ThS.

on Vng Nguyn Slide bi ging Ton A3DH

Trang 1
TON CAO CP A 3 I HC
Ti liu tham kho:
1. Gio trnh Ton cao cp A3 Nguyn Ph Vinh HCN TP. HCM.
2. Ngn hng cu hi Ton cao cp Nguyn Ph Vinh HCN TP.HCM.
3. Gii tch hm nhiu bin (Ton 3) Cng Khanh (ch bin) NXBHQG TP. HCM.
4. Gii tch hm nhiu bin (Ton 4) Cng Khanh (ch bin) NXBHQG TP. HCM.
5. Php tnh Vi tch phn (tp 2) Phan Quc Khnh NXB Gio dc.
6. Php tnh Gii tch hm nhiu bin Nguyn nh Tr (ch bin) NXB Gio dc.
7. Tch phn hm nhiu bin Phan Vn Hp, L nh Thnh NXB KH v K thut.
8. Bi tp Gii tch (tp 2) Nguyn Thy Thanh NXB Gio dc.

Chng 1. HM S NHIU BIN S

1. KHI NIM C BN
1.1. nh ngha
Cho
2
D . Tng ng : f D ,
( , ) ( , ) x y z f x y =
duy nht, c gi l hm s 2 bin x v y.
Tp D c gi l MX ca hm s v
{ }
( ) ( , ), ( , ) f D z z f x y x y D = = l min gi tr.

Nu M(x, y) th D l tp hp im M trong
2
sao cho
f(M) c ngha, thng l tp lin thng. (Tp lin thng D
l tn ti ng cong ni 2 im bt k trong D nm hon
ton trong D).



Hnh a

Hnh b

Nu M(x, y) th D l tp hp im M trong
2
sao cho
f(M) c ngha, thng l min lin thng (nu M, N thuc
min D m tn ti 1 ng ni M vi N nm hon ton
trong D th D l lin thng-Hnh a)).


Tr trng hp
2
D = , D thng c gii hn bi 1
ng cong kn D (bin) hoc khng. Min lin thng D
l n lin nu D c gii hn bi 1 ng cong kn (Hnh
a); a lin nu c gii hn bi nhiu ng cong kn ri
nhau tng i mt (Hnh b).
D l min ng nu M D M D , min m
nu M D M D .
Ch
Khi cho hm s f(x, y) m khng ni g thm th ta hiu
MX D l tp tt c (x, y) sao cho f(x, y) c ngha.
Hm s n bin f(x
1
, x
2
,, x
n
) c nh ngha tng t.
VD 1.
Hm s z = f(x, y) = x
3
y + 2xy
2
1 xc nh trn
2
.
VD 2. Hm s
2 2
( , ) 4 z f x y x y = = c MX l hnh
trn ng tm O(0; 0), bn knh R = 2.

VD 3. Hm s
2 2
( , ) ln(4 ) z f x y x y = = c MX l
hnh trn m tm O(0; 0), bn knh R = 2.

VD 4. Hm s ( , ) ln(2 3) z f x y x y = = + c MX l na
mp m bin d: 2x + y 3 khng cha O(0; 0).


1.2. Gii hn ca hm s hai bin Hm s lin tc
Dy im M
n
(x
n
; y
n
) dn n im M
0
(x
0
; y
0
) trong
2
,
k hiu
0 n
M M hay
0 0
( ; ) ( ; )
n n
x y x y , khi n +
nu ( )
2 2
0 0 0
lim , lim ( ) ( ) 0
n n n
n n
d M M x x y y

= + = .

Cho hm s f(x, y) xc nh trong min D (c th khng
cha M
0
), ta ni L l gii hn ca f(x, y) khi im M(x, y)
dn n M
0
nu mi dy im M
n
(M
n
khc M
0
) thuc D
dn n M
0
th lim ( , )
n n
n
f x y L

= .
K hiu:
0 0 0
( , ) ( , )
lim ( , ) lim ( )
x y x y M M
f x y f M L

= = .
Nhn xt
Nu khi
0 n
M M trn 2 ng khc nhau m dy
{f(x
n
, y
n
)} c hai gii hn khc nhau th
0
lim ( )
M M
f M

.

VD 5. Cho
2
2
2 3 1
( , )
3
x y x
f x y
xy

=
+
, tnh
( , ) (1, 1)
lim ( , )
x y
f x y

.

VD 6. Cho
2 2
( , )
xy
f x y
x y
=
+
, tnh
( , ) (0,0)
lim ( , )
x y
f x y

.




VD 7. Cho hm s
2 2
3
( , )
xy
f x y
x y
=
+
.
Chng t
( , ) (0,0)
lim ( , )
x y
f x y

khng tn ti.

Hm s f(x, y) xc nh trong D cha M
0
, ta ni f(x, y)
lin tc ti M
0
nu tn ti
0 0
( , ) ( , )
lim ( , )
x y x y
f x y

v
0 0
0 0
( , ) ( , )
lim ( , ) ( , )
x y x y
f x y f x y

= .

Hm s f(x, y) lin tc trong D nu lin tc ti mi im
M thuc D. Hm s f(x, y) lin tc trong min ng gii ni
D th t gi tr ln nht v nh nht trong D.

VD 8. Xt tnh lin tc ca hm s:
2 2
, ( , ) (0, 0)
( , )
0, ( , ) (0, 0)
xy
x y
x y f x y
x y

+ =

.
ThS. on Vng Nguyn Slide bi ging Ton A3DH
Trang 2


2. O HM RING VI PHN

2.1. o hm ring
a) o hm ring cp 1

Cho hm s f(x, y) xc nh trn D cha M
0
(x
0
, y
0
). Nu
hm s 1 bin f(x, y
0
) (y
0
l hng s) c o hm ti x = x
0

th ta gi o hm l o hm ring theo bin x ca f(x,
y) ti (x
0
, y
0
).
K hiu:
0 0
( , )
x
f x y hay
/
0 0
( , )
x
f x y hay
0 0
( , )
f
x y
x

.
Vy
/ 0 0 0 0
0 0
0
( , ) ( , )
( , ) lim
x
x
f x x y f x y
f x y
x

+
=

.
Tng t ta c o hm ring theo y ti (x
0
, y
0
) l:
/ 0 0 0 0
0 0
0
( , ) ( , )
( , ) lim
y
y
f x y y f x y
f x y
y

+
=

.
VD 1. Tnh cc o hm ring ca z = x
4
3x
3
y
2
+ 2y
3

3xy ti (1; 2).
VD 2. Tnh cc o hm ring ca f(x, y) = x
y
(x > 0).
VD 3. Tnh cc o hm ring ca cos
x
z
y
= ti ( ; 4) .
Vi hm n bin ta c nh ngha tng t.
VD 4. Tnh cc o hm ring ca
2
( , , ) sin
x y
f x y z e z = .


b) o hm ring cp cao
Cc hm s f
x
, f
y
c cc o hm ring (f
x
)
x
, (f
y
)
y
, (f
x
)
y
,
(f
y
)
x
c gi l cc o hm ring cp hai ca f.
K hiu: ( ) 2
2
/ /
2 x xx
x x
f f
f f f
x x x
| |
= = = =
|

\
,
( ) 2
2
/ /
2 y yy
y y
f f
f f f
y y y
| |
= = = =
|

\
,
( )
2
/ /
x xy xy
y
f f
f f f
y x y x
| |
= = = =
|

\
,
( )
2
/ /
y yx yx
x
f f
f f f
x y x y
| |
= = = =
|

\
.
VD 5. Tnh cc o hm ring cp hai ca
3 2 3 4 y
z x e x y y = + ti ( 1; 1) .
VD 6. Tnh cc o hm ring cp hai ca
2
( , )
x y
f x y xe

= .

Cc o hm ring cp hai ca hm n bin v o hm
ring cp cao hn c nh ngha tng t.

nh l (Schwarz)

Nu hm s f(x, y) c cc o hm ring f
xy
v f
yx
lin tc
trong min D th f
xy
= f
yx
.



2.2. Vi phn
a) Vi phn cp 1
Cho hm s f(x, y) xc nh trong
2
D v
0 0 0
( , ) M x y D ,
0 0
( , ) M x x y y D + + .
Nu s gia
0 0 0 0 0 0
( , ) ( , ) ( , ) f x y f x x y y f x y = + + c
th biu din di dng:
0 0
( , ) . . f x y A x B y x y = + + + ,
trong A, B l nhng s khng ph thuc , x y v
, 0 khi ( , ) (0, 0) x y , ta ni f kh vi ti M
0
.
Biu thc . . A x B y + c gi l vi phn cp 1 (ton
phn) ca f(x, y) ti M
0
(x
0
, y
0
) ng vi , x y .
K hiu df(x
0
, y
0
).
Hm s f(x, y) kh vi trn min D nu f(x, y) kh vi ti
mi (x, y) thuc D.

Nhn xt

Nu f(x, y) kh vi ti M
0
th f(x, y) lin tc ti M
0
.
T
0 0
( , ) . . f x y A x B y x y = + + + , ta suy ra:
0 0 0 0
( , ) ( , ) . f x x y f x y A x x + = +

0 0 0 0
0
( , ) ( , )
lim
x
f x x y f x y
A
x

+
=

,
tng t
0 0 0 0
0
( , ) ( , )
lim
y
f x y y f x y
B
y

+
=

.


Vy
/ /
0 0 0 0 0 0
( , ) ( , ). ( , ).
x y
df x y f x y x f x y y = + hay
/ /
0 0 0 0 0 0
( , ) ( , ) ( , )
x y
df x y f x y dx f x y dy = + .
Tng qut:
/ /
( , ) ( , ) ( , ) , ( , )
x y
df x y f x y dx f x y dy x y D = + .
VD 7.
Tnh vi phn cp 1 ca
2 3 5 x y
z x e xy y

= + ti (1; 1).
VD 8. Tnh vi phn cp 1 ca
2
2
( , ) sin( )
x y
f x y e xy

= .

nh l
Nu hm s f(x, y) c cc o hm ring lin tc ti M
0

trong min D cha M
0
th f(x, y) kh vi ti M
0
.

b) Vi phn cp cao

Vi phn cp 2:
( )
2 2
2
/ / 2 / / / / 2
( , ) ( , )
( , ) 2 ( , ) ( , )
xy
x y
d f x y d df x y
f x y dx f x y dxdy f x y dy
=
= + +
.

