM) anda single International Mobile Suibseribor Identity in th frst publie mobile network (MSI-H), ‘wherein the frst public mobile network has a Home Loca tion Register (HLR) including a single HLR profile cor- responding t the IMSI-H, ‘wherein the rst MSISDN aad the second MSISDN corre spond tothe single HR profile, ‘wherein the second public mobile network belongs 10 2 ‘network operator different from that of the frst public mobile network, and ‘wherein the fist public mobile network and the second public mobile network have a roaming agreement 11. The device of claim 10, wherein the first MSISDN number isa telephone number ofthe mobile deviee that is focal 10 the fist public mobile network and the second MSISDN number sa telephone numberof the mobile device that is loeal tothe second publi mobile network 12, The device of elaim 10, wherein the at leat one signal ‘gateway maps the fit MSISDN number to the second MSISDN aumber 102 13. A method for supporting multiple Mobile Subscriber Integrated Service Digital Network (MSISDN) numbers it a ‘mobile device, comprising: ‘routing communication between the mobile device and a 5 fest publiemobile network using frst MSISDN that is associated with the first public mobile network, wherein ‘the mobile device includesa Subseriber Identity Module (SIM) with a single Intemational Mobile Subscriber Tdeatity in the frst public mobile network (IMSI-11: mapping the first MSISDN atumber to a socond MSISDN ‘number that is associated with a second public mobile network and ‘outing communication between the client device and the Second public mobile network using the second IMSISDN via a coupling through the first public mobile network using the single IMSL, ‘wherein the frst public mobile network has a Home Loca- tion Register (LR) including a single HLR profile cor- responding to the IMSI-H, ‘wherein te fist MSISDN and the second MSISDN corre. spond tothe single HLR profile, ‘wherein the seeond public mobile network belongs to 2 network operator different fom that of the fist public mobile network, and ‘wherein the frst public mobile network and the second public mobile network hve a roaming agreement 14. Themethod of claim 13, wherein he IMS is associated with te fist public mobile network. 15, The method of claim 13, wherein routing communiea- ‘ion between the mobile device and the frst public mobile network comprises rosting communication between the frst public mobile network and the SIM via at feast one signal aleway, wherein the signal gateway is coupled among com- poneats of the first public mobile network and the second public mobile network, 16. A computer program readable storage medium includ- ing executable instructions encoded therein, which, when ‘executed, provide nmerous Mobile Subscriber Integrated Service Digital Network (MSISDN) numbers in. mobile 4 device, by ‘ting communication between the mobile device and a first public mobile network using a fist MSISDN that is associated with the first public mobile network, wherein themobile device includesa Subscriber Mdentity Modale (SIM) with @ single Intemational Mobile Subseriber deity in te first public mobite network (IMSIH); mapping the fist MSISDN number to a second MSISDN number that s associated with a socond public mobile networks and ‘connecting calls between the client device ana the second public mobile network using the second MSISDN via ‘coupling through the fist public mobile network using the single IMSL ‘wherein the first publie mobile network has a Home Loca tion Register (HLR) including single FILR proflecor- responding tothe ISLA, wherein the fist MSISDN and the second MSISDN corre: spond tothe single LR profile, wherein the second public mobile network belongs to a network operator different from that of the fist public mobile network, and wher the fist public mobile network and the second public mobile neswork have a roaming agreement, 17. A comimnication system comprising: a mobile device including a Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) and a single Intemational Mobile Subscriber deatity ina frst public mobile network (IMSL; 0 oUS 7,912,464 B2 103 first Mobile Subseriber Inteprated Service Di work (MSISDN) number for use in the first mobile network: plurality of second MSISDN numbers for use in at least ‘one second public mobile network; and at least one signal gateway couple among components of the first public mobile network and the second public mobile network, wherein the atleast one signal gateway routes communication between the SIM and the first public mobile network using the first MSISDN, where the at least one signal gateway automatically routes ‘commniation between the SIM and the second public mobile network using one of the plurality af second MSISDNs using the single IMSL, ‘wherein the first publie mobile network ha a Home Loca tion Register (ILR) including single ICR profile cor- responding tthe IMSI-H, ‘wherein the fmt MSISDN and the plurality of second ‘MSISDNs corespond to the single HLR profile, ‘wherein the second publie mobile network belongs to 3 ‘network operator different from that of the frst public mobile network, nd ‘wherein the fist public mobile network and the second public mobile network havea roaming agrecinent. 18, The system of claim 17, wherein at least one ofthe fst MSISDN number and one the plurality of sscond MSISDN number is permanently assigned tothe SIM. 19. A method for supporting multiple Mobile Subseriber Integrated Seevice Digital Network (MSISDN) numbers in 9 mobile device, comprising: routing communication between the mobile device and 3 first public mobile network using a fist MSISDN num- ‘or that js associated with the fist public mobile net- work, wherein the mobile device includes « Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) with single Intemational Mobile Suibserber Identity in the frst public mobile network (MSI; mapping the frst MSISDN number to one ofa plurality of ‘evond MSISDN numbers that are associated sith a second public mobile network; and automatically routing communication between the client device and the second public mobile network using one of the plurality of second MSISDN numbers via a cou pling tough the fist public mobile network using the Single IMSI-H; 104 ‘wherein the first publie mobile network has a Home Loca tion Register (LR) including a single HLR profile cor- ‘responding to the IMSI-H, whersin the fist MSISDN and the plurality of second IMSISDNS correspond tothe single FL profile, ‘wherein the second public mobile network belongs to 3 network operator different fom that of the fist poblic mobile network, and ‘wherein the frst public mobile network and the second Public mobile network have a roaming agreement 20. A method forouting communication the method com rising: ‘assigning a first Mobile Subscriber Inograted. Service Digital Network (MSISDN) number toa mobile devi for use in a first public mobile neswark, the mobi device having a Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) anda single International Mobile Subscriber Identity in the public mobile ntwork (IMSI-H), wherein the first public mobile network has a Home Location Register (GIL) including a single HLR profile corresponding 0 the IMST-H assigning a second MSISDN number tothe mobile devi for use ina second public mobile network: and ‘optimally routing communieation between the SIM andthe second public mobile network using the second MSISDN and the single IMSLH via a signal gateway, ‘wherein the signal gateway is coupled among compo ‘nent ofthe first public mobile network and the second ppblie mobile network ‘wherein the first MSISDN number and the second MSISDN number correspond to the single HILR profile, ‘wherein the first MSISDN number is telephooe muraber ‘of the mobile device that is local 9 the fist public mobile network, ‘wherein the second MSISDN amber is telephone num ‘ber of the mobile device that is local othe second public mobile neswork, ‘wherein the mobile device is roaming i the second public mobile network, ‘wherein the seeond public mobile network belongs to a network operator different fom that of the fst public mobile network, and wherein the fit public mobile network and the second public mobile network have & roaming agreement,