Vi phn cp n:
( )
1 ( )
0
( , ) ( , ) ( , )
k n k
n
n n k n k n k
n
x y
k
d f x y d df x y C f x y dx dy

=
= =

.





ThS. on Vng Nguyn Slide bi ging Ton A3DH
Trang 3


VD 9. Tnh vi phn cp 2 ca
2 3 2 3 5
( , ) 3 f x y x y xy x y = +
ti (2; 1).
VD 10. Tnh vi phn cp 2 ca
2
( , ) ln( ) f x y xy = .

c) ng dng vi phn cp 1 vo tnh gn ng gi tr hm
s

0 0
/ /
0 0 0 0 0 0
( , )
( , ) ( , ). ( , ).
x y
f x x y y
f x y f x y x f x y y
+ +
+ +
.
VD 11. Tnh gn ng
1, 02
0, 97
arctg .
2.3. o hm ca hm s hp
Cho hm s f(u, v), trong u = u(x) v v = v(x) l nhng
hm s ca x. Nu f(u, v) kh vi ca u, v v u(x), v(x) kh
vi ca x th
/ /
. .
u v
df du dv
f f
dx dx dx
= + . Vi , ,
df du dv
dx dx dx
l cc
o hm ton phn theo x.
Nu hm s f(x, y) kh vi ca x, y v y = y(x) l hm s
kh vi ca x th
/ /
.
x y
df dy
f f
dx dx
= + .
VD 12. Cho
2 2
2 , , sin
x
z u uv v u e v x

= + = = . Tnh
dz
dx
.
VD 13. Cho
2 2 2
( , ) ln( ), sin f x y x y y x = + = . Tnh
df
dx
.


2.4. o hm ca hm s n
Cho hai bin x, y tha phng trnh F(x, y) = 0 (*).
Nu y = y(x) l hm s xc nh trong 1 khong no sao
cho khi th y(x) vo (*) ta c ng nht thc th y = y(x)
l hm s n xc nh bi (*).

VD 14.
Xc nh hm s n y(x) trong phng trnh x
2
+ y
2
4 = 0.
o hm hai v (*) theo x, ta c:
/
/ / /
/
( , )
( , ) ( , ). 0 , ( , ) 0
( , )
x
x y y
y
F x y
F x y F x y y y F x y
F x y
+ = = .
VD 15. Cho 0
x y
xy e e + = . Tnh y .
VD 16. Cho
3 2 4
( 1) 0 y x y x + + + = . Tnh y .

VD 17. Cho
2 2
ln
y
x y arctg
x
+ = . Tnh y .
Cho hm s n hai bin z = f(x, y) xc nh bi
F(x, y, z)) = 0, vi
/
( , , ) 0
z
F x y z ta c:
/ / /
/
/
/
/ / /
/
/
/
( , , ) ( , , ). ( , ) 0
( , , )
( , ) ,
( , , )
( , , ) ( , , ). ( , ) 0
( , , )
( , ) .
( , , )
x z x
x
x
z
y z y
y
y
z
F x y z F x y z z x y
F x y z
z x y
F x y z
F x y z F x y z z x y
F x y z
z x y
F x y z
+ =
=
+ =
=

VD 18. Cho cos( ) xyz x y z = + + . Tnh
/ /
,
x y
z z .

3. CC TR CA HM HAI BIN S
3.1. nh ngha
Hm s z = f(x, y) t cc tr (a phng) ti im
M
0
(x
0
; y
0
) nu vi mi im M(x, y) kh gn nhng khc
M
0
th hiu f(M) f(M
0
) c du khng i.
Nu f(M) f(M
0
) > 0 th f(M
0
) l cc tiu v M
0
l im
cc tiu; f(M) f(M
0
) < 0 th f(M
0
) l cc i v M
0
l im
cc i. Cc i v cc tiu gi chung l cc tr.
VD 1. Hm s f(x, y) = x
2
+ y
2
xy t cc tiu ti O(0; 0).

3.2. nh l
a) iu kin cn
Nu hm s z = f(x, y) t cc tr ti M
0
(x
0
, y
0
) v ti
hm s c o hm ring th:
/ /
0 0 0 0
( , ) ( , ) 0
x y
f x y f x y = = .

Ch . im M
0
tha
/ /
0 0 0 0
( , ) ( , ) 0
x y
f x y f x y = = c gi
l im dng, c th khng l im cc tr ca z.
b) iu kin . Gi s f(x, y) c im dng l M
0
v c
o hm ring cp hai ti ln cn im M
0
.
t
2 2
/ / / / / /
0 0 0 0 0 0
( , ), ( , ), ( , )
xy
x y
A f x y B f x y C f x y = = = .
Khi :
+ Nu AC B
2
> 0 v A > 0 th hm s t cc tiu ti
im M
0
;
AC B
2
> 0 v A < 0 th hm s t cc i ti im M
0
.
+ Nu AC B
2
< 0 th hm s khng c cc tr (im M
0

c gi l im yn nga).
+ Nu AC B
2
= 0 th cha th kt lun hm s c cc tr
hay khng (dng nh ngha xt).


3.3. Cc tr t do
Cho hm s z = f(x, y). tm cc tr ca f(x, y) trn MX
D, ta thc hin cc bc sau:
Bc 1. Tm im dng M
0
(x
0
; y
0
) bng cch gii h:
/
0 0
/
0 0
( , ) 0
( , ) 0
x
y
f x y
f x y
=

.
Bc 2. Tnh
2
/ / / /
0 0 0 0
( , ), ( , )
xy
x
A f x y B f x y = = ,

2
/ / 2
0 0
( , )
y
C f x y AC B = = .
Bc 3.
+ Nu > 0 v A > 0 th kt lun hm s t cc tiu ti
M
0
v cc tiu l f(M
0
);
+ Nu > 0 v A < 0 th kt lun hm s t cc i ti
M
0
v cc i l f(M
0
).
+ Nu < 0 th kt lun hm s khng t cc tr.
+ Nu = 0 th khng th kt lun (trong chng trnh hn
ch loi ny).

VD 2.
Tm im dng ca hm s z = xy(1 x y).

VD 3.
Tm cc tr ca hm s z = x
2
+ y
2
+ 4x 2y + 8.

VD 4.
Tm cc tr ca hm s z = x
3
+ y
3
3xy 2.

VD 5.
Tm cc tr ca hm s z = 3x
2
y + y
3
3x
2
3y
2
+ 2.

ThS. on Vng Nguyn Slide bi ging Ton A3DH
Trang 4


3.4. Cc tr c iu kin
Cho hm s z = f(x, y) xc nh trn ln cn ca im
M
0
(x
0
; y
0
) thuc ng cong ( , ) 0 x y = . Nu ti im M
0

hm s f(x, y) t cc tr th ta ni im M
0
l im cc tr
ca f(x, y) vi iu kin ( , ) 0 x y = .
tm cc tr c iu kin ca hm s f(x, y) ta dng
phng php kh hoc nhn t Lagrange.

Phng php kh
T phng trnh ( , ) 0 x y = , ta rt x hoc y th vo f(x, y)
v tm cc tr hm 1 bin.
VD 6. Tm cc tr ca hm s f(x, y) = x
2
+ y
2
xy + x + y
vi iu kin x + y + 3 = 0.
VD 7. Tm cc tr ca hm s f(x, y) = xy vi iu kin:
2x + 3y 5 = 0.

Phng php nhn t Lagrange

Bc 1. Lp hm Lagrange:
( , , ) ( , ) ( , ) L x y f x y x y = + , l nhn t Lagrange.

Bc 2. Gii h:
'
'
'
0
0
0
x
y
L
L
L

im dng M
0
(x
0
; y
0
) ng vi
0
.


Bc 3

Tnh
2
0 0
( , ) d L x y
2 2
'' 2 '' '' 2
0 0 0 0 0 0
( , ) 2 ( , ) ( , )
xy
x y
L x y dx L x y dxdy L x y dy = + + .

iu kin rng buc:

/ /
0 0 0 0 0 0
( , ) 0 ( , ) ( , ) 0
x y
d x y x y dx x y dy = + = (1)
v
(dx)
2
+ (dy)
2
> 0 (2).
Bc 4
T iu kin (1) v (2), ta c:
+ Nu
2
0 0
( , ) 0 d L x y > th hm s t cc tiu ti M
0
.
+ Nu
2
0 0
( , ) 0 d L x y < th hm s t cc i ti M
0
.
+ Nu
2
0 0
( , ) 0 d L x y = th im M
0
khng l im cc tr.

VD 9.
Tm cc tr ca hm s z = 2x + y vi iu kin x
2
+ y
2
= 5.
VD 10.
Tm cc tr ca hm s z = xy vi iu kin
2 2
1
8 2
x y
+ = .


Chng 2. TCH PHN BI

1. TCH PHN BI HAI (KP)

1.1. Bi ton m u (th tch khi tr cong)
Xt hm s z = f(x, y) lin tc, khng m v mt mt tr
c cc ng sinh song song Oz, y l min phng ng D
trong Oxy.
tnh th tch khi tr, ta chia min D thnh n phn khng
dm ln nhau, din tch mi phn l S
i
(i=1,2,,n). Nh
vy khi tr cong c chia thnh n khi tr nh. Trong
mi S
i
ta ly im M
i
(x
i
; y
i
) ty . Ta c th tch V
i
ca
khi tr nh l:
1
( ; ) ( , )
n
i i i i i i i
i
V f x y S V f x y S
=

.


Gi
{ }
max ( , ) ,
i i
d d A B A B S = l ng knh ca
i
S .
Ta c:
max 0
1
lim ( , )
i
n
i i i
d
i
V f x y S

=
=

.


1.2. nh ngha

Cho hm s z = f(x, y) xc nh trn min ng gii ni,
o c D trong Oxy. Chia min D mt cch ty thnh n
phn khng dm ln nhau, din tch mi phn l S
i

(i=1,2,,n). Trong mi S
i
ta ly im M
i
(x
i
; y
i
) ty . Khi

1
( , )
n
n i i i
i
I f x y S
=
=

c gi l tng tch phn ca hm

f(x, y) trn D (ng vi phn hoch S
i
v cc im M
i
).
Nu
max 0
1
lim ( , )
i
n
i i i
d
i
I f x y S

=
=

tn ti hu hn, khng ph
thuc vo phn hoch S
i
v cch chn im M
i
th s I
c gi l tch phn bi hai ca f(x, y) trn D.

K hiu ( , )
D
I f x y dS =

.
nh l. Hm f(x, y) lin tc trong min b chn, ng D th
kh tch trong D.
Nu tn ti tch phn, ta ni f(x, y) kh tch; f(x, y) l hm
di du tch phn; x, y l cc bin tch phn.

Ch
1) Nu chia D bi cc ng thng song song vi cc trc
ta th S
i
= x
i
.y
i
hay dS = dxdy.
Vy ( , ) ( , )
D D
I f x y dS f x y dxdy = =

.
2) ( , ) ( , )
D D
f x y dxdy f u v dudv =

.

ThS. on Vng Nguyn Slide bi ging Ton A3DH
Trang 5


Nhn xt
1) ( )
D
dxdy S D =

(din tch min D).

2) f(x, y) > 0, lin tc (x, y) D th ( , )
D
f x y dxdy

l th
tch hnh tr c cc ng sinh song song vi Oz, hai y
gii hn bi cc mt z = 0 v z = f(x, y).
1.3. Tnh cht ca tch phn kp
Tnh cht 1. Hm s f(x, y) lin tc trn D th f(x, y) kh
tch trn D.
Tnh cht 2. Tnh tuyn tnh:
[ ( , ) ( , )]
D D D
f x y g x y dxdy fdxdy gdxdy =

;
( , ) ( , ) ,
D D
kf x y dxdy k f x y dxdy k =

.

Tnh cht 3



Nu chia D thnh D
1
v D
2
bi ng cong c din tch
bng 0 th:

1 2
( , ) ( , ) ( , )
D D D
f x y dxdy f x y dxdy f x y dxdy = +

.


1.4. Phng php tnh tch phn kp

1.4.1. a v tch phn lp
nh l (Fubini)
Gi s tch phn ( , )
D
f x y dxdy

tn ti, vi
1 2
{( , ) : , ( ) ( )} D x y a x b y x y y x = v vi mi
[ , ] x a b c nh
2
1
( )
( )
( , )
y x
y x
f x y dy

tn ti th:
2 2
1 1
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( , ) ( , ) ( , )
y x y x b b
D a y x a y x
f x y dxdy f x y dy dx dx f x y dy
| |
= = |
|
\

.
Tng t,
1 2
{( , ) : ( ) ( ), } D x y x y x x y c y d = th:

2 2
1 1
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( , ) ( , ) ( , )
x y x y d d
D c x y c x y
f x y dxdy f x y dx dy dy f x y dx
| |
= = |
|
\

.

Ch
1) Khi {( , ) : , } [ , ] [ , ] D x y a x b c y d a b c d = =
(hnh ch nht) th:
( , ) ( , ) ( , )
b d d b
D a c c a
f x y dxdy dx f x y dy dy f x y dx = =


(hon v cn).



2)
1 2
{( , ) : , ( ) ( )} D x y a x b y x y y x = v
f(x, y) = u(x).v(y) th:
2
1
( )
( )
( , ) ( ) ( )
y x b
D a y x
f x y dxdy u x dx v y dy =

.

Tng t,
1 2
{( , ) : ( ) ( ), } D x y x y x x y c y d = th:
2
1
( )
( )
( , ) ( ) ( )
x y d
D c x y
f x y dxdy v y dy u x dx =

.
3) Nu D l min phc tp th ta chia D ra thnh nhng
min n gin nh trn.

VD 1. Xc nh cn tch phn lp khi tnh tch phn
( , )
D
I f x y dxdy =

trong cc trng hp sau:

1) D gii hn bi cc ng y = 0, y = x v x = a.
2) D gii hn bi cc ng y = 0, y = x
2
v x + y = 2.

VD 2.
Tnh
D
I xydxdy =

vi D gii hn bi y = x 4, y
2
= 2x.



i th t ly tch phn

2
1
( )
( )
( , )
y x b
a y x
I dx f x y dy =




2
1
( )
( )
( , )
x y d
c x y
I dy f x y dx =




ThS. on Vng Nguyn Slide bi ging Ton A3DH
Trang 6



VD 3. i th t ly tch phn trong cc tch phn sau:

1)
2
1 2
0
( , )
x
x
I dx f x y dy

=

;
2)
2 3
1 0
( , )
y
I dy f x y dx =

;
3)
2 2
1 3 1
0 1
9 9
( , ) ( , )
x
x x
I dx f x y dy dx f x y dy = +

.

1.4.2. Phng php i bin
a) Cng thc i bin tng qut
nh l. Gi s x = x(u, v), y = y(u, v) l hai hm s c cc
o hm ring lin tc trn min ng gii ni D
uv
trong mp
Ouv. Gi {( , ) : ( , ), ( , ), ( , ) }
xy uv
D x y x x u v y y u v u v D = = = .
Nu hm f(x, y) kh tch trn D
xy
v nh thc Jacobi
( , )
0
( , )
x y
J
u v

trong D
uv
th:
( , ) ( ( , ), ( , ))
xy uv
D D
f x y dxdy f x u v y u v J dudv =

.
Trong :
/ /
/ / / /
/ /
( , ) 1 1
( , )
( , )
( , )
u v
x y u v
x y
x x
x y
J
u v
u v u u y y
x y
v v

= = = =

.


VD 4. Cho min D
uv
l hnh tam gic O(0;0), A(2;0), B(0;2)
trong mpOuv. Gi min D
xy
l nh ca D
uv
qua php bin
hnh g: (x, y) = g(u, v) = (u+v, u
2
v).
Tnh tch phn ca hm
1
( , )
1 4 4
f x y
x y
=
+ +
trn min
bin hnh D
xy
= g(D
uv
).
VD 5. Cho min D
uv
l phn t hnh trn n v trong
mpOuv. Gi min D
xy
l nh ca D
uv
qua php bin hnh
g: (x, y) = g(u, v) = (u
2
v
2
, 2uv). Tnh tch phn ca hm
2 2
1
( , ) f x y
x y
=
+
trn min bin hnh D
xy
.
VD 6. Tnh din tch hnh phng gii hn bi bn Parapol:
y = x
2
, y = 2x
2
, x = y
2
v x = 3y
2
.
b) i bin trong ta cc


i bin:
cos
sin
x r
y r

, vi 0, 0 2 r
hoc .


Khi , min D
xy
tr thnh:
1 2 1 2
{( , ) : , ( ) ( )}
r
D r r r r

=
v
/ /
/ /
cos sin
( , )
sin cos ( , )
r
r
x x r
x y
J r
y y r r

= = = =

.

Vy ta c:

2 2
1 1
( )
( )
( , ) ( cos , sin )
( cos , sin )
xy r
D D
r
r
f x y dxdy f r r rdrd
d f r r rdr

=
=


.
Ch

1) i bin trong ta cc thng dng khi bin D l
ng trn hoc elip.
2) tm
1 2
( ), ( ) r r ta thay
cos
sin
x r
y r

vo phng
trnh ca bin D.
3) Nu cc O nm trong D v mi tia t O ct bin D khng
qu 1 im th:
( ) 2
0 0
( cos , sin ) ( cos , sin )
r
r
D
f r r rdrd d f r r rdr

=

.



4) Nu cc O nm trn bin D th:
2
1
( )
0
( cos , sin ) ( cos , sin )
r
r
D
f r r rdrd d f r r rdr

=

.
5) Nu bin D l elip th t:
cos
{( , ) : 0 2 , 0 1}
sin
r
x r a
D r r
y r b

=
=

.
VD 7. Biu din tch phn ( , )
D
f x y dxdy

trong ta cc.
Bit min D l min phng nm ngoi (C
1
): (x 1)
2
+ y
2
= 1
v nm trong (C
2
): (x 2)
2
+ y
2
= 4.
VD 8. Tnh din tch hnh ellip:
2 2
2 2
1
x y
a b
+ .

VD 9. Tnh tch phn
2 2
( ) x y
D
I e dxdy
+
=

vi D l hnh trn
2 2 2
x y R + .
VD 10. Tnh din tch min D gii hn bi:
y = x,
2 2 2 2
3 3 x y x y x + = + v 0 y .

Cng thc Walliss
2 2
0 0
( 1)!!
,
!!
sin cos
( 1)!!
. ,
2 !!
n n
n
n
n
xdx xdx
n
n
n

= =

le
chan
.
ThS. on Vng Nguyn Slide bi ging Ton A3DH
Trang 7

MT S MT BC HAI TRONG KHNG GIAN Oxyz
Trong khng gian Oxyz, mt bc hai l tp hp tt c cc
im M(x; y; z) c ta tha phng trnh:
Ax
2
+ 2Bxy + 2Cxz+ Dy
2
+ 2Eyz + Fz
2
+ 2Gx + 2Hy+ 2Kz
+ L = 0.
Trong A, B, C, D, E, F khng ng thi bng 0.
Cc dng chnh tc ca mt bc hai:
1)
2 2 2 2
x y z R + + = (mt cu);
2)
2 2 2
2 2 2
1
x y z
a b c
+ + = (mt elipxoit);
3)
2 2 2
2 2 2
1
x y z
a b c
+ = (hyperboloit 1 tng);
4)
2 2 2
2 2 2
1
x y z
a b c
+ = (hyperboloit 2 tng);

5)
2 2 2
2 2 2
0
x y z
a b c
+ = (nn eliptic);
6)
2 2
2 2
2
x y
z
a b
+ = (parabolit eliptic);
7)
2 2
2 2
2
x y
z
a b
= (parabolit hyperbolic yn nga);
8)
2 2
2 2
1
x y
a b
+ = (mt tr eliptic);
9)
2 2
2 2
1
x y
a b
= (mt tr hyperbolic);
10)
2
2 y px = (mt tr parabolic).


















ThS. on Vng Nguyn Slide bi ging Ton A3DH
Trang 8






2. TCH PHN BI BA

2.1. Bi ton m u (khi lng vt th)
Gi s ta cn tnh khi lng ca vt th V khng ng
cht, bit mt (khi lng ring) ti P(x, y, z) l
( ) ( , , ) P x y z = = . Ta chia V ty thnh n phn khng
dm ln nhau, th tch mi phn l V
i
(i=1,2,,n). Trong
mi V
i
ta ly im P
i
(x
i
; y
i
; z
i
) v ng knh ca V
i
l
d
i
. Khi lng V xp x:
1 1
( ) ( , , )
n n
i i i i i i
i i
m P V x y z V
= =
=

.
Nu tn ti
max 0
1
lim ( , , )
i
n
i i i i
d
i
x y z V

th l khi lng m
ca vt th V.
2.2. nh ngha
Cho hm s f(x, y, z) xc nh trong min o c V ca
khng gian Oxyz. Chia min V mt cch ty thnh n phn
khng dm ln nhau, th tch mi phn l V
i
(i=1,2,,n).
Trong mi V
i
ta ly P
i
(x
i
; y
i
; z
i
) ty v lp tng tch phn
1
: ( , , )
n
n i i i i
i
I f x y z V
=
=

.
Nu
max 0
1
lim ( , , )
i
n
i i i i
d
i
I f x y z V

=
=

tn ti hu hn, khng
ph thuc vo cch chia V v cch chn im P
i
th s thc
I c gi l tch phn bi ba ca f(x, y, z) trn V.
K hiu ( , , )
V
I f x y z dV =

.


nh l. Hm f(x, y, z) lin tc trong min b chn, ng V
th kh tch trong V.
Nu tn ti tch phn, ta ni f(x, y, z) kh tch; f(x, y, z) l
hm di du tch phn; x, y, z l cc bin tch phn.
Nhn xt
1) Nu chia V bi cc ng thng song song vi cc trc
ta th V
i
= x
i
.y
i
.z
i
hay dV = dxdydz.
Vy ( , , ) ( , , )
V V
I f x y z dV f x y z dxdydz = =

.
2) Nu ( , , ) 0 f x y z trn V th ( , , )
V
I f x y z dxdydz =

l
khi lng vt th V, vi khi lng ring vt cht chim
th tch V l f(x, y, z).
Nu f(x, y, z) = 1 th I l th tch V.
3) Tch phn bi ba c cc tnh cht nh tch phn kp.

2.3. Phng php tnh tch phn bi ba
2.3.1. a v tch phn lp
a) Gi s min V c gii hn trn bi mt z = z
2
(x, y), gii
hn di bi z = z
1
(x, y), gii hn xung quanh bi mt tr
c ng sinh song song vi trc Oz. Gi D l hnh chiu
ca V trn mpOxy.
Khi :
2
1
2
1
( , )
( , )
( , )
( , )
( , , ) ( , , )
( , , )
z x y
V D z x y
z x y
D z x y
f x y z dxdydz f x y z dz dxdy
dxdy f x y z dz
| |
= |
|
\
=


.


Nu
1 2
{( , ) : , ( ) ( )} D x y a x b y x y y x = th:
2 2
1 1
( ) ( , )
( ) ( , )
( , , ) ( , , )
y x z x y b
V a y x z x y
f x y z dxdydz dx dy f x y z dz =

.
Nu
1 2
{( , ) : ( ) ( ), } D x y x y x x y c y d = th:
2 2
1 1
( ) ( , )
( ) ( , )
( , , ) ( , , )
x y z x y d
V c x y z x y
f x y z dxdydz dy dx f x y z dz =

.

b) Gi D l hnh chiu ca V trn mpOxz.
Gi s min V c gii hn (theo chiu ngc vi tia Oy)
bi hai mt y = y
2
(x, z) v mt y = y
1
(x, z), gii hn xung
quanh bi mt tr c ng sinh song song Oy.
Khi :

2
1
2
1
( , )
( , )
( , )
( , )
( , , ) ( , , )
( , , )
y x z
V D y x z
y x z
D y x z
f x y z dxdydz f x y z dy dxdz
dxdz f x y z dy
| |
= |
|
\
=


.
Nu
1 2
{( , ) : , z ( ) ( )} D x z a x b x z z x = th:
2 2
1 1
( ) ( , )
( ) ( , )
( , , ) ( , , )
z x y x z b
V a z x y x z
f x y z dxdydz dx dz f x y z dy =

.
Nu
1 2
{( , ) : ( ) ( ), e } D x z x z x x z z f = th:
2 2
1 1
( ) ( , )
( ) ( , )
( , , ) ( , , )
x z y x z f
V e x z y x z
f x y z dxdydz dz dx f x y z dy =

.
ThS. on Vng Nguyn Slide bi ging Ton A3DH
Trang 9


c) Gi D l hnh chiu ca V trn mpOyz.
Gi s min V c gii hn (theo chiu ngc vi tia Ox)
bi hai mt x = x
2
(y, z) v mt x = x
1
(y, z), gii hn xung
quanh bi mt tr c ng sinh song song Ox.
Khi :
2
1
2
1
( , )
( , )
( , )
( , )
( , , ) ( , , )
( , , )
x y z
V D x y z
x y z
D x y z
f x y z dxdydz f x y z dx dydz
dydz f x y z dx
| |
= |
|
\
=


.
Nu
1 2
{( , ) : , z ( ) ( )} D y z c y d y z z y = th:
2 2
1 1
( ) ( , )
( ) ( , )
( , , ) ( , , )
z y x y z d
V c z y x y z
f x y z dxdydz dy dz f x y z dx =

.
Nu
1 2
{( , ) : ( ) ( ), e } D y z y z y y z z f =
th:
2 2
1 1
( ) ( , )
( ) ( , )
( , , ) ( , , )
y z x y z f
V e y z x y z
f x y z dxdydz dz dy f x y z dx =

.


c bit
Nu
{( , , ) : , c , e }
[ , ] [ , ] [ , ]
D x y z a x b y d z f
a b c d e f
=
=

th:
( , , ) ( , , )
f b d
V a c e
f x y z dxdydz dx dy f x y z dz =

.



VD 1. Tnh tch phn 8
V
I xyzdxdydz =

vi
V = [1, 2] [1, 3] [0, 2].

VD 2. Tnh tch phn lp
2
1 1 2
1 0
(4 )
x
I dx dy z dz

= +

v dng
min ly tch phn V.

VD 3. Tnh tch phn
V
I ydxdydz =

vi V gii hn bi
x + y + z 1 = 0 v 3 mt phng ta .
2.3.2. i bin tng qut
t
( , , )
( , , )
( , , )
x x u v w
y y u v w
z z u v w
=

v
/ / /
/ / /
/ / /
( , , )
( , , )
u v w
u v w
u v w
x x x
x y z
J y y y
u v w
z z z

= =

.
Gi s cc hm x, y, z c o hm ring lin tc trong min
ng, gii ni o c V
uvw
trong khng gian Ouvw v
0 J th:
( , , )
( ( , , ), ( , , ), ( , , )). .
uvw
V
V
f x y z dxdydz
f x u v w y u v w z u v w J dudvdw =

.


VD 4. Tnh tch phn ( )
V
I x y z dxdydz = + +

vi

: 2 V x y z x y z x y z + + + + + + .
VD 5. Tnh th tch ca khi elipxoit
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
:
x y z
V R
a b c
+ + .
2.3.3. i bin trong ta tr
t
cos
sin
x r
y r
z z

, vi
0, 0 2 r hoc
.

Ta c:
/ / /
/ / / 2
/ / /
( , , )
sin
( , , )
r
r
r
x x x
x y z
J y y y r
r
z z z

= = =

.
Khi ta c:
( , , ) ( cos , sin , ). .
r z
V V
f x y z dxdydz f r r z r drd dz

=

.
VD 6. Tnh th tch khi V gii hn bi cc mt
2 2
4 x y z + = ,
2 2
2 x y + v z = 0.
VD 7. Tnh tch phn
2 2
V
I z x y dxdydz = +

vi V l
min hnh tr gii hn bi:
2 2
2 x y y + = , z = 0 v z = 1.


VD 8. Tnh tch phn
2 2 2
( )
V
I x y z dxdydz = + +

vi V l
min hnh nn gii hn bi cc mt:
2 2 2
x y z + = v z = 1.

2.3.3. i bin trong ta cu
t
sin cos
sin sin
cos
x r
y r
z r

, vi
0, 0 2 , 0 r hoc
.

Ta c:
/ / /
/ / /
/ / /
cos sin 0
( , , )
sin cos 0
( , , )
0 0 1
r z
r z
r z
x x x r
x y z
J y y y r r
r z
z z z

= = = =

.

Khi ta c:
2
( , , )
( sin cos , sin sin , cos ). sin .
r
V
V
f x y z dxdydz
f r r r r drd d

.


ThS. on Vng Nguyn Slide bi ging Ton A3DH
Trang 10

3. NG DNG CA TCH PHN BI

VD 9. Tnh tch phn
2 2 2
1
V
I dxdydz
x y z
=
+ +

vi V l
min gii hn bi cc mt cu:

2 2 2
1 x y z + + = v
2 2 2
4 x y z + + = .

VD 10. Tnh tch phn
2 2
( )
V
I x y dxdydz = +

vi V l
min gii hn bi:
2 2 2
4 x y z + + v 0 z .

3.1. Din tch, th tch
(xem nhn xt tch phn bi hai, ba).
3.2. Gi tr trung bnh ca hm s trn min ng
Gi tr trung bnh ca hm s f(x, y) trn min ng D l:
1
( , )
( )
D
f f x y dxdy
S D
=

.
VD 1. Tnh gi tr trung bnh ca f(x, y) = xcosxy trong
hnh ch nht 0 x , 0 1 y .
Gi tr trung bnh ca hm s f(x, y, z) trn min ng
l:
1
( , , )
( )
f f x y z dxdydz
V

=

.
VD 2. Tnh gi tr trung bnh ca f(x, y, z) = xyz trong hnh
lp phng [0, 2] [0, 2] [0, 2].


3.3. Khi lng
Cho mt bn phng chim min D ng trong Oxy c khi
lng ring (mt khi lng) ti im M(x, y) thuc D l
hm ( , ) x y lin tc trn D. Khi lng ca bn phng l:
( , )
D
m x y dxdy =

.
Cho mt vt th chim min V ng trong Oxyz c khi
lng ring ti im M(x, y, z) thuc V l hm ( , , ) x y z
lin tc trn V. Khi lng ca vt th l:
( , , )
V
m x y z dxdydz =

.
VD 3. Tnh khi lng bn phng chim min D gii hn
bi
2 2
4 x y + , 0 x v 0 y . Bit khi lng ring l
hm ( , ) x y xy = .
3.4. Momen tnh
nh ngha
Momen tnh ca mt cht im c khi lng m t ti
im M(x, y) trong Oxy i vi trc Ox, Oy theo th t l:
M
y=0
= my, M
x=0
= mx.
Momen tnh ca mt cht im c khi lng m t ti
im M(x, y, z) trong Oxyz i vi cc mt phng ta
Oxy, Oyz, Oxz theo th t l:
M
z=0
= mz, M
x=0
= mx, M
y=0
= my.
Cng thc tnh
Momen tnh ca bn phng chim din tch D trong Oxy
c khi lng ring ti im M(x, y) l hm ( , ) x y lin
tc trn D l:
0 0
( , ) , ( , )
y x
D D
M y x y dxdy M x x y dxdy
= =
= =

.



Momen tnh ca vt th chim min V trong Oxyz c khi
lng ring ti im M(x, y, z) l hm ( , , ) x y z lin tc
trn V l:

0
0
0
( , , ) ,
M ( , , ) ,
M ( , , ) .
z
V
x
V
y
V
M z x y z dxdydz
x x y z dxdydz
y x y z dxdydz

=
=
=
=
=
=

3.5. Trng tm
Cho bn phng chim din tch D trong Oxy c khi lng
ring ti im M(x, y) l hm ( , ) x y lin tc trn D. Khi
, ta trng tm G ca bn phng l:
( , )
1
( , ) ,
( , )
( , )
1
y ( , ) .
( , )
D
G
D
D
D
G
D
D
x x y dxdy
x x x y dxdy
m
x y dxdy
y x y dxdy
y x y dxdy
m
x y dxdy

= =
= =

Khi bn phng ng cht th ( , ) x y l hng s nn:
1 1
, y
( ) ( )
G G
D D
x xdxdy ydxdy
S D S D
= =

.
Cho vt th chim th tch V trong Oxyz c khi lng
ring ti im M(x, y, z) l hm ( , , ) x y z lin tc trn V.
Khi , ta trng tm G ca vt th l:
1
( , , ) ,
1
y ( , , ) ,
1
( , , ) .
G
V
G
V
G
V
x x x y z dxdydz
m
y x y z dxdydz
m
z z x y z dxdydz
m

=
=
=

Khi vt th ng cht th ( , , ) x y z l hng s nn:
1
,
1
y ,
1
z .
G
V
G
V
G
V
x xdxdydz
V
ydxdydz
V
zdxdydz
V
=
=
=

.
VD 4. Tm ta trng tm hnh phng D gii hn bi
0, 0, 1 x y x y + . Bit ( , ) 2 x y x y = + .
VD 5. Tm ta trng tm ca vt th ng cht chim th
tch V gii hn bi mt nn
2 2 2
z x y = + , 0 z v mt cu
2 2 2
1 x y z + + = .

ThS. on Vng Nguyn Slide bi ging Ton A3DH
Trang 11


3.4. Momen qun tnh
nh ngha
Momen qun tnh ca mt cht im c khi lng m t
ti im M(x, y) i vi trc Ox, Oy v gc ta O theo
th t l:
I
x
= my
2
, I
y
= mx
2
v I
O
= I
x
+ I
y
= m(x
2
+ y
2
).
Momen qun tnh ca mt cht im c khi lng m t
ti im M(x, y, z) i vi trc Ox, Oy, Oz v gc ta O
theo th t l:
I
x
= m(y
2
+ z
2
), I
y
= m(x
2
+ z
2
), I
z
= m(x
2
+ y
2
)
v I
O
= I
x
+ I
y
+ I
z
= m(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
).
Momen qun tnh ca mt cht im c khi lng m t
ti im M(x, y, z) i vi cc mt phng ta Oxy, Oyz,
Oxz th t l:
I
z=0
= mz
2
, I
x=0
= mx
2
, I
y=0
= my
2
.

Cng thc tnh

Cho bn phng chim din tch D trong mpOxy c khi
lng ring ti im M(x, y) l hm ( , ) x y lin tc trn D.
Khi :
( )
2
2
2 2
( , ) ,
( , ) ,
( , ) .
x
D
y
D
O
D
I y x y dxdy
I x x y dxdy
I x y x y dxdy

=
=
= +

Cho vt th chim min V trong Oxyz c khi lng ring
ti im M(x, y, z) l hm ( , , ) x y z lin tc trn V. Khi
:
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2 2
( , , ) ,
( , , ) ,
( , , ) ,
( , , )
x
V
y
V
z
V
O
V
I y z x y z dxdydz
I x z x y z dxdydz
I x y x y z dxdydz
I x y z x y z dxdydz

= +
= +
= +
= + +

v
2
0
2
0
2
0
( , , ) ,
( , , ) ,
( , , ) .
z
V
x
V
y
V
I z x y z dxdydz
I x x y z dxdydz
I y x y z dxdydz

=
=
=
=
=
=

VD 6. Tnh I
x
, I
y
ca hnh D gii hn bi y
2
= 1 x, x = 0,
y = 0. Bit khi lng ring l ( , ) x y y = .
VD 7. Tnh I
O
ca hnh trn
2 2
2 0 x y Rx + .
Bit
2 2
( , ) x y x y = + .


Chng 3. TCH PHN NG TCH PHN MT

1. TCH PHN NG LOI I

1.1. nh ngha

Gi s ng cong L trong mt phng Oxy c phng
trnh tham s ( ) x x t = , ( ) y y t = vi a t b v f(x, y) l
hm s xc nh trn L. Chia L thnh n cung khng dm ln
nhau bi cc im chia ng vi
0 1
...
n
a t t t b = < < < = .
Gi di cung th i l
i
s . Trn cung th i ly im
( , )
i i i
M x y . Tng
1
( , )
n
n i i i
i
I f x y s
=
=

c gi l tng tch
phn ng (loi 1) ca hm f(x, y) trn ng cong L.

Gii hn
0
1
lim ( , )
i
n
i i i
max s
i
f x y s

=

tn ti c gi l tch
phn ng loi 1 ca f(x, y) trn ng cong L.
K hiu l ( , )
L
f x y ds

.
Nhn xt
1) Tch phn ng loi 1 c tt c cc tnh cht ca tch
phn xc nh.
2) Tch phn ng loi 1 khng ph thuc vo chiu ca
L:

( , ) ( , )
AB BA
f x y ds f x y ds =

.


1.2. Phng php tnh
a) ng cong L c phng trnh tham s

Nu L c phng trnh ( ) x x t = , ( ) y y t = vi a t b
th:
( ) ( )
2 2
/ /
( , ) ( ( ), ( ))
b
t t
L a
f x y ds f x t y t x y dt = +

.
Nu L trong khng gian c phng trnh ( ) x x t = ,
( ) y y t = , ( ) z z t = vi a t b th:
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
/ / /
( , , ) ( ( ), ( ), ( ))
b
t t t
L a
f x y z ds f x t y t z t x y z dt = + +

.
b) ng cong L trong Oxy c phng trnh tng qut

Nu L c phng trnh ( ) y y x = vi a x b th:
( )
2
/
( , ) ( , ( )) 1
b
x
L a
f x y ds f x y x y dx = +

.

Nu L c phng trnh ( ) x x y = vi a y b th:
( )
2
/
( , ) ( ( ), ) 1
b
y
L a
f x y ds f x y y x dy = +

.



ThS. on Vng Nguyn Slide bi ging Ton A3DH
Trang 12

c bit
Nu L c phng trnh y = (hng s) vi a x b th:
( , ) ( , )
b
L a
f x y ds f x dx =

.
Nu L c phng trnh x = (hng s) vi a y b th:
( , ) ( , )
b
L a
f x y ds f y dy =

.
c) ng cong L trong ta cc
Nu L c cho trong ta cc ( ) r r = vi
th ta xem l tham s. Khi , phng trnh ca L l
( ) cos x r = , ( ) sin y r = , v:
( )
2
2 /
( , ) ( ( ) cos , ( ) sin )
L
f x y ds f r r r r d

= +

.

VD 1. Tnh
L
zds

vi L l ng xon c tr trn xoay c

phng trnh cos x a t = , sin y a t = , z bt = , 0 2 t .

VD 2. Tnh ( )
L
x y ds +

vi L l tam gic c cc nh
O(0; 0), A(1; 0), B(0; 1).

VD 3. Tnh
L
xyds

vi L l phn giao tuyn gia mt

2 2
2 2 z x y = v
2
z x = nm trong gc phn tm th
nht t im A(0; 1; 0) n B(1; 0; 1).



1.3. ng dng
1) di cung L l
L
ds

, vi f(x, y) = 1 hoc f(x, y, z) = 1.

2) Nu dy vt dn c hnh dng L v hm mt khi
lng ( , ) x y ph thuc vo im M(x, y) trn L th khi
lng ca dy vt dn l ( , )
L
m x y ds =

.
Trng tm G ca L l:
1
( , )
G
L
x x x y ds
m
=

,
1
( , )
G
L
y y x y ds
m
=

.
3) Nu dy vt dn c hnh dng L v hm mt khi
lng ( , , ) x y z ph thuc vo im M(x, y, z) trn L th
khi lng ca dy vt dn l ( , , )
L
m x y z ds =

.
Trng tm G ca L l:
1
( , , )
G
L
x x x y z ds
m
=

,
1
( , , )
G
L
y y x y z ds
m
=

,
1
( , , )
G
L
z z x y z ds
m
=

.
VD 4. Tnh di cung trn
2 2
2 0 x y x + = nm trong
gc th nht t A(2; 0) n
1 3
;
2 2
B
| |
|
\
.
VD 5. Cho mt dy thp dng na ng trn trong mpOyz
vi phng trnh
2 2
1 y z + = , 0 z . Bit mt khi lng
( , , ) 2 x y z z = .
Tm khi lng v trng tm ca dy thp.

2. TCH PHN NG LOI II
2.1. Bi ton m u
Tnh cng sinh ra do lc ( ) F F M =

tc dng ln cht
im M(x, y) di chuyn dc theo ng cong L.
Nu L l on thng AB th cng sinh ra l
( )
. cos , W F AB F AB F AB = =

.
Chia L thnh n cung nh bi cc im chia
0 1
, ,...,
n
A A A .
Trn mi cung

1 i i
A A

ly im M
i
(x
i
, y
i
) ty . Chiu
( )
i
F M

v
1 i i
A A

ln trc Ox, Oy ta c:
( ) ( , ). ( , ).
i i i i i
F M P i Q j = +

v
1
. .
i i i i
A A x i y j

= +

.


Khi , cng W sinh ra:
[ ]
1
1 1
1
( )
( , ) ( , ) .
n n
i i i i
i i
n
i i i i i i
i
W W F M A A
P x Q y

= =
=
=
= +

Vy
[ ]
1
0
1
lim ( , ) ( , )
i i
n
i i i i i i
max A A
i
W P x Q y

=
= +

.



2.2. nh ngha
Cho hai hm P(x, y), Q(x, y) xc nh trn ng cong L.
Chia L thnh n cung nh bi cc im chia
0 1
, ,...,
n
A A A .
Trn mi cung

1 i i
A A

ly im M
i
(x
i
, y
i
) ty . Gi
( )
1
,
i i i i
A A x y

. Tng
[ ]
1
( , ) ( , )
n
n i i i i i i
i
I P x Q y
=
= +

c gi l tng tch
phn ng (loi 2) ca hm P(x, y) v Q(x, y) trn ng
cong L.
Gii hn
1
0
lim
i i
n
max A A
I

tn ti c gi l tch phn ng
loi 2 ca P(x, y) v Q(x, y) trn ng cong L.

K hiu l ( , ) ( , )
L
P x y dx Q x y dy +

.

Nhn xt

1) Tch phn ng loi 2 c tt c cc tnh cht nh tch
phn xc nh.

2) Tch phn ng loi 2 ph thuc vo chiu ca L v khi
thay i chiu th ( )
1
,
i i i i
A A x y

i du, do khi vit

tch phn ta cn ghi r im u v cui:

( , ) ( , ) ( , ) ( , )
AB BA
P x y dx Q x y dy P x y dx Q x y dy + = +

.

ThS. on Vng Nguyn Slide bi ging Ton A3DH
Trang 13

3) T nh ngha tng tch phn, ta c th vit:

( , ) ( , ) ( , ) ( , )
AB AB AB
P x y dx Q x y dy P x y dx Q x y dy + = +

.


Nu L l ng cong phng, kn ly theo chiu dng
(ngc chiu kim ng h) th ta dng k hiu:
( , ) ( , )
L
P x y dx Q x y dy +

.

nh ngha tng t:
( , , ) ( , , ) ( , , )
L
P x y z dx Q x y z dy R x y z dz + +

.

2.3. Phng php tnh
a) ng cong L c phng trnh tham s
Nu L c phng trnh ( ) x x t = , ( ) y y t = th:

/ /
( , ) ( , )
( ( ), ( )) ( ( ), ( )) .
B
A
AB
t
t t
t
P x y dx Q x y dy
P x t y t x Q x t y t y dt
+
( = +

Nu L trong khng gian c pt ( ) x x t = , ( ) y y t = , ( ) z z t = :

/ /
/
( , , ) ( , , ) ( , , )
( ( ), ( ), ( )) ( ( ), ( ), ( ))
.
( ( ), ( ), ( ))
B
A
AB
t
t t
t t
P x y z dx Q x y z dy R x y z dz
P x t y t z t x Q x t y t z t y
dt
R x t y t z t z
+ +
( +
=
(
+
(

b) ng cong L trong Oxy c phng trnh tng qut

Nu L c phng trnh ( ) y y x = th:

/
( , ( )) ( , ( )).
B
A
x
x
x AB
Pdx Qdy P x y x Q x y x y dx ( + = +

.

Nu L c phng trnh ( ) x x y = th:

/
( ( ), ). ( ( ), )
B
A
y
y
y AB
Pdx Qdy P x y y x Q x y y dy ( + = +

.

c bit
Nu L c phng trnh y = (hng s) th:

( , ) ( , ) ( , )
B
A
x
x AB
P x y dx Q x y dy P x dx + =

.
Nu L c phng trnh x = (hng s) th:

( , ) ( , ) ( , )
B
A
y
y AB
P x y dx Q x y dy Q y dy + =

.
VD 1. Tnh
L
xdy ydx

vi L l elip
2 2
2 2
1
x y
a b
+ = ly theo
chiu dng.


VD 2. Tnh ( ) ( )
L
x y dx x y dy + +

vi L l ng ni
im O(0; 0) vi A(1; 1) trong cc trng hp:
a) ng thng y = x;
b) ng y = x
2
;
c) ng y x = .

VD 3. Tnh
L
dx ydy dz +

vi L l ng xon c tr trn
xoay c phng trnh cos x t = , sin y t = , 2 z t = t im
A(1; 0; 0) n (0; 1; ) B .

2.4. Cng thc Green (lin h vi tch phn kp)
Cho min D l min lin thng, b chn, c bin L Jordan
kn trn tng khc. Chiu dng ca L l chiu m khi di
chuyn ta thy min D nm v pha tay tri.

Nu cc hm s P(x, y) v Q(x, y) c cc o hm ring
cp 1 lin tc trn D th:
( )
/ /
( , ) ( , )
x y
D L
Q P dxdy P x y dx Q x y dy = +

.


H qu
1
( )
2
D
S D xdy ydx

=

.

VD 4. Tnh din tch ca elip
2 2
2 2
1
x y
a b
+ = .

VD 5. Tnh
2 2
( ) ( 2 )
y
L
xarctgx y dx x xy y e dx

+ + + +

, vi L
l
2 2
2 0 x y y + = .
VD 6. Tnh
2 2
L
xdy ydx
x y

+

trong cc trng hp:
a) L l ng cong kn khng bao gc O;
b) L l ng cong kn bao gc O.
2.5. iu kin tch phn ng khng ph thuc ng
ly tch phn
nh l
Gi s cc hm s P(x, y), Q(x, y) v cc o hm ring
cp 1 ca chng lin tc trong min n lin D. Khi , bn
mnh sau tng ng:
1)
/ /
, ( , )
y x
P Q x y D = .
2) ( , ) ( , ) 0
L
P x y dx Q x y dy + =

dc theo mi ng kn L
nm trong D.
3)

( , ) ( , )
AB
P x y dx Q x y dy +

, trong

AB nm trong D, ch
ph thuc vo hai mt A, B m khng ph thuc vo ng
ni A vi B.
4) Biu thc P(x, y)dx + Q(x, y)dy l vi phn ton phn ca
hm u(x, y) no trong min D.


ThS. on Vng Nguyn Slide bi ging Ton A3DH
Trang 14
3. TCH PHN MT LOI I

H qu
Nu P(x, y)dx + Q(x, y)dy l vi phn ton phn ca hm
u(x, y) no trong min D, ngha l
/ /
, ( , )
y x
P Q x y D =
th:

( , ) ( , ) ( ) ( )
AB
P x y dx Q x y dy u B u A + =

.

VD 7. Tnh
2 2 2 2
L
x y x y
dx dy
x y x y
+
+
+ +

vi L l ng trn
tng khc ni A(1; 1) v B(2; 2) nm trong min D khng
cha gc ta O.

3.1. nh ngha
Cho hm s f(x, y, z) xc nh trn mt S. Chia S mt cch
ty thnh n phn khng dm ln nhau, din tch mi phn
l S
i
(i=1,2,,n). Trong mi S
i
ta ly im ( , , )
i i i i
M
ty v lp tng tch phn
1
( , , )
n
n i i i i
i
I f S
=
=

.
Nu
max ( ) 0
1
lim ( , , )
i
n
i i i i
d S
i
I f S

=
=

tn ti hu hn, khng
ph thuc vo cch chia S v cch chn im M
i
th s I
c gi l tch phn mt loi 1 ca f(x, y, z) trn S.
K hiu ( , , )
S
I f x y z dS =

.


3.2. Phng php tnh
a) Chiu S ln Oxy
Nu S c phng trnh z = z(x, y) v S c hnh chiu trn
Oxy l D th:
( ) ( )
2 2
/ /
( , , ) ( , , ( , )) 1
x y
S D
f x y z dS f x y z x y z z dxdy = + +

.

b) Chiu S ln Oxz
Nu S c phng trnh y = y(x, z) v S c hnh chiu trn
Oxz l D th:
( ) ( )
2 2
/ /
( , , ) ( , ( , ), ) 1
x z
S D
f x y z dS f x y x y z y y dxdz = + +

.
c) Chiu S ln Oyz
Nu S c phng trnh x = x(y, z) v S c hnh chiu trn
Oyz l D th:
( ) ( )
2 2
/ /
( , , ) ( ( , ), , ) 1
y z
S D
f x y z dS f x y z y z x x dydz = + +

.

VD 1. Tnh
S
I zdS =

, trong S l phn mt nn
2 2 2
z x y = + vi 0 1 z .
VD 2. Tnh
2 2 2
( )
S
I z x y dS = +

, trong S l phn mt
cu
2 2 2
4 x y z + + = vi 0 x , 0 y .

4. TCH PHN MT LOI II

3.3. ng dng ca tch phn mt loi 1
1) Din tch mt S l
S
dS

.
2) Nu mt S c hm mt khi lng l ( , , ) x y z th
khi lng ca mt S l:
( , , )
S
m x y z dS =

.
Khi , ta trng tm G ca mt S l:
1 1
( , , ) , y ( , , ) ,
1
( , , ) .
G G
S S
G
S
x x x y z dS y x y z dS
m m
z z x y z dS
m

= =
=

4.1. nh ngha
4.1.1. Mt nh hng
Mt trn S c gi l mt nh hng nu php vector
n v n

xc nh ti mi im M thuc S (c th tr bin
S) bin i lin tc khi M chy trn S. Mt nh hng c
hai pha, pha m nu ng trn th n

hng t chn ln
u l pha dng, ngc li l pha m.



Hng ca bin S l hng ngc chiu kim ng h khi
nhn t ngn ca n

.
Khi mt S khng kn, ta gi pha trn l pha m n

lp vi
tia Oz gc nhn, ngc l l pha di.
Khi mt S kn ta gi pha trong v pha ngoi.
Mt trn tng khc S l nh hng c nu hai phn
trn bt k ca S ni vi nhau bi ng bin C c nh
hng ngc nhau.

4.1.2. nh ngha tch phn mt loi 2
Cho hm s f(x, y, z) xc nh trn mt nh hng, trn
tng khc S. Chia S mt cch ty thnh n phn khng
dm ln nhau, din tch mi phn l S
i
(i=1,2,,n). Trong
mi S
i
ta ly im ( , , )
i i i i
M ty .

Gi D
i
l hnh chiu ca S
i
ln Oxy km theo du dng
nu S
i
c nh hng trn, ngc li l du m.
Lp tng tch phn ( )
1
( , , ).
n
n i i i i
i
I f S D
=
=

.
Nu ( )
max ( ) 0
1
lim ( , , ).
i
n
i i i i
d S
i
I f S D

=
=

tn ti hu hn,
khng ph thuc vo cch chia S v cch chn im M
i
th
s I c gi l tch phn mt loi 2 ca f(x, y, z) trn mt
nh hng S.
K hiu ( , , )
S
f x y z dxdy

.



ThS. on Vng Nguyn Slide bi ging Ton A3DH
Trang 15
Tng t, khi chiu S ln Ozx v Oyz ta c
( , , )
S
f x y z dzdx

v ( , , )
S
f x y z dydz

.

Kt hp c 3 dng trn ta c tch phn mt loi 2 ca
cc hm P, Q, R trn S:
( , , ) ( , , ) ( , , )
S
P x y z dydz Q x y z dzdx R x y z dxdy + +

.

Nhn xt
Nu i hng ca mt S th tch phn i du.
Nu S kn th tch phn cn c k hiu l:
S
Pdydz Qdzdx Rdxdy + +

.
4.2. Lin h vi tch phn mt loi 1
Cho mt nh hng trn tng khc S c php vector n
v n

. Gi , , ln lt l gc hp bi n

vi cc tia
Ox, Oy, Oz. Khi :
( cos cos cos ) .
S
S
Pdydz Qdzdx Rdxdy
P Q R dS
+ +
= + +

Trong :
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
/ /
2 2 2 2
/ / / /
1
cos ,
1
1 1
cos , cos .
1 1
y z
x z x y
x x
y y z z

=
+ +
= =
+ + + +


4.3. Phng php tnh
a) Nu S c hnh chiu n tr ln Oxy l min D
xy
v c
phng trnh z(x, y) th:
( , , ) ( , , ( , ))
xy
S D
R x y z dxdy R x y z x y dxdy =

.
(du + hay ty thuc vo mt pha trn hay di).
b) Nu S c hnh chiu n tr ln Oxz l min D
xz
v c
phng trnh y(x, z) th:
( , , ) ( , ( , ), )
xz
S D
Q x y z dzdx Q x y x z z dzdx =

.
c) Nu S c hnh chiu n tr ln Oyz l min D
yz
v c
phng trnh x(y, z) th:
( , , ) ( ( , ), , )
yz
S D
P x y z dydz P x y z y z dydz =

.


VD 1. Tnh
S
zdxdy

, vi S l pha ngoi ca mt cu
2 2 2 2
x y z R + + = .

VD 2. Cho ( ) ( ) ( )
S
I y z dydz z x dzdx x y dxdy = + +

,
vi S l pha ngoi ca mt nn
2 2 2
x y z + = , 0 4 z .
Chuyn tch phn v loi 1 ri tnh I.


4.4. Cng thc Stokes
Cho S l mt nh hng trn tng khc c bin S trn
tng khc v khng t ct. Gi s P, Q, R l cc hm c o
hm ring lin tc trong min m cha S. Khi :
( ) ( ) ( )
/ / / / / /
.
S
y z z x x y
S
Pdx Qdy Rdz
R Q dydz P R dzdx Q P dxdy

+ +
= + +

(Hng ca S l hng dng ph hp vi hng ca S).
VD 3. Tnh
C
ydx zdy xdz + +

, vi C l ng trn giao
ca mt cu
2 2 2 2
x y z R + + = v mt phng 0 x y z + + =
v hng tch phn trn C l hng dng khi nhn t ngn
tia Oz.
4.5. Cng thc Gauss Ostrogradski

Cho V l mt khi gii ni vi bin S trn tng khc. Gi
s P, Q, R l cc hm c o hm ring lin tc trong min
m cha V. Khi :
( )
/ / /
x y z
S V
Pdydz Qdzdx Rdxdy P Q R dxdydz + + = + +

.
(Tch phn
S

ly theo pha ngoi ca S).

VD 4. Tnh
3 3 3
S
x dydz y dzdx z dxdy + +

, vi S l pha
ngoi ca mt cu
2 2 2 2
x y z R + + = .


Chng 5. PHNG TRNH VI PHN H PHNG TRNH VI PHN CP I

1. KHI NIM C BN V PHNG TRNH VI PHN
Mt phng trnh cha o hm hoc vi phn ca 1 hoc
vi hm cn tm c gi l phng trnh vi phn.

VD 1. y 2y = 1; (x + y)dy 2ydx = 0;
2y 3y + y = 0; 2 0
dy dz
dx dx
+ = .

Cp cao nht ca o hm cha trong phng trnh vi
phn (ptvp) c gi l cp ca ptvp .
VD 2. y = 3x v
2
dy
x
dx
= l ptvp cp 1;
y + 4y 3y = 0 l ptvp cp 2.
Dng tng qut ca ptvp cp n l F(x, y, y,, y
(n)
) = 0(*),
nu t (*) ta gii c theo y
(n)
th ptvp c dng:
y
(n)
= f(x, y, y,, y
(n1)
).
Nghim ca ptvp F(x, y, y,, y
(n)
) = 0 trn khong K l 1
hm s y = (x) xc nh trn K sao cho khi thay y = (x)
vo ptvp ta c ng nht thc trn K.
Phng trnh vi phn c v s nghim sai khc hng s C.
Gii phng trnh vi phn l tm tt c cc nghim ca n.
th ca nghim y = (x) c gi l ng cong tch
phn.

VD 3. Cc hm s y = e
x
, y = e
x
, y = C
1
e
x
+ C
2
e
x
u l
nghim ca y y = 0.

ThS. on Vng Nguyn Slide bi ging Ton A3DH
Trang 16
2. PHNG TRNH VI PHN CP 1


2.1. Khi nim c bn v phng trnh vi phn cp 1
Phng trnh vi phn cp 1 l phng trnh c dng tng
qut F(x, y, y) = 0 (*), nu t (*) ta gii c theo y th
y = f(x, y).

Gii ptvp cp 1 vi iu kin u y(x
0
) = y
0
l i tm
nghim tha iu kin u, hay tm 1 ng cong tch phn
ca ptvp i qua im M
0
(x
0
; y
0
).

VD 1. Gii ptvp 0 y x = , bit ng cong tch phn i
qua im M(2; 1).

Nghim ca ptvp cha hng s C l nghim tng qut,
nghim cha hng s C
0
c th l nghim ring v nghim
khng nhn c t nghim tng qut l nghim k d.

VD 2.
Tm nghim k d ca ptvp
2
1 y y = .

VD 3.
Tm ptvp ca h ng cong y = Cx
2
.



2.2. Mt s phng trnh vi phn cp 1 c bn
2.2.1. Phng trnh vi phn cp 1 c bin phn ly
Ptvp c bin phn ly c dng:
( ) ( ) (1) f x dx g y dy + .

Phng php gii
Ly tch phn hai v (1) ta c nghim tng qut:
( ) ( ) f x dx g y dy C + =

.

VD 4. Gii ptvp
2 2
0
1 1
xdx ydy
x y
+ =
+ +
.

Ch
Ptvp
1 1 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 f x g y dx f x g y dy + = (1) c a v
dng (1) nh sau:
+ Nu g
1
(y
0
) = 0 th y = y
0
l nghim ca (1).
+ Nu f
2
(x
0
) = 0 th x = x
0
l nghim ca (1).
+ Nu
1 2
( ) 0, ( ) 0 g y f x th:
1 2
2 1
( ) ( )
(1') 0
( ) ( )
f x g y
dx dy
f x g y
+ = (dng (1)).
VD 5. Gii ptvp ( 2) y xy y = + .
VD 6. Gii ptvp
2 3
( 1) ( 1)( 1) 0 x y dx x y dy + + = .
VD 7. Gii ptvp xy + y = y
2
tha iu kin u
1
(1)
2
y = .


2.2.2. Phng trnh vi phn ng cp cp 1

Hm hai bin f(x, y) c gi l ng cp bc n nu vi
mi k > 0 th f(kx, ky) = k
n
f(x, y). Chng hn, cc hm
( , )
2 3
x y
f x y
x y

=
+
,
2
( , )
2 3
x xy
f x y
x y

=
+
, f(x, y) = x
2
+ xy l
ng cp bc 0, 1, 2 tng ng.

Cho hm f(x, y) ng cp bc 0 hay ( , )
y
f x y
x

| |
=
|
\
.
Khi , ptvp ng cp c dng:
( , ) (2) y f x y = .
Phng php gii
t
y
u y u xu
x
= = + .
(2) ( )
( )
du dx
u xu u
u u x

+ = =

( ) ( ) 0 u u x
(ptvp c bin phn ly).

VD 9. Gii ptvp
2 2
x xy y
y
xy
+
= .
VD 10. Gii ptvp
x y
y
x y
+
=

vi iu kin u y(1) = 0.


2.2.3. Phng trnh vi phn ton phn
Cho ptvp c dng: ( , ) ( , ) 0 (3) P x y dx Q x y dy + = vi iu
kin
/ /
x y
Q P = trong min phng D. Nu tn ti hm u(x, y)
sao cho du(x, y) = P(x, y)dx + Q(x, y)dy th (3) c gi l
ptvp ton phn.
Nghim tng qut ca (3) l u(x, y) = C.

Phng php gii
Bc 1. T (3) ta c
/
x
u P = (3a) v
/
y
u Q = (3b).
Bc 2. Ly tch phn (3a) theo x:
( , ) ( , ) ( , ) ( ) u x y P x y dx x y C y = = +

(3c),
vi C(y) l hm theo bin y.
Bc 3. o hm (3c) theo y:
/ /
( )
y y
u C y = + (3d).
Bc 4. So snh (3b) v (3d) ta tm c C(y), thay vo
(3c) ta c u(x, y).

VD 11. Cho phng trnh vi phn:
2 2
(3 2 2 ) ( 6 3) 0 y xy x dx x xy dy + + + + + = (*).
a) Chng t (*) l ptvp ton phn.
b) Gii ptvi (*).

VD 12. Gii ptvp ( 1) ( ) 0
y
x y dx e x dy + + + = .






ThS. on Vng Nguyn Slide bi ging Ton A3DH
Trang 17

2.2.4. Phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp 1
Phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp 1 c dng:
( ) ( ) (4) y p x y q x + = .
Khi f(x) = 0 th (4) c gi l ptvp tuyn tnh cp 1 thun
nht.

Phng php gii (phng php bin thin hng s
Lagrange)
Bc 1. Tm biu thc
( )
( )
p x dx
A x e

= .
Bc 2. Tm biu thc
( )
( ) ( ).
p x dx
B x q x e dx

.
Bc 3. Nghim tng qut l [ ] ( ) ( ) y A x B x C = + .
Ch

Khi tnh cc tch phn trn, ta chn hng s l 0.
Phng php bin thin hng s l i tm nghim tng
qut ca (4) di dng:
( )
( )
p x dx
y C x e

= .

VD 13. Gii pt
2
0 y x y = tha iu kin x = 3, y = e
9
.

VD 14. Gii pt
sin
cos
x
y y x e

+ = .

VD 15. Gii pt
2
( ) y x y y + = .


2.2.5. Phng trnh vi phn Bernoulli
Phng trnh vi phn Bernoulli c dng:
( ) ( ) (5) y p x y q x y

+ = .
Khi = 0 hoc = 1 th (5) l tuyn tnh cp 1.
Khi p(x) = q(x) = 1 th (5) l phng trnh c bin phn ly.

Phng php gii (vi khc 0 v 1)
+ Vi 0 y , bin i:
1
(5) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
y y
p x q x y y p x y q x
y y

+ = + = .
+ t
1
(1 ) z y z y y

= = th
(5) (1 ) ( ) (1 ) ( ) z p x z q x + = (pt tuyn tnh cp 1).

Ch
Phng trnh Bernoulli lun c nghim k d l y = 0.

VD 16.
Gii ptvp
2
y
y xy
x
+ = vi iu kin x = 1, y = 1.

VD 17. Gii ptvp
3 2
2 y xy x y = .

VD 18. Gii ptvp
3
sin 2
dy dy
x y y x
dx dx
+ = .



3. PHNG TRNH VI PHN CP 2

3.1. Cc dng phng trnh c bn
3.1.1. Phng trnh khuyt y v y
Dng phng trnh:
( ) (1) y f x = .

Phng php gii
Ly tch phn hai v (1) hai ln.

VD 1. Gii ptvp
2
y x = .

VD 2. Gii ptvp
2x
y e = vi
7 3
(0) , (0)
4 2
y y = = .
3.1.2. Phng trnh khuyt y
Dng phng trnh:
( , ) (2) y f x y = .

Phng php gii
t z = y a (2) v phng trnh tuyn tnh cp 1.

VD 3. Gii ptvp
y
y x
x

= .
VD 4. Gii ptvp ( 1) 0
1
y
y x x
x

vi
y(2) = 1 v y(2) = 1.


3.1.3. Phng trnh khuyt x
Dng phng trnh:
( , ) (3) y f y y = .

Phng php gii
t .
dz dz dy dz
z y y z z
dx dy dx dy
= = = = = a v pt
bin s phn ly.
VD 5. Gii ptvp ( )
2
2 1 yy y = + .
VD 6. Gii ptvp 2 (1 2 ) 0 y y y + = vi
1
(0) 0, (0)
2
y y = = .
3.2. Phng trnh vi phn cp 2 tuyn tnh vi h s
hng
3.2.1. Phng trnh thun nht
Dng phng trnh:
1 2
0 (4) y a y a y + + = (a
1
, a
2
l cc hng s).

Phng php gii
Xt phng trnh c trng ca (4):
2
1 2
0 k a k a + + = (5).
1) Trng hp 1: (5) c hai nghim thc phn bit k
1
, k
2
.
Khi , (4) c hai nghim ring
1 2
1 2
,
k x k x
y e y e = = v
nghim tng qut l
1 2
1 2
k x k x
y C e C e = + .




ThS. on Vng Nguyn Slide bi ging Ton A3DH
Trang 18

2) Trng hp 2: (5) c nghim kp thc k.
Khi , (4) c hai nghim ring
1 2
,
kx kx
y e y xe = = v
nghim tng qut l
1 2
kx kx
y C e C xe = + .

3) Trng hp 3: (5) c hai nghim phc lin hp
k i = . Khi , (4) c hai nghim ring
1 2
cos , sin
x x
y e x y e x

= = v nghim tng qut:
( )
1 2
cos sin
x
y e C x C x

= + .
VD 7. Gii ptvp 2 3 0 y y y + = .
VD 8. Gii ptvp 6 9 0 y y y + = .
VD 9. Gii ptvp 2 7 0 y y y + + = .
3.2.2. Phng trnh khng thun nht
Dng phng trnh:
1 2
( ) (6) y a y a y f x + + = (a
1
, a
2
l cc hng s).

Phng php gii
Nu (4) c hai nghim ring y
1
(x), y
2
(x) th (6) c nghim
tng qut l
1 1 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) y C x y x C x y x = + .
tm C
1
(x) v C
2
(x), ta gii h Wronsky:
1 1 2 2
1 1 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
C x y x C x y x
C x y x C x y x f x
+ =

+ =

.
VD 10. Gii ptvp
1
cos
y y
x
+ = .



nh l
Nghim tng qut ca (6) bng tng nghim tng qut ca
(4) vi 1 nghim ring ca (6).

VD 11. Cho phng trnh vi phn:
2
2 2 (2 )
x
y y y x e + = + (*).
a) Chng t (*) c 1 nghim ring l
2 x
y x e = .
b) Tm nghim tng qut ca (*).

VD 12. Tm nghim tng qut ca ptvp:
2sin2 4cos 2 y y x x + = +
bit 1 nghim ring l cos 2 y x = .
nh l (nguyn l chng nghim)

Cho ptvp
1 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (9) y p x y q x y f x f x + + = + .
Gi s y
1
(x) v y
2
(x) ln lt l nghim ring ca
1
( ) ( ) ( ) y p x y q x y f x + + = ,
2
( ) ( ) ( ) y p x y q x y f x + + =
th y(x) = y
1
(x) + y
2
(x) l nghim ring ca (9).

VD 14. Tm nghim tng qut ca ptvp
2
2cos y y x = .
Bit:
1 y y = c nghim ring
1
y x = , cos 2 y y x = c
nghim ring
2
2 1
cos2 sin2
10 10
y x x = .

4. H PHNG TRNH VI PHN CP 1

4.1. Khi nim c bn

H phng trnh vi phn chun tc cp 1 c dng:
/
1 1 1 2
/
2 2 1 2
/
1 2
( , , ,..., )
( , , ,..., )
.................................
( , , ,..., )
n
n
n n n
y f x y y y
y f x y y y
y f x y y y
=

,
trong x l bin s c lp v y
1
(x), y
2
(x),, y
n
(x) l cc
hm s cn tm.
B n hm s
1 2
( , , ,..., ), 1,
i i n
y x C C C i n = = tha h ptvp
l nghim.

Mi ptvp cp n dng
( ) ( 1)
( , , ,..., )
n n
y f x y y y

= u c th
a v dng h ptvp chun tc cp 1 bng cch t
( 1)
1 2
, ,...,
n
n
y y y y y y

= = = .
Khi , ta c h:
/
1 2
/
2 3
/
1
/
1 2
..........
( , , ,..., )
n n
n n
y y
y y
y y
y f x y y y

.



4.2. Phng php gii
a) Phng php kh a v phng trnh vi phn cp
cao

VD 1. Gii h phng trnh:
5
4 5
y y z
z y z
= +

= +

.

VD 2. Gii h phng trnh:
y z
z y
=

.

b) Phng php ma trn


/
/
1 11 1 12 2 1 1 1
/ /
2 2 21 1 22 2 2 2
/
/
1 1 2 2
...
...
... ... ...............................................
...
n n
n n
n n
n n n nn n
y a y a y a y y y
y y a y a y a y y
A
y y
y a y a y a y
= + + +
| | | |

| |
= + + +

| |
=

| |

| |
|

= + + + \ \

,
vi
( )
ij
A a = .
Gi s phng trnh c trng det( ) 0 A I = c n nghim
phn bit , 1,
i
i n = .
Vi mi
i
c vector ring
1 2
( , ,..., )
i i ni
p p p .




ThS. on Vng Nguyn Slide bi ging Ton A3DH
Trang 19

Khi , h ptvp c h nghim c bn l:
1 1 1
2 2 2
11 11 21 21 1 1
12 12 22 22 2 2
1 1 2 2
, ,...,
, ,...,
................................................................
, ,...,
n n n
x x x
n n
x x x
n n
x x x
n n n n nn nn
y p e y p e y p e
y p e y p e y p e
y p e y p e y p e



= = =

= = =

= = =

v nghim tng qut l
1 1 11 2 12 1
2 1 21 2 22 2
1 1 2 2
...
...
.................................................
...
n n
n n
n n n n nn
y C y C y C y
y C y C y C y
y C y C y C y
= + + +

= + + +

= + + +

.

VD 3. Gii h phng trnh:
2
4 3
y y z
z y z
= +

= +

.
c bit
H ptvp c dng
11
22
/
11 1 1 1 11
/
22 2 2 2 22
/
0 ... 0
0 ... 0
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
0 0 ...
nn
x
x
x
nn n n n nn
y y y C e
y y y C e
y y y C e

| | | | | | | | | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
= =
| | | | |
| | | | |
| |
\ \ \ \ \
.
VD 4. Gii h phng trnh: 3
2
y y
z z
u u
=

.

..Ht